702131/702831 European Architecture A
Byzantine second period
First Period: 527-565under Justinian
followed by struggles with the Persians, and then with the Saracens, followed by the Iconoclastic Controversy
Second Period: 867-1185 867-1059: revival under the house of Macedonia
1081-1185 under the Comneni: most surviving Byzantine structures are of this period.
the empire was struggling with the Seljuk Turks, and was now attacked by the Normans and the Venetians
the Fourth Crusade attacked Constantinople, which fell in 1204
Third Period:1261-1453under the House of Palaeologus.
he Empire now reduced to Constantinople, Salonika and Greece, was no longer wealthy, and simplicity was the keynote.
Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453
H Irene (or Eirene), Constantinople, 532, 564, 740MUAS 4,448, S10,007
H Irene
plan and section
Cecil Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and
Romanesque Architecture [vol II of Simpson's History
of Architectural Development] (London
1954), p 75
H Irene: isometric viewJ A Hamilton, Byzantine Architecture and Decoration (London 1956 [1933]), pl 16
H IreneMUAS 15,932
H Irene
MUAS 15,448
Byzantine plan types of the First Period
Hellenistic basilica[St John Studios &c]
domed basilica[H Sophia]
domed centralised church[H H Sergios & Bakchos]
cruciform[Church of the Apostles, Constaninople]
later Byzantine dome and drum
on cross-in-square church
form
J H Acland, Medieval Structure: the Gothic Vault
(Toronto 1972), p 36
ancient world in AD 300Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient
History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1988 [1967]), p 87
church sites in Armenia(including parts of modern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Georgia)
Miles Lewis
Church at Garni, Armenia, AD C6th-7thview of partly reconstructed foundations
Miles Lewis
Cathedral Church (of the Vigilant Powers, or of St Gregory), Zwartnots[Zuart’noc’], Armenia, AD 641-666: reconstruction & plan
Christina Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat',Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, LXII, 3 (September 2003), p 299
Cathedral, Zwartnots: view of naveMiles Lewis
Zwartnots Cathedral
reconstructed elevation by T Toramanian
Cyril Mango, Byzantine Architecture (New York
1985 [1976 (Milan 1974)]), p 104
Zwartnots Cathedral
vine relief; basket Ionic capital; double block capital
Miles Lewis
Zwartnots
Church at Gagkašen,
north-eastern Turkey, c 1001-5
Christina Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat', pp 299,
298
Stone church model from
Sisian, ?C7th
Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat', p
298
St Hripsime, Vagarshapat, 618: plan
Hamilton, Byzantine Architecture, p 144
St Hripsime, Vagarshapat: Miles Lewis
St Hripsimeinterior of the dome; detail of the corner lobe
Miles Lewis; Mango, Byzantine Architecture, facing p 113
Lake Van, Turkey, seen from the island church of from AchtamarMiles Lewis
Church of Achtamar, 915-
921
Miles Lewis
Achtamar: plan
Davies, Aght'amar, fig 11, facing p 20
Achtamarinterior looking east
Miles Lewis
Achtamar
exterior of north (nw) arm
with relief of Adam and Eve
Miles Lewis
Metekhi Church, Tblissi, Georgia,
C9th & C13th
Miles Lewis
ICONOCLASM(the breaking of images)
ban imposed by Leo III, 737
pre-existing prejudice against depicting the human figure
the influence of Islam
the Mediterranean world in 562
McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 31
the Mediterranean world in 626
McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 35
the Mediterranean world in 737
McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 39
Monastery of Al Oda, southern Turkey, probably C8th-9th
view south-west from the cave mouth of the Red Hall (church)Miles Lewis
Al Oda: plan
Anatolian Studies, VII (1957), p 154
Al Oda: west wall of the Red HallMiles Lewis
Al Oda, Red Hall: detail of the decoration & inscriptionMiles Lewis
the cross-domed plan in the Byzantine second period
Church of the Akataleptos (Kalenderhane Cami), Istanbul, mid C9th
Hagia Sophia, Salonika, early C8th
Nea, or Nea Ecclesia, Istanbul, 880
Church of Constantine Lips, Istanbul, 930
Church of the Saviour in the Chora Istanbul, C11th-14th
Church of the Akataleptos (Kalenderhane Cami), Istanbul, mid C9th:view from the south-west
T F Mathews, Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: a Photographic Survey (University Park [Pennsylvania], no date [c 1976]), p 176
theAkataleptos:
view from the north-west
Mathews, Byzantine Churches of Istanbul,
p 174
the Akataleptos: planRichard Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture [Pelican History of Art]
(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1965), p 207
Hagia Sophia, Salonika, early C8th, reconstructed 1907-1910)view from the north-east; isometric section
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 114, p 206
Hagia Sophia,Salonikainterior
Miles Lewis
Hagia Sophia, Salonika: view of the dome: Miles Lewis
Nea, or Nea Ecclesia, Istanbul, 880: planMUAS 15,447
Nea Ecclesia
Church of Constantine Lips,
Istanbul, c 930
(St Mary Panachrantos -the Immaculate - or
Fenari Isa Cami)
MUAS 15,453
Church of Constantine Lips, modern view Mango, Byzantine Architecture, pl XIV
Church of Constantine Lips, reconstruction view by Megaw
Slobodan Curcic, 'Architectural Significance of Subsidiary Chapels in Middle Byzantine Churches', Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, XXXVI, 2 (May 1977), p 110
Kharie Djami, Istanbul, C11th-14th(St Saviour in the Chora, Kharie Cami)
restored plan; exterior view
Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 100MUAS 13,780
Kharie Djami (Church of the Saviour in the Chora)original & final plans
Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 100 ; J E N Hearsey, City of Constantine 324-1453(London 1963), p 100
Kahrie-djami: inner narthex, looking south
Keskin Color, Istanbul, no 123
Kahrie-djami: inner narthex - mosaic vault of the second bay, showing the Virgin blessed by the priests
Keskin Color, Istanbul
the Kahrie-djamiview into the Parekklesion
exterior from the south-east
Keskin Color, Istanbul, no 127Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 187
Byzantine church of cross-in-square plan
Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 60
Greece
Holy Apostles, Agora, Athens, C10th
Kumbelidiki, Kastoria, ?C12th-13th
Hosios Lukas, Phocis: Katholikon, c 1020,Theotokos, c 1040
Church of the Convent of the Assumption, Daphni, c 1080
Holy Apostles, Agora, Athens, C10thMiles Lewis
Holy Apostles, Athens: the iconostasis. Miles Lewis
Holy Apostles, Athens: view of dome.Miles Lewis
Holy Apostles, Athens: west frontMiles Lewis
Kumbelidiki, Kastoria,
?C12th-13th
from the south-west
Mango, Byzantine Architecture, pl XIII
H Basilios, Kastoria, Macedonia, C11th: view from the north-eastKrautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 133
Hosios Lukas, Phocis: Katholikon of St Luke, c 1020 (left) and Theotokos, c 1040 (right)Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 114
Hosios Lukas: isometric sectionKrautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 360
Hosios Lukas,the Katholikon
interior detail looking north-west
BB & H Lewis
Katholikon, Hosios Lukas: interior detail & mosaic of the baptismAndré Grabar Byzantium: Byzantine Art in the Middle Ages (London 1966), p 125
Katholikon, Hosios Lukasview of the chancel; detail of the dome and conch
Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 115; Grabar, Byzantium, p 64
Katholikon, HosiosLukas
mosaics of St Gregory the
Thaumaturge, and of of two saints
Grabar, Byzantium,pp 49, 29
Katholikon, Hosios Lukas: mosaic of the crucifixion, in the narthex
Lassus, Early Christian and
Byzantine World, p 115
Church of the Convent of the Assumption,
Daphni, c 1080
Hannibal 2/306, 2/302
Daphniinterior looking west; plan
MUAS 15,599Hamilton, Byzantine Architecture,
p 202
Daphni: detail of the Baptism in a squinch: Hannibal 5/302
Daphni: interiors, looking west & east up to the domeMUAS 15, 818; 14,474
Daphni
the domedetail of the Pantocrator
MUAS 15,821Hannibal 2/301
the Balkans
St John the Baptist, Nessebar, Bulgaria
Italy
Sta Fosca, Torcello
S Marco, Venice
St John the Baptist, Nessebar, c 900:view & plan
Velizar Velkov, Nessebur (Sofia 1995), pp 43, 42
Torcello: the Duomo, campanile & Sta FoscaBrian Lewis
Sta Fosca, Torcello: front view & planPru Sanderson; Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 90
Sta Fosca, Torcello
exterior of the east end
GiandomenicoRomanelli [ed], Venice Art and Architecture (2 vols, Cologne 1997), II, p 56
St Mark's [S Marco], Venice, [c 830] 976, c 1070-3; 1120, 1204; C15thhttp://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/venice-san-marco-pictures/pnice4_120.jpg
Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople, 532
as illustrated in an illuminated manuscript
reconstructed plan
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, frontispiece
E H Swift, Roman Sources of Christian Art(New York 1951), p 47
St Mark's, VeniceMUAS 10,275
Holy ApostlesContantinople
St Mark's
interior looking east
Scala VM1
St Mark's Venice: view at gallery level; plan
MUAS 15,631
St Mark’s
view of domes
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/venice-san-
marco-pictures/int-ceiling.jpg
S Marco: Genesis domehttp://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/venice-san-marco-pictures/int-genesis-cupola.jpg
the creation mosaicPeter Meyer, Byzantine Mosaics: Torcello, Venice, Monreale, Palermo, Cefalù (New York, c 1952]), pl V
St Mark's, the Creation: detail of the creation of fish and fowlMeyer, Byzantine Mosaics, pl VI
St Mark's, exterior detail of the roofMiles Lewis