VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Automobile Engineering
III B.Tech. II Semester (AE) 2016-17
1. Business Economics & Financial Accountancy
2. Automobile Engineering Design II
3. Machine Tools & Metrology
4. Instrumentation & Control Systems
5. Non Conventional Energy Sources
VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
Subject : Business Economics & Financial Analysis
Subject Code : 13CMS001
Academic Year : 2016-17
Number of working days : 90
Number of Hours / week : 04
Total number of periods planned : 60
Name of the Faculty Member : N. Aruna Kumari
UNIT I
Business & New–Economic environment:
Characteristic features of Business, features and evaluation of sole proprietorship, partnership,
joint stock company, Public enterprises and their types. Changing Business Environment in post–
liberalization scenario.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After studying this unit, you should be able to :
Define the term Business and explain feature of Business.
Explain the forms of organizing business enterprises.
Determine the factors which help in identifying suitable form of organization.
Pin–point the rationale of the present large-scale presence of public enterprises in our economy.
Outline economic and non-economic objectives of public enterprises.
Analysis various forms of organizing public enterprises.
Explain problems of PEs and also suggest measures to solve the same.
Analyze the changes in business environment ( Recent trends in Business sector )
S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of
Teaching
1. Define the term Business
what is economic environment
Interests of the business and its types
1st & 2
nd hour PPT + Video
2. Definition of a firm and Characteristic features of
business
3rd
hour Black board
3. Forms of Business Organizations Factors affecting
the choice of selecting form of business
4th
hour Black board + PPT
4. Features & Evaluation of Sole proprietorship and
Partnership business
5th
hour Black board +
Video
5. Features & Evaluation of Joint stock company 6th
& 7th
hour Black board +PPT
6. Evaluation of Public enterprises and their types 8th
hour Black board + PPT
7. Changing business environment in post-
liberalization scenario
9th
hour Black board +
Video
ASSIGNEMNTS :
1. What are the characteristics of a business unit?
2. Explain the features of sole trader form of organization. Discuss the advantages and
limitations of sole trader form of organization?
3. Evaluate the partnership form of business organization. How does it overcome the
limitation of proprietary form of business?
4. What qualities do you expect in persons to become good partners in business?
5. What do you understand by Joint Stock Company? What are its salient features?
6. What are the reasons for joint stock company being popular as a form of organization?
7. Discuss the factors affecting the choice of forms of business organization?
8. Distinguish between public limited and private limited company?
9. What is need for public enterprises? Explain the recent achievements of public
enterprises.
10. Explain briefly various steps involved in formation of a company?
11. Distinguish between public corporation and government company?
12. Examine the impact of changes that have taken place in business environment on
business enterprise functioning.
13. What do you understand by privatization & Globalization?
14. Vertically evaluate new industrial policy 1991.
UNIT II
Introduction to business economics, and demand analysis
Definition; Nature and scope of managerial economics - demand analysis determinants; Law of
demand and its exceptions.
Elasticity of demand and demand forecasting
Definition; Types; Measurement and significance of elasticity of demand; Demand forecasting;
Factors governing demand forecasting; Methods of demand forecasting - survey methods,
statistical methods, expert opinion method, test marketing, controlled experiments, and
judgmental approach to demand forecasting.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After studying this unit, Student should be able to :
Define “Managerial Economics”
Identify the factors that constitute scope of Managerial Economics.
Explain significance of Managerial Economics and how it helps business managers in
performing decision – making function.
Define what is Demand
Analyze the important factors determining demand for a commodity.
List out the conditions or situation under which law of demand does not hold good.
Explain assumptions of Law of Demand.
Suggest the appropriate measure to accelerate the product demand.
Measurement of change in Quantity demanded as a result of change in demand
determinant.
How Elasticity of Demand helps businessman in fixing right price for his product.
Factors determining nature of Demand for a product.
Types of Elasticity of Demand and measurement of the same.
Importance of estimating demand for commodities.
Factors to be taken into account while undertaking demand forecasting activity.
Possible approaches to forecast demand of new and established products
S.
No.
Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of Teaching
1. Introduction to business economics, and
demand analysis
10th
hour PPT + Video
2. Business economics: Definition; Nature and
scope of managerial economics
11th
hour Black board
3. Demand analysis: Definition; Types;
Determinants and Law of demand and its
exceptions.
12th
hour PPT + Video
4. Elasticity of demand: Definition; Types;
Measurement and its significance
13th
hour Black board + PPT
5. Demand forecasting: Definition; Factors
affecting demand forecasting;
15th
hour Black board
6. Explanation of Methods of Demand
forecasting:
Survey methods
Statistical methods
Expert opinion method
Test marketing
Controlled experiments, and
Judgmental approach to demand
forecasting
16th
hour Black board
ASSIGNEMNTS:
1. “Managerial Economics is the discipline which deals with the application of economic
theory to business management”. explain
2. Managerial Economics is the study of the allocation of resources available to a firm.
Explain
3. Managerial Economics is prescriptive rather than descriptive in character. Explain this
statement.
4. Discuss in detail the role of economics in Engineering Industry and its influence on the
technical decisions.
5. Define Managerial Economics. Explain its relationship with other branches and also
explain the role of managerial economist in running business enterprise on prudent
commercial practice.
6. What is demand analysis? Explains the factors influencing the demand for a product.
7. What is meant by demand? Everyone desires for an Ambassador CAR – does this mean
that the demand for Ambassador CAR is large?
8. State and explain the law of demand. Are there any exceptions to the law?
9. What is meant by elasticity of demand? Explain by giving suitable examples, how
elasticity of demand determines the price policy of a firm.
10. Explain the concepts and kinds of elasticity of demand that are relevant to the manages of
a firm.
11. What is cross – elasticity of demand? Is it positive for substitutes or for complements?
Show in a diagram the curve relating the demand for coffee to the price of tea
12. Define income – elasticity of demand and distinguish it’s various types? How does
income elasticity differ from price elasticity of demand ?
13. Explain the factors determining Elasticity of demand?
14. What do you mean by demand forecasting? Explain briefly various methods of demand
forecasting?
15. What criteria should be adopted to choose a good forecasting Method to estimate product
demand?
16. What are the factors that are considered while estimating a firms sale? Enumerate the
difficulties in forecasting sale of consumer durables?
UNIT III
Cost analysis
Cost concepts - opportunity cost, fixed vs. variable costs, explicit costs vs. implicit costs, and out
of pocket costs vs. imputed costs; Break-even analysis (BEA) - determination of break-even
point (simple problems), managerial significance, and limitations of BEA.
Capital and capital budgeting
Capital and its significance; Types of capital; Estimation of fixed and working capital
requirements; Methods and sources of raising finance.
Nature and scope of capital budgeting; Features of capital budgeting proposals; Methods of
capital budgeting - payback method, accounting rate of return (ARR), and net present value
method (simple problems)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After studying this unit, you should be able to :
Define various types of costs
Distinguish between one type of cost and the others.
Analyze the nature of various costs and how they influence the total cost.
Explain the significance of cost analyses in taking right decisions in business enterprises.
Determine the level of output at which there is neither profit nor loss.
Calculate / Identify the volume of sales at which a desired amount of profit can be
earned.
Estimate capital requirements of a business enterprises.
Describe the sources of mobilization of long-term & short-term capital.
Explain factors determining working capital and fixed capital requirements.
Evaluate the investment opportunities in terms of cost and benefit.
Identify the best investment opportunity which yields higher rate of return.
Explain importance of capital budgeting and also explain basic procedure involved in
selection of best investment proposal.
S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of Teaching
1. Introduction about Cost analysis and Cost
concepts
17th
hour Black board
2. Evaluation of types of Costs 18th
hour Black board +PPT
3. Break-even analysis (BEA) – Assumptions,
Advantages & Limitations
19 hour Black board
4. Determination of break-even point Simple
problems in BEP
20Th
hour Black board +
Problem solving
5. Capital and capital budgeting and its
significance& Factors determining;
21st hour Black board
6. Types of capital; and Working Capital Cycle 22nd
hour Black board
7. Estimation of fixed and working capital
requirements;
23rd
hour Black board
8. Methods and sources of raising finance. 24th
& 25th
hours
Black board + PPT
9. Nature and scope of capital budgeting; 26th
hour Black board
10. Features of capital budgeting proposals; 27th
hour Black board
11. Methods of capital budgeting –
Payback method,
Accounting rate of return (ARR), and
Net present value method (simple
problems)
28th
& 29th
hour Black board +
Problem solving
ASSIGNEMNTS :
1. Explain the relationship between marginal cost, average cost and total cost, assuming a
short run non – linear cost function ?
2. What is opportunity cost ? Give some examples of opportunity cost. How are these costs
relevant for managerial decisions ?
3. Write short notes on
a. Fixed cost and variable cost
b. Out of pocket costs and imputed cost
c. Explicit cost and Implicit cost.
d. Shutdown cost and Abandonment cost
4. What is meant by break even Analysis ? Explain the uses and limitation of BEP
5. Describe the Break – Even point with the help of diagram and its uses in business
decision – making ?
6. How do you determine BEP in terms of Physical units and sales value ?
7. If sales is 10,000 units and selling price Rs.20 per units, variable cost Rs.10 per unit and
fixed cost is Rs.80000, find out BEP in units and in sales revenue. What is profit earned ?
What should be the sales for earning a project of Rs. 60000 ?
8. The PV ratio of VNRVJIET Ltd. Is 40% and the margin of safety is 30% you are required
to work out the BEP and net profit, if the sales volume is Rs.14000.
9. Sales are Rs.110000 producing a project of Rs.4000 in period – I sales are Rs. 150000
producing a project of Rs,12000 in period – II. Determine BEP and fixed expenses.
10. Describe the institutions providing long term finance.
11. What are the major sources of short term finance?
12. What are the components of working capital? Explain each of them?
13. Explain the following with respect to working capital management
a. Kinds of working capital
b. Significance of maintaining adequate working capital.
c. Estimation of working capital requirements.
14. What do you understand by working capital cycle and what is its importance?
15. What is importance of capital budgeting? Explain the basic steps involved in evaluating
capital budget proposals?
16. What are the merits and limitations of pay backperiod ? How does discounting approach
overcome the limitations of payback method?
17. What is meant by discounting and time value of money? How is it useful in capital
budgeting?
18. A business firm is thinking of choosing the right machines for their purpose after
financial evaluation of the proposal. The initial cost and the net cash flow over years. (
Income less running expenses but not depreciation ) to the business firm have been
calculated for each machine as follows
Machine X
Rs.
Machine Y
Rs.
Initial Cost 20000 28000
Net cash flow 1 year 8000 10000
2 year 12000 12000
3 year 9000 12000
4 year 7000 6000
5 year 6000 6000
Choose the machine based on a. Payback period
b. Accounting rate of return
19. A company has at hand two proposals for consideration ( M and N ). The cost of the
proposals in both the cases is Rs. 500000 each. A discount factor of 12% may be used to
evaluate the proposals. Cash inflows after tax are as under.
Proposal M
Rs.
Proposal N
Rs.
1 year 150000 50000
2 year 200000 150000
3 year 250000 200000
4 year 150000 300000
5 year 100000 200000
Which one will you recommend under present value method.
UNIT-IV
Theory of production
Production function - isoquants and isocosts, least cost combination of inputs, and laws of
returns; Internal and external economics of scale.
Market structures
Types of competition; Features of perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition;
Price-output determination in case of perfect competition and monopoly.
Pricing policies and methods
Cost plus pricing; Marginal cost pricing; Sealed bid pricing; Going rate pricing, Limit pricing,
Market skimming pricing, Penetration pricing, Two-part pricing, Block pricing, Bundling
pricing, Peak load pricing, Cross subsidization.
Learning Objectives:
Define “Production Function”
Classify various production Functions.
Explain Input – Output relationship in the short – run and in the long – run
Identify least cost combination of inputs.
Find out the different combinations of inputs which yields a desired amount of output.
Explain the economies and diseconomies of large scale production / business operations.
Classify the markets based on type of completion prevailing for a product
Explain the role of time factor in the determination of price.
Also explain price – out determination in different market situation.
Describe the features of different markets.
Explain different pricing strategies.
Analysis the situations under which what type of price strategy must be adopted in
pricing the products.
S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of Teaching
1. Introduction about production and market 30th
hour Black board + Video
2. Theory of production: Production function &
Assumptions
31st hour Black board
3. Types of production Functions, their utility:
isoquants and isocosts,
32nd
& 33rd
hours
Black board + PPT
4. Laws of production Function; least cost
combination of inputs, and laws of returns;
34th
& 35th
hour Black board + PPT
5. Internal and external economics of scale. 36th
hour Black board
6. Market structures and Types 37th
& 38th
hour Black board + PPT
7. Competition; Features of perfect, monopoly,
and monopolistic competition;
39th
hour Black board + Video
8. Price-output determination in case of types of
competitions
40th
hour Black board + PPT
9. Pricing policies and methods
Cost plus pricing; Marginal cost pricing;
Sealed bid pricing; Going rate pricing,
Limit pricing, Market skimming pricing,
Penetration pricing, Two-part pricing,
Block pricing, Bundling pricing, Peak load
pricing, Cross subsidization.
41st & 42
nd hour Black board + PPT
ASSIGNEMNTS:
1. Define production function, Discuss in detail the different types of production function.
2. What is meant by internal and external economies of scale ?what are its sources ? And
what are various types of internal economies available to a firm ?
3. Explain and illustrate the “ Law of Diminishing Returns “ and “Law of Returns to scale?
4. What is optimum combination ? Explain the principles of least cost combination of
factors
5. Distinguish between Law of Diminishing returns and law of returns to scale?
6. What are isocosts and Isoquants ? Do they intersect each others ?
7. Explain the following with reference to production function ?
a. Marginal rate of technical substitution ( MRTS )
b. Variable proportions of factors
8. Compare between monopoly and perfect competition or Distinguish between perfect and
Imperfect markets?
9. What is price discrimination? What are the essential conditions for price discrimination?
10. What are the causes for the emergence of monopoly?
11. Explain the objectives of pricing and determinants of price of a product?
12. What are the features of monopolistic competition? How is it different from monopoly?
13. Explain how the price is determined under conditions of perfect competition. Illustrate
this with help of diagram?
14. Define monopoly. How is price under monopoly determined?
15. What are the various popular pricing practices? Which of them are most suitable for a
firm facing competition?
UNIT V
Introduction to financial accounting
Double-entry book keeping; Journal; Ledger; Trial balance; Final accounts - trading account,
profit and loss account, and balance sheet with simple adjustments.
Financial analysis through ratios
Computation; Analysis and interpretation of liquidity ratios - current ratio, and quick ratio;
Activity ratios - inventory turnover ratio, and debtor turnover ratio; Capital structure ratios –
debt-equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio; Profitability ratios - gross profit ratio, net profit
ratio, operating ratio, P/E ratio, and EPs.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After studying this unit, you should be able to :
Record the business transaction systematically in the books of accounts.
Post journal entries into concerned accounts in the ledger book.
Find out the gross and net results of business operations.
Prepare balance sheet at the end of business year.
Distinguish between fixed assets and current assets, Deft and equity, Gross profit and net
profit, Debtors and creditors.
Explain the basic accounting concepts and conventions and also give examples.
Analyze the liquidity, solvency, profitability of the business organization.
Calculate liquidity ratios, activities ratio, solvency ratios and profitability ratios
Elaborate the importance of finance function for evaluating the economic status of a
business unit.
Explain how different ratios help concerned parties in interpreting financial position of
business in general and interested financial aspect of business in particular.
S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of Teaching
1. Introduction to financial accounting 43rd
& 44th
hour Black board + PPT
2. Double-entry book keeping; 45th
hour Black board
3. Journal; Ledger; Trial balance; 46th
& 47th
hour Black board+ PPT
4. Final accounts - trading account, 48th
& 49th
hour Black board + PPT
5. Profit and loss account and balance sheet with
simple adjustments.
50th
& 51st hour Black board+ PPT
6. Financial analysis through ratios &
Computation;
52nd
& 53rd
hour Black board + PPT
7. Analysis and interpretation of liquidity ratios:
current ratio, and quick ratio;
54th
hour Black board + PPT
8. Analysis and interpretation of Activity ratios -
inventory turnover ratio, and
debtor turnover ratio;
55th
hour Black board + PPT
9. Analysis and interpretation of Capital
structure ratios – debt-equity ratio, and
interest coverage ratio;
56th
hour Black board + PPT
10. Analysis and interpretation of Profitability
ratios –Gross profit ratio, Net profit ratio,
Operating ratio, P/E ratio, and EPs.
57th
hour Black board +
Problem Solving
12. Problems Practice 58th
hour Black board +
Problem Solving
ASSIGNEMNTS :
1. Explain the basic accounting concepts and conventions. Give examples.
2. What do you understand by double entry book keeping ? What are its advantages?
3. What is Journal ? How is it ruled?
4. Define ledger ? state what is meant by sub division ledger
5. What is three column cash book? What is contra entry? Illustrate
6. What “Trial Balance”? State the main objectives of preparing the Trial Balance. Explain
the rules of preparing the trial balance.
7. What do you mean by final accounts? What are its constituents? Name them and briefly
explain the purpose of each of them.
8. What are financial statements ? Why they needed? How are they prepared?
9. Pass Journal entries for the following transactions in the books of M/s. Raghu on 1st
August,2003 commenced business with Rs.100000
Rs.
4.8.2003 Purchased goods 25000
5.8.2003 Purchased furniture 4000
6.8.2003 Opened bank account with 50000
10.8.2003 Sold goods 15000
11.8.2003 Sold goods to srihari 10000
15.8.2003 Purchased goods from kalyan 5000
16.8.2003 Paid commission 100
20.8.2003 Printing & stationery 250
25.8.2003 Purchased typewriter 2500
21.8.2003 Drawn money from bank 6000
27.8.2003 Received interest 150
30.8.2003 Paid rent 1500 and salary 800
10. Journalize the following transactions and post them to the ledger.
a. Ram invests Rs.10000 in cash
b. He bought goods worth Rs.2000 from shyam
c. He bought a machine for Rs.5000 from Lakshman on account
d. He paid to Lakshman Rs.2000
e. He sold goods for cash Rs.3000
f. He sold goods to ‘A’ on account Rs.4000
g. He paid to Shyam Rs.1000
h. He received amount from ‘A’ Rs.2000
11. In the books of Vani prepare trading, profit & loss account and balance sheet for the year
endings 31st March 2003 from the following particulars.
Rs.
1 Opening stock 5000
2 Salaries 500
3 Sales 70400
4 Motor car 25000
5 Traveling expenses 700
6 Cash in hand 5000
7 Capital 30000
8 Interest 1800
9 Bills receivables 4000
10 Wages 2000
11 Furniture & Fixtures 3600
12 Sundry debtors 14000
13 Lighting 350
14 Printing & Stationery 100
15 Postage 50
16 Returns inwards 6000
17 Purchase 25000
18 Commission 1500
19 Bank balance 10000
20 Advertisement 1000
21 Sundry creditors 5200
Adjustments
1. Closing stock Rs.40000
2. Write off bad debts Rs.100
3. Prepaid commission Rs.200
4. Outstanding salaries Rs.150
12. What are the types of financial statements of a business unit and explain how differently
they interpret the financial data
13. Explain the concept of ‘Liquidity’ and narrate its importance through suitable examples
with some assured data.
14. What do you understand by ‘solvency’ position of a manufacturing organization? How is
it evaluated? Illustrate with assumed data.
15. State the different types of turnover ratios and profitability ratios and explain their
significance.
16. As a financial analyst, what precautions would you take while interpreting ratios
meaning-fully?
17. Selected financial information about siri traders limited as given below :
2001 2002
Sales 600000 430000
Cost of goods sold 570000 325000
Debtors 72000 30000
Inventories 114000 55000
Cash 15000 8000
Other current assets 40000 27000
Current liabilities 160000 110000
Compute the current ratio, quick ratio, debt collection period and inventory turnover ratios
for the above two years and comment on the result.
***
VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
Subject : Automobile Engineering Design-II
Subject Code : 13AED006
Academic Year : 2016 – 17
Number of working days : 72
Number of Hours / week : 05
Total number of periods planned : 82
Name of the Faculty Member : Praveen Kumar T
Course Prerequisites: Mechanics of Solids, Automobile Engineering Design-I, Material science
and Technical Drawing.
Course Objectives:
Understand the theoretical and practical skills to model and design machine elements.
Understand the techniques to assemble components into simple mechanical systems.
Understand the failure analysis of various materials under static and dynamic loading
conditions.
Learning Outcomes:
Student should be able to
Design and analyze simple machine components gears, shafts and bearings.
Determine when a component will fail statically given loading conditions.
Determine when a component will fail under dynamic conditions given loading and life
requirements.
Course Plan:
S. No. Description of Topic Number
of Hours
Method of
Teaching
UNIT-I BEARINGS
1 Types of Journal bearings, Lubrication, Bearing Modulus 02 PPT & Video
2 Full and partial bearings, Clearance ratio 01 PPT, Chalk &
Board
3 Heat dissipation of bearings, bearing materials 01 Chalk & Board
4 journal bearing design, Ball and roller bearings 02 Chalk & Board
5 journal bearing design, Static loading of ball and roller
bearings 02 Chalk & Board
6 Bearing life, Bearing selection. 02 Chalk & Board
7 Tutorials 04 Chalk & Board
UNIT – II ENGINE PARTS , CONNECTING ROD, DESIGN OF VEHICLE GEAR BOX
7 Pistons, Forces acting on piston 01 PPT, Chalk &
Board
8 Construction, design and proportions of piston 02 PPT, Chalk &
Board
9 Construction, design and proportions Cylinder 01 PPT, Chalk &
Board
10 Construction, design and proportions of Cylinder liners. 01 PPT, Chalk &
Board
11 Thrust in connecting rod, stress due to whipping action on
connecting rod ends 02 Chalk & Board
12 Cranks and Crank shafts, 02 Chalk & Board
13 strength and proportions of over hung 01 Chalk & Board
14 Overview of Center cranks; Crank pins, Crank shafts. 02 Chalk & Board
15 Design of Vehicle Gear Box
3 speed gear box and 4 speed gear box 02
PPT, Chalk &
Board
16 Steering gear Mechanism Design 01 Chalk & Board
17 Tutorials 05 Chalk & Board
UNIT III DESIGN OF CURVED BEAMS, POWER TRANSMISSIONS SYSTEMS,
PULLEYS
17 Introduction, stresses in curved beams 01 PPT, Chalk &
Board
18 Expression for radius of neutral axis for rectangular,
circular, trapezoidal and T-Section. 02
PPT, Chalk &
Board
19 Design of crane hooks 01 Chalk & Board
20 Design of C– clamps. 01 Chalk & Board
21 Transmission of power by Belt and Rope drives 02 Chalk & Board
22 Transmission efficiencies; Belts (Flat and V types),Ropes 01 Chalk & Board
23 pulleys for belt and rope drives 02 Chalk & Board
24 Materials, Chain drives 02 Chalk & Board
Tutorials 04 Chalk & Board
UNIT IV SPUR AND HELICAL GEAR DRIVES
25 Introduction: Spur gears- Helical gears 02 PPT & Video
26 Load concentration factor – Dynamic load factor. 02 Chalk & Board
27 Surface compressive strength – Bending strength 02 Chalk & Board
28 Design analysis of spur gears 02 Chalk & Board
29 Estimation of centre distance, module and face width, check
for plastic deformation 02 Chalk & Board
30 Check for dynamic and wear considerations. 02 Chalk & Board
Tutorials 05 Chalk & Board
UNIT V CLUTCHES AND BRAKES
31 Torque transmitting capacity 01 PPT, Chalk &
Board
32 Multi-disc clutches, friction materials, cone clutches 02 Chalk & Board
33 Centrifugal clutch, energy equation, thermal considerations 02 Chalk & Board
34 Energy Equations 01 Chalk & Board
35 Block break with short shoe, block brake and pivoted block
break with long shoe 02 Chalk & Board
36 Internal expanding brake, band brakes 01 Chalk & Board
37 Disc brakes and thermal considerations 02 Chalk & Board
Tutorials 04 Chalk & Board
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Machine Design by V. Bhandari; Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Machine Design by R. L. Norton
REFERENCES:
1. Mechanics of Materials (SI Units) by Beer & Johnson; Publisher: McGraw Hill.
2. Data Books: P.S.G. College of Technology
3. Mechanical Engineering Design by J. E. Shigley
4. Machine Design by R. S. Khurmi & J. S. Gupta; Publisher: Sultan Chand.
5. Machine Design (SI Units) by Schaums Outline Series; Publisher: McGraw Hill.
VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
Subject : Machine Tools and Metrology
Subject Code : 13AED007
Academic Year : 2016 – 17
Number of working days : 90
Number of Hours / week : 5
Total number of periods planned : 60
Name of the Faculty Member : Dr. M. Venkata Ramana
Course Objectives:
Describe constructional features of various machine tools
Explain different machining operations and applications
Understand the basic concepts of limits, fits and tolerances
Identify devices and measurement techniques for various applications
Course Outcomes (COs): Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
Demonstrate constructional features of various machine tools
Appraise different machining operations and applications
Use of limits, fits and tolerances
Practice measurement techniques for various applications
UNIT: I
Syllabus:
THEORY OF METAL CUTTING THEORY Elements of cutting process, classification of cutting tools, geometry of single point tool,
orthogonal cutting, chip formation and types of chips, force relationships (Merchant’s force
circle), velocity relationships, cutting speeds, feed, depth of cut, tool wear and tool life, coolants,
machinability and tool materials.
ENGINE LATHE Principle of working, classification of lathes, lathe specifications, parts of lathe, work holders,
tool holders, lathe attachments, operations performed and machining time.
TURRET AND CAPSTAN LATHES - Principal features.
AUTOMATIC LATHES - Classification and principal features.
Learning objectives: after completion of the unit, the student must able to:
Define the term metal cutting
Describe the elements of cutting process
Define the various angles of single point cutting tool with neat sketch
List out the different types of chips and explain in detail
Compare and contrast the orthogonal and oblique cutting
List out the assumptions of MERCHANT’S circle diagram with neat sketch
Derive the relationship between the different forces developed in metal cutting
Define the term machinability and explain the effects of different factors on it
Define the term tool life and explain the effects of different cutting parameters on it
List out the different types of coolants and their applications
List out the different tool materials and select the tool material for different work piece material
Classify the different types of machine tools
Classify the different types of lathes?
List out the main parts of centre lathe? And explain their feature?
List out the Operations performed in a centre lathe? Explain them with neat sketch?
List out the different types of Taper turning methods? Explain any one with neat sketch?
Explain the process of thread cutting on lathe?
Differentiate between Capstan and turret lathes?
Classify the different types of automatic lathes? Differentiate between parallel and
progressive automatic lathes?
Lecture Plan
S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of
Teaching
1. Elements of cutting process, classification of
cutting tools, geometry of single point tool
1st & 2
nd hour Black board
2.
orthogonal cutting, chip formation and types
of chips, force relationships (Merchant’s
force circle)
3rd
& 4th
hour Black board
3. Velocity relationships, cutting speeds, feed,
depth of cut, tool wear and tool life, coolants
5th
hour & 6th
hour
Black board
4.
Machinability and tool materials.
ENGINE LATHE Principle of working, classification of lathes,
lathe specifications
7th
hour & 8th
hour
Black board + Video
5. Parts of lathe, work holders, tool holders,
lathe attachments
9th
hour & 10th
hour
Black board
6. Operations performed and machining time. 11
th hour & 12
th
hour
Black board + Video
7. TURRET AND CAPSTAN LATHES - Principal features.
13th
hour & 14th
hour
Black board
8. AUTOMATIC LATHES - Classification
and principal features.
15th
hour & 16th
hour
Black board
Assignment – I
1. Define metal cutting process? Explain the process of chip formation in metal cutting
process?
2. Write and explain the nomenclature of single point cutting tool with detailed diagram?
3. Define tool life? How the tool life is relevance to tool wear?
4. List out the basic elements of machine tools?
5. List out the types of drives used in lathes. And explain briefly with neat sketches
6. How the apron mechanism of a lathe works? Explain with the help of neat diagram
7. Explain the use and application of face plate?
8. Describe the construction and use of different types of mandrels
9. Distinguish between the steady and follower rest
10. Describe the taper turning attachment of a lathe. List out the advantages and
disadvantages over other methods of taper turning
11. Explain the procedure for thread cutting on lathe
12. Derive an expression to determine the machining time on lathe.
13. List out the main parts of capstan and turret lathes. Describe in brief with the help of
suitable sketches
14. Classify the automatic lathes in detail. Mention their main features.
15. Compare multi spindle progressive and parallel type automatic machines
UNIT: II
Syllabus:
MILLING MACHINE Principle of working, classification of milling machines, specifications, principal features of
horizontal, vertical and universal milling machines, milling cutters, operations performed,
indexing and machining time.
SHAPING, SLOTTING AND PLANNING MACHINES Principle of working, principal parts, specification, classifications, operations performed and
machining time.
DRILLING AND BORING MACHINES Principle of working, principal parts, specification, classifications and operations performed.
Learning objectives : After completion of the unit, the student must able to:
Describe the working principle of milling machine with neat sketch
Classify various types of milling machines
List out specifications of milling machine
List out the different types of milling cutters & explain their functions.
List out different operations performed on milling machine
Differentiate between shaper and planner?
Differentiate Shaper and slotter?
Describe with the help of neat sketch, the working principle of drilling machine
Classify various types of drilling machines
List out and explain the different operations those are performed on drilling machine
Describe with the help of neat sketch, the working principle of boring machine
Classify various types of drilling machines
Lecture Plan
S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of Teaching
1. MILLING MACHINE Principle of working, classification of milling
machines, specifications,
17th
hour Black board + PPT
2. Principal features of horizontal, vertical and
universal milling machines
18th
hours Black board + PPT +
Video
3. Milling cutters, operations performed,
indexing and machining time.
19th
hour Black board + PPT
4.
SHAPING MACHINES Principle of
working, principal parts, specification,
classifications, operations performed and
machining time.
20th
& 21st hours Black board + PPT +
Video
5.
SLOTTING MACHINES Principle of
working, principal parts, specification,
classifications, operations performed and
machining time
22rd
& 23th
hour Black board + PPT
+ Video
6.
PLANNING MACHINES Principle of
working, principal parts, specification,
classifications, operations performed and
machining time
24th
& 25th
hour Black board + PPT
+ Video
7.
DRILLING MACHINES Principle of working, principal parts,
specification, classifications and operations
performed
26th
& 27th
hour Black board + PPT
8.
BORING MACHINES Principle of working, principal parts,
specification, classifications and operations
performed.
28th
hour Black board + PPT
+ Video
Assignment – II
1. Derive an expression for calculating the cutting speed of a shaper
2. Describe in brief the punch slotter and tool room slotter
3. How you will adjust the length of stroke and the ram position in a shaper?
4. Compare the vertical shaper and slotter machines
5. Distinguish between shaper and planner
6. Describe the Belt drive mechanism used for driving the table of a planer
UNIT: III
Syllabus:
GRINDING MACHINE Fundamentals, classification of grinding machine, cylindrical and surface grinding machine, tool
and cutter grinding machine, different types of abrasives, bonds specification of a grinding wheel
and selection of a grinding wheel.
INTRODUCTION TO LAPPING, HONING AND BROACHING MACHINES -
COMPARISON TO GRINDING.
INTRODUCTION TO JIGS AND FIXTURES.
SYSTEMS OF LIMITS AND FITS: Introduction, normal size, tolerance limits, deviations, allowance, fits and their types - unilateral
and bilateral tolerance system, hole and shaft basis systems - Interchangeability and selective
assembly.
INTRODUCTION TO STANDARD SYSTEMS.
LINEAR MEASUREMENT: Length standard, line and end standard, slip gauges, gauges, dial indicator, vernier caliper and
micrometer.
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES AND TAPERS:
Different methods – Bevel protractor, angle slip gauges, spirit levels and sine bar.
FLAT SURFACE MEASUREMENT:
Measurement of flat surfaces, instruments used, straight edges and surface plates.
Learning objectives: After completion of the unit, the student must able to:
1. List out various types of abrasives and explain how a grinding wheel is selected for
different operations.
2. Classify various types of grinding machines
3. Compare grinding with lapping and honing
4. Differentiate between Metrology & Metallurgy.
5. Differentiate between Limits & Fits, Tolerances.
6. Discuss the limits & fits, tolerances and their uses in Automobile, HMT Industries.
7. Identify whether the following fits are Hole – based or Shaft – based. Convert of H7 –
C8, J6 – h5, H6 – n5. etc. into their counter parts.
8. Explain Selective assembly and Interchangeability concept with suitable examples,
graphs used.
9. Explain the linear Measurement and its uses in Industry.
10. Mention the types of slip gauges as per IS: 2984 – 1966.
11. Calibrate the slip gauges and dial indicators.
12. List the types of Micrometers and how to calibrate.
13. Explain the construction details of Bevel protractor, Angle slip gauges and Sine bars.
14. Identify the materials used for Sine plate, Rollers and Spheres and their uses.
15. Measure the flat surfaces using – straight edges– surface plates – optical flat and auto
collimator.
Lecture Plan
S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of Teaching
1.
GRINDING MACHINE Fundamentals, classification of grinding
machine, cylindrical and surface grinding
machine, tool and cutter grinding machine,
29th
& 30th
hour Black board + PPT +
Video
2.
Different types of abrasives, bonds
specification of a grinding wheel and
selection of a grinding wheel.
31st & 32
nd hour Black board + PPT
3.
INTRODUCTION TO LAPPING,
HONING AND BROACHING
MACHINES - COMPARISON TO
GRINDING.
33rd
& 34th
hour Black board + PPT +
Video
4. INTRODUCTION TO JIGS AND
FIXTURES.
35th
& 36th
hour Black board + PPT
5. SYSTEMS OF LIMITS AND FITS: Introduction, normal size, tolerance limits,
deviations, allowance, fits and their types
37th
hour Black board + PPT
6.
Unilateral and bilateral tolerance system, hole
and shaft basis systems - Interchangeability
and selective assembly.
38th
& 39th
hour
Black board + PPT
7. INTRODUCTION TO STANDARD
SYSTEMS.
40th
& 41st hour Black board + PPT
8.
LINEAR MEASUREMENT: Length
standard, line and end standard, slip gauges,
gauges, dial indicator, vernier caliper and
micrometer.
42nd
hour Black board + PPT
9.
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES AND
TAPERS: Different methods – Bevel
protractor, angle slip gauges, spirit levels and
sine bar.
43th
& 44th
hour
Black board + PPT
10. FLAT SURFACE MEASUREMENT: Measurement of flat surfaces, instruments
used, straight edges and surface plates.
45th
& 46th
hour
Black board + PPT
Assignment – III
1. Explain the constructional features with neat sketch of a universal milling machine.
2. Describe, with the help of suitable sketches, the various types of vices and other work
holding devices commonly used on milling machines
3. Differentiate between up and down milling
4. List out various types of milling cutters and explain with neat sketches
5. Explain with the help neat sketch, the working of a universal dividing head
6. Differentiate the terms drilling, reaming and boring
7. What is an upright drilling machine and how it differs from a sensitive drill
8. Differentiate multi spindle and gang drilling machine
9. Describe the main constructional features of a horizontal boring machine
10. What is meant by Grinding? Write the specification of grinding wheel and explain in
detail each element in it.
11. What are the essential factors to be considered while choosing a grinding wheel
12. Explain the terms Loading, Glazing, Dressing and Truing.
13. Explain the construction and working of a plain cylindrical grinder with the help of a neat
sketch.
14. Explain the construction and working of a Tool and cutter grinder with the help of a neat
sketch
15. What is a centreless grinder? Describe principle of grinding on this type of grinder
16. Explain the terms: Hole based system, Shaft based system. Enumerate the difference
between them.
17. What is the difference between tolerance and allowance?
18. Why might you use a shrink fit rather than welding to join two steel parts?
19. What does the word shrink imply?
20. Explain as the ISI systems of fits and tolerances and its uses in industries.
21. Explain as the BIS systems of fits and tolerances and its uses in industries (1965).
22. Explain International standard system for plain and screwed works with suitable
examples.
23. Determine and Sketch the limits of tolerance and allowance for a 50mm shaft and hole
pair designated H7 – d8. The basic size lies in the range of 30 – 50 mm. The multiplies
for grades 7 and 8 are 16 and 25 respectively. The fundamental deviation for‘d’ shaft is (-
16 D 0.44
) microns.
24. Explain the working mechanism of a dial indicator with neat diagram.
25. State the principle of the spirit level.
26. Show weather the new taper of a plug gauge is measured using sine bar
27. Discuss various methods of taper measurement of plug and ring gauges.
UNIT: IV
Syllabus:
LIMIT GAUGES:
Taylor’s principle – Design of GO and NO GO gauges, plug, ring, snap, gap and taper gauges.
SURFACE ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENT: Differences between surface roughness and surface waviness, numerical assessment of surface
finish, CLA, Ra, R.M.S Values, Rz Values, methods of measurement of surface finish,
profilograph and ISI symbols for Indication of surface finish.
OPTICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS: Tool maker’s microscope and its uses, autocollimators, optical projector and optical flat.
INTRODUCTION TO MEASUREMENT THROUGH COMPARATORS
Learning objectives: After completion of the unit, the student must able to:
1. Derive the Taylor’s principle in design of tolerances.
2. Design the GO and NOGO gauges and mention the types of GO and NOGO gauges for
20.4mm.
3. Explain Plug, Ring, Snap, Gap, Taper Profile and Position gauges and their uses.
4. Differentiate between Surface roughness and surface waviness.
5. Identify various types of surface roughness and surface waviness.
6. Numerical assessment of surface finish – CLA, R, R.M.S Values – Rz values, R10 value
7. Explain the working principle of profilograph and its uses.
8. Explain the working principle of Talysurf and its uses.
9. Indicate the surface finish using ISI symbols in a drawing.
10. Explain tool - maker’s microscope construction and working principle and its uses.
11. Explain collimators construction and working principle and its uses.
12. Explain optical projectors construction and working principle and its uses.
13. Explain optical flats construction and working principle and its uses.
14. Explain interferometer construction and working principle and its uses.
15. Explain the working principle of Comparators – Mechanical, Electrical and Electronic
Comparators, pneumatic comparators and their uses in mass production.
Lecture Plan
S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of Teaching
1.
LIMIT GAUGES: Taylor’s principle –
Design of GO and NO GO gauges, plug, ring,
snap, gap and taper gauges.
47th
& 48th
hour
Black board + PPT
2.
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
MEASUREMENT: Differences between
surface roughness and surface waviness,
numerical assessment of surface finish, CLA,
Ra, R.M.S Values, Rz Values,
49th
& 50th
hour Black board + PPT
3.
Methods of measurement of surface finish,
profilograph and ISI symbols for Indication
of surface finish.
51st & 52
nd hour Black board + PPT
4.
OPTICAL MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS: Tool maker’s microscope and its uses,
autocollimators, optical projector and optical
flat.
53rd
& 54th
hour Black board + PPT
5. INTRODUCTION TO MEASUREMENT
THROUGH COMPARATORS
55th
& 56th
hour Black board + PPT
Assignment – IV
1. State the Talyor’s principle of gauges design.
2. Design general type Go and NO – GO gauges for components having 55H8/d9 fit.The
basic size falls in the diameter range of 50 – 80 mm. The fundamental deviation for ‘d’
shaft = (-16 D 0.41
) microns. The multipliers for 8 and 9 grades are 25 and 40. Take wear
allowance as 10% of gauge tolerance. Sketch the gauges with values.
3. Explain the working principle of a Autocollimator.
4. Describe the working principle of tool makers microscope. What are its uses.
5. Differentiate between a gauge and comparator.
6. Explicate the working principle of
(i) Mechanical comparator
(ii) Electrical comparator
7. What are various orders of geometrical irregularities on surfaces? How these are
classified?
8. Describe with a neat sketch the construction, principle and operation of Tomlinson
surface meter.
9. Indicate the following on a typical surface.
(i) Waviness height and width
(ii) Roughness width and height.
(iii) Lay and Flaw. Define these terms.
10. State how surface finish is designated on drawings. How do you represent machining
allowance of 0.5 mm, parallel lay, cut off length 2mm, finish 5mm Ra on a
drawing.
11. What are the factors affecting surface roughness? What is the necessity for controlling
the surface texture?
12. Explicate the details of construction, principle and operation of stylus.
13. What are various orders of geometrical irregularities on surfaces? How these are
classified?
UNIT: V
Syllabus:
SCREW THREAD MEASUREMENT: Element of measurement, errors in screw threads, measurement of effective diameter, angle of
thread and thread pitch.
GEAR MEASUREMENT: Gear measuring instruments, gear tooth profile, measurement of diameter, pitch, pressure angle
and tooth thickness.
INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE TOOL ALIGNMENTS TESTS
Learning objectives: After completion of the unit, the student must able to:
1. Explain the errors in screw threads.
2. How the measurement of effective diameter, angle of thread and thread pitch, profile
thread gauges are done.
3. Measure gear tooth profile
4. Measure diameter, pitch pressure angle and tooth thickness of a gear
5. Test the alignment of machine tools
Lecture Plan
S.No. Description of Topic No. of Hrs. Method of Teaching
1. SCREW THREAD MEASUREMENT: Element of measurement, errors in screw
threads
57th
& 58th
hour Black board + PPT
2. Measurement of effective diameter, angle of
thread and thread pitch.
59th
& 60th
hour Black board + PPT
3.
GEAR MEASUREMENT: Gear measuring
instruments, gear tooth profile, measurement
of diameter
61st & 62
nd hour
Black board + PPT
4. Pitch, pressure angle and tooth thickness. 63rd
& 64th
hours Black board + PPT
5. INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE TOOL
ALIGNMENTS TESTS
65th
hour Black board + PPT
Assignment – V
1. Indicate the following on a typical surface.
(i) Waviness height and width
(ii) Roughness width and height.
(iii) Lay and Flaw. Define these terms.
2. State how surface finish is designated on drawings. How do you represent machining
allowance of 0.5 mm, parallel lay, cut off length 2mm, finish 5mm Ra on a drawing.
3. What are the factors affecting surface roughness? What is the necessity for controlling the
surface texture?
4. Explicate the details of construction, principle and operation of stylus.
5. What are various orders of geometrical irregularities on surfaces? How these are classified?
6. Describe with a neat sketch the construction, principle and operation of Tomlinson surface
meter.
7. Explain how the principle of visual gauging heads is incorporated in Multi gauging machines.
8. Discuss the causes of following errors in screw thread pitches.
(i) Progressive error (ii) Periodic error
(iii) Drunken error (iv) Irregular errors.
9. Elucidate the Effective diameter measurement by two wire method
10. Elucidate measurement method of thread angle by two ball method.
11. “Measurement of effective diameter by two wires and micrometer is not accurate” Explain.
12. Draw and show the various gear elements on a gear tooth profile.
13. Explain with neat sketch the measurement of diameter and pitch of a gear?
14. Explain with neat sketch the measurement of pressure angle and tooth thickness?
TEXT BOOKS: 1. Production Technology by R.K. Jain and S.C. Gupta.
2. Engineering Metrology by Mahajan.
REFERENCES: 1. Manufacturing Technology (Volume 2) - Metal Cutting and Machine Tools by P N Rao, Tata
McGraw Hill.
2. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology by Kalpakjian, Wesley.
3. Elements of Workshop Technology Vol. I and II, by Hajara Chowdhary, Indian Book
Distributors, Calcutta.
4. Production Technology by H.M.T. (Hindustan Machine Tools).
5. Engineering Metrology by R.K. Jain, Khanna Publishers.
6. Precision Engineering in Manufacturing by RL Murthy, New Age.
VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
Subject : INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
Subject Code : 13EIE080
Academic Year : 2016 – 17
Number of working days : 64
Number of Hours / week : 04
Total number of periods planned : 64
Name of the Faculty Member : K.VIJAY CHANDRA
Course Objectives:
Provide basic knowledge in transduction principles, sensors and transducer Technology
and measurement systems
Provide better familiarity with the Theoretical and Practical concepts of Automation in
industries
Provide familiarity with different sensors and their application in real time Applications
Provide the knowledge of various measurement methods of industrial Parameters like
velocity, acceleration, torque, pressure, flow, temperature etc. and control of the same
Course Outcomes:
Student should be able to
Able to know instrumentation system used in the industry
Able to appreciate the automation with the help of instrumentation
Able to understand the experimental applications and selecting appropriate engineering
modules
Able to develop aptitude for self-learning and modern technical skills beyond the
curriculum
UNIT – I :
Definition – Basic principles of measurement – Measurement systems, static characteristics.
MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT:
Theory and construction of various transducers to measure displacement-Piezo electric,
Inductive, capacitance, resistance, ionization and Photo electric transducers.
MEASUREMENT OF SPEED:
Mechanical Tachometers – Electrical tachometers – Stroboscope, Noncontact type of
tachometer.
MEASUREMENT OF ACCELERATION AND VIBRATION:
Different simple instruments – Principles of Seismic instruments – Vibrometer and
accelerometer using this principle.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After completing UNIT I the student will be able to
Explain the basic principles of measurements and measurement systems.
Explain various methods of measuring displacement.
Explain various methods of measuring speed.
Explain various methods of measuring acceleration.
Explain various methods of measuring vibration.
LECTURE SCHEDULE:
No. of Periods: 10
LECTURE 1: Basics terms related to measurements and instrumentation.
LECTURE 2: Basic principles of measurement.
LECTURE 3: Block diagram of measurement system.
LECTURE 4 & 5: Various static characteristics of measurement system.
LECTURE 6 & 7: Various transducers to measure displacement.
LECTURE 8: Various transducers to measure speed.
LECTURE 9: Various transducers to measure acceleration.
LECTURE 10: Various transducers to measure vibration.
ASSIGNMENT OF UNIT- I:
1) Define:
(i) Measurement
(ii) Instrument
(iii) Measurement system
(iv) Sensor and Transducer
2) Explain the basic block diagram of Measurement system.
3) Define:
(i) Repeatability and Reproducibility
(ii) Scale range and span
(iii) Accuracy and Precision
(iv) Dead zone
(v) Linearity and Sensitivity
(vi) Hysteresis
4) Explain different methods for measuring displacement.
5) Explain different methods for measuring speed.
6) Explain different methods for measuring Acceleration & Vibration.
UNIT II:
STRESS STRAIN MEASUREMENTS:
Various types of stress and strain measurements – electrical strain gauge – gauge factor – method
of usage of resistance strain gauge for bending compressive and tensile strains – usage for
measuring torque, Strain gauge Rosettes.
MEASUREMENT OF HUMIDITY:
Moisture content of gases, Sling psychrometer, Absorption psychrometer, Dew point meter.
MEASUREMENT OF FORCE, TORQUE AND POWER:
Elastic force meters, load cells, Torsion meters, Dynamometers.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After completing UNIT II, the student will be able to
Explain the basic principles of stress and strain measurements.
Explain various methods of measuring humidity.
Explain various methods of measuring force, torque and power.
LECTURE SCHEDULE:
No of Periods: 06
LECTURE 11: Introduction to Strain gauge. Derivation for Gauge factor.
LECTURE 12: Methods of using strain gauge for bending compressive and tensile strains.
LECTURE 13: Usage of strain gauge for measuring torque and Strain gauge Rosettes.
LECTURE 14: Moisture measurement - Sling & Absorption psychrometer, Dew point meter.
LECTURE 15: Working of Elastic force meters and load cells.
LECTURE 16: Working of Torsion meters and Dynamometers.
ASSIGNMENT OF UNIT – II:
1) Derive a relation for Gauge factor for a Strain gauge.
2) Explain the methods of using strain gauge for bending compressive and tensile strains.
3) Explain about Strain gauge Rosettes.
4) Explain the working of load cells.
5) Explain the working of Torsion meters and Dynamometers.
6) Explain different methods for measuring Humidity.
UNIT-III:
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE: Classification – Ranges – Various Principles of
measurement– Expansion, Electrical Resistance – Thermistor – Thermocouple – Pyrometers –
Temperature Indicators.
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE: Units – classification – different principles used.
Manometers, Piston, Bourdon pressure gauges, Bellows – Diaphragm gauges. Low pressure
measurement – Thermal conductivity gauges – ionization pressure gauges, Mcleod pressure
gauge.
MEASUREMENT OF LEVEL: Direct method – Indirect methods – capacitative, ultrasonic,
magnetic, cryogenic fuel level indicators – Bubler level indicators.
FLOW MEASUREMENT: Rotameter, magnetic, Ultrasonic, Turbine flow meter, Hot – wire
anemometer, Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA).
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After completing UNIT III, the student will be able to
Explain various methods of measuring Temperature.
Explain various methods of measuring Pressure.
Explain various methods of measuring Level.
Explain various methods of measuring Flow.
LECTURE SCHEDULE:
No. of Classes: 16
LECTURE 17: Classification, Ranges and Various Principles of Temperature measurement.
LECTURE 18: Electrical Resistance measurement methods and Thermistor.
LECTURE 19: Working and measurement of Temperature using Thermocouples.
LECTURE 20: Working of various Pyrometers.
LECTURE 21: Units, classification and different principles of Pressure measurement.
LECTURE 22: Working of Manometers, Piston and Bourdon pressure gauges.
LECTURE 23: Working of Bellows and Diaphragm gauges.
LECTURE 24: Working of Thermal conductivity and ionization pressure gauges.
LECTURE 25: Working of Mcleod pressure gauge.
LECTURE 26: Measurement of level using capacitive, ultrasonic and magnetic methods.
LECTURE 27: Working of cryogenic fuel level indicators.
LECTURE 28: Working of Bubler level indicators.
LECTURE 29: Measurement of level using ultrasonic and magnetic methods.
LECTURE 30: Measurement of flow using Rotameter.
LECTURE 31: Measurement of flow using magnetic, Ultrasonic and Turbine flow meters.
LECTURE 32: Measurement of flow using Hot wire and Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA).
ASSIGNMENT OF UNIT – III:
1) Explain measurement of Temperature using Electrical Resistance detectors and Thermistor.
2) Explain measurement of Temperature using Thermocouples.
3) Explain the working of various pyrometers.
4) Explain measurement of pressure using Bourdon pressure gauges and diaphragm gauges.
5) Explain various low pressure measurement methods.
6) Explain the working of cryogenic fuel level indicators.
7) Explain flow measurement using ultrasonic and magnetic methods.
8) How can we measure flow using Laser Doppler Anemometer?
UNIT IV:
INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEMS:
Introduction - basic components of a control system, control-system applications, open-loop
control systems (without feed-back systems), and closed-loop control systems (with feedback
systems); Example of open loop and closed loop systems. Feedback and its effects - effect of
feedback on overall gain, effect of feedback on stability, and effect of feedback on external
disturbance or noise; Classification of systems, nonlinear characteristics of systems.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After completing UNIT IV, the student will be able to
Understand the basic components of a control system.
Understand the basic difference between open loop and closed loop control systems.
Understand the various applications of control systems.
Understand the effects of feedback on systems.
Understand the classification of systems.
LECTURE SCHEDULE:
No of Classes: 05
LECTURE 33: Introduction to control systems and its basic components.
LECTURE 34: Open loop and closed loop control systems.
LECTURE 35: Examples and applications of control systems.
LECTURE 36: Effects of feedback on systems.
LECTURE 37: Classification and characteristics of systems.
ASSIGNMENT OF UNIT – IV:
1) Explain the basic block diagram of control system.
2) Differentiate between open loop and closed loop control systems.
3) Explain the effect of feedback on overall gain and stability of a system.
UNIT – V:
SYSTEM MODELING:
Transfer function (TF) Block diagram (BD) reduction techniques, Signal flow graph(SFG), BD
to TF, TF to BD, TF to SFG, SFG to TF conversions, Mathematical Modeling of systems in
translational and rotational motions, Analogy between different types of systems like electrical,
mechanical, pneumatic & hydraulic, DC motor transfer function, signal flow graph, Working of
Potentiometer, tachometer, servo motors, synchros.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After completing UNIT V, the student will be able to
Draw a block diagram for a given system.
Obtain Signal flow graph and Transfer function from the Block Diagram.
Understand different systems and their analogies.
Obtain mathematical modeling of various systems.
Obtain the transfer function of a DC motor.
Understand the working of servo motors and synchros.
LECTURE SCHEDULE:
No. of Classes: 11
LECTURE 38: Introduction to Transfer function (TF) and Block diagram (BD).
LECTURE 39: Block diagram reduction techniques.
LECTURE 40: Conversion from TF to BD and BD to TF.
LECTURE 41: Signal flow graph (SFG).
LECTURE 42: Obtaining SFG for a given Block Diagram.
LECTURE 43: Conversion from TF to SFG and SFG to TF.
LECTURE 44: Mathematical Modeling of systems in translational and rotational motions.
LECTURE 45: Analogy between electrical, mechanical, pneumatic & hydraulic systems.
LECTURE 46: DC motor transfer function.
LECTURE 47: Working of Potentiometer and tachometer.
LECTURE 48: Working of servo motors and synchros.
ASSIGNMENT OF UNIT – V:
1) Draw the Signal Flow Graph for the below given Block Diagram.
2) Draw the Block Diagram for the given Signal Flow Graph.
3) Obtain the transfer function for the below system.
4) Explain the working of synchros.
5) Derive the Transfer function of a DC motor.
Books Referred:
1) Measurement Systems: Applications & design by D. S. Kumar.
2) Mechanical and Industrial Measurements by R.K. Jain; Publisher: Khanna publishers.
3) Instrumentation, Measurement & Analysis by B. C. Nakra & K. K. Choudhary, Tata McGraw Hill.
4 Control systems by Nagoor kani & Nagrath Gopal.
VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
Subject : NON CONVENTOINAL ENERGY SOURCES
Subject Code : 13MED020
Academic Year : 2016 – 17
Number of working days : 16 weeks
Number of Hours / week : 3+1
Total number of periods planned : 60
Name of the Faculty Member : K.Prashanth
UNIT – I
PRINCIPLES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Introduction; Energy and sustainable development; Fundamentals; Scientific principles of
renewable energy; Technical Implications; Social implications.Introduction to Wind energy,
Geothermal energy and Tidal energy.
PRINCIPLES OF SOLAR RADIATION: The Solar energy option, Environmental impact of
solar power, physics of the sun, the solar constant, extraterrestrial and terrestrial solar radiation,
solar radiation on tilted surfaces, instruments for solar radiation and sun shine, solar radiation
data.
Learning objectives :
After completion of the unit, students will be able to:
Gain the knowledge about energy and sustainable developments
Comprehend the fundamental terminology about renewable energy
Enumerates the scientific principles and technical implications and social implications.
Understand knowledge about the wind, geothermal and Tidal energy
Lecture plan :
S. No. Description of Topic No. of
Hrs.
Method of
Teaching
1. Necessity and importance of renewable energy 1 PPT+Video
2. Principles and major issues related to energy and sustainable
development, Global resources.
2 PPT+Video+
chalk & board
3. Fundamentals : definition of renewable, non-renewable
energy, energy sources, environmental energy, primary supply
to end-use and energy planning
1 PPT, chalk &
board
4. Scientific principles of renewable energy: energy currents,
dynamic characteristics, quality of supply, dispersed vs.
centralized energy, complex systems and situation
dependency.
1 PPT, chalk &
board
5. Technical implications: prospecting the environment, end-use
requirements and efficiency matching supply and demand ,
control options and social implications
2 PPT, chalk &
board
6. Environmental impact of solar power, physics of the sun, the
solar constant
2 PPT, Video
+Chalk & board
7. Extraterrestrial and terrestrial solar radiation, solar radiation
on tilted surfaces
2 PPT, Video
+Chalk & board
8. Instruments for solar radiation and sun shine, solar radiation
data.
2 PPT, Video
+Chalk & board
Total = 13
UNIT – II
SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION
Flat plate and concentrating collectors, classification of concentrating collectors, orientation and
thermal analysis, advanced collectors
SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE AND APPLICATIONS
Different methods, Sensible, latent heat and stratified storage, solar ponds. Solar applications-
solar heating/cooling technique, solar distillation and drying, photovoltaic energy conversion.
Learning objectives:
After completion of the unit, the students will be able to:
Design Solar collectors
Analyze the concepts of geometrical aspects and atmospheric effects
Evaluate the solar heat load
Analyze the heat balance in solar heating/cooling system.
S.No. Description of Topic No. of
Hrs.
Method of
Teaching
1. Flat plate and concentrating collectors 2 PPT+Video
2. Classification of concentrating collectors, orientation and
thermal analysis, advanced collectors
2 PPT+ chalk
&board
3. Different methods, Sensible, latent heat and stratified
storage
2 PPT
4. Solar applications-solar heating/cooling technique 3 PPT+ chalk
&board
5 Solar distillation and drying, photovoltaic energy
conversion.
3 Video+PPT,
chalk & board
Total = 12
UNIT – III WIND ENERGY
Sources and potentials, Horizontal and Vertical axis wind mills, Performance characteristics, Betz criteria.
BIO-MASS
Principles of Bio-conversion, Anaerobic/ Aerobic digestion, Types of Bio gas digesters, Gas yield,
Combustion characteristics of Bio gas, Utilization of cooking, IC Engine operation and economic aspects.
Learning objectives:
After completion of the unit, the students will be able to:
Gain knowledge about working of different types of wind mills.
Able to design a wind mill.
Analyze the Bio gas digesters.
Comprehend the social and environmental aspects.
Lecture plan:
S. No. Description of Topic No. of
Hrs.
Method of
Teaching
1 Sources and potentials, Horizontal and Vertical axis wind
mills, 2 PPT+Video, chalk
& board
2 Performance characteristics, Betz criteria.
2 PPT
3 Principles of Bio-conversion, Anaerobic/ Aerobic digestion 3 PPT+video
4 Types of Bio gas digesters, Gas yield, 2 PPT+ Video+
chalk &board
5 Combustion characteristics of Bio gas, Utilization of cooking,
IC Engine operation and economic aspects. 3 Chalk & board
Total = 12
UNIT – IV
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Resources, types of wells, Methods of harnessing the energy, potential in India,
OCEAN ENERGY
OTEC, Principles utilization, setting of OTEC plants, Thermodynamic cycles, Tidal and wave
energy: Potential and conversion techniques, Mini- Hydel power plants, and their economics.
Learning objectives:
After completion of the unit, the students will be able to
Gain the knowledge about Geothermal energy.
Analyzing the Tidal and Geothermal energy.
Design and analyze Mini-Hydel power plants.
Comprehend the social and environmental aspects
Lecture plan :
S.No. Description of Topic No. of
Hrs. Method of
Teaching
1 Resources, types of wells, Methods of harnessing the
energy, potential in India,
2 PPT+Video
2 OTEC, Principles utilization, setting of OTEC plants 2 PPT+ chalk &board
3 Thermodynamic cycles, Tidal and wave energy: 3 PPT+ chalk &board
4 Potential and conversion techniques, 1 PPT+ chalk &board
5 Mini- Hydel power plants, and their economics. 2 PPT
6 Tutorial 1 Chalk & board
Total = 11
UNIT – V
DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION
Need for DEC, Carnot cycle, limitations, principles of DEC. Thermo-electric generators,
Seebeck, Peltier and Joule Thomson effects, Figure of merit, Materials, applications, MHD
generators, principles, dissociation and ionization, hall effect, magnetic flux, MHD accelerator,
MHD engine, power generation systems, electron gas dynamic conversion, economic aspects,
Fuel cells, principles, Faraday’s law’s, thermodynamic aspects, selection of fuels and operating
conditions.
Learning objectives :
After completion of the unit, the students will be able to:
Gain knowledge about MHD engine power generation systems
Analyze Fuel cells
Design MHD accelerator and engine.
Lecture plan :
S.No. Description of Topic No. of
Hrs. Method of
Teaching
1. Need for DEC, Carnot cycle, limitations, principles of
DEC. Thermo-electric generators, Seebeck, Peltier and
Joule Thomson effects
2 PPT
2. Figure of merit, Materials, applications 1 PPT
3. MHD generators, principles, dissociation and ionization,
hall effect, magnetic flux, MHD accelerator, MHD
engine, power generation systems
2 PPT
4. Electron gas dynamic conversion, economic aspects 2 PPT+ chalk &board
5. Fuel cells, principles, Faraday’s law’s, thermodynamic
aspects, selection of fuels and operating conditions.
2 PPT, Video
6 Tutorial 1 Chalk & board
Total = 12
TEXT BOOKS
1. Non Conventional Energy Sources by G. D. Rai;
2. Renewable Energy Resources by Tiwari & Ghosal; Publisher: Narosa
3. Solar Energy by Sukhatme
REFERENCE BOOKS
Books:
1. Principles of Solar Energy by Frank Krieth & J. F. Kreider
2. Solar Power Engineering by B. S. Magal, Frank Krieth & J. F. KreiderRenewable
3. Energy sources by John Twidell & Tony Weir; Publisher: Taylor and Francis.