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© Copyright AC2T research GmbH 2014. All rights reserved. Reproduction of any material, whether by photocopying, photographing orstoring in any medium by electronic or other means is prohibited without prior written consent of AC2T research GmbH.
AAustrian ustrian CCenter of enter of CCompetence for ompetence for TTribologyribology(AC2T research GmbH)
Austrian Ministryfor Transport,
Innovation and Technology
ecoplus
A. Pauschitz and F. Franek
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Questions
Why does Austria have a Tribology research centre?
Where and what is “AC²T” and “XTribology”?
What are the funding programme history and rules?
Is Tribology a field of science?
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How the field of Tribology is perceived
Reduce Friction
SufficientLubrication
ReduceWear
surface topography (roughness)
contact energy
lubricant alteration
cooling
contact pressure
equalisation
particle contamination
Classical Tribology
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The expansion of objectives in Tribology
Modern Tribology
ReduceCosts
ReduceEnergy Consumption
ReduceEnvironmental
Impact
IncreaseRecyclability
IncreaseBio-
degradability
IncreaseLife-time
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Global situation 1/2
The main – and fairly new (since 1966!) – concept of Tribology is inter-disciplinary !
There is an intrinsic need for personnelfrom different disciplines !
Most research institutions (like university institutes)
are typically focussing on narrow fields with high specialisation !
Larger entities (e.g., research departments of international
corporate groups) with inter-disciplinary infrastructure are mostly not specialising in Tribology !
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Global situation 2/2
There is still a lack of awareness of (and a lack of
education on) the specific subject !
There are comparatively few (units in) organisationsexplicitly devoted to Tribology !
Normally existing units (“Tribology departments”)
are comparatively small (about 6 – 15 persons) !
There is a need for cooperation between researchers and/or institutions, in order to overcome “simple multi-disciplinarity” and to proceed to cross-disciplinarity and even trans-disciplinarity !
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Situation in Austria
No university master course in Tribology only few lectures
No university chairs in Tribology marginal visibility
To few Tribological engineers in industry if engineers do not know Tribology, why should
money be spent for research in Tribology?
Advantage: Industry is forced to buy Tribology knowledge(e.g., from AC²T)
Disadvantage: AC²T must educate staff in Tribologyon their own (or recruit international staff)
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The chicken-and-egg problem
Demand for Tribology in
industryIncreaseresearch activities
More Tribology education activities
Increase # of educated alumni
in Tribology
More Tribology knowledge available
in industry
today's Austrian way
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How to get an Excellence Centre for Tribology ?
One needs “crazy” people
Define a clear vision and roadmap
Spend your leisure and accept that perhaps nobody is paying you to write the proposals
It must be a job and a vocation for some
Be at the right place at the right time
Know relevant (groups of) people
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Selected the right window
Idea supported by decision makers
(staff of ministry)
Since the 1970s the Austrian Tribology
Society acts as platform for industry/academic
cooperation in Tribology
Attracted public attention (World
Tribology Congress 2001 [preparation: 1998 - 2001])
A novel and advanced research funding program
was established in
Austria in 1997
Around 2000, Tribological activities increased in Austria
(1970s: tribology starts in Austria; 1980s: 1st peak - perception in the industry rises; 1990s: 1st valley –
research costs to high (“ROI” too low)
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What was/is the attractiveness of Tribology for decision makers in Austria
Public climate protection and energy discussion
Intensified drive to cut costs in industry
Search for activities to enhance competitiveness of the economy
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Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology
Developing and operating an internationally visible centre of excellence with an emphasis
on Tribology
Our vision & mission
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Highly competent scientists as leaders & key researchers thinking in the ways of their respective disciplines
Staff with extraordinary knowledge
Use of top methods & approaches
Collaborate where possible topush Tribology forward
Our holistic approach
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… is a private limited liability company: Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology (ACCT = AC²T) AC²T research GmbH
… was founded in July 2002
… has about 150 employees (more than 100 scientists) and collaborates closely with scientists from universities)
… provides technology development in Tribology for the industry and SMEs on a cost-efficient “time-sharing basis” and making use of synergies by collaboration with relevant research institutions
The Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology …
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History and staff development of AC²T
Nie
de
rös
terr
eic
hIn
no
vati
on
Aw
ard
“Mile
sto
ne
20
10
”–
Dr.
Erw
in P
röll
Fu
ture
-Aw
ard
Kplus Centre
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Comet K2 XTribology
Fo
un
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f A
C2
T r
es
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Gm
bH
1st
La
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1st
Pa
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t
1st
EU
Re
se
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Tra
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g N
etw
ork
Wo
rld
Tri
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-V
ien
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~ 4
00
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²la
bo
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Fu
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ime
eq
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-F
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20
60
80
40
120
100
140
Scientists
Administration
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… is one of the largest private and independent research service providers – solely orientated – in Tribology and tribology-related topics in the world
… performs all core activities in the Technology and Research Centre at the physical location Wiener Neustadt Technopole
… operates the umbrella project “Excellence Centre of Tribology” (COMET K2 Centre “XTribology”)
Today the Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology …
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Organisational chart
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Research Areas
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Ownership
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2020
XTribology
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XTribology research program
AC²T runs the long-term research umbrella project “XTribology” within the partly public-funded
program, which is open for international cooperation
Pre-competitive, interdisciplinary research (fundamental and applied research) in multi-firm projects of high priority
Possibilities for postgraduate education(especially for doctorate students)
Co-operation with Austrian and foreign partners
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XTribology – Advantages for Partners
Long-term access to research promotion funds(without time-consuming single-applications by the partners)
Access to interdisciplinary knowledge and development as well as improvement of partner co-operations; combination of complementary expertises
Time-variable and -efficient use of infrastructure and human resources of the Centre and the scientific partners
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Research programme „history“
Kplus* programme (2-stage international evaluation [short proposal – 30 pages & appendix, full proposal –120 pages & appendix])
each call up to 6 centres (1st call [1998] – „for academic insiders“; 2nd call [1999] another research group of the institute participated; 3rd call [12/2000] – participation of the tribology research grouptogether with other institutes [physics, chemistry] – decision: 01/2002
COMET** programme (2-stage international evaluation [short proposal – 50 pages & appendix, full proposal –150 pages & appendix])
up to 5 K2 centres in Austria (1st call [2007] – 3 K2 centres; 2nd call [2009] – 2 K2 centres; one of them was XTribologyother calls for K1 centres and K-projects
** COMET: Research funding programme of Austria for“Competence Center of Excellence Technologies”
* Kplus: Research funding programme of Austria for“Competence & Added Value”
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K1
internationalnational
Focus of cooperation
Ap
plic
ati
on
-ori
en
tate
d
Fo
cus
of
rese
arch F
un
da
me
nta
l re
sear
ch
K2
Possible position of a …… K2-centre
… K1-centre
… non-K2
… non-K1
Focus of COMET centres
R&
D
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COMET-R&D-Budget: up to € 15 Mio./a; ~ 50% of this is expected as funding money
Duration: 5 + 5 years (continuation is possible)
Human capacity: ~ 150 FTE; out of which~ 40 should be PhD students
Company partners: > 5; typically 30 - 60
Scientific partners: > 2; typically 20 - 50
Visibility & collaboration: strong & international
K2 Centre
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General COMET funding model
Scientific partner contribution
Federal fundingby Austria
Provincial funding
Companypartner (CP) contribution
55-40%
5%
40
-55
% (
2:1
)
app
licat
ion
-ori
enta
ted
res
earc
h
app
licat
ion
-ori
enta
ted
bas
ic r
esea
rch
min
. 50
%m
ax.
50%
cash payment
in-kind contribution
K2K1
Relation cash/in-kind on the basis of all CP contributions
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Is Tribology a science?
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Focus of Tribology research
Tribology research needs more than one producer of a part of a tribosystem as project partner to realise the optimal result; this is untypical for other sciences
Tribology research needs confidence of the customer, because typically the goal of tribology research is often the optimisation of weak functions of a product/system (and not of one part).
Tribology research questions differ from other sciences
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Leonardo da Vinci (1512)
Friction experiments
Probably one of the first scientists in Tribology
www.google.at
www.google.at
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F. Franek
Exhibition object, WTC IV, Kyoto (J), 2009
Sketches of a ball bearing cage (avoiding ball-ball contact),designed by Leonardo da Vinci (Codex Madrid I)
www.google.at
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Base and Focus of interdisciplinary research in Tribology
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Imaging of tribolayer chemistry
Stress-induced distribution of organic and inorganic species
Light microscopeimage
disc wear scar
MS imagecation
XPS imageinorganic fluoride
up to 6.4 at %
MS imageanion
250 µm
250 µm
Gabler et al, Green Chem, 2011Gabler et al, Anal Chem, 2012; Gabler et al, Trib Int, 2014
Oxidation in tribocontact
Light microscopeimage
disc wear scar
MS imageintact cation
MS imageoxidised cation
+ 1 O
MS imageoxidised cation
+ 2 O
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Varga et al., Tribol. Int. 65 (2013), 190-199
Erosion on side walls
Corrosiveenvironment
Impact
Abrasion during crushing
Up to 900°C
3-Body wear rate
Hot hardness
Co-based hardfacings
Cast materials
Carbide-richFe-based
hardfacings
Cast material Carbide-rich hardfacing
Mechanically mixed layer formation
Carbide-breakage,matrix support fails
Rojacz et al., Mat. Sci. Eng. A 562 (2013), 39-45
High temperature wear
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Radio-Isotope Concentration method (RIC)Wear behaviour in engine and component test
Influence of bio-ethanol
Oil Pump
European Patent EP2126543 (B1)Jech M., PhD Thesis (2012)
© AUDI
Lenauer C. et al., Tribol.Int. (2014)Lenauer C., PhD Thesis (in progress)
Friction and nanoscopic wear
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smooth particle (SPM) visualisation⇛ contact area quantification
sliding resistance area in lubricant-lubricant interface
good correlation
S. Eder et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 23, 175004 (2011)
S. Eder et al., Comp. Phys. Comm. 185, 217 (2014)S. Eder et al., Langmuir 29, 13760 (2013)
F(L) = F0 + Aasp(L) + L
system parameters
A. Vernes et al., Faraday Discuss. 156, 173 (2012)
configurational entropy of lubricant
S. Eder, PhD Thesis (2012)
Three-term Kinetic Friction Law
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Conclusion
Tribology research is focussed on complex systems:developing systematic/theoretical foundations,
determining material parameters of interacting soft and hard materials,
covering changes of energy state, material, etc.
Tribology research has several mother sciences, interacting in a very complex system; thus Tribology is not a subfield of another science; Tribology is an independent science !
But Tribology is much more than only the science of rubbing !
Tribology is a term covering a complex system described by knowledge from several mother disciplines !
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Our scientific umbrella: The Tribotope concept
The TRIBOTOPE concept (German "Tribotop“) follows a similar idea to the biotope:
Tribotope: Greek (tribeïn) = “rub” and (topos) = “place”
Thus, the word Tribotope, literally translated, means a space “where Tribology happens”.
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Tribotope versus Tribosystem – and vice versa
Whereas a Tribosystem by its definition may comprise –according the intentions (and knowledge) of the respective observer – even fairly large components, whole aggregates and considerable parts of the environment, the Tribotope focuses on smaller and more specific regions.
In that sense, a Tribotope can be understood as a near-field tribosystem (with the narrowest possible system boundaries), i.e., the field of observation in order to describe the immediate interaction between at least one base body and a counteracting body and – in case – an intermediate substance and the impacts thereof on the actual state of involved materials.
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Condition and processes under observation
geometric (micro)structures of surfaces
their generation & alteration during tribological processes
failure mechanisms in near-surface zones
transport of wear particles & contaminants
adsorption processes & chemical reactions of & caused by lubricating matter
(nano-)rheological effects of lubricant flow
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Summary
Find the right window to create a research centre
Tribology is a separate field of science
AC²T was founded in 2002 and is running a research umbrella project beyond 2020
Knowledge gain in Tribology goes from the global Tribosystem to the Tribotope approach and vice versa
Without increasing Tribology research activities in Europe we will lose the manufacturing industry
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