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Renewable Integration & Sustainable Energy Initiative
Greening the Grid (GTG) Program
A Partnership between USAID/India and Government of India
Battery Energy Storage Systems Overview
Battery Energy Storage Systems for Grid Applications -Training Bootcamp
28 November 2018
Today’s Agenda
1. Demand-Supply stabilization methods and cost.
2. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in India.
3. Benefits of storage in managing RE integration.
4. Cost, lifespan, and efficiency of different storage options.
5. Various grid application of BESS and its classification.
6. Understanding application synergies.
7. Overview of BESS pilot under GTG-RISE initiative.
8. Summary & Takeaway
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Demand-Supply Stabilization methods
Causes of demand supply instability Methods for stabilization
Instantaneous power Failure in
certain parts of the grid
Sudden loss of network due to
electrical faults
Intermittent surges or decrease in
Renewable energy generation
leading to deviations in stable
operating parameters
Unwanted operation of old
protection systems due to variations
in power flow
Instantaneous Voltage Drop due to
heavy load coming online
1. Operational Mechanism of Power system
2. Market Mechanisms
3. Optimal Load control/Curtailment
4. Generation Control/Curtailment
5. Energy Management Systems at different levels
in the power networks
6. Energy storage as a buffer for demand-supply
stabilization
Various demand supply stabilization methods have their associated costs, technical features, limitation
and the same need to be evaluated as per the requirement of the Indian grid.
Key Insight:
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Establishing standard costs for stabilization requires a detailed system modelling in various time-scales
depending upon the power system characteristics. A relative ranking of cost for different stabilization
methods is summarized as follows:-
Indicative Cost for Stabilization
Costs for Batteries have reduced significantly and is expected to go down further with large scale
requirements due to increased RE penetration as well as fueled by technological improvements in energy
density of batteries. Storage based systems would be at par with other stabilization methods in the
future.4
• Limited hands on experience with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) deployment and operation.
• Energy storage has been the subject of study in India too including by a technical committee constituted
by the Ministry of Power (for large scale integration of RE, need for balancing, the Deviation Settlement
Mechanism, and associated issues), a task force constituted by MOP (on integration of RE sources in the
grid during the 12th plan and beyond) under the Chairman, Central Electricity Authority (CEA), and by
CERC (Staff paper on introduction of electricity storage system in India, January 2017). These studies have
recommended appropriate policy and regulations to promote the deployment of storage by relevant
stakeholders.
• A joint study by NREL, POSOCO and LBNL entitled “Pathways to Integrate 175 GW of Renewable
Energy into India’s Electric Grid, Vol I – National Study” conducted under GTG did not point to the
criticality of battery storage in reducing production costs or carbon emissions although it had some
impact on reducing RE curtailment. The study however limited itself to production costs on broader time-
scales and was not attempting to ascertain the value of batteries in providing ancillary services or in
alleviating transmission constraints, etc.
• Moreover, the GTG national study mentioned that its analysis is not comprehensive of the value that
batteries might contribute to the Indian Power Sector. The study further noted that studies of other
power systems have shown that batteries can be effective at providing reserves or other ancillary services,
or may have localized grid benefits.
• There is thus a need to assess operational feasibility of BESS to provide different services under the
current and forecasted grid and market operating conditions specific to India (and the ability of storage to
concurrently provide multiple services to drive the value proposition for investment in these resources).
Battery Energy Storage Systems in India
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Analysis of BESS types
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• Load leveling and
regulation
• Grid stabilizationLead Acid
Li-ion
Flow
Batteries
TypeWhat we know
currentlyChallenges
• Limited depth of discharge
• Low energy density
• Large footprint
• Electrode corrosion limits
useful life
• High energy
densities
• Good cycle life
• High
charge/discharge
efficiency
• High production cost -
scalability
• Extremely sensitive to over
temperature, overcharge and
internal pressure buildup
• Intolerance to deep discharges
• Ramping
• Peak Shaving
• Time Shifting
• Frequency regulation
• Power quality
• Developing technology, not
mature for commercial
scale development
• Complicated design
• Lower energy density
Primary
Application
• Mature battery
technology
• Low cost
• High recycled
content
• Good battery life
• Power quality
• Frequency
regulation
• Ability to perform
high number of
discharge cycles
• Lower
charge/discharge
efficiencies
• Very long life
Application/Services from BESS for Electrical Systems
Source: Mandel and Morris, "The Economics of Battery Storage," Rocky Mountain Institute
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Grid Applications of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
Classification of applications based on BESS technical characteristics
Maximum DoD level (extent to which battery can be discharged) and C-rate (rate of discharge) of batteries are the
deciding factors for the grid applications
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
ENERGY CONFIGURATION
T & D UPGRADE DEFERRAL
ENERGY TIME-SHIFT
TRANSMISSION CONGESTION
RELIEF
PEAK SHAVING
POWER CONFIGURATION
ANCILLARY SERVICES
RE INTEGRATION
SOLUTIONS
If increasing growth in demand is notproportionate to the evolution of transmissionsystem, this gap could be filled by the distributeddeployment of storage systems
Involves storage of energy when the requirement/ tariffs are low for use at a time when therequirement / tariffs are high
This application is suitable for areas having highdemand at particular periods of time. Deployingthis application can help in the reduction oftransmission congestion.
Energy Storage Systems can increase the peaksupply capacity of the system, thus avoiding theneed for extra peak generators
Owing to its high ramping capability, BESS cansupport various ancillary services such as adaptivefrequency regulation, Voltage control, etc.
Smoothening of output from RE generatorsthrough RE capacity firming
Curtailing additional RE generation as perrequirement of grid
Requiring a high power
output for a relatively
short period of time
(typically 15 minutes or
lower).
Require discharge of
many minutes to
several hours at or
near the storage
system’s nominal
power rating
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Classification of BESS based on duration and frequency of use
Application TypeDischarge Duration
(hrs)
Electric Service Reliability 5 min – 1 hr
Area & Frequency Regulation <30 min
Transmission Congestion Relief 3 hr – 6 hr
Renewables Energy Time-shift 3 hr– 5 hr
Renewables Capacity Firming 2 hr – 4 hr
Demand Charge Management 5hr – 11 hr
Electrical Supply Reserve Capacity 1 hr– 2 hr
Electric Service Power Quality (LD) 10 sec – 4 hr
Voltage Support 15 min – 1 hr
Electric Service Power Quality (SD) <5 sec
Transmission Support 2 sec – 5 sec
Load Following 2 sec – 4 sec
Wind Generation Grid Integration 10 sec -1 min
Electrical Energy Time-shift 2 hr – 8 hr
T&D Upgrade Deferral 3 hr – 6 hr
Electrical Supply Capacity 4 hr – 6 hr
Time-of-use Energy Cost Management 4 hr– 6 hr
Long Duration
Frequent
charge/discharge
Long-duration/
Infrequent
charge/discharge
Short duration/ Frequent-
charge/discharge
Short-duration/
Infrequent
charge/discharge
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Example Value Stack
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Energy-related applications when used in right locations and when discharged at
right times are capable of serving other applications – Application Synergies
ElectricEnergyTime-shift
ElectricSupplyCapacity
LoadFollowing
AreaRegulation
ElectricSupplyReserveCapacity
VoltageSupport
TransmissionSupport
TransmissionCongestionRelief
T&DUpgradeDeferral
Substation On-sitePower
Time-of-use EnergyCostManagement
DemandChargeManagement
ElectricServiceReliability
ElectricServicePowerQuality
Renewables EnergyTime-shift
RenewablesCapacityFirming
WindGenerationGridIntegration
Electric EnergyTime-shift
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Electric SupplyCapacity
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Load Following √ √ √ √
AreaRegulation*
√ √ √ √
Electric SupplyReserveCapacity*
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Voltage Support √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
TransmissionSupport*
√ √ √ √
TransmissionCongestionRelief
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
T&D UpgradeDeferral
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Time-of-useEnergy CostManagement
√ √ √ √
Demand ChargeManagement
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Electric ServiceReliability
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Electric ServicePower Quality
√ √ √
RenewablesEnergy Time-shift
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
RenewablesCapacity Firming
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Wind GenerationGrid Integration
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
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Application synergies
Excellent Synergies
Good Synergies
Fair Synergies
Poor Synergies
Incompatible
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1. USAID/India is funding a five-year project to help India meet its ambitious RE targets. This project,
known as Greening the Grid (GTG), is assisting the Government of India (GOI) in integrating large-
scale, variable renewable energy (VRE) into the existing power grid.
2. Critical to it is rigorous analytical support to identify grid stability issues, options for optimizing
dispatch, and sources of potential flexibility. Pilot projects are at the core of the GTG Program.
3. These projects are multi-implementer work programs aimed at testing and evaluating building blocks
to improve RE integration into India’s state and national power grids. USAID/India’s GTG project
combines three components, which interact with each other. These are:
a) Power system planning reforms and targeted analysis for large RE parks and RE integration
pilots implemented by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Laboratories;
b) Renewable Integration and Sustainable Energy (RISE) initiative to implement innovation pilots,
aimed at testing and evaluating building blocks to improve the integration of RE; and
c) Peer-to-peer exchanges between U.S.-India system operators (System Operator Partnership)
and regulators (India Regulatory Partnership).
Greening the Grid (GTG) Program
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Renewable Integration and Sustainable Energy (RISE)
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Scope & Outcome
Pilot Scope
• Enhancement of existing BESS facility Puducherry and assessment of economic value of
storage systems.
• Technical design and demonstration of array of BESS applications viz. dynamic
frequency regulation, Renewable energy time shift, capacity firming etc. in providing
grid support.
• Detailed modelling study on the need, quantity and location of storage systems in India
in sub-15 minute time scale.
Outcomes
• Specific recommendations for operation of battery energy storage system and
required enhancements based on Indian grid conditions
• Optimize usability of BESS under the capacity and limitation of the battery.
• Economic evaluation of BESS operation in grid support.
• Development of a scalable roadmap for policy makers and regulators
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Schematic diagram of the BESS integrated to the grid
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Following applications are proposed on three different battery technologies (Advance Lead Acid, Lithium
ion and Flow), at PGCIL’s Sub-station, Puducherry:
Demonstration of various BESS applications
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1. Dynamic frequency regulation
2. Voltage/reactive power support
3. Load following
4. Peak shaving
5. Renewable energy capacity firming
6. Renewable energy time shift
7. Integrated applications- A combination of two
or more of the above applications
• Higher penetration of RE will change the economics of battery storage: Battery energy storage
systems would provide critical ancillary service support
• Storage will compete with other flexible resources. Best practice is to define technology neutral
needs of the system and allow different resources to compete to efficiently meet system needs.
• In power systems with increasing levels of variable RE, deploy utility scale storage…..
Of TYPES that will deliver services that are underprovided and/or likely to diminish as the
power grid evolves.
WHEN storage technologies are more cost effective than other sources of power system
flexibility
IF storage is cost effective and policy, regulatory and market frameworks clearly monetize value
stream(s)
In QUANTITIES commensurate with the market share for the particular service(s) storage
can cost-effectively provide
WHERE it can provide the most value at the system level, or strategically as a hybrid with
other generators (not just RE)
Summary & Takeaways
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• RISE Contracting Officer Representative: Monali Zeya Hazra, USAID India, [email protected]
• Chief of Party: Shubhranshu Patnaik, RISE, [email protected]
Satish Kumar Singh, Pilot Manager RISE M: +0971 7070 [email protected] | www.deloitte.com