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Building Sustainable, Affordable Housing Communities - Using High Performance
Design and Technologies
by
V. SureshChairman – Indian Green Building Council (IGBC )
Vice Chairman – National Building Code of IndiaFormer, CMD - HUDCO
10th Annual Affordable Housing Projects
Organised bymarcusevans event
Pavilion Hotel, Kuala Lumpur
9th April 20191
World Population Trends
2Source: UN Population Division; WORLD POPULATION PROSPECTS
Population Reference Bureau: WORLD POPULATION DATA SHEET
Population in developing and lesser developed countries to be 88% of total population by 2050
9300
6883
6100
5667(82%)
4900(80%)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
8200
(88%)
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
(in millions)
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Decadal Growth Rate of Population (1991-2001) Urban: 31.13% Rural: 17.97%
11 May, 2000, 1000 M
1350 M
361330 M
540 M
(40%)393
(33%)285.35
(28%)217.61
(25.71%)
62(17%)50 M (16%)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1947 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021
Total Urban
350 Million getting added in 2 Decades
Extremely susceptible to Natural Hazards and attendant disasters
Urbanisation Scenario in India
VS
• Urban Housing shortage increased from-
3.60 million – 1961
7.00 million – 1981
16.00 million – 2001
22.40 million – 2007
20.00 million – 2011
Need to build 40 million urban houses for the decade 2010 - 2030
• The Slum Housing needs face still larger challenges – Housing
the other half of city
• Massive investments of over US$ 2 trillion needed to cover the
above housing needs by 2022
Housing Needs
4
VS
Size of the Housing Pie
1
5
HIG
VS
Size of the Housing Pie
1
2
6
HIG
MIG
VS
Size of the Housing Pie
1
2
37
HIG
MIG
LIG
VS
Size of the Housing Pie
1
2
3
4 8
HIG
MIG
LIG
EWS
VS
Housing Options
9
HIG
MIG
LIG
EWS
LUXURY HOUSING
200-300 Sqm
PREMIUM HOUSING
100-160 Sqm
AFFORDABLE
LOW INCOMF HOUSING
50-80 Sqm
AFFORDABLE
SOCIAL HOUSING
30-40 Sqm
Status of Construction Industry
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
94-9
5
95-9
6
96-9
7
97-9
8
98-9
9
99-2
000
2000-0
1
01-0
2
02-0
3
03-0
4
04-0
5
05-0
6
06-0
7
07-0
8
08-0
9
09-1
0
IND
EX
wit
h B
ase
19
90
-91
= 1
00
Wholesale Price Index
Building Cost Index
Average Income
Cost of construction goes up at rates 50% more than inflation
10VS
Rising Cost of Construction
• Cost of Land going up by 15 to 20% per year
• Cost of Cement up by Rs.800 / ton
• Excepting Plywood all material costs up
• Labour cost up by 20% over the last 3 years
• Cost of Construction up by 15% to 20%
• How do we cope with this?
• More so for the EWS, LIG and even MIG?
11VS
Salient Indicators
Aims to reduce the cost of construction and at
the same time not sacrifice any element of safety
or serviceability of the house over the life cycle.
• strong,
• durable,
• functional,
• aesthetic,
• environment friendly,
• ecologically
appropriate,
• energy efficient
• affordable and
adaptable
• cost-effective
materials
• appropriate
technologies in
construction.
There is need for adoption of :
12VS
NBC of India 2016Built around the philosophy of creating and maintaining Safe Built Environment for people and property by ensuring:
Structural Safety
HealthSafety
FireSafety
ConstructionSafety
ElectricSafety
EnvironmentSafety
LifeSafety
PublicSafety
2016version
14
Beyond Safety Consideration
is the Green Movement
While the present Regulatory frame work deal with Built
Environment for the three dimensional spaces and connected
spatial development, these do not touch on:
• Environment
• Ecology
• Energy Consumption
• Effective, Efficient, Economic and Optimum Resource
Management
• Faster and Efficiency Connectivity – Urban Mobility and Speedy
communication link with the world
• Quality of Life
• Sustainable Development
15
Life Cycle Sustenance - Project
Cradle to Grave (50 to 100 years life cycle?)
All level Techno Commercial Evaluations shall include
associated costs for:
• Designing
• Sourcing
• Building
• Operating
• Decommissioning
• Reusing
• Disposing
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UN Sustainable Development Goals
By 2030
16
17
Part 11 of NBC of India 2016
Approach to Sustainability
Siting, Form and Design
External Development and Landscape
Envelope Optimization
Materials
Water and Waste Management
Building Services Optimisation
Constructional Practices
Commissioning, Operation, Maintenance and Building
Performance Tracking
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Part 12 of NBC of India 2016
New Part 12 on
Assets and Facilities Management
included to continuously maintain and
assess Performance and Life of
Built Environment
- Lifecycle Tracking
Strategy for Sustainable Development
Technologies for Building Materials to be :
• Environment Friendly
• Ecologically Appropriate
• Energy Saving
• Economical in Cost
Utilisation of Agricultural and Industrial Wastes
• Waste to Wealth
• Refuse to Resource
• Trash to Cash
Alternates to timber substitutes and use of otherwise
polluting wastes through value addition
Item Source Application in Building Material
Fly-ash Thermal power stations Portland pozzolana cement, bricks, lime
pozzolana mixture, lightweight aggregate,
cellular concrete
Phospho-
gypsum
Hydro-fluoric/
phosphoric acid,
Amm.Phosphate
Fertiliser Plants
Gypsum plaster, fibrous gypsum boards and
blocks, cement clinker, as a solid retarder
and for making super sulfate cement
Red mud Aluminium extraction
plant
Building bricks and tiles, light-weight
structural blocks, roofing sheets and as
additive to concrete
Blast furnace
slag
Steel plants Portland blast furnace slag cement, super
sulfate cement, as an aggregate in concrete,
as substitute for sand, Light weight concrete
Limestone
waste
Limestone quarry Masonry cement and activated lime
pozzolana mixture
Lime sludge Sugar, ferti-lizer, calcium
carbide paper, acetylene
Portland cement, masonry cement, sand
lime bricks, building lime pozzolana mixture
Utilisation of Industrial Wastes
Utilisation of Industrial Wastes
Item Source Application in Building Material
Rice husk Rice mills As fuel and in production of rice
husk binder, fibrous building
panels, bricks
Bagasse Sugar Industries Manufacture of insulation boards,
wall panels, etc
Banana leaves/
stalk
Banana plants Building boards, fire resistant
fibre board
Coconut husk Coir fibre Industry Building boards, roofing sheets,
insulation boards, building panels,
as a lightweight aggregate
Groundnut Shell Groundnut oil mills Building panels, building blocks,
chip boards, roofing sheets,
particle boards
Jute Stick Jute Industry Chip boards, roofing sheet
Cinder Thermal power stations/
railways
Lime cinder mortar, concrete
building blocks, bricks from black
cotton soil
Construction Systems in India
• Vernacular systems
• Based on local materials & skills
• Refined over centuries
• Calls for fair degree of maintenance & varying
degree of durability
• Conventional systems
• Based on mass produced items having pre-
determined properties
• Modern civil engineering practice
• Lesser maintenance & long durability
22VS
Construction Systems in India
• Industrialized systems
• Based on factory produced components
(partial/total)
• Less labour intensive
• High performance specifications
• Alternative systems
• Middle of the road approach
• Acknowledges local materials and skills
• Rationalises use to suit specific needs
• Adopts rational engineering practices
• Cost effective and eco-friendly 23VS
Appropriate, Intermediate, Cost Effective, Disaster Resistant and
Sustainable Technologies
Traditional
(Vernacular/ Local
Mud, Stone, Lime,
Bamboo, Timber,
Bio-mass)
Technological
(Steel, Cement, Bricks,
Concrete, Metal,
Glass, Plastics,
Aluminium)
Professionals
Architects
Engineers
Builders
0
100
People
Artisans
100
0
Rural
(Village)
Urban
(Big City)Semi Urban
(Small Town)
Bottom
Up
Top
Down
24VS
Alternative Systems
• Foundations
• Walls
• Roofs / slabs
• Door frames and panels
• Finishes
Many alternate options for materials and methods of
construction have emerged with savings ranging
from 10 to 40% against conventional options
Cost Effective Technologies –Rat Trap Bond
• Saves about 15% in bricks & 54% in cement mortar.
• 3/4th the dead weight of English bond wall of equivalent surface area.
• Validated by Building TechnologyCentre, Anna University, Chennai
• Takes the same load as English bondwhile stress at failure is higher in rat-trap bond.
26VSVS
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Alternative Systems : Roofs
• 120 mm thick reinforced concrete slab
• 120 mm thick brick filler slab
• Brick jack arches over RCC joists
• Brick funicular shells with RCC joists
• Precast RCC cored unit
• Precast RCC channel unit
• Partially Precast RCC joists and planks system
• Partially Precast RCC/brick joists and brick panels
• Precast RV curved panels
• RCC joists and sand stone patties
• Ferrocement channel roofing 30VS
31VS
Cost Effective Technologies –RCC Filler Slab Roofing
• Cheaper Filler materials are used for replacing costly concrete in tension
zones
• Mangalore pattern tiles, pot tiles, Rejected clay plates, coconut shells, mud pot covers, bricks, etc as fillers
• Plastering of the ceilings could be avoided achieving further cost reduction.
32VS
33VS
34VS
Ferrocement Roofing
Channels
Suitable for earthquake/cyclone prone areas
Raw Material Status Joint Developer
Welded wire mesh, chicken mesh,
cement, sand, fine aggregate, steel
bars (8 to 12 mm dia) depending
upon the span (upton 6.1 mtrs.)
Product is being produced at
several Building Centres.
BMTPC is taking up with BIS to
prepare the Indian Standards
Development
Alternatives, New Delhi
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Precast Reinforced/ Prestressed
Concrete Ribbed/Cored Slab Units
for Floors/Roofs
Developed by Working specification by BMTPC
including manufacturing method
National standard framed
CBRI, Roorkee CT 07 IS 10297: 1982
36VS
Micro Concrete Roofing
Tiles
Raw Material Status Joint Developer
Cement, sand, Fine
Aggregate
Around 200 entrepreneurs
are producing MCR tiles.
Indian Standard is under
preparation.
Development Alternatives,
New Delhi
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Alternative Systems : Door Frames & Panels
Door Frames
• Wooden frame
• Mild steel sections
• Pressed steel sections
• RCC frames with wooden inserts
• Pivot system
• Embedded wood pieces as frame
Panels
• Particle board inserts in wooden doors
• Ferrocement door panels
• MDF board door panel
• Cement bonded particle board door38
Cost Effective Technologies –
RCC Joinery Frames
• Precast RCC Door / Window Frames are cheaper than any timber frames.
39VS
RCC Doors and Window
Frame
Developed by Working specification by BMTPC
including manufacturing method
National standard framed
CBRI, Roorkee BC 04 IS 6523:1983
40VS
Fibrous Gypsum
Plaster Board
Working specification by BMTPC including
manufacturing method
National standard framed
BM 06 IS 8272:1994
41VS
Rubber wood Flush Door
Shutters
Raw Material Status Joint Developer
Rubberwood, Phenol
formaldehyde resin(Use of rubber-wood for 1st time in India as
building material)
Product also tested and
approved by CPWD
Jambhekar Management
Consultant Pvt.Ltd., Thane
42VS
Bamboo Mat Corrugated
Roofing Sheets
Raw Material Status Joint Developer
Bamboo mat, Phenol formaldehyde
resin, Polyurethane coating
A Pilot Production Unit for
manufacture of sheets has been
set up in Meghalaya with
production capacity of 3000
sheets per month.
Indian Plywood Industries
Research & Training Institute,
Bangalore
43VS
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer
doors and door frames
Raw Material Status Joint Developer
Glass fibre, Phenol formaldehyde
resin, secondary species of timber
Technology transferred to 40
entrepreneurs in the country
jointly by NSIC, RV-TIFAC and
BMTPC. Plan to have more 100
units in next 2 years.
RV TIFAC Composite Design
Centre, Bangalore
44VS
Alternative Systems : Miscellaneous
• RCC lintels and lintel cum chajjas
• Precast thin lintels and lintel cum chajjas
• Arches
• Corbelled openings
• Sand stone slabs
• Ferrocement precast staircase steps
• Ferrocement shelves
• Ferrocement panels
• Precast ferrocement tanks and drains 45
Cost Effective Technologies-
ARCH• Arches are age-old, time
tested systems.
• Compression structures.
• Use local skills & materials
• Elegant & cost much less
than RCC lintels
46VS
Cost Effective Technologies –
VAULTAuroville Visitors Centre
Guna Tile Roofing, Wardha
47VS
• Made by widening and leaving openings in vertical joints
• Provides aesthetic patterns and ventilation holes
• Cost savings by substituting for window openings
Cost Effective Technologies –
JALLIES
48VS
Ferrocement Applications
Ferrocement Truss Ferrocement Racks
Book Racks
Shelves
49VS
50VS
51VS
Innovation in Concrete as
Construction Material
High Performance Concrete
Self–compacting Concrete (SCC)
High Volume Fly Ash Concrete (HVFA)
High Performance Lightweight Concrete
Self–curing, Shrinkage-free concrete
The Use of Mineral Admixtures
Condensed Silica Fume (CSF)
Durability Enhancing Products
Hydrophobic Concrete Waterproofing System
Innovations in New Construction Materials
Recycled Aggregates
Lightweight Aggregates
Corrosion Inhibitors for Reinforcement
Advanced Composite Reinforcement
Application of Nano Technology
Innovative form work Systems
As against conventional timber / bamboo options for
scaffolding and form work use:
• Doka
• PERI
• RECKLI
• Destil
• Meva
• Cometal
• Destil
• Paschal
• Mivan
Use of Equipments and Machineries
Use of FRACO Climbing Platforms – for external
plastering, painting, tiling, glassing
Rope suspended Cradle / Platforms
Wall Plaster Machine
Prefabricated Construction
For massive needs in housing and building construction opt
for prefabricated construction systems with:
• Production at controlled environment
• Assured Quality
• Timely completion (30 – 40% time saving)
• Less dependence on large labour force
• Large working period – even during monsoon
• Scaffolding and form work cost elimination
Global Housing Technology Challenge – India
Year of Construction Technology – 2019-2020
Promoting Safer
Buildings/ConstructionTo ensure massive financial resource investments for
housing and other public asset buildings and infrastructure
are safe, strong, durable and perform well during their life
cycle you need to protect against:
Floods Cyclones/Typhoons
Earthquakes
Land slides Sea erosion /Tsunamis
VS 58
Imperatives for Safer Disaster Resistant /
Protected Building / Housing
• Only one person died (that too by heart attack) in the earthquakeat Seattle in Feb. 2001 whereas in the Gujarat earthquake ofJanuary 2001 of the same intensity 13,000 died and over 0.8million houses damaged partly or fully.
• The existing building regulatory media operated by the cityplanners and city engineers/ building officials are normally silent/ deficient with respect to provisions of disaster resistantconstruction features
• Many countries have very comprehensive national building codeor national standards/ codes for earthquake resistant/ cycloneresistant design and construction practices which arerecommendatory and do not have the mandatory status for localapplication.
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Imperatives for Promoting Safer Buildings/
Construction
• With a view to ensure that the massive financial resource
investments for housing and other public asset buildings and
infrastructure are safe, strong, durable and perform well
during life cycle, it is essential that these are:
– Flood protected
– Cyclone / typhoon resistant
– Earth Quake resistant
– Land slide protected
– Sea erosion and tsunami protected
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Prediction, Preparedness, Prevention, Planning, ProtectionPromotion, Publicity,
Participation & Partnership
for Pre-Disaster Mitigation
AS AGAINST
Post -Disaster initiatives for
Rescue, Recovery, Relief, Rehabilitation,
Reconstruction, Repair,
Renewal & Retrofitting
Emerging Shift in Focus
$1 million spent in pre-disaster
planning, strengthening and
retro-fitting initiatives can save over
$10 million in post disaster
reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts
Pre-disaster Risk Mitigation
and Impact
Promoting Safer Affordable
Building Construction
Three critical elements for action areas to promote
safer building construction are in creating:
Awareness
Appreciation
Application
Thrust Areas
EDUCATION
ENGINEERING
ENFORCEMENT
Thrust Areas
• EDUCATION– Creating awareness among general public
use of audio-visual media [Demand Side]
– Awareness among students of technical institutions Upgradation of curricula [Supply side]
– Capacity building of the concerned agencies/ administrators
– To reform the building and infrastructure delivery system, it is essential to provide training for the contractors, supervisors and master masons and workers in disaster resistant construction
ENGINEERING
Appropriate technologies that are cost
effective, environment friendly, ecologically
appropriate, energy saving, locally relevant &
DISASTER RESISTANT to be incorporated
in construction practices
Thrust Areas
Thrust Areas
ENFORCEMENT
• The existing building regulatory media operated by the city planners and city engineers/ building officials are normally silent / deficient with respect to provisions of disaster resistant construction features
• Many countries have very comprehensive national building code or national standards/ codes for earthquake resistant/ cyclone resistant design and construction practices which are recommendatory and do not have the mandatory status for local application.
67
Sustainable Built Environment
Housing
and
Green Building path……..
Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
• IGBC formed by CII in 2001
– CII - Apex Indian industry association
formed in 1895
• Vision of IGBC
– Enable „sustainable built environment for
all‟
– India to be one of the global leaders in
sustainable built environment by 2025
Green Building Movement in India
In 2001, 1 Green Building
20,000 sq.ft. (5000+ Green Projects)
6.76 Billion sq.ft
India stands 2nd in the World
Commercial Health & Wellbeing Built Environment
Residential Education
IGBC Green New
Buildings
IGBC Green
Existing Buildings
IGBC Green
Interiors
IGBC Green
Campus
IGBC Green Data
Centres
IGBC Green
Healthcare Facilities
Rating
IGBC Wellbeing
Rating
IGBC Green Homes
IGBC Green
Residential Society
IGBC Green
Affordable Housing
Transit
IGBC Green Metro
Stations
IGBC Green
Existing Metros
IGBC Green Railway
Stations
IGBC Green
Schools
IGBC Green Cities
IGBC Green Villages
IGBC Green
Township
IGBC Green
Landscape
Industrial
IGBC Green
Factories
IGBC Green SEZ
IGBC Green Rating Systems
* Under DevelopmentOnly Green Building Council in the World to have 25 Different Ratings
Green Building Statistics of India
25,50,000+Dwelling Units
250+Green Factories
1,600+Green Offices
45+ Green
Townships
8 Green
Cities
13 Green
Villages
335+ Green
Transit
IGBC - Founding Member of World Green Building Council (WGBC) since 2004
IGBC Aspires to be Numero Uno by 2022By Creating Green Building Foot Print of
10 Billion Sq.ft.
Rediscovery of the Indian ethos
5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)
Prithvi (Earth) Site Selection and Planning
Jal (Water) Water Conservation
Agni (Fire) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight, Night Sky Pollution
DaylightingViewsWater Body Local materials
75
Energy Efficient Design and Processes
• Include Climate Responsive Design practises
• Identifying minimum levels of Energy Consumptions
• Reducing dependence on Fossil Fuel Economy
• Increased component of renewable in annual power
consumption (Solar, Wind and Bio Mass)
• Energy Costing shall include life cycle costing with
tangible and non tangible benefits
• Reduce Embodied and Operational Energy
• Attempt 40 to 50% reduction in Energy Costs
Sun Path Analysis, Shadow Analysis- Samples
Solar Passive Design
Design to improve Energy Performance within the
building
• Single Glazed units fixed on Internal Wall with 4 side boxing.
• WWR ratio restricted between 40 – 60% for optimizing day
lighting while reducing heat gain – 46%
• Improved Day light factor 75% of plan area
• Gypsum Vermiculite plaster with more than 5% Vermiculite
• Reduction in Heat Island effect by podium Landscaping,
Paver blocks etc.
Improving Energy Performance
• Double wall with air cavity to achieve thermal comfort.
• Roof Slab with China mosaic and over deck insulation
to reduce heat gain from roof.
• Large windows for maximized day lighting
Design to improve Energy Performance within the
building
Heat Load Reduction
• Energy Efficient Lighting – Common areas with LEDs
• Energy metering
• Energy Charging points to promote electrical vehicles
• Optimized HVAC systems (100 sft/TR to 800 sft/TR)
• Min BEE 4 star rated Fixtures and appliances
• Tenant Guidelines to incorporate green requirements
Thermal comfort conditions are met for almost 90% of time throughout the
year through passive design feature, by achieving 35 % of Energy savings
Energy Efficient Fixtures and Appliances
Design to improve Energy Performance within the
building
First Step… Beginning of Sustainable Initiatives.
– Solar water systems for all facilities
Use of Renewable Source
Array of Solar Street Lights
Attempt
10%
Renewable
Energy
+
Integrated
Photo-
Voltaics
82
Integrated Water Management
• Include Existing Traditional practises/ water features
• Identifying minimum levels of Water Consumptions
• Integrated and sustainable water management
• Zero Discharge or Net Water Positive projects
• Water conserving adoptable features
• Site specific Rain Water management
Sustainable Water Management
• No Anthropogenic Discharge : Sewage Treated Water
Recycling and reusing
• Use of Low Flow Water Fixtures
• Roof top rain water harvesting and Aquifer Recharge
• With 45% potable water savings
• Flushing system to reuse water from STP
• Landscaping with 75 % native species to reduce water
demand
State of the Art Water Treatment Plant
Sustainable Water Management
Waste Water Treatment and Recycling Plant
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Treatment - New Water?
No damage to existing
water bodies..
…also efforts to rejuvenate
water bodies..
Conserve Water Bodies
Waste Management – Construction and Occupancy
• Use of local crushed sand instead of river sand
• Proper segregation of waste at source for recycling
• Solid waste
• Reinforcement, empty bags, wood, cartons- waste
• Bio degradable waste
• Other non bio degradable Waste
• Bio medical Waste.
• e-Waste
• Construction / Demolition Waste
Integrated Waste Management
Prefab Homes - Karnataka State Police Housing, built in 17 days!
Affordable Housing
89
IGBC Gold Rated GREEN HOMES
Hiranandani Parks, Chennai
Tata Housing – Inora Park, Pune
Raheja Vista, Hyderabad
GPRA MoUD Township, New Delhi - zero waste facility
Godrej Frontier, Manesar - Gurugram
KGEYES Eternity, Chennai
Akshaya Orbit, Coimbatore
Road Blocks
Not in Specifications of Works
Not in SOR
Less Capability and Constructability among
Constructors
Lack of Trained certified Construction
Workforce
Change in “Mindscape” for change in
“Landscape for adopting change and new
innovations
Technology Transfer Through Building Centres / Housing Support Centres
• The “Building Centre Movement” for
Network of Building Centres to expanded
strengthened.
• Primarily to take Technologies to the
Door Step of the people.
• Contribute to Sustainable Cost Effective
and Disaster Resistant Building
Construction.
Skilling India
* Technology Transfer from “lab to land”
* Skill upgradation and training to the constructionworkers at various levels – Skilling 50 millionConstruction workers under Skill India initiative
* Giving the necessary housing guidance,information and counselling on the proveninnovative, environment friendly, and yet costeffective building materials and technology options
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Integrated Green Township
99
Towards
Sustainable,
Affordable,
Green
Habitat….
Thank you for your kind attention