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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
One of the major problems most developing countries facing today is air
pollution and the major source of which is automobiles running on road. To reduce
the worlds pollution problems there is no one optimum solution, but one thing is for
sure; the automobile must clean up its act. Automobile factors like an increase in
fossil fuel consumption eventually emissions of !, "O#, and !O$will be increased
in accordance with these factors. The huge number of vehicles in the developing
countries will give a serious environmental load and therefore current technologies
like engine control and catalyst should be transferred to developing countries to
minimi%e automobile emissions.
The !O$ emission ratio during actual use is e#tremely large compared to other
process. Therefore; it would be very effective to develop high fuel economy and low
fuel consumption from !O$emission point of view. !oncerning resource availability
there has been a strong warning indicating that petroleum resources may be depleted
in the relative near future.
&asoline which has been the main source of fuel for the history of cars isbecoming more and more e#pensive and impractical, especially from an
environmental standpoint. 'n the process of burning gasoline, it produces carbon
mono#ide, "itrogen o#ides and unburned hydrocarbons which are the main pollutants
and are responsible for bad effects of pollution.
There comes need to think about alternatives such as (iodiesel and natural
gas, )lectric cars, ybrid cars, ydrogen fuel cells but, these alternative fuels also
have some drawbacks which are discussed in detail in chapter * as comparative study.
One possible alternative fuel is the compressed air.There are ongoing projects
that are developing a new type of car that will run on compressed air. 'n this seminar
report of AIR POWERED CARS, we will learn about the technology behind
compressed air cars being developed and how these cars are best options providing
most comprehensive answer to todays urban pollution problems in simple economic
and most inoffensive manner which makes car users to replace their present cars
running on gasoline in the coming years as these cars are safe to use safe to users and
are also environment friendly.
+
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CHAPTER 2
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
One of the versions of an airpowered car is being developed by Ae
Her!"er#and his team of researchers at the -niversity of ashington using the
concept of a steam engine, e#cept there is no combustion. The ashington
researchers use li/uid nitrogen as the propellant for their 0"$111 prototype air car.
The researchers decided to use nitrogen because nitrogen makes up about 23 percent
of the )arth4s atmosphere.
The li/uid nitrogen, stored at 5$1 degrees 6ahrenheit 7+89 degrees !elsius:,
is vapori%ed by the heat e#changer. The heat e#changer is the heart of the 0"$1114s
cryogenic engine, which gets its name from the e#tremely cold temperature at whichthe li/uid nitrogen is stored. Air moving around the vehicle is used to heat the li/uid
nitrogen to a boil. Once the li/uid nitrogen boils, it e#pands to about 211 times the
volume of its li/uid form. This highly pressuri%ed gas is then fed to the e#pander,
where the force of the nitrogen gas is converted into mechanical power by pushing on
the engine4s pistons. The only e#haust is nitrogen, and since nitrogen is a major part of
the atmosphere, the car gives off little pollution.
ome of the leftover heat in the engine4s e#haust is cycled back through the
engine to the economi%er, which preheats the nitrogen before it enters the heat
e#changer, increasing efficiency. Two fans at the rear of the vehicle draw in air
through the heat e#changer to enhance the transfer of heat to the li/uid nitrogen.
The ashington researchers have developed a crude prototype of their car,
using a converted +83* &rummanOlson ainly?the fact that frost builds up and reduces the efficiency of the car.
$: Also with e#haust 0"$111 emits cold nitrogen gas which free%es water
vapor in the air to form small clouds behind the vehicle.
5: 't consumes about five gallons of nitrogen fuel per mile also it reaches a top
speed of only $$ m. p. h. and fails to accelerate up on hills.
*: Also the motor operates at less than $1 percent of efficiency.
Thus 0"$111 has failed due to lack of power, performance and fuel economy
$
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ith the same basic principle the ne#t version of air car has been developed
by &uy "egre, an engineer from the little town of !arros, 6rance, both literally and
figuratively. @uring his career of designing engines for lightweight aircraft and
formula one race car engines he became familiar with isotherm dynamics, a process
that creates power by e#panding air at an almost constant temperature. 'nstead of
using li/uid nitrogen "egre theori%ed that by heating and e#panding supercooled
compressed air he could power a nonpolluting car. !ompressed air is used to start
6ormula One cars, but in this case the compressed air is the fuel driving a motor with
classic components such as pistons and valves. To power the pistons, negres two
cylinder motor uses a combination of heated outside air and super compressed air
from tanks stored under the car.
The car can be refueled at home in four hours by a small compressor in the car
linked to the house electricity supply. hile the air is free, the electricity used to
refuel the tank at home would cost less than $. A rapid recharge, using a high
pressure air pump, charges the air tanks in $ 5 minutes at a compressed air filling
station. The basic principle of air car is protected worldwide by more than $1 patents
owned by >@'.
The >@' patents cover not only the basic principal, but also the means of
making it economically feasible. 6or this purpose, the conventional cylinders, pistons
and connectingrods have been redesigned. ystems for the recuperation of energy
have been developed as well as a new power transmission assembly.
To demonstrate the viability of the concept, three prototype vehicles e/uipped
with air, monoenergy, engines were developed. A ta#i called BTOCB 7Ta#i %ero
Collution:, a delivery van and a pickup truck were built. 'n >ay +883, the first road
tests of these prototypes were done in (rignoles, 6rance. The potential market for the
Bclean engineB concept is immenseD e.g., vehicles such as ta#is, buses, vans, delivery
trucks, industrial warehouse tractors, golf buggies, lake or canal boats and many other
applications in which fi#ed engines are primarily used in urban or restricted areas.
A version of the >@' engine can, in addition to air, also function with the use
of traditional fuel after vehicle reaches 91 kmph which is electronically controlled.
To manage the development process successfully, >@' has contracted its
product research and development activities to !E6@ Air olution, a company based
in (rignoles, 6rance. ere, under the direction of &uy "egre, some $1 engineers and
technicians have at their disposal the most modern e/uipment for engine and vehicle
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development, testing and production, supported by the latest in information
technology.
-ntil now, the main activities of this group have been to perfect the engine
and vehicle prototypes. After the first applications of the >@' monoenergy engine
have demonstrated, the engine will be introduced to major car manufacturers in order
to study its adaptation for their common models. The engine will be produced by the
manufacturers within their e#isting structures. The engine is significantly lighter less
e#pensive to produce, maintain and utili%e, pollutes less when it runs on fuel and is
totally pollution free when it runs on air.
>r. "egres silent, odourfree engine design was chosen for the world4s most
polluted city after a worldwide search by the >e#ican authorities that included tests
on do%ens of electric and other nonpolluting e#perimental vehicles. The ta#is,
produced by >otor @evelopment 'nternational 7>@': in (rignoles, 6rance, will hit
the streets of >e#ico !ity. Femarkably, these vehicles don4t stop at %ero pollution but
they actually remove pollution from the air. hen a driver brakes, the >@' vehicle
takes in polluted air and filters it, e#pelling the cleaned air upon acceleration. >@'
vehicles are e#pected to be released internationally at an average price of +5,111.
A >e#ican licensee, @ina, has signed a contract to produce an estimated
*1,111 GC ta#is and urban delivery vehicles a year. 't hopes to replace all of >e#ico
!ity4s 32,111 petrol and diesel ta#is.
The car is being studied by other countries, including the "etherlands, because
it can also clean up air that has been polluted by petrol vehicles.
(ut it may take even longer to persuade automobile manufacturers to build it.
(ecause car companies have set mentalities, they have already spent a great deal of
money on the electric car, which turned out be heavy and e#pensive, so they don4t
want to listen to another new idea. The >e#ican government, on the other hand, is all
ears. 't4s backing an order for *1.111 G.C. Ta#is to replace the gasoline and diesel
models in >e#ico !ity, which suffers from probably the worst air pollution in the
world due to its high altitude. >e#ico4s !ity first pollutionfree ta#is will hit the
streets in two years. hile they are not yet ready to displace fossil fuels, %ero
pollution vehicles can still play an important role in reducing the level of greenhouse
gases. 'f we start with ta#is, then move to buses and vans, it will take very little time
to improve the pollution problem in our cities.
*
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CHAPTER -
DETAILS O AIR POWERED CAR
1/ Air !a0+s
The air tanks in air powered cars are composed of an interior thermoplastic
container which ensures it is airtight. This is held in a coiled and crossed carbon fibre
shell. This techni/ue is the result of many studies into factors such asD mechanical
specifications, density of material, choice of fibres etc. 7Fefer figure no.5.+:
The specifications of tank are,
>a#imum effective pressureD 7511 bars:
Temperature of useD 7H*1I! to 91I!:
The tanks weigh 5= *1 kg for +11 liters of air at 511 bars.
pecial machines make the tubular shell as shown in figure 7Fefer figure no.5.$:
The tanks are submitted to numerous tests to meet official approval such asD
+: Cressure testing 7*1= b: $: Fupture testing 721= b:
5: !ycles at ambient and e#treme temperatures *: 6ireresistance testing
=: Fesistance to cuts 9: hock and fall testing
2: Airtight testing
@uring rupture testing, the tank cracks, but does not break up, producing nosplinters or fragments. 'n the event of a cracked tank, it is most likely to occur within
the cylinder itself
Ao%! !'e sae!3 o !'e compressed air s!ora#e !a0+s
Though these tanks hold 81 cubic metres of air compressed to 511 bars, even
in the case of a major accident, they would not e#plode since they are not metal.
'nstead an elongated crack would appear in the tank, without e#ploding, and the air
would simply escape, producing a loud but harmless noise. 6or e#tra security, aprotective plate is fi#ed underneath the vehicles chassis and in addition limits circuit
of high pressure air. 7Fefer figure no.5.5:
2/ C'assis
(ased on its e#perience in aeronautics, >@' has put together highlyresistant,
yet light, chasses, aluminium rods glued together. -sing rods enables us to build a
more shockresistant chassis than regular chasses. Additionally, the rods are glued in
the same way as aircraft, allowing /uick assembly and a more secure join than with
welding. This system helps to reduce manufacture 7Fefer figure no.5.*:
=
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-/ Air i)!er
The >@' engine works with air that is taken from the atmosphere and air pre
compressed in tanks. Air is compressed by the onboard compressor or at service
stations e/uipped with a highpressure compressor.
(efore compression, the air must be filtered to get rid of any impurities that
could damage the engine. !arbon filters are used to eliminate dirt, dust, humidity and
other particles which, unfortunately, are found in the air in our cities.
't is the first time that a car eliminates and reduces e#isting pollution rather
than emitting dirt and harmful gases. The e#haust pipe on the >@' cars produces
clean air, which is cold on e#it 7between +=J and 1J: and is harmless to human life.
ith this system the air that comes out of the car is cleaner than the air that went in.
5/ E)ec!rica) s3s!em
&uy "Kgre, inventor of the >@' Air !ar, ac/uired the patent for an interesting
invention for installing electrics in a vehicle. -sing a radio transmission system, each
electrical component receives signals with a microcontroller. The >@' vehicles have
only one wire weighing less than one kilo, thus only one cable is needed for the whole
car. o, instead of wiring each component such as headlights, dashboard lights, lights
inside the car, etc, one cable connects all electrical parts in the car. This wire acts as a
waveguide to convey the commands to microchips that actually operate all electric
parts in the car. o the vehicle functions like a mini'nternet network, for
communication between vehicles. The advantages are the ease of installation and
repair and the removal of the appro#imately $$ kg of wires. hats more, the entire
system becomes an antitheft alarm as soon as the key is removed from the car.
The >@' vehicles will be nothing like Lcars.M They will take customers into a
new era of advanced, significantly safer and more secure, clean, low cost, mobility.
6/ E0#i0e o Air Car
!haracteristicsD ingle energy bicylindrical +$11cc engine with a pause at the
Ceak Fest Coint for 21I, variable volume e#pansion chamber, Cower limited to
$=cv.
)#pansion cylinderD +$11cc
Near of inventionD $111$11+
AdvantageD 'mpressive tor/ue motor curve.
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@isadvantageD The utili%ation of two connecting crankshafts for gears caused
vibration problems.7Fefer figure no.5.= P 5.9:
i#%re 0o. -.5 C'assis o Air Car
i#%re 0o. -.6 E0#i0e %sed i0 Air Car
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i#%re 0o. -.7 E0#i0e de!ai)s
pecial features D The pistons are mounted on rollers to minimi%e friction and
the loss of due lateral force on the liner. The marginal lubrication is provided
by a low pressure oil pump which uses very little energy. 't utili%es the bo#erdesign and the pause at CFC with just one crank.
7/ $od3
The >@' car body is built with fibre and injected foam, as are most of the cars
on the market today. This technology has two main advantagesD cost and weight.
"owadays the use of sheet steel for car bodies is only because of cost it is cheaper to
serially produce sheet steel bodies than fibre ones. owever, fibre is safer because it
doesnt cut like steel and is easier to repair i.e. it is glued, also it doesnt rust etc. >@'
is currently looking into using hemp fibre to replace fibreglass, and natural varnishes,
to produce +11Q noncontaminating bodywork 7Fefer figure no.5.2P5.3:
O!'er ea!%res o air car
Total massD 3$1 kg.
)ngine cut out during standstills.
Rariable opening distribution. 0ow consumption.
!onrod system with pause of piston at top dead centre which allow alower pressure injection 751 bars:.
!lassic distribution seal with reduced friction due to use of rollers.
Threestage e#pansion, almost isothermic.
>a#imum power 7$=hp: +3.5 a#imum tor/ue 9.5 kgm S $=11 rpm.
Fear mount engine and Fear wheel drive.
Automatic continuously variable transmission.
uspensionD 6rontD coil springs and FearD pneumatic.
@isk brakes.
Fack and pinion steering.
TiresD classic tyres replaced with BgreenB tyres increase mileage by =Q
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i#%re 0o. -.8 Ac!%a) pic!%re o od3 o Air Car
i#%re 0o. -.9 Loca!io0 o e0#i0e a0d air !a0+
O0 c'assis o Air Car
+1
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CHAPTER 5
WOR:IN; O AIR POWERED CAR
$asic pri0cip)e
Air at +11 degree !elsius and 511 bar pressure is used as a fuel. hen this air
is allowed to e#pand at atmospheric conditions its volume is increased many times
this energy produced is used to drive pistons of air powered car.
Although the technology is new, the idea isn4t completely unknown to
6ormula One car, since every 6ormula One engine starts with a shot of compressed
air as an )nergy(ooster. &uy "egre has simply e#tended this concept for running the
engines by heating and e#panding supercooled compressed air.
Ao%! *or+i0# c3c)e
The secret of the working of Air powered motor is simply to decompress the
air in stages and in so doing efficiently release energy at each point in the chain.
This process is repeated as many times as possible to e#tract the ma#imum
energy efficiency from the compressed air.
'ts secret is isotherm dynamics.
'sotherm dynamics is a process that creates power by e#panding air at an
almost constant temperature, cylindrical e#pansions are between the isothermic andthe adiabatic. 'sothermic e#pansion is defined by a constant temperature during the
increase in volume. Adiabatic e#pansion is characteri%ed by a lack of thermic
e#change with the e#terior.
'n the following figure the green line, represents the ideal transformation of
the compressed airD in effect, the air temperature is the same coming in and going out
of the cylinder, and power is ma#imi%ed. 7Fefer figure no. *.+:
On the contrary, the worst transformation is the Adiabatic transformation,represented by the red line. The derived power is minimal, and the air leaves the
system at a very low temperature indeed.
The blue line, or polytropic curve, represents the transformation that the >@'
motor realises, and the individual stages outlined above can be seen. The
transformation going through the first cylinder is represented by the polytropic line
7somewhere between our ideal isotherm and the adiabatic curve:. The temperature rise
brings the line closer to the isotherm, and allows the second and subse/uent stages to
produce more power.
++
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.
i#%re 0o.5.1 PV dia#ram o *or+i0# c3c)e
"egre theori%ed that by heating and e#panding supercooled compressed air he
could power a nonpolluting car. "egres company, >otor @evelopment 'nternational
7>@':, created what it calls the !ompressed Air Technology 7!AT: car by combining
a lightweight automobile body with a new type of small rearmounted engine
Wor+i0# opera!io0s
i#%re 0o. 5.2 Wor+i0# s!eps i0 air car
S!eps i0 *or+i0# c3c)e
A.The air is released through the main line firstly to an alternator $ where the first
stage of decompression takes place. The now cold air passes through a heat e#changer
Cwhich adds thermal energy to the air using the warmth of e#ternal air. and provides
a convenient opportunity for air conditioning D. The warmed compressed air now
+$
po)3!ropic
iso!'ermic
re'ea!i0#
adiaa!ic
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passes to the motor E. where a two more stages of decompression and reheating take
place. The motor drives the rear a#le ;through the transmission . !ontrol of engine
speed is through a conventional accelerator pedal H controlling a valve within the
motor. An energy recycler 7Gero
Collution >otors:. This 6rench company has designed a two cylinder air powered car
called the e.Rolution. The first cylinder in the engine is the intakecompression
cylinder, and the second is an e#hauste#pansion cylinder, with an air injector on each
cylinder 'n between these $, with the transfer and the chamber inlet valves into each
cylinder, is the combustion chamber.
i#%re 0o. 5.- E0#i0e o air car
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+: The air is e#panded here straight from the compressed air tank, and then
compressed in the first cylinder, during the first cycle of the engine
$: Then passed to the second where it e#pands, where the pistons pause for a
while at that time small amount of compressed air from the tank is released into the
e#pansion chamber to create a low pressure, low temperature volume of about +*8psi.
Ar!ic%)a!ed co0>rod
The >@' conrod system allows the piston to BpauseB at top dead centre
during appro#imately 21 degrees of the rotation of the crankshaft allowing e#pansion
at constant volume. @ue to the piston pause at the T@! gets sufficient time to
establish the correct pressure which gives engine a high tor/ue at high FC>. o the
force e#erted on the crankshaft is less substantial than in a classic system.
7Fefer figure no.*.*:
i#%re 0o.5.5 Ar!ic%)a!ed co0 rod
5: hortly before the valve to the e#pansion cylinder is opened, a high speed
shutter connects the compression and the e#pansion chamber.
*: This sudden pressure and temperature difference between the two chambers
create pressure waives in the e#pansion chambers, thereby producing work in the
e#haust chamber that drives the piston to power the engine, and turning the
crankshaft.
=: 't is then passed out of the e#haust having gone through a chemical filter,
rather like a catalytic converter, before going back into the atmosphere. This is
commonly because in typical urban use, the air is much polluted, and so the air
e#pelled from the air powered car is cleaned.
+*
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Po*er !ra0smissio0
&ear changes are automatic, powered by an electronic system developed by
>@'. A computer which controls the speed of the car is effectively continuously
changing gears.The mo!o>a)!er0a!orconnects the engine to the gearbo#.
't has many functionsD
't supports the !ATs motor to allow the tanks to be refilled.
As an alternator it produces brake power
't starts the vehicle and provides e#tra power when necessary
'ts steeringwheel is e/uipped with a =k electric motoalternator.
This motor is simultaneouslyD
the motor to compress air
the starting motor
the alternator for recharging the battery
an electric moderatorbrake
a temporary power supply 7e.g. for parking:
"o clutch is necessary. The engine is idle when the car is stationary and the
vehicle is started by the magnetic plate which reengages the compressed air. Carking
manoeuvres are powered by the electric motor.
D%e) e0er#3 s3s!em
The eries 5* !ATs engines can be e/uipped with and run on dual energies
fossil fuels and compressed air and incorporate a reheating mechanism 7a continuous
combustion system, easily controlled to minimi%e pollution: between the storage tank
and the engine. This mechanism allows the engine to run e#clusively on fossil fuel
which permits compatible autonomy on the road.
hile the car is running on fossil fuel, the compressor refills the compressed
air tanks. The control system maintains a %eropollution emission in the city at speeds
up to 91 kmh.
Dis!ri%!io0 a0d (a)(es
To ensure smooth running and to optimi%e energy efficiency, !ATs engines
use a simple electromagnetic distribution system which controls the flow of air into
+=
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the engine. This system runs on very little energy and alters neither the valve phase
nor its rise.
$ra+e po*er reco(er3
The >@' vehicles will be e/uipped with a range of modern systems.6or e#ample, one mechanism stops the engine when the car is stationary i.e. at traffic
lights, junctions etc. -nlike conventional cars, the engine does not operate in traffic
jams, which thus saves on fuel. Another interesting feature is the pneumatic system
when the car brakes, the kinetic energy from braking is used to drive a pump that
helps to restore some of the lost pressure.
The !AT4s motor does re/uire a small amount of oil, about 1.3 ltrs that the
driver will have to change just every 5+,111 miles 7=1,111 km:. Air tanks fi#ed is
filled with normal air to a pressure of 511kCa an hold about 511 liters of air. This
compressed air can travel up to $11 km at a top speed of 89.= kph.
Re%e)i0# The air tanks could be refilled in one of two ways i.e.
+: )ither by using a household electrical source, it takes about four hours to refill the
compressed air tanks. Tanks are refilled by plugging the car into a mains socket to
feed the motoralternator which compresses the air with the motorcompressor.
$: Or by means of a special system, i.e. a rapid threeminute recharge is possible,
using a highpressure air pump at air stations. 7Fefer figure no. *.= P *.9:
These methods consume electrical energy which loads the power stations also
leading to increase pollution since power stations depend on fossil fuels for power
generation. ence some alternative sources of refueling which can be used in future
are; wind energy, hydraulic systems, fuel cells, photovoltaics etc can be used.
Eicie0c3
Gero Collution >otor vehicles would run at a cost of +ckm. 't would cost
F$=1 755c -: to fill the tank with air and the engine would have to be serviced only
once every =1,111km, because it runs cold. The engine weights just 5$ kg, but it can
do 81 kph. hen seating five people, the car the engine is lodged in, can accelerate
from 181 in 2 seconds.
'ts superefficient, and since it uses no combustion, it produces no air
pollution; ironically, the air from the e#haust is cleaner than the air that goes in
because of an internal filter. There is even an option for a hybrid model that would
automatically switch to a combustion engine mode burning traditional fuels when
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the vehicle reached a certain speed. 791 kmph: Thus it is best option not only to stop
pollution but to reduce the present pollution.
i#%re 0o. 5.6 Hi#' press%re compressor a! air s!a!io0
i#%re 0o. 5.7 Hi#' press%re #as ?e! or re%e)i0# air (e'ic)es
+2
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CHAPTER 6
COMPARATIVE STUD@
6ollowing are the types of fuels or cars which are available in practice
nowadays but each of them has drawbacks when which compared with air powered
cars shows that air powered cars are best options to the current conditions.
1/;aso)i0e 't has two problems when burned in car engines. The first problem has
to do with smog and o%one in big cities. The second problem has to do with carbon
and green house gases. !atalytic converters eliminate much of this pollution, but they
are not perfect either.
hereas air powered cars doesnt produce pollution at all because it runs on
compressed air only instead air e#pelled from air car gives cooling effect.
2/ $iodiese) a0d 0a!%ra) #as These can greatly reduce emissions and can be
distributed through the current infrastructure. >oreover, e#isting cars can be
converted to run on these fuels. The drawback is that these fuels are more e#pensive,
and still emit some pollution.
!omparatively air re/uired for air powered cars are very cheaply refuelled and
just takes 5 minutes for refueling and doesnt produce pollution at all.
-/ H3rid cars T'esecars are already on the road and selling like mad. They have
the pollution controlling advantages of electric cars combined with a range and
performance better than gas powered vehicles. Their only drawback is they still rely
on fossil fuels. Also the system can be very heavy, bulky, and costly and re/uires a
comple# control system. Other disadvantage is safety implications of energy storage
system and re/uirement of additional maintenance.hen compared with hybrid cars air powered cars are light in weight and are
cheap in cost with very simple control system with very less maintenance. Also air
powered cars do not use fuels like fossils fuels henceforth maintaining the natural
resources of earth.
5/ H3dro#e0 %e) ce))s >ajor drawback to current fuel cell technology is that it
re/uires e#tremely high temperatures, to get the %irconium membrane to convert gas
into electricity. The reason fuel cells have not entered into the marketplace is because
they are very e#pensive right now. ydrogen is plentiful, but it re/uires power to
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separate it out of other compounds. hereas air powered cars runs on compressed air
only doesnt re/uire power for processing and very cheaply available.
6/ E)ec!ric cars These cars have been under development for years, but most of
those in production suffer from poor range or performance. "ew chemical battery
technologies improve the range and performance, but possibly at the cost of safety or
chemical pollution in the batteries. >ost batteries use heavy metals are not
environmentally friendly. And the better the battery is, the more e#pensive it is.
hereas air powered cars uses only air for operation and are economical as
well as environmental friendly. 6ollowing table shows comparative statement for
different features of air powered cars with the )lectric cars available in market todayD
Compariso0 c'ar! 2&&&
Nissa0
A)!ra EV
2&&1
To3o!a Ra(
5EV
2&&1 Ci!3 C.A.T
%e) !3pe )lectric )lectric Compressed Air
MP; A(#. +$5 +1* 1B9
A00%a) %e) cos! 55+.11 58+.11 22&.&&
A00%a) #ree0 'o%se #as emissio0s 5.= *.+ 1.2
Ra0#e +$8 +$9 12&
Top speed 2= mph 23 mph 7& mp'
E0#i0e c'arac!eris!ics 9$
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traffic lights, junctions etc. -nlike conventional cars, the engine does not
operate in traffic jams, which thus saves on fuel.
=: Another interesting feature is the pneumatic system when the car brake, the
kinetic energy from braking is used to drive a pump that helps to restore some
of the lost pressure.
9: @uring refueling the natural air is passed through carbon filter where the
impurities of the air are removed and henceforth the air e#pelled from the car
gives negative pollution i.e. it removes pollution from the surrounding air.
2: Air e#pelled from the engine has very less temperature below %ero degrees
which can be used for the A!s of the car. Also the air e#pelled from the car
has low temperature which gives cooling effect to surrounding.
3: 6or refueling at compressed air stations it re/uires only 5 minutes and also it
can be refueled at home within * hours.
8: Though the carrying capacity of the car is = persons, it can accelerate from 1
to =1 mph within 2 secs.
+1: To refuel the air tank of 511 ltrs at 511bars it re/uires appro# =.11 with
which it can travel upto $11 kms or can run for +1 hrs in city traffic. Thus
average running cost per km is + cent only.
++: )lectrics and e#isting cars re/uire some $= to 51 kg of wiring for functioning
of various parts whereas air powered cars uses single wire less than + kg for
various functioning and works like mini internet network.
+$: The cost factor for air powered cars is onetenth to the cost of gasoline cars.
Air po*ered cars a)so 'a(e some disad(a0!a#es )i+e
a: The power needed to develop compress air is electricity, and for generation of
electricity fuels are used which creates pollution at power stations.
b: hile operation the engine creates noise due to sudden e#pansion of air.
c: !onsidering power point of view air powered cars are still behind gasoline
cars.
(ut these drawbacks are not much serious and can be removed by,
-sing wind, hydraulic systems, fuel cells and photovoltaic to fill up air
tanks
(y encasing the engine to reduce noise
$1
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(y increasing air carrying capacity we can increase power output of air
car.
Thus air cars are the best options suitable to current conditions around us.
CHAPTER 7APPLICATIONS
Though air powered cars are meant mainly for individual consumers in urban
areas most of the early adopters will be businesses like ta#i services and local
transport.
Also products are manufactured for the retail and fleet customer market and
are mainly used for local transportation. )ach vehicle is e/uipped with the same type
of engine power output of $=C with a ma#imum speed of 93mph.6ollowing are some of the models developed by >@' D
1/ ami)3 car
@escription D A spacious car with seats which can face different directions. The
vehicles design is based on needs of typical family
6eaturesD Airbag, air conditioning, 9 seats 7Fefer figure no. 9.+:
2/ Va0
@escriptionD @esign for daily use in industrial urban or rural environmentswhose primary drivers would be tradesmen farmers and delivery drivers.
6eatures D Airbag, air conditioning, $ seats, +.= m5 7Fefer figure no. 9.$:
i#%re 0o. 7.1 ami)3 car i#%re 0o.7.2 (a0
-/Ta4i
@escriptionD 'nspired by 0ondon ta#i with numerous ergonomic and comfort
advantages for the passenger as well as drivers.
$+
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6eatures D Airbag, air conditioning, 9 seats 76igure no. 9.5:
5/Pic+ %p car
@escriptionD The Cleasure car designed for e#cursions outdoor sports or water
sports. Also suitable for small business P tradesmen
6eatures D Airbag, air conditioning, 9 seats 76igure no. 9.*:
i#%re 0o. 7.- Ta4i i#%re 0o. 7.5 Pic+ %p car
Speciica!io0s *'ic' are commo0 !o ao(e mode)s
+: @imensionD 5.9*m, +.2$m, +.2=m $: eightD 2=1 a#imum speedD ++1 ileageD $11511 a#imum loadD =11 inicat is the city car of the future.
6eaturesD Airbag, air conditioning, A(, 5 seats, +.= m5. 76igure no. 9.=:
$$
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EMBED Word.Picture.8
i#%re 0o. 7.6 Mi0ica!
Speciica!io0s *'ic' are %0commo0 !'ose o ao(e me0!io0ed are
+: @imensionsD $.9=m, +.9$m, +.9*m $: >a#imum loadD $21 @' has developed various vehicles and systems which promise to drastically
change the outlook of public transportation and energy use.
i#%re 0o. 7.7 =ero po))%!io0 P%)ic !ra0spor!a!io0 co0cep!s
THE =ERO>POLLUTION PU$LIC TRANSPORTATION CONCEPTD B!AT4s
insideB
A new concept in public transportation, the >-0T'!AT is a train, consisting of a
number of carriagesD 7Fefer figure no. 9.9 P 9.2:
;e0era) O(er(ie* i#%re 0o 7.8 Dri(ers car
$5
The drivers car70ocomotive:
Cassenger carriages7agons:
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)ach carriage is selfpowered and runs on an >@' !ATs 7!ompressed Air
Technology systems:
)ach passenger carriage is attached to the drivers car and has its own steering
which reproduces the same changes in direction as the drivers car and ensure perfect
coordinationD
)asy to drive
-rban agility
Acceleration and braking in the passenger carriages are coordinated with the
drivers car, and highly accurate intercarriage sensors maintain the distance between
each carriage. The drivers car controls the passenger carriage features such asD
opening and closing the doors, lights, heating, air conditioning and more.
The driver and passenger cars benefit from the noncontaminating technology
developed by >@'D
&lued aluminum chassis.
Twopart body with a layer of polyurethane foam.
inglecable electric system.
!arriages are e/uipped with pneumatic suspension
No0>com%s!io0 #e0era!io0 a0d co>#e0era!io0
Catented by >@', the !ATs eries 5* motocompressors motoalternators
are also noncombustion generators, very safe and very powerful.
hile running, the motoalternator, working as an engine gets its energy from
the citys mains supply and moves the motocompressor, working as a compressor to
replenish or maintain the high pressure of the air in the tanks.
'n the case of a power cut, the motocompressor automatically becomes anmotor and, powered by the compressed air from the tanks, forces the motoalternator
to switch into an alternator to provide electricity.
The basic 5* C1$ engine can produce generator sets of += $1 k at a very
attractive price.
6or higher power, >@' proposes an original and economical solution 7also
patented: according to which various lowpowered generator sets are grouped into a
rack, interconnected and controlled by an energy station. The motocompressor
motoalternators can thus be turned on as re/uired, one at a time or all together.
$*
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ossi) %e) #e0era!or se!
6or uninterrupted supply, the !ATs eries 5* motocompressor moto
alternator is perfectly adaptable to generation with combustible fuels such as gas,
petrol and diesel. -sing fossil fuel a !ATs eries 5* can produce appro#imately *1k. -sed in a multirack format, with $= motors interconnected, up to +111 k can
be reached. 'n parallel to providing electricity, the set of !ATs eries 5* generators
can supply compressed air to a filling station.
Ad(a0!a#es o !'e CATFs #e0era!or se!s
7+:"o worry about combustible provision 7$: !omplete starter safety
75: afety of use 7*: Attractive buying price
7=: -nprecedented running costsThus Air vehicles are also perfectly adopted to public transport also
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The pollution of world is increasing continuously so we need to find the ways
to find our power needs maintain /uality of life and protect the environment so there
is an obvious need to stop pollution just because we are not able to give up a means oftransport such as cars.
Cresent cars pollute clean air create health problems and poor air /uality so its
time to wake up and start being responsible for future generations.
'n urban areas pollution caused by traffic is responsible for diseased such as
chronic bronchitis and asthma attacks e/ually serious is the economic impact of this
pollution.
'f we really want to live in a globalised world we have to know that pollutionhave no bound when each of us owns a diesel or petrol car we will have millions of
e#haust pipes producing pollutions that we can hardly imagine.
There are various e#cellent solutions e#isting outside the world of petroleum
and its time to reali%e it. One of them is air powered vehicles as it is the only one
system which works against pollution and its side effects such as global warming.
The different versions of air powered vehicles provide e/uation most
comprehensive answer to urban pollution. They cost less to operate and are arguably
more environmental friendly.
$=
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These produce %ero pollution not only that during there operation they actually
remove pollution from air i.e. when driver brakes the air powered cars, the car takes in
the polluted air and filters it e#pelling the clean air upon acceleration.
Also during working the air e#pelled from the car is at temperature below %ero
degrees !elsius so unlike the traditional cars it doesnt add heat to surrounding
instead it makes surrounding colder thus preventing global warming effect produced
by traditional cars.
Thus the A'F CO)F)@ !AF are the best options which provide most
comprehensive answer to the present urban pollution problems in simple, economic
and inoffensive manner. Thus these vehicles are safe to manufacture, safe to use, safe
to users and also environment friendly.
GGGGG
REERENCES
7+.: www.howstuffworks.com
7$.: www.aircar.com
75.: www.%eropollution.com
7*.: www.bellwetherinteractive.com
7=.: www.globalstewards.org
79.: www.planetsave.com
72.: www.%evcat.com
73.: www.indranet.com
78.: www.carstreet.com
7+1.: www.technologyreview.com
7++.: >athur harma L'! )nginesM @hanpat Fai Cublications 7+888:
7@isadvantages of Traditional 6uels:
7+$.: @omkundwar, @omkundwar L'.!.)nginesM @hanpat Fai publications 7+888:
7@isadvantages of Alternative 6uels:
7+5.: Catrick Conticel Ligh time for ybridsM Automotive )ngg. 'nt., 6eb $11$
7@isadvantages of ybrid cars:
7+*.: @r. arton Anderson L>aking !leaner, !heaper 6uel cellsM, !lean edge news $2 Aug $11+, 7@isadvantages of ydrogen 6uel !ells:
$9
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7+=.: Abe ert%berg Lhy Air !ars are (etter than )lectric !arsM,
ashington )ducation $8 Aug $11+, 7@isadvantages of )lectric car (atteries: