The CurriculumAn Introduction
CURRICULUM
• A prescribed course.
• Offered in all schools.
• Present and designed differently for all student levels.
BASIC CONTENT
General Courses
Specific Courses
Degree or Certification
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY VS. HIGHER EDUCATION
Primary and Secondary
Education
Higher Education
TYPES OF CURRICULUM
1. Traditional Curriculum
• Text-book-Workbook approach.
• Focuses on grades.
TYPES OF CURRICULUM
2. Thematic Unit Study
• Integrated study.
•More focused on academics based on the student’s interests.
TYPES OF CURRICULUM
3. Programmed
• Self-paced; based on the student’s desired pacing.
• Little direction from teachers or tutors.
TYPES OF CURRICULUM
4. Classical
• This coincides with the child’s cognitive development.
• Involves the TRIVIUM of learning.
TRIVIUM OF LEARNING
Grammar Stage
Dialectic Stage
Rhetoric Stage
TYPES OF CLASSROOM CURRICULUM
1. Written Curriculum
• Published part of formal education.• Includes the following:
a. Objectives b. Course guidesc. Lesson plans and course material
d. grading criteria
TYPES OF CLASSROOM CURRICULUM
2. Hidden Curriculumm
• Based on norms and values of the educational institute.
• Gives prioritize to certain subjects.
TYPES OF CLASSROOM CURRICULUM
3. Null curriculum
• Material and subjects not taught in the class.
TYPES OF CLASSROOM CURRICULUM
4. Tested curriculum
• Body information on which students will be tested.
TYPES OF CLASSROOM CURRICULUM
5. Electronic curriculum
• Internet-based• Focused on critical thinking
CURRICULUM VS. SYLLABUS
• Guideline or outline.• Given upon request.• Break down of ideas.
• Suggested presentation.• Measure of effectiveness.
• Designed by school.
curriculum
• Descriptive course list. • Given during class.• Overview of class.
• Made and designed by teachers.syllabus
CURRICULUM PLANNING
•A process where a teacher builds a class curriculum through coordinating with school boards in order to achieve uniform goals.
CURRICULUM PLANNING
What is a curriculum plan?
• Helps with planning material. [Objective planning]
• Maintains uniformity.
• Mainly for Primary and Secondary levels.
PROCESS AND MAIN COMPONENTS
Planning is either basic or comprehensive.
1.Charts and Reports2.Subject schedules
3.Topics to be discussed4.Examinations, paperwork and
assessment.
MAIN COMPONENTS
FRAMING THE CONTEXT
Implementing the lessons
Evaluating learning
Monitoring progress
Planning the lessons
ASSESSMENT OF SUCCESS
•How students
cope
By Observation
• Complete discussionSecurity
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
•Method of which teaching organizations and training institutes guide learning.
•Both inside and outside the classroom.
FOUR ELEMENTS OF CURRICULUM DEV’T
Identification Planning
EvaluationPractical Application
ASPECTS OF CURRICULUM
• Programs of an educational institution.
• Majors, Concentrations, degree programs
• Faculty information.
Visible
• Welfare of the participants of the curriculum.
• Student-centered/focused.
Invisible
LEVELS OF CURRICULUM
The Visible Aspect• Academic• Extra-curriculum
The Invisible Aspect• Sub-curriculum• Intra-curriculum• Meta-curriculum
LEVELS OF CURRICULUM
1. Academic Curriculum• Courses and subjects.
2. Extra-curriculum• Amplifier of the academic curriculum.
LEVELS OF CURRICULUM
1. Sub-curricular• Physical and emotional state of the
student.
2. Intra-curriculum• Bias of certain aspects of a person’s
being.
LEVELS OF CURRICULUM
1. Sub-curricular• Physical and emotional state of the
student.
2. Intra-curriculum• Bias of certain aspects of a person’s
being.
LEVELS OF CURRICULUM
3. Meta-curriculum
• Funding, research quality, institutional and environmental
aspects. • Also includes the spiritual aspect of
the curriculum.
CURRICULUM DESIGN
Often designed
by specialists
and profession
als of different
expertise.
However adapted
by parents and
guardians who
homeschool their
children.
CURRICULUM DESIGN
Challenge and Enjoyment
Progression
Depth
CURRICULUM DESIGN
Personalization
Coherence
Relevance
CURRICULUM EVALUATION
• Determining the worth of an entire curriculum.
• Helps the policy-making bodies and administrators in making decisions.
• Reference for people involved in the school body.
TYPES OF EVALUATION
Diagnostic Evaluation
1. What needs to be improved?2. Making decisions on how to improve
them.
Formative Evaluation
1. Planning within the student body/personnel.
Summative Evaluation
1. Progress reports.2. Reporting of findings and
conclusions.
METHODS OF EVALUATION
1. External evaluation
•People from outside the school system with various expertise.
METHODS OF EVALUATION
Why is external evaluation needed?
1. Need for independence2. Span of control
3. Legal requirements4. Expertise of the people involved.
METHODS OF EVALUATION
1. Internal evaluation
•People from within the student body or institution.•Existing groups within the
system.
METHODS OF EVALUATION
Why is internal evaluation needed?
• For centralization and decentralization.
THE FOCUSES OF CURRICULUM EVALUATION
Curriculum development
Analysis of outcomes
Monetary resources
Analysis of teaching quality
Curriculum Design
REFERENCES:
• Smith, S.E. , Wallace, O. (September 11, 2012). What Is Curriculum Design? Retrieved from: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-curriculum-design.htm
• Ellis-Chistensen, T. , Wallace, O. (October 1, 2012). What is Curriculum? Retrieved from: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-curriculum.htm
• Faria, Allison , Wallace, O. (July 17, 2012). What is Curriculum Planning? Retrieved from: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-curriculum-planning.htm
• Curriculum (n.d.) , In Wikipedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum
REFERENCES:
• Vientiane, L. Building Capacities of Curriculum Specialists for Educational Reform [PDF Document] Retrieved from IBE UNESCO website
• http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/curriculum/Asia%20Networkpdf/vienrepor.pdf
• Primary School Curriculum. Retrieved. October 12, 2012• http://www.curriculumonline.ie/en/primary_school_curriculum/• What is Curriculum Development? Retrieved October 11, 2012• http://www.cglrc.cgiar.org/icraf/toolkit/What_is_curriculum_dev
elopment_.htm
• Principles for Curriculum Design• http://
www.educationscotland.gov.uk/thecurriculum/howisthecurriculumorganised/principles/index.asp