Isomers Compounds that have the same molecular formula but have
different structural formulas and different names; isomers have
different chemical & physical properties
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Questions 1. Which compound is an isomer of pentane? 1. butane
3. methyl butane 2. propane 4. methyl propane 2. Which compounds
are isomers? 1. CH 3 OH and CH 3 CH 2 OH 3. CH 3 CH 2 CHO and CH 3
COCH 3 2. CH 4 and CCl 4 4. CH 3 CH 2 OH and CH 3 CH 2 COOH
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons hydrocarbons that contain one or more
benzene rings or closed chains in their structure
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Functional Groups (Table R) an atom or group of atoms that
replace hydrogen within a hydrocarbon and give the organic compound
unique characteristics/properties
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Halides (Halocarbons) when a HALOGEN (group 17 element such as
F, Cl, Br, I) replaces Hatom in an alkane state the location of the
halogen along the carbon chain on lowest # carbon
2-methyl-2-fluoroprpane
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Alcohols one or more of the Hs replaced by an OH (hydroxyl)
group Ends in ol state the location of the OH along the carbon
chain (using lowest # location!) alcohols are NOT BASES (ionic) are
NONELECTROLYTES and are polar & soluble in water
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Alcohols
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Ethers look for -O- bridging two hydrocarbon chains name two
branches off the O- then add ether to the end of the name if both
branches are the same use di (insert type of branch) ether
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Aldehydes carbonyl group (-C=O) found at END of hydrocarbon
chain -e at end of alkane is replaced by al
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Ketones carbonyl group (-C=O) located on an INTERIOR CARBON
atom (within the chain) -e at end of alkane replaced by one must
cite the location of the C=O in the carbon chain Very similar to
aldehydes BEWARE!
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Organic acids Carboxyl group found at terminal carbon
Hydrocarbon ending e replaced with oic then add acid as second word
in the name Generate H+ ions in solution ==> ELECTROLYTES
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Esters Contains connecting parent chain to branch hydrocarbon
chain containing is the parent chain replace the -e at the end of
the name with - oate. hydrocarbon chain single-bonded to oxygen is
the branch name as you would any other branch known by their strong
fragrant aromas (ex: wintergreen)
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Esters
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Amines N alone (w/ only Hs) seen within the carbon chain Amine
group can be a branch Number the carbon with the amine group, name
the parent chain, replace the -e at the end of the name with
-amine. Amine group can be within the carbon chain Name exactly the
same as you would an ether, except substitute the word amine for
ether. (See Table R)
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Amines
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Amides Contains group; can be at the terminal position or
connecting a parent chain to a branch Follows rules for ester when
the amide group is within the chain
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Amides
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Properties of Functional Groups Hydrocarbons with functional
groups have higher b.p. and m.p. than alkanes. Alcohols, acids,
ethers, aldehydes, and ketones are slightly polar; therefore, they
are slightly soluble in water.
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Organic Reactions Substitution: Replacement of one kind of atom
or group by another kind of atom or group Only happens in alkanes
Results in two products
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Organic Reactions Addition: Adding one or more atoms at a
double or triple bond Happens in alkenes and alkynes Results in one
product
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Organic Reactions Fermentation: Glucose is broken down into
ethanol and carbon dioxide by enzymes
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Organic Reactions Esterification: Acid and alcohol produce
ester and water
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Organic Reactions Saponification: Ester breaking up into acid
and alcohol Reverse esterification Produces fat Fat + strong base
soap + glycerol (ester) (salt of acid) (alcohol)
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Organic Reactions Combustion: Hydrocarbons react with O 2 (g)
to form CO 2 and H 2 O
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Organic Reactions Polymerization: Joining smaller molecules
(monomers) together to form one big molecule (polymer) Used in the
formation of plastics Amino acid + amino acid + amino acid protein
Monomer monomer monomer polymer
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Condensation Polymerization Monomers joining together by
dehydration synthesis (removing water)
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Addition Polymerization Monomers joining together by breaking a
double or triple bond to form a polymer
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Questions The reaction CH 2 CH 2 + H 2 -> CH 3 CH 3 is an
example of 1. substitution 2. addition 3. esterification 4.
fermentation
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Questions The products of the fermentation of sugar are ethanol
and 1.water 2.oxygen 3.carbon dioxide 4.sulfur dioxide
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Questions What type of reaction is CH 3 CH 3 + Cl 2 -> CH 3
CH 2 Cl + HCl? 1.an addition reaction 2.a substitution reaction 3.a
saponification reaction 4.an esterification reaction
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Questions What substance is made up of monomers joined together
in long chains? 1.ketone 2.protein 3.ester 4.acid