1
An FSO/FPSO Providers ViewAn FSO/FPSO Providers Viewonon
Station Keeping OptionsStation Keeping Options
FPSO Design Conference 2007FPSO Design Conference 2007
BeijingBeijing
March 2007March 2007
Poul Erik ChristiansenPoul Erik Christiansen
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Scope of PresentationScope of Presentation
Brief Introduction to MISCStation Keeping Optionswith Focus on South China Sea
Design Features and ConsiderationsCase Examples (Moored Options)Operational Feed BackDynamically PositioningCAPEX and OPEX EconomicsKey Findings / Conclusions
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Who is MISC ?
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MISC’s Fleets
Description Current Average Contracted/ Totalas at Feb 07 Age (yrs) New builds
• LNG CARRIERS 21 10.0 8 29
• PETROLEUM TANKERS 49 55- VLCCs 7 1.6 5- Aframax Crude Tankers 37 7.5 1- Panamax Crude Tankers 1 5.0 -
• CHEMICAL TANKERS 18 9.9 - 18
• BULK CARRIERS 2 3.5 - 2
• CONTAINERSHIPS 20 8.0 2 22
• FPSO / FSO 5 1 3 8
Total 112 7.7 19 131
Pool of Tankers (>50 tankers) for potential Conversion
to FSO / FPSO’s
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Business Set-upManagement ApprovalVision & Mission SettingTeam Formation
FSO Caspian Sea FPSO B.Kertas
Capability BuildingCorporate AlignmentOrganisational BuildingDevelop Partnership
FSO AngsiFPSO KikehFSO CendorFPSO BaramFSO Abu Cluster
Yr 2002 to 2004 Yr 2005 to 2008
Resilient & Capability Building
Development of MISC OBU
Regional/International MarketingLeverage with International BusinessNiche-Technology/CapabilityConsortium/PartnershipLocal Shallow/DeepwaterRegional DeepwaterSouth Africa/America Deepwater
Growth
Yr 2008 onwards
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MISC FPSO/FSOs in Malaysia PSC’sCan San
Island
Vietnam
Malaysia
Indonesia
PhilippinesThailand
Myanmar
Cambodia
Laos
SouthChina Sea
AndamanSea
Hindi Ocean
Singapore
Kuala Lumpur
Hanoi
Brunei
KualaTerengganu
KenyirDam
Kerteh
KotaBharu
Ipoh
Taiping
Alor Setar
Satun
Pattani
Narathiwat
Songkhla
Thale LuangLake
Noi Lake
GeorgeTown
P. Redang
P. Perhentian
P. Bidong
PM-303(Shell)
PM-306(Carigali)
PM-307(Carigali)
PM-311(Murphy)
PM-302(Mutiara)
PM-301(Mutiara)
A18 (CTOC)C19 (CPOC)
B17(CPOC)
PM-312(Murphy)
PM-309(Open)
PM-8 PSC(Open)
PM-12(Carigali)
BONGKOT
TAPI
MALISENJA
TON SAK
MORAGOT
MUDA
AMARITJENGKA
BUMISURYA
ULARGAJAH
BULAN
B’GADING
DAMARLAWIT
BINTANG
NORING
KUDA
BEDONG
JERNEH
SEPAT
INASTUJOH
DULANG
RESAK
MERANTI
SEMANGKOK
KETUMBARIRONG
TEMBIKAI
CENDOR
NW. BESAR
BUNDI
LARUT
PIATU MESAH
LAHO
MELOR
BUJANG
TANGGA
BINDU
N. LUKUT
PENARAABU
BUBU
BELUMUT
PETAC’NGAT
LEREK
PANTAI
LANGATRAYA
SERUDONLABA B.
SEROKTELOK
TABUGUNTONG
PALAS
TAPISBEKOK
DUYONG
OPHIRLEDANG
SELIGI
ANOAPULAI
BESAR
ANGSI
S. ANGSISOTONG
DELAHMALONG
ANDING
37
38
44
45
Ca Mau
39 34
28
30
24
23
22
Block B & 48/95(UNOCAL)Block 52/97
(UNOCAL)0 25 50
K i l o m e t e r s
B. KEKWA
B. RAYA
B. ORKID
B. PAKMAB. DAHLIA
B. TERATAI
PeninsularMalaysia
Thailand
Vietnam
TALISMAN
SHELL
CARIGALI
CS MUTIARA
AMERADA HESS
EMEPMI
CPOC
CTOC
UNOCAL
MURPHY
Blocks Offered
Open Areas
Oil Field
Gas Field
Gas/Condensate Field
Non-producing Oil Fields
Non-producing Gas Fields
Non-producingGas/Condensate FiledsOil Pipeline
Gas Pipeline
Condensate Pipeline
LEGEND
PM-304(Open)
PM-5 PSC(Open)
Ho Chi Minh City
FSO Caspian SeaFSO Caspian Sea
FSO Angsi
FPSOArmada Perkasa
FSO Caspian Sea
FSO Cendor
FPSO B.Kertas
FPSO Kikeh
FSO Abu Cluster
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Heavy Engineering Yard• Topside Fabrication• Ship and Offshore Structures• Conversion & Ship Repair
Corporate Organisation
OTHER SUBSIDIARIES
FSO/FPSO Operations• Facility Ops & Mgnmnt• Logistics• Marine Operations
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Scope of PresentationScope of Presentation
Brief Introduction to MISCStation Keeping Optionswith Focus on South China Sea
Design Features and ConsiderationsCase Examples (Moored Options)Operational Feed BackDynamically PositioningCAPEX and OPEX EconomicsKey Findings / Conclusions
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Station Keeping Overview
Spread MooringTurret MooringDynamically Positioning
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Spread MooringGenerally used on floating production systems in milder environments.
The spread mooring performs two main functions
Maintains vessel on station through multiple mooring lines directly connected to the vessel at both the stern and the bow of the vessel.
The floating production system heading has to be optimised by mooring the vessel facing the most heavily loaded environmental direction.
Station Keeping Overview
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Turret MooringWeathervaning mooring systems are a common choice for ship based floating production systems in moderate to harsh environments.
The turret mooring performs four main functions
Maintains vessel on station through multiple mooring lines which come together at a single point, the turntable.
Allows weathervaning or rotation of the vessel to adopt to the optimum orientation in response to environmental conditions.
Incoming fluid transfer from the risers to the process plant / storage tanks and gas/water export via a swivel path system
Provides transfer of electrical, hydraulic and other control signals.
Station Keeping Overview
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Thruster Based Dynamically PositioningSole source of station keeping or used to assist a catenary mooringsystem
The DP Thrust System provide thrust to keep equilibrium with external forces of:
CurrentWavesWindOther external forces e.g. from risers or export tanker
The DP system consists of the following main sub-systemsThruster system (typically four to six thrusters)Power generation systemControl systemSensors, a position reference system
Main applications of DP station keeping to date is for deepwaterDrill Ships and Drilling Semis
Station Keeping Overview
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Station Keeping Design Considerations
Establish representative and accurate environmental conditions:
For Spread Mooring particular directionality data For Turret Mooring or DP systems (weather vaning) particular co-linearity of wind, wave and current
Determine vessel motions with high accuracySelect a mooring system with sufficient compliancy to not overload mooring lines, while maintaining vessel excursions within allowable limits of riser systemEvaluate the interface with supply boat operations and export tanker berthing to maximise operability
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First & Second Order MotionsFPSO Surge Motion Time History
-30-20-10
0102030
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
Time History (sec)
Surg
e M
otio
n (m
)
FPSO Wave Frequency Surge Motion Time History
-30-20-10
0102030
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
Time History (sec)
Surg
e M
otio
n(m
)
FPSO Low Frequency (Second Order) Surge Motion Time History
-30-20-10
0102030
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
Time (sec)
Surg
e M
otio
n (m
)
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Motion Sensitivity to Wave Height
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Significant Wave Height Hs (m)
Vess
el E
xcur
sion
(m)
Wave FrequencyMotion
Low Frequency Motion
Total Excursion
10% Increase in Wave Height ≈ 19% Increase in Excursion
Excursion @ 6.50m Hs = 28.08 mExcursion @ 7.15m Hs = 33.44 m
(33.44 - 28.08)/(28.08) = 0.19 = 19%
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Mooring Line Loading
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Vessel Excursion (m)
Line
Ten
sion
(kN
)
10% Increase in Wave Height ≈ 37% Increase in Line Load
Line load @ 6.50m Hs = 2600 kNLine load @ 7.15m Hs = 3550 kN
(3550-2600)/(2600) = 0.37 = 37%
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Typical South China Sea Survival Environmental Data
0.460.690.820.650.220.680.870.83Associated surface current (m/sec)
12.420.520.717.34.719.026.022.61 min Associated Wind Speed (m/sec)
10.517.417.514.64.016.122.119.21 hour Associated Wind Speed (m/sec)
8.68.88.68.67.88.410.09.5Associated Period, Tmax (sec)
5.76.15.55.53.45.111.48.9Max Wave Height, Hmax (m)
6.46.56.36.35.56.27.87.2Mean Zero Crossing Period, Tz (sec)
8.68.78.58.57.78.49.99.4Peak Period, Tp (Sec)
3.13.43.03.01.82.86.45.0Significant Wave Height, Hs (m)
NWWSWSSEENEN
100 Year Return Period Extreme Survival Environmental Data
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0.380.560.680.540.190.550.700.69Associated surface current (m/sec)
9.415.515.713.13.614.419.717.11 min Associated Wind Speed (m/sec)
7.913.113.311.13.012.216.714.51 hour Associated Wind Speed (m/sec)
8.18.28.08.07.37.99.38.9Associated Period, Tmax (sec)
4.14.44.04.02.53.78.36.5Max Wave Height, Hmax (m)
5.85.95.85.85.05.67.16.6Mean Zero Crossing Period, Tz (sec)
8.08.28.08.07.27.99.38.8Peak Period, Tp (Sec)
2.32.42.22.21.32.04.63.6Significant Wave Height, Hs (m)
NWWSWSSEENEN
1 Year Return Period Operating Environmental Data
Typical South China Sea Operating Environmental Data
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Scope of PresentationScope of Presentation
Brief Introduction to MISCStation Keeping Optionswith Focus on South China Sea
Design Features and ConsiderationsCase Examples (Moored Options)Operational Feed BackDynamically PositioningCAPEX and OPEX EconomicsKey Findings / Conclusions
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Case Example 1 – Angsi FSO
Spread Moored FSO Bridge Linked to MOAB Platform
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Case Example 1 – Angsi FSODescription
475,000 BBL Storage FSO (Panama Max)
15 year design life
PM305 South Angsi Field - Malaysia
Key FeaturesOrientation North-East / South - West
12 point Spread Mooring 92 mm Studless Chain• 6 Above water chain stoppers forward• 6 Underwater fairleads & deck mounted stoppers aft
2 Holdback Mooring Buoys for export tanker mooring
46m Personnel Transfer Bridge with +22/-6m stroke
3 x 6” Interconnecting Hoses• Crude Oil Import• Fuel Gas Import• Diesel Oil Export
Stern Offloading (floating hose with MBC & QCDC + hawser with QRH)
Project Highlights9 month conversion scheduleFist Oil August 200546 No of Off-TakesTotal 13.4 mill bbl exported
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Case Example 1 – Angsi FSO
Hold Back Mooring Buoy
Operational Experience
☺ Personal Transfer Bridge uptime 100%☺ FSO oil receiving uptime 100%☺ Underwater Stern Moorings proven to avoid
chafing of offloading hose and interferencewith boat operations
Berthing of export tankers proven to bedifficult during South-West monsoon period(weather approach FSO stern)
• Port closed for up to 13 daysLost production 190,000 bbl
• Parting of lines between export tankerand Hold Back Mooring Buoys
• Main Mooring Hawser breakage1 & sometimes 2 additional tug required forexport tanker berthing (against originally 2 support vessels planned)
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Case Example 2 – Cendor FSO
MOPU with Flexible Subsea Hose Export to Spread Moored FSO
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Case Example 2 – Cendor FSODescription
350,000 BBL Storage FSO (PanamaMax Size)
3-5 year design life
PM304 Cendor Field - Malaysia
Key FeaturesOrientation North - East / South - West
Asymmetric mooring system accommodates thehigher beam conditions from the NW.
10 point Spread Mooring 87 mm Studless Chain• Two (2) groups of three (3) portside.• Two (2) groups of two (2) starboard side.
1 Holdback mooring buoy for export hose mooring
1 x 6” Subsea Flexible Export Hose from MOPU to FSO
Bow & Stern Offloading (floating hose w MBC & hawserw QRH)
Project Highlights9 month conversion scheduleFirst Oil September 20065 No of Off-TakesTotal 1.4 mill bbl exported
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Case Example 2 – Cendor FSOOperational Experience☺ FSO oil receiving uptime 100%☺ FSO oil exporting uptime ≈100%☺ The FSO has the facility for offloading from
either the bow or the stern depending themonsoon direction (manifold to bow andstern, two (2) QRH systems, one (1) Hawserand one (1) Offloading hose). The option ofBow and Stern export tanker mooringproven to be very useful
Potential for chafing of offloading hose on
the mooring lines. Mooring buoy required tomoor the offloading hose from interferencewith mooring linesHawser and Hose needs to be transferred tothe favored end at short notice
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Case Example 3 – Bunga Kertas FPSO
Bow Turret Moored FPSO
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Case Example 3 – Bunga Kertas FPSODescription
30,000 bbl/d process train & 40mmscfd gasreinjection
619,000 BBL Storage (Aframax)
20 year design life
Penara & North Lukut Fields - Malaysia
Key FeaturesSubmerged Turret with 3x3 Mooring 95 mm StudlessChain with heavy section in touch down zone
Risers• 2 x 12” Oil Import from Wellhead Platforms• 2 x 6” Gas Lift/Re-injection to Wellhead Platforms
Stern Offloading (floating hose w. MBC & hawser w QRH)
Project Highlights14 month project scheduleFist Oil April 200429 No of Off-TakesTotal 7.8 mill bbl exported
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Case Example 3 – Bunga Kertas FPSOOperational Experience☺ FPSO uptime 99.8%☺ No downtime contributed to mooring
system arrangement
Leaking swivels in the turret resulted in lossof barrier fluid from annulus between main and secondary seal
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Operational StatisticsDaily Records
1
10
100
1000
Day
s (L
og S
cale
)
Days of operationPort Closure
Port Closure & Production Loss Downtime
0.00%1.00%2.00%3.00%4.00%5.00%6.00%
FSO Angsi(Spread M - SingleOfftake Station)
FSO Cendor(Spread M - Bow & Stern
Offtake Station)
FPSO Bunga Kertas(Turret Moored)
Port Closure DowntimeLost Production
Only 1 SW Monsoon Season in Ops Statistics
Only 4 month of Operational Data in Statistics
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Scope of PresentationScope of Presentation
Brief Introduction to MISCStation Keeping Optionswith Focus on South China Sea
Design Features and ConsiderationsCase Examples (Moored Options)Operational Feed BackDynamically PositioningCAPEX and OPEX EconomicsKey Findings / Conclusions
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Dynamically Postioned FPSOMISC Strategic Initiative – DPFPSO
Focus on making production from “stranded” oil reservoirs in South China Sea economical by extended well testing or full life of filed production
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THE DP FPSO CONCEPT
DP CONCEPT FOR EXTENDED WELL TESTING AND MARGINAL FIELD PRODUCTION
A 500,000 bbls storage vessel (PanamaMax) with production capability for 15,000 to 30,000 bbls/day based on “plug & play” modularized process facilityThruster system to maintain heading into the weather and station keeping in conditions up to 100 year return stormPower sharing between topside facility and DP system for extreme design conditionMinimum requirement equivalent to IMO Class 2 DP redundancy so no single fault in the active system will cause the system to fail.The FPSO riser system is disconnectable and provides transfer of product from the wellheads to the vessel.The cantilever riser platform allows the transfer of product fro the riser system to the vessel.Then export tanker moored at the stern is used for the transportation of the stabilisedcrude to the onshore refineries.
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Typical Environmental loading
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (m.tons)1 Year Loaded 54.0 269.11 23.20 346.31 35
100 Year Loaded 68.1 468.76 35.80 572.66 581 Year Ballast 54.0 286.33 19.20 359.53 37
100 Year Ballast 68.1 498.74 29.50 596.34 61180 deg180 deg
Load Case
Vessel Condition
Wave Wind Current Direction
Total Loading Fx
180 deg180 deg
Wind Fx
Current Fx
Vessel loadingWave
Fx
Fy
Fx
Panamax vessel size
180 deg
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DP System Components
Components of the DP system consists of the following main subsystems:
Thruster systemThe thruster system comprises 5 azimuthing variable pitch units with an anticipated capacity of 3-4 MW each.
Power generation systemThe power generation system consists of an adequate number and capacity of gas turbine generators with power sharing between topside and DP system.
Control systemThe control system consists of a computer system executing automatic thrust control to produce command output to the thruster.
SensorsA position reference system with at least two position reference sensors will be provided to indicate position data with adequate accuracy.
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Scope of PresentationScope of Presentation
Brief Introduction to MISCStation Keeping Optionswith Focus on South China Sea
Design Features and ConsiderationsCase Examples (Moored Options)Operational Feed BackDynamically PositioningCAPEX and OPEX EconomicsKey Findings / Conclusions
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Economics – Typical CAPEX
-
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Spread Moored Turret Moored(2 Risers)
DP Vessel(2 Risers)
Rel
ativ
e C
ost Offshore Installation
Shipyard WorkSupport SteelEquipment
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Typical OPEX Breakdown
Annual OPEX Costs Associated with Type of Station Keeping System Used
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
Spread MooredFSO Angsi
Spread MooredFSO Cendor
Turret MooredFPSO Bunga
Kertas
DP FPSO(Free Fuel)
DP FPSO(Diesel
Powered)
Facility
Anu
al O
PEX
Cos
t (U
SD)
Fuel Cost forStation Keeping
Export TankerDemurage
Line & Support Boatsincl Fuel
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Economics – Single Field Usage
Accumulated Costs Associated withType of Station Keeping System Used
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16Year
Tota
l Acc
umul
ated
Cos
t(U
SD M
ill)
Spread MooredFSO Angsi
Spread MooredFSO Cendor
Turret MooredFPSO Bunga Kertas
DP FPSO (Free Fuel)
DP FPSO (DieselPowered)
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Economics – Relocation Every 4 Years
Accumulated Costs Associated withType of Station Keeping System Used
020406080
100120140160180200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Year
Tota
l Acc
umul
ated
Cos
t (U
SD M
ill)
Spread MooredFSO AngsiSpread MooredFSO CendorTurret MooredFPSO Bunga KertasDP FPSO (Free Fuel)
DP FPSO (DieselPowered)
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Scope of PresentationScope of Presentation
Brief Introduction to MISCStation Keeping Optionswith Focus on South China Sea
Design Features and ConsiderationsCase Examples (Moored Options)Operational Feed BackDynamically PositioningCAPEX and OPEX EconomicsKey Findings / Conclusions
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Key Findings / ConclusionsSpread Mooring
Spread mooring is the most difficult system to design correctly and require very reliable environmental dataSpread Mooring Systems although cheaper CAPEX wise may be the most expensive solution for longer service livesThe economics of Spread Mooring System relies on effective technical solutions for managing the berthing, mooring and loading of the export tankers
Turret MooringTurret Moored Systems provide a robust solution for longer service lives
Dynamically PositioningDP Station Keeping is an attractive solution where multiple field use of the FSO/FPSO asset is considered, provided fuel (i.e. fuel gas) is freely available at no cost
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THANK YOU