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SPIN-OFFS OF NUCLEAR AND SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS
Ugo Amaldi
University of Milano Bicocca and TERA Foundation
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METHODSTECHNOLOGIES
USABLEKNOWLEDGE PEOPLE
SCIENTIFICACTIVITY
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1. USABLE KNOWLEDGE
(1) antiproton 18th May 1999 - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntville : "We are experimenting with laser propulsion and antimatter as viable options for space travels".
(2) -induced (p+d) fission L. Alvarez:
"For a few days we thought we had solved all the fuel problems of mankind for the rest of time“ (1956).
time to applicationexample
X-rays 0.2 years
nuclear fission
positron
antiproton(1) > 50 years
-induced fusion(2) (?)
3 years
50 years
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Computer Tomography
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1. 1 Standard Model based Applications
"Neutrino explorations of the earth" - 1983
A. de Rújula, S.L. Glashow, R.R. Wilson and G. Charpak.
GEOTRON = 10 TeV protonsynchrotron
GENIUS = Geological Explorations By Neutrino-Induced Underground Sounds
GEMINI = Geological Exploration by Muons Induced by Neutrino Interactions
GEOSCAN = Scanner for Measuring the density profile of the Earth
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1. 2 Energy Production linked to Physics beyond the SM
“Monopole catalysed proton decay”
“Non-topological stable solutions with a global baryon number”
“Long-lived charged particles which could catalyse fusion”
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2. PEOPLE
Scientists and engineers are interesting to other fields of science and to companies because of · analytical thought and systematic approach· experience in designing and carrying out complex projects· habit of documenting and presenting own work· experience in working in international teams at the edge of knowledge· their knowledge
Three groups of people· Students· Senior scientists
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2. 1 Students
· In the USA and in Europe students have different attitudes towards creating their own company
University of San Diego 92 % want itSwitzerland 8% want it · States supporting technological theses at CERN
Austria, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden · 300 PhD experimental theses/year based on CERN data
A large fraction goes to industry - DELPHI enquiry
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DIPLOMA AND PhD STUDENTS AT THE DELPHI COLLABORATION –CERN/1
[T. Camporesi]
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DIPLOMA AND PhD STUDENTS AT THE DELPHI COLLABORATION –CERN/2
[T. Camporesi]
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2. 2 Senior Scientists
I. ten Have, PHILIPS product manager for medical imaging:
"After working as CERN staff for a number of years, the word impossible is no longer part of your vocabulary".
CERN policy :
“In 1999 the Finance Committee adopted the policy proposed by the new Management (protection of intellectual property and education to young scientists). The new measures will encourage the establishment of firms in Member States by young scientists leaving the Laboratory at the end of their first employment".
Examples:
Hendrick CASIMIR Richard GARWIN Carlo RUBBIA
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3. METHODS
Better technologies and better methods (always mixed) are continuously required
In subnuclear physics Heisenberg indetermination: cross-sections decrease as 1/E2
Luminosities and data acquisition rates have to increase with less EUROS/GeV
More spin-offs to society
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WWW = Internet + Hypertext
Montecarlo Simulations of complex processes
X-ray treatment planning
Handling of large amount of data
Large-Hadron-Collider-Computing Grid = LCG
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4. TECHNOLOGIES
4. 1 Spin-offs of a particular technology
electromechanical engineering
mechanical engineering
material science
RF and microwave engineering
geodesy
superconductivity
cryogenic technologies
ultra high vacuum
radiation detection
electronics
computer systems
data networks
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THIN FILM COATINGS ACTING AS A NON-EVAPORABLE GETTER
NEG = Non Evaporable Getters
LEP SC cavities
Ultra-high vacuum
C. BenvenutiEPS – IGA award, 1998
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Collimation system
Detection system
Acquisition boards: RS232, DAQ board
GaAs: 64 x 64 pixels of 170 x 170 m2
by MEDIPIX Coll.(A. Stefanini et al)with AMS, LABEN,CAEN.GILARDONI, Pol.HI.TECH
radiation detectors
Integrated Mammography Imaging =IMI
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4. 2 Spin-offs of integrated systems
• Synchrotron radiation sources
• X-ray FEL
• Neutron Sources
• Ion sources for implantation
• Accelerators for sterilisation
• Accelerators for art applications
• Accelerators for isotope production
• Inertial fusion by bombardement of pellets
• Waste incineration
• Production of medical isotopes
• Radiotherapy with X-rays
• Hadrontherapy
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Electron beamenergy : 15 - 50 GeVfrequency :5 hzbunch charge : 1 nCbunch length :80 fsmacro bunch : 11315 bunches
• X-ray FEL
DESY Hamburg
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EHPi-500 5 - 260 keV (X+) DC Tandetron accelerator
• Ion sources for implantation
VARIAN SEMICONDUCTOR EQUIPMENT
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• Accelerators for sterilisation
IBA RHODOTRON
Rhodotron by Ion Beam Applications (IBA)
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• Accelerators for art applications
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AccSys PULSAR: 7 MeV protons
• Accelerators for isotope production
EBCO30: 30 MeV protons up to 2 mA
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ADVANTAGES OF 67Cu produced by
68Zn (p, 2p) 67Cu with 72 MeV protons:
0.185 MeV emission for imaging 0.57 MeV ß emission for therapy (max range = 2.2 mm ; mean = 0.2 mm) T ½ phys = 2.6 days
Matched pair with the PET nuclide 64Cu
• Accelerators for isotope production / 3
Tumour targetting with ß-emitters
(B. Novak, PSI + M. Bishop/A. Parkers, Nottingham)
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• Waste incineration
Adiabatic Resonance Crossing
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• Conformal radiotherapy with X-rays
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• Hadrontherapy
fast slow
horizontalscanning
verticalscanning
Energy variationfrom the
synchrotron
Totalthickness
Patient
Scanning system
Target volume
Field 22E22
Field 4E4
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IMRT vs protonsIMRT vs protons
Between the eyes
Abdomen
Brain
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Potential patients
X-ray therapy (photons of 5 – 20 MeV)
20'000 pts/year every 10 million inhabitants
Protontherapy
Category A: 1% of X-ray patients = 200 pts/year every 10 M
Category B: 10% of X-ray patients = 2'000 pts/year every 10 M
Therapy with Carbon ions for radioresistant tumours
10% of X-ray patients = 2'000 pts/year every 10 M
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Hadrontherapy in the worldHadrontherapy in the world
M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston (TX) (2004)
protons ( 235 MeV) from cyclotron3 gantries + 1 fixed beam + 1 experimental
Midwest Proton Radiaton InstituteBloomington (IN) (2003)
protons ( 210 MeV) from cyclotron1 gantry + 1 fixed beam + 1 experimental
LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY CENTER
Los Angeles (1992)protons ( 250 MeV) from synchrotron
3 gantries + 2 fixed beams
NORTHEAST PROTON THERAPY CENTER
NPTC of Mas General HospitalBoston (2001)
protons ( 235 MeV) cyclotron (IBA)
2 gantries + 2 fixed beams
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Hadrontherapy in the worldHadrontherapy in the world
KASHIWA CENTERChiba (1998)
protons ( 235 MeV)cyclotron (IBA – SHI)
2 Gantries + 1 hor. beam
HYOGO MED CENTREHyogo (2001)
protons ( 230 MeV) - He and C ions ( 320 MeV/u) Mitsubishi synchrotron
2 p gantries + 2 fixed p beam + 2 ion rooms
TSUKUBA CENTREIbaraki (2001)
protons ( 270 MeV) synchrotron (Hitachi)
2 gantries2 beam for research
WAKASA BAY PROJECTby Wakasa-Bay Energy Research Center
Fukui (2002)protons ( 200 MeV) synchrotron (Hitachi)
1 h beam + 1 v beam + 1 gantry
SHIZUOKA FACILITYShizuoka (2002)
protons cyclotron or synchrotron2 gantries + 1 h beam
HEAVY ION MEDICAL ACCELERATOR
HIMAC of NIRS (1995)He and C ( 430 MeV/u) 2 synchrotrons
2 h beams + 2 v beams
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PIMMS (Proton-Ions Medical Machine Study)PIMMS (Proton-Ions Medical Machine Study)
Period: 1996-1999CERN-GSI-MedAUSTRON-Oncology2000-TERA
PL: P. Bryant (CERN+experts)TERA: 25 manyrsMedA.: 10 manyrsO2000: 3 manyrsGSI: experts advices
Objective: define the optimal hadrontherapy centre without constraints
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CNACNACentroCentro
Nazionale Nazionale di Adroterapia di Adroterapia
State Budget Law 23.12.00 : State Budget Law 23.12.00 :
CNAO FoundationCNAO Foundation: Polyclinics of Milan and Pave, National Neurological : Polyclinics of Milan and Pave, National Neurological Institute, European Institute of Oncology, National Institute of Tumours, TERAInstitute, European Institute of Oncology, National Institute of Tumours, TERA
10,3 MEuro in 200110,3 MEuro in 2001
State Budget Law 23.12.02:State Budget Law 23.12.02:
5.0 MEuro in 2003, 10 MEuro in 2004 and 10 MEuro in 20055.0 MEuro in 2003, 10 MEuro in 2004 and 10 MEuro in 2005
CARIPLO Foundation: CARIPLO Foundation: 5.0 MEuro5.0 MEuro Total 40 MEuroTotal 40 MEuro
Site announced by the Government on 20.1.03
Pavia
close to San Matteo and belonging to the Town
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High technology designed by TERA ready in september 2003High technology designed by TERA ready in september 2003
Compact lines design
RFQ+linac by GSI (Darmstadt)
PIMMS/TERARing
Collaborations:CERNGSI (Darmstadt)INFN LNFINFN LNSINFN Sez. To e GeIN2P3
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Italian NationalCentre in Pavia
of the CNAO Foundation
First patient:
October 2007
5
4
3
2
1
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Ion implanters and surface modificationCATEGORY NUMBER IN USE
~ 7000Accelerators in industry > 1500Accelerators in non-nuclear research ~ 1000
Radiotherapy > 5000Medical radioisotope production ~ 200Hadrontherapy ~ 20Synchrotron radiation sources ~ 70NP and HEP research accelerators ~ 110
TOTAL ~ 15000
ENERGY
Accelerators in the world
}55%
}35%
Data from W.H. Scharf and collaborators
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4. 3 The paths for technological transfers
1. Spill-over of technological knowledge
2. Transfer through procurement
3. Transfer through joint development projects
Japanese physicists are very good at this
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Transfer through procurement
Four studies have been performed of the
economic utility = increased turnover + cost savings resulting from high-tech contracts
CERN 1 economic utility = 3 1975
CERN 2 economic utility = 3.01985
ESA 1 economic utility = 2.91983
ESA 2 economic utility = 3.21990
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Transfer through joint development projects
Reasons for an industry in a joint project
• gains in technological know-how for new products
• expectation of later orders
• acquisition of improved manufacturing technology
• prospects of new markets
Example :
ANSALDO Superconduttori (Genova)
magneti superconduttori per LHC (2007)_
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Four streams of spin-offs
by knowledge future is linked to the existence of new stable particles and/or entities
by people students
research scientists
senior scientists
by methods
by technologies particular technologies or integrated systems through spill-over of technological knowledge
through procurement
through joint development projects
Summary
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SCIENTIFICCULTURE
HARDWARE
TECHNOLOGIES METHODS
SOFTWARE
USABLEKNOWLEDGE PEOPLE
SCIENTIFICACTIVITY
WETWARE
SUMMARY
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• Accelerators for isotope production / 2
ISOTOPES AVAILABLE
Energy [MeV] 3.5 (d) 10 11 16.5 18 30 MeV
PET
SPECT
15-O 11-C 11-C 11-C 11-C 11-C 13-N 13-N 13-N 13-N 13-N 15-O 15-O 15-O 15-O 15-O 18-F 18-F 18-F 18-F 18-F 64-Cu 64-Cu 64-Cu 64-Cu 86-Y 86-Y 120-I 120-I 123-I 123-I 124-I 124-I 67-Ga 81-Rb 111-In 201-Tl others
Radioisotopes produced with accelerators (mainly cyclotrons) areabout 20 % of the overall production
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ions ionsconverters
pelletD and T
• Inertial fusion by bombardement of pellets
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[ Modified fromK. Bethge, Nuclear Physics News 1999]
LINAC
The time tree of the accelerators