7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
1/27
ELL
2.2 Academic Writing
Referencing Skills
DPLI GSTT (TESL) SR2012
1adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
2/27
PLAGIARISM Definition:
Using someones ideas or words as your own
Why do I need to avoid plagiarism?
Morally wrong
Harsh punishment
Why do students plagiarise?
Intense pressure to complete task
Time constraint
Last resort
ignorance adapted by Janice Low YL 2
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
3/27
Penalties for Plagiarism
Intentional or unintentional, the consequences aregrave:
1. Zero awarded on the assignment
2. Failing the course
3. Suspension
4. Expulsion
adapted by Janice Low YL 3
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
4/27
Types of Plagiarism
Copy and Paste Word Switch
Style
Metaphor Idea
adapted by Janice Low YL 4
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
5/27
Other forms of plagiarism
Copying a paper
Buying a paper
Not citing your source Peoples words
A little of this, a little of that.
adapted by Janice Low YL 5
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
6/27
How to avoid plagiarism
Dont cut and paste unless necessary
Create a separate file for internet materials
Recheck for any form of copying Ask a friend to review
adapted by Janice Low YL 6
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
7/27
How Do I Know
When to Cite?
If the idea didnt come directlyfrom your own mind, it has to
be cited!!
7adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
8/27
Reference Citations in Text
A Citation gives credit for other peoples ideas and
words that are used in an essay or research paper.
Purpose:
1. It gives the source of a direct quotation.
2. It gives the credit for another persons ideas, even if
expressed in your own words.
3. It gives the source of diagrams, tables and figures.4. It shows that your work is thorough and accurate.
8adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
9/27
What do I need to include in my
citation?
1. Authors name
2. Year
3. Page number
NOTE: Although the page numbers are only required
when directly quoting a source, authors are
encouraged to provide them, especially when it would
help an interested reader locate the information orrelevant information in a long or complex text. Page
numbers are not required when paraphrasing.
9adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
10/27
The TWO ways of Citing
Information
1. Stating authors name in text, and
2. Stating the authors name in parentheses at theend of your citation
Examples:
Crystal (2004) defines grammar as the structural
foundation of our ability to express ourselves.
In a recent study on structural grammar, (Crystal,2004, p. 45)
10adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
11/27
Quotations (less than 40 words)
- Incorporate short quotations (fewer than 40 words)in the text, enclosed with double quotation marks.
Example:
Richards and Rodgers (2001) argued that Communicative LanguageTeaching may cause anxiety among teachers accustomed to seeing
error suppression and correction (p. 168).
OR
The Communicatived Language Teaching may cause anxiety amongteachers accustomed to seeing error suppression and correction
(Richards and Rodgers, 2001, p.168).
11adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
12/27
Quotations (more than 40 words)
Display a quotation of 40 words or more in a free
standing block and omit the quotation marks. Start
the block quotation on a new line and indent it five
spaces from the left margin (as if it were a new
paragraph). Subsequent lines should be flush with
the first line (indented five spaces), and the entire
quote must be double spaced.
12adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
13/27
Example:
Gladstone and Johnson (1995) found the following:
It should be remembered, too, that a certain amount of
aggressive behavior is natural to young children as part
of their experience in growing up. For one thing, theaggressive skills are more easily acquired than are the
mental and social skills which take longer and more
effort to develop. (p. 36)
What is another way that this could have been cited?
13adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
14/27
The other way
Your own text would start here.
It should be remembered, too, that a certain amount of
aggressive behavior is natural to young children as part of their
experience in growing up. For one thing, the aggressive skills
are more easily acquired than are the mental and social skills
which take longer and more effort to develop. (Gladstone and
Johnson, 1995, p. 36)
Your own text would continue here
and would go on
*remember that your quotation is still double spaced!*
14adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
15/27
Can you tell me why the [A] in the
following quotation is in square
brackets?
[A] certain amount of aggressive behavior is
natural to young children as part of theirexperience in growing up (Gladstone &
Johnson, 1995, p.36).
15adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
16/27
Square BracketsSquare brackets are used when adding your own words to a
direct quote.Examples:
[A] certain amount of aggressive behavior is natural to youngchildren as part of their experience in growing up (Gladstone& Johnson, 1995, p.36).
Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect, which had beenverified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the firstgroups] behaviors were studied in this manner. (p.276).
Can you tell me why placebo effect is in singlequotations in the last example?
16adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
17/27
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
18/27
Ellipsis
Use ellipsis () within a sentence to indicate
that you have omitted material from the
original source.
Example:
She stated, The placebo effectdisappeared when
behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993,
p.276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were
studied.
18adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
19/27
Ellipsis contd
Use four points (.) to indicate any omission
between sentences. The first point indicates the
period at the end of the first sentence quoted, and the
three ellipsis points follow.Example:
In discussing the historical relation between politics and the press, William
L. Rivers (1987) notes, Presidential control reached its zenith under
Andrew Jackson.For a time, the United States Telegram and theWashington Globe were almost equally favored as party organs, and there
were fifty-seven journalists on the government payroll (p.7)
19adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
20/27
Works by Two Authors
If the authors names are stated within the text
of your work, join the names with an and. If
the authors names are not in the text of your
paper then join them with an ampersand (&)
Example:As Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993) demonstrated.
has been shown (Nightlinger & Littlewood. 1993, p.324).
20adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
21/27
Works by Three or More Authors
When a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authorsthe first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations,include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
Example:
(first citation)ex. Waterman, Zee, Rosen, Glover, and Rock (1994) found
(subsequent citation)
ex. Waterman et al. (1994) found
*subsequent citations of the same source in the same paragraphdo not need the year.
ex. Waterman et al. found
21adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
22/27
When a Work has Six or More
Authors
Cite only the surname of the first authorfollowed by et al. and the year for the first
and subsequent citations.
22adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
23/27
The Reference List
A reference list is an alphabetical list of books and
other sources consulted during the preparation and
writing of a paper.
Purpose:1. It shows the kind of research done for the paper.
2. It shows the sources you have examined so that a
reader can check your findings.3. It provides the readers with a list of sources to refer
to.
23adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
24/27
Format of Reference List
1. Reference lists are placed on a separate page at the end ofthe paper.
2. References are not numbered.
3. Entries are listed alphabetically by author; the title is used ifno author is given. When authors number seven or more,
abbreviate the seventh and subsequent authors as et al.4. Start each entry flush with the left margin; indent subsequent
lines one half inch (five spaces or one tab); and double spacethe entire entry.
5. A reference list must include only those references cited in
the text; all references appearing in the text must be includedin the reference list.
24adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
25/27
Format of reference list contd
6. Use only initials for the first and middle names even if the fullname is given.
7. In titles of books and articles, capitalize only the first word of
the title, the first word following a colon or dash, and all
proper nouns.8. In titles of periodicals, capitalize all significant words.
9. Italicize the titles of books and periodicals.
10. Only one space after ALL punctuation.
25adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
26/27
Format of Reference List cont
11. Publishers Location
- give the city and state (USA)
- outside of the USA, give the city, state or province, and the
country.
- if the publisher is a university and the name of the state is
included in the name of the University, do not repeat the name
of the publishers location.
7. Date of Publication, then (pp. 225-226)
- If no date is available, write n.d. in parentheses.
26adapted by Janice Low YL
7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills
27/27
Online Sources
Online Periodicals
Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (2000) Title of article.
Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
EXAMPLE:
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimizehealth and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. RetrievedNovember 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Online Document
Author, A.A. (2000) Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
EXAMPLE:
Macfarlane, E. C. (2000). Children and literacy development. RetrievedOctober 11, 2005, from http://reading.indiana.edu/ieo/digests/d89.html
27adapted by Janice Low YL