ANTHRAQUINONE (ANTHRACENE) GLYCOSIDES • Anthraquinonederivativesaretheactivecomponentsinanumberofcrudedrugswithpurgative(cathartic)properties.
• Distributedinvariousfamilies• Theiraglyconeisanthracenetype• Manyofthemareusedtechnicallyasdyessinceanthraquinonesarecolouredsubstances.
• Catharticdrugs---RhizomaRhei,Aloe,FoliaSennae• Drugsusedasdyes----Coccionella,RadixRubiae
1 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ANTHRAQUINONES
• Theyarefoundinplantsas1. Oxanthrone2. Anthrone3. Anthraquinoneformsanddimers
ofthesestructures• ANTHRAQUINONEisthemoststableform.
2 Anthracene Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ANTHRAQUINONES
• 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinonederivativesaretheonesexhibitpurgativeactivityandimportantinpharmacy
• DimerizationàDianthrone/dianthranolfromC10positionwithC-Cbond.
• O-GlycosideàGlycosylationwith–OHin1,6,8,9,10.C(e.g.)• C-GlycosideàGlycosylationfrom10.Cposition,C-Cbond
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Emodin-L-rhamnosideFranguloside
Aloin
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ANTHRAQUINONES • R1(C3)R2(C6)• -CH2OH-H(ALOE-EMODIN)• -CH3-H(CRYSOPHANOL)• -CH3-OH(EMODIN)• -CH3-OCH3(PHYSCION)
• -COOH-H(REIN)
4 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ANTHRAQUINONES
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rein + rein HOMODIANTHRON
Ø Thetwoanthronemoietiesaresame
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ANTHRAQUINONES
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rein + emodol HETERODIANTHRON
Ø Thetwoanthronemoietiesaredifferent
EMODIN
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ANTHRAQUINONES
• Freeanthracenederivativesà%0.2-0.8• Anthraceneglycosidesandpolimersà%1-7• Indrieddrugs,anthranolandanthrahydroquinoneamountswilldecreaseandanthraquinoneamountwillincreaseàoxidation
7 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ANTHRAQUINONES
IDENTIFICATION1)FreeanthracensidentifiedwithBORNTRAGERreaction;• Organicsolventextract+alkaline–OHàredcolour• Onlyanthraquinones;glycosidesafterhydrolised,anthronsandanthronolsafteroxidisationgivesBorntragerreaction
8 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ANTHRAQUINONES
• 2)AnthranolsareidentifiedwithSCHÖNTETENreaction• Waterextract+Na-borateàgreenfluorescent• 3)Anthronesgivedifferentcolorswithp-nitrosodimethylanilinewhileanthraquinonesdoesn'tgiveanycolor.
9 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
QUANTIFICATIONØ Quantityinplantsdependson;• Collectiontime• Methodofdrying• Storageperion• Shelftimeofdrug
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ANTHRAQUINONES
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
1)COLORIMETRICASSAY:FreeanthraquinonequantificationwithBorntragerreaction(a)
• Reducedderivative:OxidationwithH2O2thenapplyBorntragerreaction(b)
• (b-a)!result2)GRAVIMETRICASSAY3)BIOLOGICALASSAYàFühnerMethod
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ANTHRAQUINONES
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
Ø USAGE-EFFECTS• 1)Purgative:Increaseinlargebowel• Freeanthraquinonesarelesssolubleinwater;lesseffective• Glycosidesarepolarmolecules;theyaresolubleinwater.Theyareneitherresorbednorhydrolisedinsmallintestines.Hydrolisedbybeta-glycosidasefoundinfloraoflargebowelàreleasedanthraquinonesreducedtoanthronsswhicharebioactive.TheseanthronsincreasetheperistaltismofbowelandinhibitNa-KATPase;thusthisresultswithwater,natriumandchloridstayinbowelsandthissoftensthefeces.
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ANTHRAQUINONES
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
• Effectivein10-15thhoursofintake• Effectivealsoparenterally• Morephenolic–OHàmoreefficiency• Thus;mosteffectiveanthraquinoneàEMODINE• Non-effective---------REIN• Mosteffectivederivativesdianthrones,o-glycosidesofanthroquinonesandC-glycosidesofanthrones,respectively.
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ANTHRAQUINONES
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ANTHRAQUINONES Structure-Activity Relationship 1. Situation of phenolic substituents is related with the activity: • Hydroxylation at C-1 and C-8 is essential for activity • Phenolic substituent in α-position à increase in PURGATIVE
activity • Acetylation of phenolic group à decrease in efficiency 2. If drug contains both tannins and anthraquinones à decrease
in LAXATIVE activity • In lower dosage ------ ASTRINGENT • In high dosage ---- LAKSATIVE, PURGATIVE
14 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ANTHRAQUINONES
3. Someskinillnesses(psoriasis,dryegzema)àANTISEPTIC(e.g.Chrysarobin)
4. VeterinaryàANTISEPTIC(e.g.Aloe)
15 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RHIZOMA RHEI (TK), Rhubarb
Ø Rheumsp.(Polygonaceae)Ø 2sections:Ø PALMATASECTION:Ø RheumpalmatumØ Rheumofficinale
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Ø RheumpalmatumØ Rheumofficinale
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RHIZOMA RHEI (TK)
ü RHAPONTICASECTION:ü R.rhaponticumü R.compactumü R.undulatumü R.ribes
18 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RHIZOMA RHEI (TK)
Ø Rheumpalmatumvar.tauguticum---NorthChinaØ R.officinale------SouthChinaØ DrugobtainedfromtheseplantsareknownasChineseRhubarbØ IndriedChineseRhubarb;Ø Totalanthracene-----%3-5Ø Tannoids(Catechol,glucogallin)----%5
19 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RHIZOMA RHEI (TK)
Ø Freeanthraquinones%0.1-0.2;Ø Crysophanol(C3àCH3)Ø Emodin(C3àCH3;C6àOH)Ø Physcion(C3àCH3;C6àOCH3)Ø Aloe-emodin(C3àCH2OH)Ø Rein(C3àCOOH)
20 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RHIZOMA RHEI (TK)
Ø Glycosides:MajorcompoundsØ AnthraquinoneglycosidesØ AnthranolveanthroneglycosidesØ Polymercompounds:Ø SennidineAandB-----DireinanthroneØ PalmidinA,B,C---Heterodianthrone(emodin+crysophanol)
21 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RHIZOMA RHEI (TK)
Ø USESØ LowDosage(50-100MG)---ASTRINGENTØ HighDosage(500MG-2G)---LAXATIVE,PURGATIVEØ Notirritant;elderlyandchildrencanuse.
22 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RHIZOMA RHEI (TK)
ü Rheumrhaponticum-----EnglishRhubarbü India;Europeàornamentalplantü Rhizomescontainlessactiveingredientsà%1-3ü FreeanthraquinonesàCrysophanol,Emodin
23 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RHIZOMA RHEI (TK)
ü Rhaponticoside-----estrogenicglycoside
ü Usedasrhubarb;2-4timeslessefectivethanChineserhubarb
24 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RHIZOMA RHEI (TK)
v Rheumribes(Işgın):v TheuniqueRheumspeciesfromTurkeyv EastAnatoliaàVan,Elazığv Petiolsareusedasvegetablev Anthracenederivativesvetanninsv Traditionallyusedasastringent
25 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RHIZOMA RHEI (TK)
• Anatomicproperties:• Starhilumintransversesectionofcambiumisspecific• Relativelylarge(50-120µ)calciumoxalateclustercrystalsalsospecificØ Thesepropertieshelptoidentifythedrugeasily
26 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX FRANGULAE (Ph.E) Alder buckthorn, Barut Ağacı • Rhamnusfrangula(Rhamnaceae)• Driedbarksofthetrunkandbranches• GrowsinMediumandSouthEurope• InTurkey;NorthandMediumAnatolia,Trabzon,İstanbul,Bolu,Ankara,Bursa
27 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX FRANGULAE (Ph.E) (BARUT AĞACI) • DrugobtainedfromPoland,CzechRepublic,YugoslaviaandRussia• Thisdrugshouldbeusedayearafteritiscollectedorafterdriedin1000Cforanhour.
28 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX FRANGULAE (Ph.E) (BARUT AĞACI) • Outerlayerofthebarksisdarkgreycoloured,haswhiteellipsoidlenticels;innerlayerisyellow-orangecoloured
• Rowsofdrusecrystalarespecificfortheidentificationofthedrug• Anthracenederivativesà2-4%• Freeanthraquinonesà0.05-0.1%(Crysophanol,Emodin)
29 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX FRANGULAE (Ph.E) (BARUT AĞACI) • Asanthraceneglycodises;• Glucofranguloside----Emodin+Rh+Gl(from–OHin1.or8.Cpositions)(Primaryglycoside)
• Franguloside-----Emodin+Rh(Scondaryglycoside)• EmodindianthroneàDimericstructure• Heterodianthrone(emodin+crysophanol)—PALMITINC
30 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX FRANGULAE (Ph.E) (BARUT AĞACI)
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GLUCOFRANGULOSIDE(PRIM.GLY.)
PALMITIN(HETERODIANTHRONE)
EMODINDIANTHRONE
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX FRANGULAE (Ph.E) (BARUT AĞACI) • ThedrugcanbeusedinDecoctionorLiquidextractformsorinpowderedform
• ActsasLaxative-Purgative
32 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX RHAMNI PURSHIANAE (TF), Cascara Sagrada, Cascara Buckthorn (Ph.E.) • Rhamnuspurshiana(Rhamnaceae)• Driedbarksofyoungtrunkandbranches• Americanplant,culturedinKenya• ThedrugisobtainedbetweenApril-Augustanddriedinshadow• Thedrugshouldbeusedayearafteritiscollectedorafterdryinganhourin100°C
33 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX RHAMNI PURSHIANAE (TF), CASCARA SAGRADA (Ph.E.) • Thedrugistypicallymoreorlesscoveredwithlichens• Thedrugconsistsofratherthickfragments(2-4mm),cutinto10-20cmstrips,greycolouredwithlenticelsontheoutersurface
• PowdereddrugconsistsofsclereidsandbasicseriesofCa-oxalatecrystals
34 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX RHAMNI PURSHIANAE (TF), CASCARA SAGRADA (Ph.E.) • 4-5%Anthracenederivatives:• FreeAnthraqinonesà0.2-0.8%(Crysophanol,Emodin,Aloe-emodin)
35 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX RHAMNI PURSHIANAE (TF), CASCARA SAGRADA (Ph.E.) • O-Glycosides:• Emodin-oxanthroneglycoside• Emodin-anthroneglycoside
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Emodin-oxanthroneglycoside
Emodin-anthroneglycoside
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX RHAMNI PURSHIANAE (TF), CASCARA SAGRADA (Ph.E.) • C-Glycosides:• Aloin(Aloe-emodinantronglycoside)• Chrysaloin(Chrysophanolanthroneglycoside)
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Aloin(Aloe-emodinantronglycoside) Chrysaloin(Chrysophanolanthroneglycoside)
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX RHAMNI PURSHIANAE (TF), CASCARA SAGRADA (Ph.E.) • PrimaryGlycosides:• CascarosideA(Aloin’sprimaryglycoside)(+)• CascarosideB(Aloin’sprimaryglycoside)(-)
38 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
CORTEX RHAMNI PURSHIANAE (TF), CASCARA SAGRADA (Ph.E.) • CascarosideC(Krizaloin’sprimaryglycoside)(+)• CascarosideD(Krizaloin’sprimaryglycoside)(-)• Glycosidicbondsfrom1.and8.positions• Powder(250mg-1g)• Usedaslaxative,purgative
39 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FRUCTUS RHAMNI CATHARTICAE Akdiken Meyvesi, Buckthorn Fruit (TK) • MaturefruitsofRhamnuscathartica(Rhamnaceae)• Fruitsarein6-8mmdiameter,drupa,collectedinSeptember-October
• GrowsinSouthEurope,NorthAfrica,Mediterranean• InTurkey;Abant,Trabzon
40 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FRUCTUS RHAMNI CATHARTICAE AKDİKEN MEYVESİ (TK) • Anthraceneamountà0.7-1.4%• Anthracenesmainlyfoundinseeds,lessinpulp• -Emodin• -Franguloside(Emodin6-O-rhamnoside)• -Emodin-anthranolglycoside
41 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FRUCTUS RHAMNI CATHARTICAE AKDİKEN MEYVESİ (TK) • FlavonoidsarefoundinPulp• Flavonolderivatives:• KaempferolandQuercetinderivatives
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Kaempferol Quercetin
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FRUCTUS RHAMNI CATHARTICAE AKDİKEN MEYVESİ (TK) • CatharticosideàMethyletherofkaempherol
• Fruitjuice(doesn’tcontainAnthracene)----diureticduetoFlavonols• Fruit-----actsaslaxative,purgative;usedinveterinary
43 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
Rhamnus petiolaris, Buckthorn, Boyacı Dikeni, Cehri • GrowsinTurkey;Exported• FruitsoftheplantgrowinginKaysericonsistsof4%fixedoiland0.08-0.15%freeanthracenes
44 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
• Barks:• -Freeanthraquinones0.12%• Emodin,PhysicionFiskiyon,chrysophanol• -Heterozit%0.9• Emodol,physcion,krizofanolglycosides
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Rhamnus petiolaris, Buckthorn, Boyacı Dikeni, Cehri
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
• Fruitswasonceusedaspurgative,notanymore• Containsayellowcolouringcompoundàusedasyellowdyeforfabricsandoils
• Over20RhamnusspeciesaregrowinginAnatolia;fruitsandbarksofsomeofthesespeciesareusedaspurgative
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Rhamnus petiolaris, Boyacı Dikeni, Cehri
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) Sinameki Yaprağı, Senna leaves (Ph.E.) • DriedleavesofsomeCassia(Leguminosae/Fabaceae)species• GrowsinNorthAfrica,semi-desertandmountainsofArabia• Drugisobtainedfrom:• Cassiaangustifolia(Arabia)-------FoliaSennaetinnevelly(Tinnevellysenna)
• Cassiaacutifolia(TropicalAfrica)------FoliaSennaealexandrina(Alexandriansenna)
47 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.) • FoliaSennaeTinnevelly;• Leavesareof3-5cm,yellowish-green,glabrous• ThisdrugismarketinginTurkey• FoliaSennaeAlexandrina;• Leavesareof2-4cm,greyish-green,bothlayersarepubescent
48 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.) • Fruitsoftheseplantsarealsousedasdrug,namedasFructusSennae• FoliaSennae
49 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.) • Bothleavesandfruitscontainanthracenederivatives2-3%• -FreeAnthraquinones:• Rein(0.05-0.10%)• Chrysophanol,Emedin• -Glycosides:FoundinLeaves;• SennosideAandB---acidhydrolysis---SennidinAandB(Direinanthrone)+2molGl.
50 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.) • SennidinA------d• SennidinB-------opticallyinactive
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SennosideAandB(Direinanthrone
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.) • SennosideCandD---acidhydr.---SennidinCandD(Heterodianthrone----aloe-emodin+rein)+Gl+Gl
52 SennosideCandD(hetrodianthroneàaloe-emodin+rein)
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.) • Fruits;• SennosideAandB• GlucosennosideAandB(Primaryglycoside)
• Leavesalsocontainsakindofirritantresin• Leavescanbegetridofthisresinbywashedwith95°Ethanol(resinwillberemovedat¼ratio)
53 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.) • Resin----irritanttouterusvebladder• Fruitsmustbeusedafterremovaloftheirritantseeds• Drugisusedaslaxativeandpurgativeinformsofpowder,infusionorenema
54 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.) ENEMA:• F.Sennae------15g• Na2SO4--------15g• Water--------------500gINFUSION:• 5-10gsennaleaves+200mlboiledwateràwaitfor5’àfilteranddrink
55 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.) • SennosideAandB(10-40mg)----UsedasLaksative-Purgative• Cassiaalata,C.aphylla,C.fistulaveC.nigricansspeciesalsocanbeusedforthesamepurposes;especiallyC.fistulaisusedforchildrenasamild,pain-freepurgativeinformof5%infusion
56 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.)
PREPARATIONS• ROHA-LAX--------SennosideA(tablet,granule)• SENOKOT--------SennosideB• TİLAX-----F.Sennae+Fr.Coriandri+Fr.Anisi• +R.Liquiritiae• X-M-DİETSOLÜSYON---SennosideA+BCalcium(150mg)• Purgative------SennosideA+Bkalsiyum(300mg)
57 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FOLIA SENNAE (TK) SİNAMEKİ YAPRAĞI (Ph.E.) • X-M-SOLÜSYON-----SennosideA+Bkalsiyum• BEKUNİS----Sennoside• AGİOLAX(Granül)----PlantagoovataseedsPlantagoovataseedcoatSinamekifruit• KARBOSEPTİN(Tablet)-----CarboLigniSoufredepuratumSennayaprağıRh.RheiextractFenolftalein
58 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FRUCTUS CASSIAE FISTULAE
• MaturefruitsofCassiafistula• Indiaandtropicalregions• Pulpofthefruitisusedasdrug
59 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
FRUCTUS CASSIAE FISTULAE
• Pulp;• Pectin,musilageandsugarsà50%• 1-3%àAnthracenederivatives• AmongfreeanthracenesREINisthemostabundant• SENNOSIDEAandB• Laxativein5-10gdoses
60 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ALOE (TF) SARISABIR
• Aloeisajuice,obtainedfromleavesofvariousAloe(Liliaceae)species.
• Aloeferox(A.lucida)-----SouthAfrica• Dentateleaves,flowersarered• Aloevera(A.Barbadense=A.vulgaris)---NorthAfrica• Dentateleaves,flowersareyellow
61 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ALOE (TF) SARISABIR
v Aloeferox-Aloelucida(CapeAloes):v Thejuiceisconcentratedbyboiling.Greenish-yellowcolouredØ Aloevera-Aloehepatica(CuracaoAloes/BarbadaAloes):Ø Thejuiceiscself-oncentrated;darkcoloured,opaque
62 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ALOE (TF) SARISABIR
• Anthrasenosides15-30%• ALOIN(=Barbaloin)(BarbadaAloesà15-30%),(CapeAloesà15-20%)
63 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ALOE (TF) SARISABIR
• ALOIN(Aloe-emodinC-glycoside)----oxidanthydrolysisbyNaperiodateorFeCl3àAloe-emodin+Gl.
• FreeAnthraquinones0.05-0.5%• Aloe-emodin
64 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ALOE (TF) SARISABIR
• Resin10-20%(Anthracenepolymer)
• Resinisirritantforuterus.Notusedinpregnantsandhemorrhoidpatients
• Purgativeàactsonlargebowel• Piluleform100mgdoses----laxative200-500mgdoses---purgative
65 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ARAROBA, Goa Powder, Goa Tozu
• Andiraararoba(Fabaceae)• AtreefromBrasilianforests• Yellowpowderfoundinschizolysigenoussecretorypockets• Anthrone,AnthranolandrelatedcompoundsàChrysarobin• DrugàEvaporatedhotbenzeneextractofpowder
66 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
ARAROBA, Goa Powder, Goa Tozu
• Antisepticandantiparasitic.• Usage;skindisordersespeciallypsoriasis
67 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RADIX RUBIAE, BOYACI KÖKÜ
• Rubiatinctorium(Rubiaceae)commonmadder,dyer’smadder• Driedundergroundparts• SouthwestEurope• Adyeobtainedfromtheroots---knownas”EdirneKırmızısı”or“TürkKırmızısı”
68 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RADIX RUBIAE, BOYACI KÖKÜ
• ColouringcompoundsàAnthraquinoneswhichcontain-OHgroupsin1stand2ndpositions
• Thesecompounds:• Alizarin----1,2dihydroxyanthraquinone
69 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RADIX RUBIAE, BOYACI KÖKÜ
• Purpurin---1,2,4trihydroxyanthraquinone
70 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
RADIX RUBIAE, BOYACI KÖKÜ
• Ruberythricacid---alizaringlycoside(alizarin+Gl+xyl)
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RuberythricacidDoç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
COCCIONELLA, Cochineal
• Driedfemaleinsect,Coccuscacti(Coccidae)• TheyareespeciallyfoundonacactusnamedOpuntiacoccinelifera(Cactaceae);inMexicoandPeruregions
• Insectsarebrushedfromplants;insectsarekilledbywatervapor,ethervapororsulphurfumes;driedundersunlightorinovenat400C
72 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
COCCIONELLA
• Insectscontain10%carminicacid
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Carminicacid
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
HERBA HYPERICI, St. John’s Wort, Sarı Kantaron • FloweredbranchesofHypericumperforatum(Hypericaceae)taze• AEuropeanplant• WidelydistributedinTurkey• Leavesarecoatedwithmanyglandularhairs;whentheleavesareheldinthelightoildropletsareseenasbrightspots.
74 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
HERBA HYPERICI, SARI KANTARON
• -DIANTHRONstructuredcompounds:• Hypericines• Hypericine----hexahydroxydimethylnaftadianthrone• İsohypericine• Pseudohypericine• Protohypericine
75 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
HERBA HYPERICI, SARI KANTARON
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Hypericine(emodindianthrone)
Isohypericine(emodindianthrone)
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
HERBA HYPERICI, SARI KANTARON
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Protohypericine(emodindianthrone)
Pseudohypericine(emodindianthrone)
Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
HERBA HYPERICI, SARI KANTARON
• Hypericineisnotpurgative• Usedinfatigueandmentaldepressionastonicandstimulant.• ItisaPhotosensitivecompound
78 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
HERBA HYPERICI, SARI KANTARON
St. John’s wort oil (Kantaron yağı)• Floweredbranchesareallowedtostandinoliveoilfor15days;filteredandused.
• Traditionallyusedinwoundhealing• EssentialoilofH.perforatum----antihelmentic
79 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
HERBA HYPERICI, SARI KANTARON
• Thereareabout70HypericumspeciesgrowinginTurkeyØ Speciesusedtraditionally:• H.calycinum• H.empetrifolium• H.tetrapterum• H.triquetrifolium• H.scabrum(Yozgat)• H.heterophyllum(Ankara)
80 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem
HERBA HYPERICI, SARI KANTARON
• GermanComissionArecommendsforanxiety,depressivemoods,skininflammations,woundandburns
• Standardizedextractofthedrugisusedin300mgdosesfordepression3timesinaday.
81 Doç.Dr.SinemAslanErdem