1. Manysimilari-estohighervertebratesandinman.
2. Easeofmanipula-on
3. Inexpensive4. Availability
AnatomicalTerms
Terms for Direction and Orientation
Cephalic
‐ Cranial;referstothehead
‐ oppositeofcaudal
Caudal - tail or tail-like
structures - opposite of cephalic
or cranial
Dorsal - refers to the back or
upper surface - opposite of ventral
Ventral - pertaining to the belly - lower side or surface
opposite the back - opposite of dorsal
Lateral
‐ referstothesideofthebody
Medial‐referstoaposi-onnearthemiddleormidline.median‐referstoastructureorsec-oninthemiddleormidline
Proximal - nearest to the centre;to
the midline, or to the point of attachment
- opposite of distal Distal - farthest from the
centre, from the midline or from the point of attachment
- opposite of proximal
PlanesofSec6on
Planes -imaginary surfaces dividing the body into
different regions
Frontal plane - is a horizontal plane
through the longitudinal axis, dividing the body into dorsal and ventral portions
- for a quadrupedal animal, this plane usually parallel to the ground (unless the animal is lying on its side)
- also called “coronal plane”
Sagittal plane - vertical plane through
the longitudinal axis dividing the body into left and right portions
- also called “median plane”
- If the animal is bisected straight down the midline, the section is called a "midsagittal" section
Transverseplane
‐ planeperpendiculartothelongitudinalaxis
‐ dividesthebodycrosswiseintocranial
‐ alsocalleda"crosssec-on".
Symmetry - refers to the repetition of
parts so that equal halves are produced by dividing along a plane or axis
a. Bilateral symmetry - only one plane can divide
the body into equal and identical halves
b. Radial symmetry - similar parts are arranged
around a central axis - more than one median
plane can divide the body into equal halves
c. Asymmetrical - without symmetry - no plane can divide the
body into equal or identical halves
ex. snail
Phylum:ChordataSubphylum:VertebrataClass:AmphibiaOrder:AnuraorSalientaFamily:Ranidae‐soN,non‐poisonous,slimyskinRanaviQgera(ricefieldfrog)Ranamagna(bullfrog)
External Features of the frog:
2 Regions: 1. Axial Region - head and trunk 2. Appendicular Region - forelimbs and hindlimbs
AXIAL REGION Head: snout - flattened triangular border external nares/ nostrils eyelids (upper and lower) nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid) - outgrowth of the lower eyelid tympanic membrane - circular area of thin
membrane - columella
Trunk
Hump - dorsal elevated region
of the trunk
APPENDICULARREGIONForelimbs(Anterior
extremity)‐threesubdivisions:1.upperarm2.forearm3.manus/handHindlimbs(Posterior
extremity)‐threeparts1.thigh2.shank3.pes/foot
How to differentiate male and female frog: 1. Male is smaller with dark pigmented area
at the ventral side of the head
2. Thumb is swollen in male (during breeding season)
- nuptial pad
3. Male frogs have vocal sac
Buccal Cavity (Mouth Cavity) Orbits or eyesockets - pair of rounded prominences Internal or posterior nares - pair of rounded openings anterior to
the orbits Vomersb - bony prominences between the
nares - vomerine teeth Maxillary teeth - fine saw like teeth - for holding the prey Sulcus marginalis - marginal groove internal to
maxillary teeth - receives the lower jaw
Median subrostral fossa - Depression in the sulcus
marginalis - Located at the tip of
upper jaw Pulvinar rostrale - low elevation at the side
of the median subrostral fossa
Lateral subrostral fossa - depressions on each
sideof the pulvinar rostrale
Eustachian tube - located near the angles of the jaw (posterior part) - equalize pressure in the tympanic
membrane Vocal sac - pair of openings behind the
eustachian tube - present only in male frog Tuberculum prelinguale - located at the tip of the lower jaw - fits into the median subrostral
fossa Prelingual fossa - depressions on either side of
tuberculum prelinguale
Glottis - narrow slit of laryngeal
prominence - leads into the lungs - cricoid and arytenoid
cartilages Esophagus (gullet) - leads to the stomach Tongue - flattened, bilobed