116
APPENDIX 1
Table A1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropy
S.No. Author(s) Year
Particulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
1 Mckee 1946 Amyl chlorides Sodium xylene sulfonate-
2 Booth and Everson 1948
Amyl alcohol, Benzoic acid,
Bromoform, Butyl alcohol,
Chloroform
Sodium xylene sulfonate 25°C
3 Booth and Everson 1949Acetophenone, Aniline,
Benzaldeyde, BenzeneSodium benzene sulfonate -
4 Booth and Everson 1950
Hexane, Carbon tetra chloride,
Cotton seed oil, o-cresol,
Cyclohexanol
Na-o-xylene sulfonate,
Na-m-benzene disulphate, Na-p-
bromobenzene sulfonate
25°C and 60°C
5 Licht and Wiener 1950 Benzoic acid
Na-p-cymene sulfonate,
Na-p-bromobenzene sulfonate,
Na-m-benzene disulfonate
40°C
6 Poochikian and Cradock 1979 Cytotoxic agent ‘chatreusin’Na-mono, di and tri hydroxyl
benzoates-
7 Saleh et al 1980 Diazepam Sodium Salicylate -
8 Badwan et al 1982 Benzodiazepines Sodium salicylate 25°C
9. Hansen and Rosenholm 1986 Pentanol Sodium propionate 298 K
10 Pandit and Sharma 1987 Phenyl benzoate
Potassium salts of butyl monoglycol
sulphate,
p-Cumyl phenol
117
Table A1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) Year
Particulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
11 Mahapatra et al 1988
2,6-Xylenol/p-cresol,
o-Chlorophenol/phenol,
2,4-Dichlorophenol/
p-chlorophenol
p-Toluene sulfonic acid
-
12 Darwish 1989 Etoposide
Sodium benzoate,
Sodium o-hydroxybenzoate, Sodium
2,5-dihydroxybenzoate
-
13 Geetha et al 1991 o- and p-Chloronitrobenzenes Sodium butyl monoglycol sulphate
14 Rasool et al 1991
Diazepam, Griseofulvin,
Progesterone,
17 Beta-estradiol, Testosterone
Nicotinamide -
15 Agarwal and Gaikar 1992p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol, Phenol/o-
chlorophenol
Sodium toluate, Sodium toluene
sulfonate, Sodium cymene sulfonate-
16 Agarwal and Gaikar 1992
p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,
isopropanol/ fm-butanol,
wc-butanol/rert-butanol
Sodium toluate,
Sodium toluene sulfonate, Sodium
cymene sulfonate
-
17 Pathak and Gaikar 1993 o- and p-Chlorobenzenoic acidsSodium-p-toulene sulfonate, Sodium-
butyl monoglycol sulfonate
303, 313 and
323 K
118
Table A1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
18 Gaikar and Sharma 1993
p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,Phenol/o-chlorophenol,p-Chlorophenol/2,4-Dichlorophenol,o-Cresol/6-Cl-o-cresol,p-/o-lsopropylphenolst,2,4-Dichlorophenol/2,4,6-Trichlorophenol,Phenollacetophenone
Potassium benzoate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium xylene sulfonate,
-
19Raynaud-lacroze andTarvare
1993 2-NaptholSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiumbutyl monoglycol sulfate
25ºC and 60ºC
20 Ammar and Khalil 1995 OxaminiquineSodium salts of hydroxyl, Aminodervitavies of benzoic acid
21 Jadhav et al 1995 m- and p-AminoacetophenonesSodium butyl monoglycol sulphate,Sodium cumenesulfonate, Sodiumxylenesulfonate,
25ºC and 50ºC
22 Calonie et al 1996 o- and p-Chlorobenzoic acid Sodium butyl monoglycol sulphate 25 °C and 45°C23 Friberg et al 1996 Phenethyl alcohol Sodium xylene sulfonate -
24 Tavare and Jadhav 19966-Aminopenicillanic acid,Phenoxyacetic acid
50 mass %Sodium butyl monoglycolsulfate,40 mass % Sodium cumenesulfonate,40 mass % sodium xylenesulfonate
25°C
119
Table A1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) Year
Particulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
25 Suzuki and Sunada 1998 NifidipineNicotinamide,
Urea-
26 Nagendra Gandhi et al 1998 n-Butyl acetate
Citroic acid,
Sodium benzoate,
Sodium salicylate, Urea
303,313,323
and 333 K
27 Nagendra Gandhi et al 1998 Ethyl benzoateCitric acid, Sodium benzoate, Sodium
salicylate, Urea
303,313,323
and 333 K
28 Gaikar and Phatak 1999o-/p-Chlorobenzoic acids,
o-/p-Nitroanilines
Sodium butyl monoglycol sulphate -
29 Tavare and Jadhav 19996-Aminopenicillanic acid,
Phenoxyacetic acid
Sodium butyl monoglycol sulphate-
30 Dhara and Chatterji 1999Poly(n-isopropylacrylamide)
hydrogels
Hydroxybenzenes,
Hydroxybenzoates,
Benzenesulfonates
24ºC and 26ºC
31 Silva et al 1999 Polar dye (Methyl yellow)
Nicotinamide,
Sodium p-toluene sulfonate,
Tetrapropyl and tetrabutyl ammonium
bromides
298 K
32 Gonzalez et al 2000
Ethoxylated fatty alcohol
containing between five and
six oxyethylenic units (C12E6)
Sodium p-toluene sulfonate -
120
Table A1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
33Dharmendira Kumar andNagendra Gandhi
2000 Amyl acetateCitric acid,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313, 323and 333 K
34Dharmendira Kumar andNagendra Gandhi
2000 Methyl salicylateCitric acid,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313, 323and 333 K
35 Hino and Ford 2001 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Nicotinamide 50 to 70 ºC
36 Simmora et al 2001 RapamycinBenzyl alcohol,Benzyl benzoate,Benzoic acid
-
37 Horvath et al 2001 Lecithin Sodium xylene sulfonate -38 Guo et al 2002 CTAB/n- C5H11OH/H2O Penicillin potassium -
39 Raman and Gaikar 2002 PiperineSodium alkyl benzene sulfonates,Sodium butyl monoglycol
-
40 Roy and Moulik 2002
Water/Triton X-100+BuOH (1:1w/w)/isooctane,water/AOT/isooctane,Cetylpyridiniumchloride and TX-100 and methyl cellulose.
Sodium salicylate,Proline, Resorcinol, Pyrogallol, Urea
30 ºC
41 Dandekar and Gaikar 2003 CurcuminoidsSodium cumene sulfonate,Sodium n-butyl benzene sulfonate
-
42 Lee et al 2003 Paclitaxel n-Poly nicotinamide -43 Raman and Gaikar 2003 Boswellic acids Alkylbenzene sulfonate -
121
Table A1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) Year
Particulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
44 Lee et al 2003 Paclitaxel
N,N-Diethylnicotinamide, N-
Picolylnicotinamide,
N-allylnicotinamide, Sodium
salicylate
-
45Gnanendran and Amin
2004 Natural gas p-Toluene sulfonic acid
-10 ºC at 1500
psig,
46 Guo et al 2004 CTAB/n-C5H11OH/H2O Cephanone -
47 Mishra and Gaikar 2004 Diosgenin Sodium Cumene Sulfonate 293 K
48 Agarwal et al 2004 Nimesulide
Sodium ascorbate,
Sodium salicylate,
Sodium benzoate-
49 Koparkar and Gaikar 2004 o- and p-Hydroxy acetophenones
Sodium cumene sulfonate, Sodium p-
xylene sulfonate, Sodium p-toluene
sulfonate
-
50Meyyappan and Nagendra
Gandhi2004 Benzyl acetate
Citric acid,
Sodium benzoate,
Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313, 323
and 333 K
51 Agrawal et al 2004 Nimesulide
Nicotinamide,
Sodium ascorbate,
Piperazine
25±2 °C
52 Huh et al 2004 Paclitaxel N,N-Diethylnicotinamide -
122
Table A1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
53 Varade et al 2004
Poly (ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)– poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer L62
Sodium benzene sulfonate, Sodiumtoluene sulfonate, Sodium xylenesulfonate
30°C
54Meyyappan and NagendraGandhi
2005 Benzyl benzoateTri-sodium citrate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea
303, 313, 323and 333 K
55 Maheshwari 2005 Cefixime Urea, Sodium acetate, Sodium citrate -
56 Mishra and Gaikar 2006Embelin (2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-p-benzoquinone)
Sodium-n-butyl benzene sulfonate,Sodium cumene sulfonate
40°C and 50°C
57 Evstigneev et al 2006 Vitamin B2Caffeine,Nicotinamide
-
58 Mishra and Gaikar 2006 AndrographolideSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodium p-toluene sulfonate, Sodium salicylate
-
59 Maheshwari 2006 Paracetamol Urea -
60 Maheshwari et al 2006Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin,Tinidazole, and Metronidazole
Sodium benzoate, Niacinamide-
61 Zhu et al 2006The pseudoternary Span 80-Tween 85/isopar M/water
Acrylamide 40 ºC
62 Maheshwari 2006 Aceclofenac Sodium salicylate -
63 Jain 2007 IndomethacinUrea, Nicotinamide, Resorcinol,Sodium benzoate,Sodium p-hydroxy benzoate
-
123
Table A1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied64 Maheshwari et al 2007 Frusemide Ibuprofen sodium -
65 Dandekar et al 2008 Limonoid aglyconesSodium salicylate,Sodium cumene sulphonate
45 °C
66 Maheshwari and Shukla 2008 Hydrochlorothiazide Niacinamide -
67 Maheshwari et al 2008 Aceclofenac Ibuprofen sodium 28 ±1°C
68 Ramesh et al 2009 o-/p-XyleneSodium salicylate,Sodium benzoate,Nicotinamide
303, 313, 323and 333K
69 Mishra and Gaikar 2009 ForskolinSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodium p-toluene sulfonate, Sodium salicylate
20 to 70°C
70 Jenamayjayan et al 2009 Phenol/o-chlorophenolUrea, Citric acid,Sodium salicylate, Nicotinamide
303, 313, 323and 333K
71 Negi and Gaikar 2009 o/p-NitrophenolsSodium toluene sulfonate, Sodiumxylene sulfonate, Sodium cumenesulfonate
-
72 Maheshwari et al 2009 Naproxen Ibuprofen sodium -
73 Sable et al 2009 OlanzepineSodium benzoate,Sodium acetate,Sodium bicarbonate,
-
74 Maheshwari et al 2010a Atenolol Metformin hydrochloride Urea 28±1ºC -75 Sharma et al 2010 Tenfovir disoproxil fumerate Sodium benzoate 25 ±1°C
124
Table A1.1 (Continued)
S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars
Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters
Varied
76 Shukla et al 2010 GlipizideSodium acetate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate
-
77 Smita and Mukesh 2010Pseudoephidrine Sulphate,Desloratidine,
Urea 28 ±1°C
78 Pareek et al 2010 CefprozilPotassium acetate, Potassium citrate,Sodium acetate,Sodium citrate, Urea
-
79 Maheshwari et al 2010b Ornidazole Urea -
80 Maheshwari and Moondra 2010 Aceclofenac Sodium salicylate 27 ±1°C
81 Maheshwari et al 2010c Ketoprofen30% Urea,30% Sodium citrate
-
82 Jain et al 2010 Gatifloxacin N,N-Dimethyl urea 28 ±1°C
83 Kim et al, 2010
Griseofulvin, Clofibrate,Nifedipine, Glybenclamide,Dihydroanthracene,Progesterone, Felodipine,Anthracene, Fenofibrate,Itraconazole, Probucol,Coenzyme Q10, Paclitaxel.
N,N-Diethylnicotinamide,N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 37 ºC
84 Marimuthu et al 2011 BenzeneCitric acid, Urea, Nicotinamide,Sodium salicylate
303, 313, 323and 333 K
85 Jayakumar et al 2012 1,2-dichloroethaneCitric acid, Urea, Nicotinamide,Sodium salicylate
303, 313, 323and 333 K
125
APPENDIX 2
Table A2.1 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.13 5.78 7.45 8.23
2 0.10 4.25 5.81 7.58 8.28
3 0.20 4.34 5.83 7.61 8.34
4 0.30 4.51 5.90 7.65 8.35
5 0.40* 7.01 8.26 9.87 11.65
6 0.50 10.41 12.26 14.87 21.65
7 0.60 12.54 16.36 20.12 32.57
8 0.70 15.23 22.54 31.54 57.86
9 0.80 18.34 29.01 45.02 71.51
10 0.90 21.78 33.51 58.36 84.63
11 1.00 23.64 37.21 64.52 92.17
12 1.20 25.18 45.98 77.23 120.84
13 1.40 28.47 54.64 91.36 135.27
14 1.60 32.14 66.21 117.24 165.82
15 1.80 35.85 73.25 123.56 177.23
16 2.00 38.45 78.15 137.85 190.26
17 2.25 41.01 83.81 142.26 210.35
18 2.50** 44.28 92.76 155.81 223.86
19 2.75 44.31 92.78 155.89 223.94
20 3.00 44.32 92.91 155.95 223.98*MHC;
**Cmax
126
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
C, mol /L
1
02 S
, m
ol
/L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.1 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
127
Table A2.2 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 2.09 2.54 3.06 3.65
2 0.10 2.13 2.71 3.13 3.72
3 0.20 2.28 2.86 3.18 3.85
4 0.30 2.31 2.92 3.24 4.02
5 0.40 3.78 4.79 6.87 8.63
6 0.50 5.91 8.03 10.78 12.56
7 0.60* 7.28 10.67 13.74 17.62
8 0.70 8.62 13.51 18.56 23.89
9 0.80 9.54 14.78 23.61 29.58
10 0.90 12.36 16.83 27.47 34.04
11 1.00 13.24 19.67 30.72 37.71
12 1.20 14.76 21.09 33.49 43.75
13 1.40 16.07 25.71 35.36 49.09
14 1.60 17.43 27.62 36.98 52.86
15 1.80 18.18 28.14 38.83 56.31
16 2.00 19.59 29.05 40.28 59.07
17 2.25** 19.68 29.12 40.31 59.16
18 2.50 19.86 29.21 40.46 59.29
19 2.75 20.02 29.31 40.59 59.36
20 3.00 20.08 29.36 40.64 59.42*MHC;
**Cmax
128
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.2 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
129
Table A2.3 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of cinnamic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 3.02 3.21 3.36 3.45
2 0.10 3.28 3.30 3.62 3.78
3 0.20 3.55 3.82 3.92 4.11
4 0.30 3.81 4.02 4.49 4.62
5 0.40 4.20 4.48 4.70 5.08
6 0.50 4.52 4.51 5.02 5.44
7 0.60* 4.89 4.91 5.25 5.75
8 0.70 6.43 7.51 8.02 8.87
9 0.80 7.40 9.55 10.35 11.61
10 0.90 8.38 11.13 12.98 13.71
11 1.00 9.31 12.17 14.11 16.38
12 1.20 10.53 13.53 16.13 19.92
13 1.40 11.54 14.70 19.98 26.11
14 1.60 13.02 16.92 22.14 28.25
15 1.80 14.10 18.80 25.42 33.36
16 2.00 15.18 19.43 27.03 35.08
17 2.25 16.22 20.80 28.11 36.43
18 2.50**
17.23 22.05 29.27 38.84
19 2.75 17.30 22.15 29.30 38.96
20 3.00 17.44 22.37 29.42 39.10*MHC;
**Cmax
130
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol /L
10
3S
,m
ol
/L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.3 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of cinnamic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
131
Table A2.4 Effect of sodium salicylate (C) on the solubility (S) of alizarin
in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.32 1.36 1.39 1.44
2 0.10 1.34 1.39 1.46 1.56
3 0.20 1.37 1.48 1.55 1.68
4 0.30 1.41 1.52 1.68 1.71
5 0.40* 2.08 2.45 2.85 3.02
6 0.50 3.84 5.96 7.98 8.54
7 0.60 6.12 8.45 10.84 11.87
8 0.70 8.75 10.36 12.3 15.51
9 0.80 9.64 11.52 14.84 19.25
10 0.90 11.02 13.68 17.2 26.02
11 1.00 13.53 17.64 19.64 30.45
12 1.20 14.85 20.84 25.14 37.52
13 1.40 17.12 25.09 29.58 44.38
14 1.60 21.6 29.87 40.82 54.48
15 1.80 23.74 33.47 45.28 59.52
16 2.00 25.15 38.69 47.34 67.82
17 2.25 28.65 42.18 51.37 71.37
18 2.50** 30.95 43.05 59.51 77.58
19 2.75 30.99 43.21 59.55 77.65
20 3.00 31.25 43.29 59.64 77.78
132
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.4 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of alizarin in water at different temperatures (T)
133
Table A2.5 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of benzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 3.21 4.04 5.13 6.08
2 0.10 3.26 4.07 5.34 6.27
3 0.20 3.27 4.32 5.41 6.29
4 0.30 3.35 4.58 5.49 6.31
5 0.40*
5.05 6.09 8.05 9.73
6 0.50 5.93 7.93 10.95 12.35
7 0.60 6.83 9.02 13.65 14.24
8 0.70 7.72 10.39 16.78 18.36
9 0.80 8.61 12.72 18.15 24.63
10 0.90 9.89 13.98 22.52 27.53
11 1.00 11.96 15.23 23.47 31.76
12 1.20 13.47 18.58 29.19 39.62
13 1.40 14.76 21.87 33.12 47.14
14 1.60 16.25 25.27 39.76 56.82
15 1.80 18.02 29.69 42.14 62.94
16 2.00 19.45 33.31 47.84 68.79
17 2.25 20.71 35.19 54.37 77.37
18 2.50**
21.28 37.76 57.72 82.76
19 2.75 21.33 37.82 57.78 82.81
20 3.00 21.57 37.86 57.91 82.84*MHC;
**Cmax
134
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.5 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of benzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
135
Table A2.6 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.13 5.78 7.45 8.23
2 0.10 4.21 5.84 7.51 8.26
3 0.20 4.28 5.89 7.58 8.32
4 0.30 4.32 5.92 7.64 8.37
5 0.40 4.35 5.97 7.69 8.40
6 0.50*
6.85 7.84 8.98 10.43
7 0.60 7.51 8.36 13.65 17.74
8 0.70 8.26 15.58 20.84 26.31
9 0.80 9.45 18.79 29.54 34.83
10 0.90 11.36 19.68 32.61 42.56
11 1.00 13.72 23.25 37.93 53.80
12 1.20 17.64 28.12 51.26 62.76
13 1.40 18.98 33.87 54.05 80.92
14 1.60 20.62 38.21 58.82 89.10
15 1.80 22.38 42.28 65.67 94.85
16 2.00 23.25 47.81 71.28 105.58
17 2.25**
26.75 51.54 78.16 113.08
18 2.50 26.74 51.57 78.21 113.14
19 2.75 26.81 51.58 78.28 113.17
20 3.00 26.84 51.60 78.31 113.23*MHC;
**Cmax
136
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
C, mol /L
10
2 S
,m
ol
/L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.6 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
137
Table A2.7 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of cinnamic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 3.02 3.21 3.36 3.45
2 0.10 3.39 3.40 3.40 3.48
3 0.20 3.82 3.86 3.69 3.96
4 0.30 4.25 4.47 4.62 4.88
5 0.40*
5.01 5.14 5.32 5.71
6 0.50 7.08 7.22 7.40 8.65
7 0.60 8.45 8.98 9.45 12.01
8 0.70 9.36 11.02 12.75 17.34
9 0.80 10.75 12.82 15.08 21.01
10 0.90 11.85 15.94 16.70 26.25
11 1.00 12.44 18.37 21.35 29.71
12 1.20 14.09 19.81 26.37 35.55
13 1.40 15.63 23.33 30.52 41.73
14 1.60 16.98 26.85 35.28 45.41
15 1.80 18.27 29.79 37.32 48.65
16 2.00 20.13 30.37 39.36 49.56
17 2.25 21.02 31.24 40.52 50.31
18 2.50**
21.82 33.83 42.47 51.23
19 2.75 21.94 33.89 42.62 51.35
20 3.00 22.10 33.92 42.79 51.53*MHC;
**Cmax
138
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol /L
10
3 S
, m
ol
/L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T= 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.7 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of cinnamic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
139
Table A2.8 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the
solubility (S) of alizarin in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.32 1.36 1.39 1.44
2 0.10 1.33 1.38 1.42 1.57
3 0.20 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.59
4 0.30 1.46 1.43 1.57 1.67
5 0.40 1.48 1.51 1.58 1.81
6 0.50*
1.7 2.21 2.98 3.39
7 0.60 2.34 3.47 3.58 6.34
8 0.70 2.57 4.21 4.26 7.86
9 0.80 3.21 4.81 5.71 9.3
10 0.90 4.03 5.53 6.46 10.82
11 1.00 5.42 6.89 8.92 13.31
12 1.20 6.83 8.24 12.35 19.29
13 1.40 7.51 10.33 14.51 22.18
14 1.60 8.84 14.72 19.25 25.86
15 1.80 9.65 16.84 22.94 31.24
16 2.00 11.73 17.2 25.8 35.27
17 2.25**
12.84 19.24 28.06 38.92
18 2.50 12.87 19.28 28.29 39.36
19 2.75 12.9 19.54 28.38 39.85
20 3.00 12.95 19.62 28.4 39.87*MHC;
**Cmax
140
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.8 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on
the solubility (S) of alizarin in water at different
temperatures (T)
141
Table A2.9 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of benzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 3.21 4.04 5.13 6.08
2 0.10 3.23 4.16 5.32 6.09
3 0.20 3.25 4.19 5.45 6.12
4 0.30 3.31 4.26 5.46 6.17
5 0.40 3.37 4.27 5.49 6.25
6 0.50 3.41 4.31 5.53 10.14
7 0.60*
4.49 6.47 8.24 12.14
8 0.70 5.07 8.12 11.59 16.78
9 0.80 5.91 9.46 14.07 20.34
10 0.90 6.41 11.23 17.24 25.94
11 1.00 6.93 12.6 20.39 30.05
12 1.20 7.25 13.24 23.05 34.72
13 1.40 8.34 15.46 26.15 40.29
14 1.60 9.02 17.49 29.78 44.45
15 1.80 9.76 18.14 32.04 48.95
16 2.00 10.33 19.43 33.26 50.45
17 2.25**
10.73 21.51 34.58 51.54
18 2.50 10.79 21.53 34.62 51.61
19 2.75 10.8 21.56 34.66 51.63
20 3.00 10.82 21.59 34.69 51.69*MHC;
**Cmax
142
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.9 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of benzoic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
143
Table A2.10 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of p-hdyroxybenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.13 5.78 7.45 8.23
2 0.10 4.15 5.79 7.48 8.26
3 0.20 4.2 5.82 7.52 8.32
4 0.30 4.23 5.89 7.56 8.35
5 0.40 4.24 5.91 7.59 8.37
6 0.50*
5.38 6.87 8.35 10.06
7 0.60 6.45 8.34 14.47 14.76
8 0.70 7.78 9.67 14.6 20.34
9 0.80 8.94 13.71 17.6 24.83
10 0.90 9.54 15.12 22 29.82
11 1.00 10.65 17.65 25.4 32.31
12 1.20 11.3 19.56 30.76 41.67
13 1.40 12.76 23.84 33.34 49.84
14 1.60 13.32 26.8 39.59 57.18
15 1.80 14.42 28.38 42.25 62.49
16 2.00**
15.34 30.53 49.44 65.71
17 2.25 15.35 30.58 49.48 65.72
18 2.50 15.38 30.61 49.54 65.74
19 2.75 15.43 30.67 49.59 65.79
20 3.00 15.48 30.69 49.63 65.80*MHC;
**Cmax
144
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol
/L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.10 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
145
Table A2.11 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of p-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 000 2.09 2.54 3.06 3.65
2 0.10 2.05 2.63 3.14 3.74
3 0.20 2.14 2.72 3.23 3.78
4 0.30 2.19 2.8 3.36 3.81
5 0.40 2.25 2.86 3.56 3.87
6 0.50*
2.98 3.94 4.86 5.06
7 0.60 3.49 4.49 5.52 7.11
8 0.70 3.61 5.12 7.79 9.64
9 0.80 3.87 5.71 8.72 11.37
10 0.90 4.66 6.56 10.28 13.72
11 1.00 5.01 8.47 12.37 15.47
12 1.20 6.27 9.82 13.91 17.49
13 1.40 7.92 12.36 15.97 22.71
14 1.60 8.50 13.81 18.17 24.63
15 1.80 9.47 14.37 19.65 26.17
16 2.00**
10.41 16.17 21.23 29.04
17 2.25 10.49 16.21 21.36 29.11
18 2.50 10.53 16.35 21.47 29.2
19 2.75 10.64 16.58 21.59 29.38
20 3.00 10.70 16.83 21.83 29.47*MHC;
**Cmax
146
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.11 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of p-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different
temperatures (T)
147
Table A2.12 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of cinnamic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 3.02 3.27 3.36 3.45
2 0.10 3.11 3.31 3.45 3.51
3 0.20 3.33 3.41 3.60 3.81
4 0.30 3.51 3.58 3.90 4.20
5 0.40 3.81 4.08 4.48 4.61
6 0.50*
4.06 4.44 4.82 5.07
7 0.60 5.03 6.01 6.63 7.05
8 0.70 5.82 7.16 8.10 8.20
9 0.80 6.53 7.93 8.99 10.02
10 0.90 7.18 8.65 10.07 11.81
11 1.00 7.74 9.53 11.18 13.63
12 1.20 8.08 10.18 12.87 15.03
13 1.40 8.91 11.47 13.65 16.83
14 1.60 9.36 12.15 15.15 18.42
15 1.80 10.05 13.09 16.05 19.85
16 2.00**
10.62 13.91 17.40 21.02
17 2.25 10.67 13.94 17.51 21.35
18 2.50 10.71 14.06 17.62 21.49
19 2.75 10.82 14.08 17.70 21.71
20 3.00 10.89 14.09 17.81 21.79*MHC;
**Cmax
148
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3 S
, mo
l/ L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.12 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of cinnamic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
149
Table A2.13 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of alizarin in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.32 1.36 1.39 1.44
2 0.10 1.34 1.38 1.41 1.53
3 0.20 1.33 1.41 1.51 1.61
4 0.30 1.36 1.43 1.59 1.69
5 0.40 1.41 1.51 1.64 1.78
6 0.50*
1.72 2.03 2.35 2.61
7 0.60 1.89 2.31 2.94 3.47
8 0.70 2.17 2.54 3.18 4.02
9 0.80 2.47 2.83 3.54 4.23
10 0.90 2.63 3.14 3.97 4.95
11 1.00 3.01 3.47 4.41 5.36
12 1.20 3.53 4.16 5.27 6.4
13 1.40 4.08 4.72 6.01 7.16
14 1.60 4.52 5.51 6.49 7.6
15 1.80 4.81 5.73 6.92 8.22
16 2.00**
5.49 6.75 8.03 9.23
17 2.25 5.52 6.78 8.06 9.29
18 2.50 5.59 6.81 8.12 9.34
19 2.75 5.62 6.84 8.19 9.41
20 3.00 5.65 6.89 8.24 9.49*MHC;
**Cmax
150
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.13 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility
(S) of alizarin in water at different temperatures (T)
151
Table A2.14 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
benzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 3.21 4.04 5.13 6.08
2 0.10 3.2 4.09 5.16 6.1
3 0.20 3.23 4.11 5.15 6.09
4 0.30 3.27 4.14 5.23 6.15
5 0.40 3.29 4.18 5.28 6.19
6 0.50 3.32 4.2 5.32 6.24
7 0.60*
4.46 6.17 7.24 9.28
8 0.70 4.91 7.21 9.79 14.18
9 0.80 5.59 8.05 11.57 15.53
10 0.90 5.87 10.35 13.45 18.19
11 1.00 6.11 10.82 15.26 22.52
12 1.20 6.58 12.02 17.61 27.89
13 1.40 7.14 13.36 19.23 30.81
14 1.60 7.65 14.21 20.82 34.71
15 1.80 8.27 14.92 23.5 37.64
16 2.00 8.54 15.48 25.79 39.45
17 2.25**
9.27 16.43 28.67 42.42
18 2.50 9.28 16.48 28.69 42.48
19 2.75 9.31 16.47 28.7 42.47
20 3.00 9.34 16.5 28.75 42.52*MHC;
**Cmax
152
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
2 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.14 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
benzoic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
153
Table A2.15 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
p-hdyroxbenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
102 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 4.13 5.78 7.45 8.23
2 0.10 4.16 5.8 7.45 8.24
3 0.20 4.15 5.84 7.48 8.21
4 0.30 4.18 5.85 7.52 8.28
5 0.40 4.19 5.89 7.58 8.37
6 0.50 4.25 5.92 7.62 8.56
7 0.60 4.29 5.95 7.68 8.61
8 0.70*
5.06 7.34 9.23 10.84
9 0.80 5.92 9.95 15.69 16.87
10 0.90 6.41 10.85 18.22 21.32
11 1.00 7.08 12.64 19.89 24.47
12 1.20 7.66 13.87 21.53 28.96
13 1.40 8.26 15.62 24.92 33.19
14 1.60 8.91 17.86 27.36 36.87
15 1.80 9.35 18.38 29.45 41.97
16 2.00**
9.92 20.46 32.38 47.25
17 2.25 9.95 20.53 32.45 47.45
18 2.50 9.96 20.59 32.48 47.52
19 2.75 10.02 20.6 32.51 47.61
20 3.00 10.08 20.62 32.5 47.69*MHC;
**Cmax
154
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
1
02S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.15 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
p-hdyroxbenzoic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
155
Table A2.16 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
p-nitrobenzoic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 2.09 2.54 3.06 3.65
2 0.10 2.11 2.58 3.12 3.68
3 0.20 2.14 2.59 3.15 3.62
4 0.30 2.15 2.61 3.18 3.70
5 0.40 2.17 2.63 3.21 3.72
6 0.50 2.19 2.67 3.22 3.77
7 0.60*
3.12 4.04 5.27 6.28
8 0.70 3.67 4.48 6.58 8.29
9 0.80 3.92 5.02 7.54 9.43
10 0.90 4.65 5.86 8.47 10.57
11 1.00 5.12 6.5 9.46 12.57
12 1.20 5.97 7.56 11.89 15.33
13 1.40 6.53 8.25 12.97 17.89
14 1.60 6.95 9.77 14.08 19.75
15 1.80 7.34 10.41 15.68 21.03
16 2.00**
7.61 11.62 17.20 22.84
17 2.25 7.63 11.68 17.23 22.85
18 2.50 7.6 11.67 17.24 22.87
19 2.75 7.64 11.68 17.28 22.89
20 3.00 7.63 11.7 17.31 22.92*MHC;
**Cmax
156
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3 S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.16 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of p-
nitrobenzoic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
157
Table A2.17 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
cinnamic acid in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 3.02 3.27 3.36 3.45
2 0.10 3.04 3.29 3.39 3.48
3 0.20 3.08 3.32 3.45 3.49
4 0.30 3.08 3.37 3.46 3.53
5 0.40 3.14 3.41 3.51 3.58
6 0.50 3.17 3.46 3.54 3.57
7 0.60*
4.07 5.18 6.01 6.86
8 0.70 4.58 6.16 7.19 7.70
9 0.80 4.92 6.20 7.92 9.58
10 0.90 5.31 7.43 8.86 10.62
11 1.00 5.82 8.62 10.46 11.80
12 1.20 6.18 9.41 11.58 13.72
13 1.40 6.82 9.76 12.74 15.64
14 1.60 7.27 10.14 13.57 17.81
15 1.80 7.72 10.86 14.31 19.25
16 2.00**
8.61 11.93 15.83 20.53
17 2.25 8.65 11.96 15.85 20.57
18 2.50 8.74 11.99 15.89 20.61
19 2.75 8.73 12.12 15.92 20.62
20 3.00 8.79 12.15 15.90 20.60*MHC;
**Cmax
158
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3 S
, mo
l/ L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.17 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
cinnamic acid in water at different temperatures (T)
159
Table A2.18 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
alizarin in water
S.NoC,
mol/L
103 S, mol/L
T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K
1 0.00 1.32 1.36 1.39 1.44
2 0.10 1.32 1.37 1.45 1.49
3 0.20 1.33 1.39 1.54 1.51
4 0.30 1.35 1.4 1.61 1.59
5 0.40 1.38 1.4 1.67 1.65
6 0.50 1.42 1.43 1.76 1.68
7 0.60 1.49 1.45 1.82 1.75
8 0.70 1.54 1.52 1.87 1.81
9 0.80*
1.9 2.18 2.68 2.98
10 0.90 2.23 2.56 3.28 3.57
11 1.00 2.44 3.07 3.53 4.24
12 1.20 2.84 3.6 4.24 4.92
13 1.40 3.25 3.95 5.17 6.05
14 1.60 3.96 4.71 6.05 6.93
15 1.80 4.37 5.42 6.64 7.48
16 2.00 4.43 5.58 7.12 8.28
17 2.25**
4.69 6.13 7.82 8.91
18 2.50 4.71 6.18 7.85 8.93
19 2.75 4.75 6.19 7.84 8.95
20 3.00 4.82 6.22 7.88 8.98*MHC;
**Cmax
160
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
C, mol/L
10
3S
, m
ol/
L
T = 303K
T = 313K
T = 323K
T = 333K
Figure A2.18 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of
alizarin in water at different temperatures (T)
161
APPENDIX 3
Table A3.1 Apelblat equation parameters A, B, and C for correlation of
solubility of organic solutes data in hydrotrope solutions
Hydrotropes at
2mol/LA B C RMSD × 10
3
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid
Water -121.59 3567.05 17.98 0.071
Sodium Salicylate -148.81 2622.72 23.67 0.995
Sodium Benzoate -149.86 3075.57 23.53 0.639
Nicotinamide -88.53 299.96 14.34 0.582
Urea -106.37 816.11 17.07 0.265
p-Nitrobenzoic acid
Water -52.86 424.60 7.22 0.0001
Sodium Salicylate -198.38 5856.740 29.94 0.0078
Sodium Benzoate -158.57 4692.20 23.72 0.0160
Nicotinamide -146.05 3724.38 21.93 0.0104
Urea -162.32 4241.85 24.42 0.0100
Cinnamic acid
Water -235.96 10004.01 33.80 0.0006
Sodium Salicylate -152.98 4384.34 22.79 0.0068
Sodium Benzoate -161.36 4858.36 24.07 0.0271
Nicotinamide -149.13 4729.94 21.88 0.0067
Urea -156.17 4529.54 23.19 0.0045
Alizarin
Water -202.73 8782.53 28.54 0.0003
Sodium Salicylate -173.32 5122.29 26.03 0.0305
Sodium Benzoate -146.33 3411.13 22.17 0.0037
Nicotinamide -182.25 6704.01 26.42 0.0033
Potassium p-toluene
sulfonate-190.37 3034.91 27.41 0.0305
162
APPENDIX 4
Table A4.1 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 1.55 -
2 0.20 1.62 1.05
3 0.50* 5.55 3.58
4 0.80 8.45 5.45
5 1.60 13.85 8.94
6 2.65**
17.53 11.31
7 3.00 17.79 11.48*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A4.2 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 1.55
2 0.20 1.63 1.05
3 0.50*
2.91 1.88
4 0.80 3.24 2.09
5 1.20 8.31 5.36
6 1.60 9.8 6.32
7 2.25**
12.86 8.29
8 3.00 12.91 8.33*MHC;
**Cmax
163
Table A4.3 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 1.55 -
2 0.50*
2.18 1.4
3 0.80 3.96 2.55
4 1.40 5.87 3.78
5 2.00** 7.16 4.62
6 2.50 7.18 4.63
7 3.00 7.23 4.66
*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A4.4 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer coefficient
(kLa) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Sl.No.C,
mol/L10
4 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 1.55 -
2 0.70*
2.02 1.3
3 1.00 3.03 1.95
4 1.60 3.94 2.54
5 2.00 4.45 2.87
6 2.50**
4.47 2.88
7 3.00 4.53 2.92
*MHC;
**Cmax
164
Table A4.5 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 0.96 -
2 0.30*
1.57 1.63
3 0.80 5.13 5.34
4 1.40 10.27 10.70
5 2.00 13.84 14.42
6 2.50**
14.59 15.20
7 3.00 14.83 15.45
*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A4.6 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 0.96 -
2 0.40*
1.91 1.99
3 0.80 4.49 4.68
4 1.40 8.03 8.36
5 2.00** 9.70 10.10
6 2.50 9.86 10.27
7 3.00 10.02 10.43
*MHC;
**Cmax
165
Table A4.7 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of p-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 0.96 -
2 0.50*
1.53 1.59
3 0.80 1.96 2.04
4 1.00 2.54 2.65
5 1.40 3.61 4.07
6 2.00**
5.21 5.43
7 3.00 5.42 5.65
*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A4.8 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of p-nitrobenzoic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 103 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 0.96 -
2 0.60*
1.48 1.54
3 1.00 2.46 2.56
4 1.40 3.18 3.31
5 1.80 3.59 3.74
6 2.00**
3.72 3.88
7 3.00 3.79 3.95
*MHC;
**Cmax
166
Table A4.9 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of cinnamic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 1.14 -
2 0.40*
1.86 1.63
3 1.00 5.09 4.46
4 1.60 7.90 6.93
5 2.00 9.21 8.08
6 2.50**
10.56 9.26
7 3.00 10.89 9.55
*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A4.10 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of cinnamic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 1.14 -
2 0.60*
1.87 1.64
3 1.00 3.01 2.64
4 1.60 5.02 4.40
5 1.80 5.68 4.98
6 2.00 6.18 5.42
7 2.50** 7.23 6.34
8 3.00 7.57 6.64
*MHC;
**Cmax
167
Table A4.11 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of cinnamic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 1.14 -
2 0.50*
1.26 1.11
3 1.00 2.38 2.09
4 1.40 2.81 2.46
5 1.80 3.35 2.94
6 2.00**
3.41 2.99
7 3.00 3.62 3.17
*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A4.12 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of cinnamic acid
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 1.14 -
2 0.60*
1.67 1.46
3 0.80 2.09 1.83
4 1.20 2.72 2.39
5 1.60 3.27 2.86
6 2.00**
3.94 3.45
7 3.00 4.25 3.73
*MHC;
**Cmax
168
Table A4.13 Effect of potassium p – toluene sulfonate concentration (C)
on mass transfer coefficient (kLa) of alizarin
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 6.08 -
2 0.30*
14.39 2.37
3 0.60 27.01 4.44
4 1.00 71.32 11.73
5 2.00 282.12 46.40
6 2.50 356.96 58.71
7 3.00 369.63 60.76
*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A4.14 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of alizarin
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 6.08 -
2 0.20 6.93 1.14
3 0.40* 10.27 1.69
4 0.60 18.81 3.09
5 1.00 29.48 4.85
6 2.00** 67.40 11.09
7 2.50 69.70 11.46
*MHC;
**Cmax
169
Table A4.15 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass
transfer coefficient (kLa) of alizarin
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 6.08 -
2 0.30 6.90 1.04
3 0.40* 14.06 2.12
4 0.60 14.45 2.18
5 1.00 21.28 3.21
6 2.00 28.58 4.31
7 2.50** 35.80 5.40
*MHC;
**Cmax
Table A4.16 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of alizarin
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 6.08 -
2 0.20 6.80 1.12
3 0.50*
10.64 1.75
4 0.80 14.21 2.34
5 1.00 15.94 2.62
6 2.00**
27.75 4.56
7 3.00 29.40 4.84
*MHC;
**Cmax
170
Table A4.17 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer
coefficient (kLa) of alizarin
Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s
-1
Enhancement factor for
mass transfer coefficient
mtc)
1 0.00 6.08
2 0.40 6.58 1.08
3 0.80* 8.27 1.36
4 1.00 10.25 1.69
5 1.60 16.82 2.77
6 2.25**
19.53 3.21
7 3.00 21.94 3.61
*MHC;
**Cmax
171
APPENDIX 5
Table A5.1 Association constants (K2, Khs) for solute and sodium benzoate for association model of hydrotropy
Temperature, K
K2, Khs, L/mol
Benzoic acidp-Hydroxybenzoic
acid
p-Nitrobenzoic
acidCinnamic acid Alizarin
K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs
303 0.061 2.391 0.983 85.379 0.974 89.45 0.517 18.54 1.313 122.550
313 0.072 3.121 1.247 98.387 1.103 90.68 0.683 22.69 1.531 154.270
323 0.083 5.049 1.321 102.875 1.482 110.35 0.754 28.75 2.046 187.214
333 0.097 6.459 1.830 125.325 1.847 125.32 0.790 32.68 2.840 209.747
172
Table A5.2 Association constants (K2, Khs ) for solute and nicotinamide for association model of hydrotropy
Temperature, K
K2, Khs, L/mol
Benzoic acidp-Hydroxybenzoic
acidp-Nitrobenzoic acid Cinnamic acid Alizarin
K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs
303 0.039 2.058 0.857 23.879 0.082 2.892 0.012 1.257 1.290 8.372
313 0.047 2.139 0.897 54.267 0.082 3.850 0.024 1.864 1.386 10.743
323 0.049 2.601 0.948 65.858 0.095 5.479 0.026 2.042 1.494 14.328
333 0.0512 5.284 1.210 76.247 0.092 6.844 0.047 2.510 1.495 17.432
173
Table A5.3 Association constants (K2, Khs) for solute and urea for association model of hydrotropy
Temperature, K
K2, Khs, L/mol
Benzoic acidp-Hydroxybenzoic
acidp-Nitrobenzoic acid Cinnamic acid Alizarin
K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs K2 Khs
303 0.025 1.097 0.384 12.673 0.043 1.840 0.023 1.541 0.034 3.642
313 0.025 1.458 0.591 15.532 0.049 2.987 0.038 1.801 0.045 5.782
323 0.037 1.891 0.605 18.571 0.053 3.575 0.049 2.097 0.056 8.413
333 0.045 2.211 0.684 24.892 0.062 4.073 0.055 2.181 0.068 9.742