Basic course on WiMAX
Marina SettembreEricsson Lab iTaly
Marina Settembre - WiMAX basic course Ericsson Internal 2006-02-012
Agenda
Introduction – What is WiMAX? – Why WiMAX? – WiMAX in the broadband landscape
WiMAX architecture scenario and applicationsWiMAX standardsWiMAX spectrumWiMAX featuresWiMAX value chain and market aspectsConclusions
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What is WiMAX?
www.wimaxforum.org
WiMAX– Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(it has become synonymous of IEEE 802.16)
Non profit industry trade organization formed to promote and certify compatibility and interoperability of broadband wireless products
– IEEE 802.16, ETSI HiperMAN wireless MAN standards
IEEE 802.16 is a standard for Broadband Wireless Access– Initially for fixed and nomadic applications (IEEE 802.16a or IEEE802.16
revd or 16-2004), but now also including limited mobility ( IEEE802.16e)
Majority of products found below 11 GHz– Licensed and unlicensed bands (2.5, 3.5 and 5.8 GHz)
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WiMAX membersAt present there are ~ 300 member companies in the WiMAX forum, ~30% are operatorsSome of the important members are listed below:
• Airspan networks• Alcatel• Alvarion• Andrew Corporation• Aperto Networks• Atheros comm.• AT&T• BT• China Motion Telecom• Compliance certification services• Engim• Ensemble Comm.• Ericsson• Filtronics• Fujitsu
• France Telecom • Intel• L3 Primewave• LCC• Motorola• MTI• Navini Networks• News IQ• NextWave Telecom Inc• Nokia• OFDM Forum• Powerwave Technologies• Proxim• Raytheon RF components• Redline comm.
• RF integration• RF Magic• Siemens• SiWave• SiWorks• SR Telecom• Stratex Networks• Telenor • TowerStream• The Telnecity Group• TurboConcept• Wavesat Wireless• WiLAN• WaveSat• ZTE corporation• ... www.wimaxforum.org
Ericsson has been active as a principal member of the WiMAX forum since 2004
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Why WiMAX?
Low cost high performance solution to deliver broadband wireless.
– One standard– Licensed and license exempt spectrum– Evolution to fixed to mobile
Business opportunity by reaching developed, developing and rural market. Complementing other access technologies
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Wireless landscape
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Wireless networks will coexist
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The Hype cycle
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Gartner Hype cycle (2004)
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WiMAX Why the hype?
OFDMA – ”Best Radio Interface for urban env.”
Ethernet – “Has killed everything in its way, including ATM”
(Future) terminals perceived as inexpensive – Low complexity, no “IPR-tax”, global standard Huge volumes.
Follow wow for WiFi success story (IEEE 802.11)
Aggressive marketing (WiMAX Forum, Intel and others)
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Gartner Hype Cycle 2005
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Wimax deployment scenarios
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• Extension for < 11 GHz• Targeted for non line of sight, Point-to-
Multi-Point applications -> “last mile”broadband access
802.16a(Jan 2003)
802.16(Dec 2001)
• Original air Interface for 10 – 66 GHz• Line-of-sight only, Point-to-Point applications
• 802.16 Revision PAR for 802.16 & 802.16a to address Errata
• Base for first WiMAX products
• Amendment for portability and mobility in licensed bands from 2-6 GHz
• Roaming for portable devices (laptops) within & between service areas
802.16e(2005 exp.)
802.16REV d(June 2004)
802.16 Standards Genealogy
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Performance and features comparison
– All Claims Come with AssumptionsData Rates @ 64QAMCell Range @ 2.5 GHz, BPSK
– All Assumptions Must Be Tested
Mobile RangesIndoor Install with 802.16-2004
802.16-2004 802.16eJune 2004 Pending
(formerly 802.16d) (est. Q4 2005)Subscribers Fixed / Portable Fixed / Portable / Mobile
Channel ConditionsS-OFDMA (128-2000)
DuplexingSub-Carrier Modulation
Channel Bandwidth75 Mbps @ 20 MHz
15 - 18 Mbps @ 5 MHz20+ km: rural 3 km: indoor
2 to 5 km: suburban, urban 5 km: outdoor
IEEE Approval
LOS, Near-LOS, Non-LOS
OFDM-256ModulationTDD / FDD
BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAMScalable: 1.25 MHz - 20 MHz
Cell Range
Data Rate (Peak) 15 Mbps @ 5 MHz
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The global spectrum perspective on WiMAX
Spectrum in most every marketNot Always HarmonizedBands In Contention
– 3.5 GHz in US– 2.5 GHz in Europe– 5 GHz in Europe
North America:2.5, 3.5, 5 GHz
South America:2.5, 3.5, 5 GHz
Africa / Middle East:3.5, 5 GHz
Europe / Russia:3.5, 5 GHz
Asia Pacific:2.5, 3.5, 5 GHz
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Spectrum 802.16 is Spectrum Agnostic but WiMAX defines ”Profiles”
Both licenced and unlicenced spectrum – but 802.16e in licensed only!
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Unlicensed spectrumUnlicensed spectrum: 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHzAdvantages:
– Fast roll out – Lower costs
Disadvantages:– Interference: other RF systems can also operate in the same spectrum– Increased competition: another operator could easily enter the market – Limited power: government regulations– Availability : the 5.8 GHz spectrum is not currently available in a number of
countries
Given these disadvantages, operators will carefully evaluate thepotential useof unlicensed spectrum, in particular at 2.4 GHz, before rolling out a networkExceptions: rural and remote regions where there is less likelihood of interference and competitions
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Licensed spectrumLicensed spectrum: 700MHz, 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHzAdvantages:
– The licensed spectrum provides exclusive use of the spectrum– Better QoS
Disadvantages:– 2.5 GHz: at the moment is not in use in Europe and this band is also
designated for 3G– 3.5 GHz: It is currently available for use in virtually every country but
US, radio frequency propagation challenges inherent to this band, licenses restrictions on the spectrum usage ( limiting handoffs)
– 700 MHz: At this time there is no profile, but some interest in using this band( currently is being used by analog TV broadcasters)
– 2.3 GHz: usage in adjacent channels limits the amount of available bandwidth
WiMAX forum is currently petitioning regulators to change actualpolicy
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WiMAX PHY FeaturesFeatures
Air interface: Single Carrier, OFDM , OFDMA
Adaptive modulation and variable error correction encoding for RF burst
TDD and FDD duplexing support
Flexible channel sizes (1.75 MHz,3.5 MHz,5MHz, 7MHz, 10MHz, 14MHz, 20MHz)
Designed to support smart antenna systems
BenefitsOFDM suitable for NLOS operation due to the simplicity of equalization
Ensures a robust RF link while maximising the bits/s for each users
Addresses varying worldwide regulations
Provides the flexibility to operate in different frequency bands with different channel requirements
Smart antennas are fast becoming affordable and able to mitigate interference and increase system gain
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WiMAX MAC FeaturesFeatures
Packet base protocol
Scalable from one to hundreds of subscriber
Connection oriented
QoS Support:UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, BE
Adaptive modulation support
BenefitsFragmentation and PHS enabled forefficient IP traffic support
Cost effective deployments to deliver a robust business case
Automatic retransmission request (ARQ)
Security and encryption (tryple DES)
Automatic power control
Per connections QoS and fasterpacket routing
Higher data rates allowed for channel conditions, higher capacity
Hiding RF Layer induced errors from upper layer protocols
Protects user privacy
Enables cellular deployments by minimising self interference
Low latency, data prioritisation
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WiMAX performance
WiMAX performance depends on many variables:– Deployment type: LoS vs near-LoS vs Non LoS– Terrain: rural vs sub-urban vs urban– Network type: spot vs continuous radio network– Radio Characteristics: frequency, channel bandwidth,
modulation and coding etc.
Too many variables to make simple tables of Bandwidth vs Coverage
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LoS vs NLoS
Line of Sight•Directional user antennas•Mounted on roof-top•Fixed only•“50 km and 70 Mbit/s”
Non Line of Sight•Antennas inside laptop• End user self installation• Fixed or limited mobility•Coverage & capacity like 3G Evolved
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Spot vs continuous radio cell
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WiMAX and adaptive coding and modulationAdaptive Coding and Modulation: most suited burst profile (predefined coding and modulation scheme) dynamically selected according to radio link conditions
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Examples of coverage
30m 30m
30m 30m
30 km 5.85 km
1.35 km 0.95 km
Downlink ~ 3Mbps Downlink ~ 4.8Mbps
Downlink ~ 7.2MbpsDownlink ~ 7.3Mbps
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WiMAX PerformanceEstimate for 64QAM (3,5GHz/7MHz/10W)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0,1 1 10 100radius [km]
Mb/
s
0,9
1,7
3,1
20,0
Spot coverage, Single cell, Suburban, Roof topContinuous coverage, Multi-cell, Urban, Laptop/Indoor
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WiMAX and other technologies
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WiMAX value chain
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Product availability
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Conclusions: WiMAX…
– Won’t deliver 70Mbps in a 50 km mile cell NLOS– Won’t have cheaper fixed modem than cable or DSL
but it will..– Will provide 10Mbps in a 3km dense urban cell or about a 10 km rural cell– Will enable indoor self-install in licensed bands and/or very low frequency versions– Will be a DSL complement, supporting nomadic laptop mobility and VoIP telephony
and complement services provided by 3G technologies, complement WLAN – Will serve as an alternative backhaul for Wi-Fi hotspots – Will complement existing microwave solutions especially for low capacity point-to-
point applications such as in rural areas– Will provide ethernet based BWA, with different level of mobility
What Needs To Go Right:– 802.16e Ratification and Profile Creation– Continued Access To Spectrum & Movement Into New Bands– Services &Plannings– Devices and chips
What Could Go Wrong:– 802.16e Delays– Economics and market
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