Anna Karenina Principle
As applied to Learning Objects
Anna Karenina Principle
As applied to Learning Objects
"Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way."
Effective learning objects are all alike;
every ineffective learning object is ineffective in its own way.
How didHow didstandardstandardssdevelop?develop?
Learning Object: Example
• Content
• Pedagogical purpose; to augment learning about:
1. Russian Literature2. 19th Century Russia3. Women’s Studies4. Leo Tolstoy5. Film Studies6. Cinematic Theory7. Acting
METADATA : early exampleMETADATA : early example
Tolstoy, Leo
Anna Karenina
Russian translation.
Anything Anything digital
Anything for Learning
Specific learning environment
Asset Content object Educational Object RLO
Component Information object Learning object Unit of Learning
Learning resource Knowledge object Unit of Study
Media object
Raw media element
RIO
Anything & Everything
Anything digital
Anything for Learning
AssetComponentLearning Resource
Content objectInformation objectKnowledge objectMedia objectRaw media elementRIO
Educational objectLearning object
RLOUnit of learning
Unit of study
Specific Learning Environment
Doorten, 2003Quinn 2000
Anything for Learning
Digital only
Generic &specificuse
Learning specific only
Digital & Non-Digital
Anything DigitalWiley 2000
Downes 2003Friesen 2001IEEEAnything & Everything
Digital for EducationAllyDunning 2002Koper 2003Polsani 2003Sosteric & Hesemeier 2003
Specific ContextAlberta Learning Cisco SystemsKoper 2001Rehak 2002Sloep 2003Wieseler 1999
text booksinstructors
CoursewareE-textsE-video
tissue paperbrickpeople
MP3 filetextvideo
Anything & Everything
Stated EducationalPurpose
Anything Digital
Specific Educational PurposeAlberta Learning 2002Cisco Systems 2001Koper & vanEs 2003Rehak 2003Sloep 2003
Downes 2003Friesen 2003
Wiley 2000
Dunning 2002Koper 2003Wieseler 1999Sosteric & Hesemeier 2002Polsani 2003
Anything for LearningDoorten et al, 2003Quinn 2000IEEE
A Practical Definition any reusable digital
resource that is encapsulated in a lesson or assemblage of lessons grouped in units, modules, courses, and even programmes
a piece of instruction, normally including a learning purpose or purposes
Lesson
Learning objectsLearning objects
LessonLesson
ModulModulee
ComponeComponentnt
CourseCourse
ProgrammProgrammeeCourseCourse
Learning object metaphorsLearning object metaphors
Modular
Modular
Canadian Core Fields and Canadian Core Fields and VocabularyVocabulary
• More than an application profileMore than an application profile
• For “implementation” & record For “implementation” & record creationcreation• an interpretation & simplification ofan interpretation & simplification of ALL 76 elements of the IEEE LOMALL 76 elements of the IEEE LOM • FULL compatibility with IMS & LOMFULL compatibility with IMS & LOM
CanCorCanCoree
http://www.cancore.cahttp://www.cancore.ca
Standards CAN be implemented with Standards CAN be implemented with different vocabulariesdifferent vocabularies
CanCorCanCoree
http://www.cancore.cahttp://www.cancore.ca
BUTBUTSHOULD they?SHOULD they?
International Metadata International Metadata Standard for Learning Standard for Learning ObjectsObjectsIEEE LOM P1484.12/IMSIEEE LOM P1484.12/IMS
Expressed through > XML/SGMLExpressed through > XML/SGML
ARIADNE/SCORMARIADNE/SCORM
Dublin CoreDublin Core CanCorCanCoree
“To be domesticated a species must possess many different characteristics. Lack of any single required characteristic dooms efforts at domestication” - Jared Diamond
To be useful a learning object must possess many different characteristics. Lack of any single required characteristic dooms efforts at usability