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BonesBones• 206 in human body• Type of Connective tissue• Composition: protoplasm, collagen, blood vessels, marrow• Function:
o support (eg) pelvic bowl, legso protect (eg) skull, vertebraeo mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate, inorganic
componento movement (eg) walk, grasp objectso blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow
• Shapes of Boneso Long, Flat, Irregular, Short
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Structure of BoneStructure of Bone
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Joints (articulations)Joints (articulations)• Where parts of skeleton meet• Allows varying amounts of mobility• Classified by structure or function• Arthrology: study of joints
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Joints and their Joints and their ClassificationClassification
• Arthrology = study of the joints• Kinesiology = study of musculoskeletal movement• Classified by freedom of movement
o diarthrosis (freely movable)o amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)o synarthrosis (little or no movement)
• Classified how adjacent bones are joined o fibrous, cartilaginous, bony or synovial
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Types of jointsTypes of jointsStructure Type Example
Cartilagenous Synchondrosis
Symphysis
Epiphyseal plates
Intervertebral discs
Fibrous Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphosis
Skull
Distal Tibia/fibula
Teeth in sockets
Synovial Uniaxial
Biaxial
Ball and socket
Glenohumeral joint
Knee joint
TMJ 6
Components of Synovial JointsComponents of Synovial Joints• Articular cartilage: hyaline; covers ends of both bones articulating
• Synovial (joint) cavity: space holding synovial fluid• Articular capsule: Made of 2 layers
o Fibrous: external, dense CT for strengtho Synovial membrane: internal, produces synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid: viscous; lubricates and nourishes; contained in capsule and articular cartilages
• Reinforcing ligaments: extra-capsular/intra-capsular
• Nerves + vessels: Highly innervated, Highly vascular
• Meniscus (some): fibrocartilage; improves the fit of 2 bones to increase stability
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Synovial Joint Synovial Joint structurestructure
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Types of Synovial Types of Synovial JointsJoints
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MusclesMuscles• a soft tissue found in most animals.• Types: 1) Smooth muscle - controlled by the autonomic nervous system; may either be
generally inactive and then respond to neural stimulation or hormones or may be rhythmic
2) Cardiac muscle - found in the heart, acts like rhythmic smooth muscle, modulated by neural activity and hormones
3) Skeletal muscle - move us around and responsible for most of our behavior; most attached to bones at each end via tendons
• Function: 1) movement 2) maintain posture 3) joint stability
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Special Features of Special Features of MuscleMuscle
• Contractibility = cells generate pulling force• Excitibility = nervous impulses travel through
muscle plasma membrane to stimulate contraction
• Extensibility = after contraction muscle can be stretched back to original length by opposing muscle action
• Elasticity = after being stretched, muscle passively recoils to resume its resting length
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Muscle Basics to Muscle Basics to RememberRemember
• 3 Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth• Origin vs. Insertion• Direct vs. Indirect Attachments
o direct = right onto boneo indirect = via tendon/aponeurosis
• more common• leave bony markings = tubercle, crest, ridge, etc.• Sometimes attach to skin
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Arrangements of Muscle FasciclesArrangements of Muscle Fascicles
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