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1-ExperimentalDesign:
Whenscientistsdesignacontrolledexperiment,onefactorcanchangeatatime TheIndependentFactoristhefactorbecauseitsthetestedfactorandit
mightaffecttheoutcomeoftheexperiment
ReadingChartsandGraphs: Themetricsystemusesunitswithdivisionsthatarepowersoften TheSI(InternationalSystemofUnits)willmostoftenusemeterforlength,gramfor
mass,literforvolume,andsecondtomeasuretime
BiogeochemicalCycles:WaterandCarbon:
2-TrophicLevels:
Eachstepinafoodchainorfoodweb
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MassExtinction: Isaneventinwhichalargepercentageofalllivingspeciesbecomeextinct
inarelativelyshortperiodoftime
5-RenewableandNon-RenewableResources: Renewable- the resources that are replacedbynatural;processes faster
thantheyareconsumed
Non-Renewable-resourcesthatarefoundonEarthinlimitedamountorthatarereplacedbynaturalprocessesoverextremelylongperiodsoftime
5-Clearcuttingrainforest:
TheremovalofsomuchnaturalforestwillcausemanyspeciesonEarthtobecomeextinctasaresultofhabitatloss
5-ClimateChange:
Edgeeffectsarewhendifferentenvironmentalconditionsthatoccuralongtheboundariesofanecosystem
Typically,thetemperatureandwindwillbehigherandthehumiditylowersontheedgeinatropicalforest
5-CoalPollution:
1. Istheleadingcauseofsmog,acidrain,andtoxicairpollution Causingchangestothecompositionofair,soil,andwater
5-WindTurbines:
2. Isadevicethatconvertskineticenergyfromthewind5-IntroducedSpecies:
3. Whennonnativespeciesthatareeitherintentionallyorunintentionallytransportedtoanewhabitat
Notatreattobiodiversityintheirnativehabitats Competitionoccurs
6-WaterAdhesion,Cohesion,DensitywhenFrozen,&SpecificHeat
4. Adhesion-isthetendencyofdissimilarparticlesorsurfacesclingingtooneanother5. Cohesion-referstothetendencyofsimilaroridenticalparticles/surfacestoclingto
oneanother
6. Whenwaterisfrozenitislessdense7. SpecificHeat-istheamountofheatrequiredtochangeaunitmassofasubstanceby
onedegreeintemperature
6-MacromoleculesProteins,Carbohydrates,&Fats
Proteins-isacompoundmadeofsmallcarboncompoundscalledaminoacids Carbohydrates-compoundscomposedofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygeninaratioof
oneoxygenandtwohydrogenatomsforeachcarbonatom
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Lipids-aremoleculesmademostlyofcarbonandhydrogenthatmakeupthefats,oils,andwaxes
6-CholesterolHydrophobicandHydrophilic:
Hydrophobic-meanstheydonotdissolveinwater Hydrophilic-Capableofhydrogenbonding
6-Enzymes,Processes,andproducts:
Enzymes-arethebiologicalcatalyststhatspeeduptherateofchemicalreactionsinbiologicalprocesses
Processes-Arestepstoaresult Products-substancesformedduringreaction
7-Prokaryotesvs.Eukaryotes:
ProkaryoticCells-arecellswithoutanucleusorothermembraneboundorganelles EukaryoticCells-containanucleusandotherorganellesthatareboundby
membranes
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7-AnimalCellsvsPlant
Cells
7-TypesofMicroscopes:
CompoundLight-seriesofglasslensesandusesvisiblelighttoproduceamagnifiedimage
Electron-usesmagnetstoaimabeamofelectronsatthingslicesofcells
7-CellTheory:1. Alllivingorganismsarecomposedofoneormorecells.2. Cellsarethebasicunitofstructureandorganizationofalllivingorganisms.
7-CellStructure:
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3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of theirgeneticmaterialontotheirdaughtercells.
7-CellMembrane-PhospholipidBilayer:
1. Whentwolayersofphospholipidsarearrangedtailtotail7-EndoplasmicReticulum-SmoothandRough:2. Smooth-Performsimportantfunctionsforthecell3. Rough-Produceproteinsandexportittothecells
7-OsmosisandDiffusion:
1. Osmosis-thediffusionofwateracrossaselectivelypermeablemembrane2. Diffusion-isthenetmovementofparticlesfromanareawheretherearemany
particlesofthesubstancetoanareawheretherearefewerparticlesofthe
substance
7-PassiveandActiveTransport:
1. Passive-movementsubstancesacrossmembranes1. Active-themovementofsubstancesacrosstheplasmamembraneagainsta
concentrationsgradientrequiringenergy
8-PhotosynthesisandCellularRespiration:
2. Photosynthesis-istheanabolicpathwayinwhichlightenergyfromtheSunisconvertedtochemicalenergyforuseofthecell
3. CellularRespiration-isthecatabolicpathwayinwhichorganicmoleculesarebrokendowntoreleaseenergyforusebycell
8-StagesofCellularRespiration:
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8-GlucoseMolecule:
1. Isasimplemonosaccharidesugar
8-ATP:
2. isthemostimportantbiologicalmoleculethatprovideschemicalenergy
8-MusclesandLacticAcidformation:
9-DiploidandHaploid:3. DiploidCells-twocompletesetsofchromosomes4. HaploidCells-onecompletesetofchromosomes
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9-CancerCells:1. Istheuncontrolledgrowthanddivisionofcells
9&10-MitosisandMeiosisStages:
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10-MendelianGenetics:
2. Mendelianexplainedhowadominantallelecanmaskthepresenceofarecessiveallele
10-PunnettSquareCrosses:
3. Predictthepossibleoffspringofacrossbetweentwoknowngenotypes10-Di-hybridCrosses:
4. Whenfourtypesofallelesfrommalegametesandfourtypesofallelesfromfemalegametescanbeproduced
10-SexualandAsexualReproduction:
5. Sexual-Whenbothchromosomesarepasseddownfromtheparents6. Asexual-whenanorganisminheritsallofthesingleparentschromosomes
11-SexLinkedPunnettSquares:
11-Pedigrees:
1. Adiagramthattracesthe inheritanceofaparticulartraitthroughseveral generations
11-Hemophilia:
2. Recessivesexlinkeddisorder3. Characterizedbydelayedclottingoftheblood
11-GeneticDisorders:1. CysticFibrosis-thegenethatcodesamembraneproteinisdefective2. Albinism-genesdonotproducenormalamountsofpigmentmelanin3. Galactosemia-Absenceofthegenethatcodesfortheenzymethatbreaksdown
galactose
4. Tay-Sachdisease-absenceofanecessaryenzymethatbreaksdownfattysubstances
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11-FruitFlies:1. Contains75%ofthegenesthatcausediseasewithhumans
11-Polydactylism:
2. Whenapersonhasmorethanfivefingersorfivetoes11-PKU:
3. isarareconditioninwhichababyisbornwithouttheabilitytoproperlybreakdownanaminoacidcalledphenylalanine.
12-DNAStructure:
4. containsugardeoxyribose,aphosphate,andoneoffournitrogenousbases:adenine,guanine,cytosine,orthymine
5. looksliketwistedladder
12-DNACoding:1. 20differentcodes2. usedtorecognizedthewayDNAvariedamongorganismswithintheirsequenceof
bases
12-TranslationandTranscription:
1. Translation-wherethecodeisreadandtranslatedtomakeaproteinthroughaprocess
2. Transcription-thefirststepofthecentraldogmainvolvingthesynthesisofmRNAfromDNAinaprocess
12-DNAReplication:1. WheneukaryoticDNAunwindsinmultipleareaasDNAisreplicated2. Inprokaryotes,thecircularDNAstrandisopenedatoneoriginofreplication3. ProkaryoticDNAistypicallyshorterthaneukaryoticDNAandremainsincytoplasm,
andnotpackedinnucleus
13-PlasmidsandBacterialDNA:
1. Plasmids-smallcircular,doublestrandedDNAmoleculesthatoccurnaturallyinbacteriaandyeastcells
2. BacterialDNA-Anucleicacidthatcarriesthegeneticinformationinthecellandiscapableofself-replicationandsynthesisofRNA
13-HumanGenomeProject:1. Wasaninternationalprojectthatwasin20032. Agenomeisthecompletegeneticinfoinacell3. Thegoalofitwastodeterminethesequenceofthe3billionnucleotidesthatmake
uphumanDNAandtoidentifyallofthehumangenes
14-UreyMillerExperiment:
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wasanexperimentthatsimulatedtheconditionsthoughtatthetimetobepresentontheearlyEarth,andtestedfortheoccurrenceofchemicaloriginsoflife
OrganicmoleculescouldbeproducedfromgasesproposedtohavemadeuptheatmosphereofearlyEarth
14-RadioactiveDating:
Isatechniqueusedtodatematerialssuchasrocks
14-LouisPasteur:
FounderofMedicalBiology Discoveredvaccines ProvedtheSpontaneousTheorytobewrong Discoveredthemethodofpreservingfoodbymeansofpasteurization
14-Endosymbionttheory:
Theancestorsofeukaryoticcellslivedinassociationwithprokaryoticcells
14-MitochondriaandBacteriaSimilarities:
15-Evolution:
Todefinecumulativechangeingroupsoforganismsthroughtime Theoryofevolutionisbasedonnaturalselection Conceptofgradualchangeovertime
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15-NaturalSelection:
Whencompetitorsstruggleforexistenceandsurvivebetterthanothers
15-GeneticDrift:
alongwithnaturalselection,mutation,andmigrationisoneofthebasicmechanismsofevolution.
Anychangeintheallelefrequenciesinapopulationthatresultsfromchance
15-Speciation:
Whenapopulationmustdivergeandbereproductivelyisolated AllopatricSpeciation-aphysicalbarrierdividesonepopulationintotwoor
morepopulations
SympatricSpeciation-whenaspeciesevolvesintoanewspecieswithoutaphysicalbarrier
15-Extinction:
Whentheentirespeciespermanentlydisappearfromthebiospherewhenthelastmemberofthespeciesdies
15-PepperedMoth:
DirectionalSelectionoccurred Whenanextremeversionofatraitmakesanorganismmorefit
Happenedbecauseindustrialpopulationfavoringthedarkcoloredonemakingthelightcoloronesnotbearound
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16-SkullAnalysisforSpeciesIdentification:
Primatesshareseveralbehavioralandbiologicalcharacteristics,whichindicatedthattheyevolvedfromacommonancestor
16-PrimateEvolutionandSkullsandProgression:
PrimateEvolution: Mostprimatestodayhavetraitsthathavehelpedthemsurvivethatpastenvironmentstheyvelivedthrough
1. ArborealAdaptation-whenprimatesevolvedfromgrounddwellinganimalsthatsearchedforfoodinthebranchesofforestshrubbery
2. PrimateAncestors-theyrelatebacktowhatalotofspeciesareevolvedtotoday
3. DivergingPrimates-thisiswhenprimatesspreadoutamongsttheworld
4. Displacement-thisiswhenprimatesareputintoasituationwheretheycannotwithstandliving
5. Monkeys-arewhatwesoonevolvedfrom6. JourneytoSouthAmerica-wherethemonkeysmigratedwheresea
levelswereloweranditwasmoresustainabletolive7. Aegyptopithecus-thiswasthemonkeythatwasthesizeofabouta
catthatisnowextinct
SkullswithProgression
17-ClassificationK.P.C.O.F.G.S.:
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17-SixKingdomsofLife:
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17-Cladograms: Isabrandingdiagramthatrepresentstheproposedphylogenyorevolutionary
historyofaspeciesorgroup
18-BacteriaReproductionBinaryFission:
21-GymnospermsandAngiosperms:
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22-PlantStructure:
22-XylemandPhloem:
Xylem-isthewatercarryingvasculartissuecomposedofspecializedcellscalledvesselelementsandtracheids
Phloem-mainfoodcarryingtissue
22-Meristems-PrimaryandSecondaryGrowth
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22-RootsandRootHairs:
Therootisthefirststructuretogrowoutoftheseefwhenitsprouts Roothairs-Athinhairlikeoutgrowthofanepidermalcellofaplantrootthat
absorbswaterandmineralsfromthesoil
22-LeafStructure:
23-PlantReproduction:
Dependsontheplantspecies
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23-FlowerPartsandReproduction:
23-FruitFunctions:EudicotandMonocot:
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24-ReproductiveStrategiesforWaterCreatures:1. Hermaphrodites-whichproducebotheggsandsperminthesameanimalbody2. InternalFertilization-occurswhenthespermandeggcombineinsidetheanimals
body
3. ExternalFertilization-occurswhenegsandspermcombineoutsidetheanimalsbody
4. Asexual-producingoffspringswiththemgeneticallyidenticaltoparent
24-SpongesandFeatures
Notissues Noorgans Nosymmetry BodyStructure:Twolayerofindependentcellswithajellylikesubstancebetween
thelayersaccomplishallofthelifefunctionofsponges
Feeding:Filterssmallparticlesfromwateranddigestsbywatercomingthrough SpongeDiversity
1. Demospongiae-composedofspongingfibers,silica2. Calarea-consistsofcalciumcarbohydrate3. Hexactinellida-glassones
Reproduction:Byfragmentationofaspongethatisbrokenoffbyanotherone
24-CnidariansandFeatures
Arejellyfishandseaanemone BodyStructure:haveonebodyopeingandtwolayersofcells Feeding:containacapsulethatholdsacoiledtubethatcontainspoisonandbarbs
makingiteasyforpreywhentheyentermembraneanddigestedmaterialisgone
throughthemouth
Bignervoussystem
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Reproduction:theyreleaseeggsintowaterwherespermiswherethefertilizationoccurs
Diversity:1. Hydroids2. JellyFish3. SeaAnemone4. Corals
25-Mollusks:
27-Chordates:
29-Birds:
Have feathers Lightbones Haveendothermtokeepwarm
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Preenglandsecretesoilsthataddswaterproofcoatingtofeathers Airsacshelpthembreathebetter Eatlargeamounts Incubateafterhatching
30-Mammals: Glandsformilkforwhenyoungisborn Hairisusedformanythingssuchasheat,camouflage,senses,andwaterproofing,
signaling,anddefense
Theyfeedoffalotofthings Digestivesystemdependingonmammal Teetharewhatassumehowhardwhatevertheyeatisbeingdigested Havetokeepupwithownheat Reproducethroughsexualintercourse Diversity
33-PartsoftheBrainandNervousSystem:
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34-BloodFunctions:
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34-RespiratorySystem:
35-Hormones:
Isasubstancethatactsoncertaintargetcellsandtissuestoproduceaspecificresponse
Steroid-Affectthehumanreproductivesystem(estrogenandtestosterone)
AminoAcid-mustbindtoreceptorsfoundontheplasmamembrancewhichconcludestoadesiredresponse
36-HumanReproduction:
Male-
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Female-
36-Embryology:
isthescienceofthedevelopmentofanembryofromthefertilizationoftheovumtothefetusstage
36-Gestation:
isthecarryingofanembryoorfetusinsideafemaleviviparousanimal
36-AmnioticFluid:
protectsandcushionsembryo
37-ImmuneSystem: Infectiousdisease-isadiseasecausedbypathogensbeingreleasedfromone
organismtoanother
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