Step towards E-Governance through Enterprise Resource
Planning
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Introduction What is E-Governance? E-governance or electronic
governance is use of information and communication technologies
(ICTs) at various levels of public or private sector, for the
purpose of enhancing Governance. What is Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP). ERP is basically an ideology which integrates and
manages important parts of business. ERP software solution is a
business process management software that allows an organization to
use a system of integrated applications to manage the business
functions. Functions such as planning, purchasing, inventory,
sales, marketing, finance, human resources and also automate back
office functions.
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Purpose of Research This paper is intended to identify and
understand How E-Governance could be used to improve Governance of
Local Governments of Punjab-Pakistan? Further this paper will also
identify the current situation of Punjab and rank local Governments
through self-developed E - Government Index.
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Where our region is standing?
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1 st Phase: How much Local Governments are contributing to this
downward trend of Pakistans curve?
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E-Government Adoption Models ResearchersStage IStage IIStage
IIIStage IVStage VStage VI (United nations and American Society for
Public Administration, 2002) Emerging presenceEnhanced
presenceInteractive presenceTransactional presence; Seamless or
fully integrated presence (Deloitte & Touche, 2001) Information
publishing/ dissemination Official two-way transaction
Multi-purpose portalsPortal personalization Clustering of common
services; and Full integration and enterprise transaction (Hiller
& Belanger, 2001) CatalogueTransactionVertical
integrationHorizontal integration (Moon, 2002) Simple information
dissemination (one-way communication) Two-way communication
(request and response); Service and financial transaction; Vertical
and horizontal integration Political participation. (Baum &
Maio, 2000) Web presenceInteractionTransactionTransformation (Siau
& Long, 2004) Web
presenceInteractionTransactionTransformationE-democracy. (Deloitte
& Touche, 2001) Information publishing/ dissemination Official
two-way transaction Multi-purpose portalsPortal personalization
Clustering of common services Full integration and enterprise
transaction (Ronaghan, 2001) Emerging presence Enhanced presence
Interactive Transactional government Seamless (Wescott, 2001)
E-mail and internal network Enable interorganizational and public
access to information Two-way communication Exchange of
valueDigital democracyJoined-up government
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E-Government Adoption Model United Nations and American Society
for Public Administration, 2002 S No.StageFactors included in the
stage No PresenceNo Official website available Stage IEmerging
presence agency name, agency phone number, address, operating
hours, general frequently asked question Stage IIEnhanced presence
organizational news, publication, online policy (security, privacy)
Stage IIIInteractive presence officials e-mail, post comment
online, simple two-way communication, download organizations form
Stage IVTransactional presence;e-form, e-payment Stage V Fully
integrated presence Full integration across organization
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Description Weightage Total 10 Local Government Name0.1 Office
phone number0.5 Office Address0.2 Operating hours0.2 General
frequently asked questions0.5 Organizational news0.5
Publications0.5 Online policy (security privacy)0.5 Officials
e-mail0.5 Post comment online0.5 Two way communication1 Download
organizations forms0.5 E-forms0.5 E-payment0.5 Full integration
across organization2.5 Urdu Language version1 Modified Model
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Where our District Governments are standing?
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2 nd Phase: How E-Governance solutions will facilitate Local
bodies?
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Functions of Local Government vs ERP modules Position
Literature Reference DCO (Umble, et al., 2003), (Hawking, 2007),
(Sistech Systems, 2013), (Fitrix, 2013), (SAP, 2013) Agriculture
(Golemanov & Golemanova, 2004), (Cardwell, 2005), (Soltanzadeh
& Khoshsirat, 2012), (Hamann, et al., 2013), (GeoERP, 2013),
(FarmERP, 2013), (OpenERP, 2013), Community Development (Rashid, et
al., 2002), (Rashid, et al., 2002), (Shehab, et al., 2004) (Shehab,
et al., 2004), (Soja, 2006), (SMA Solutions, 2013), (Sifuna, 2013),
Education (Umble, et al., 2003), (ERP4Schools, 2013), (OpenERP,
2013), (SAP, 2013), (School Automation System, 2013), (Microsoft
Dynamics ERP, 2013), (Fitrix, 2013) Finance (Chorafas, 2001),
(Tilson, 2005), (Hawking, 2007), (Els Van Vossel & Fabien
Pinckaers, 2009), (Mulazzani, et al., 2009), (SAP, 2013), (Fitrix,
2013), Health (Rashid, et al., 2002), (Tilson, 2005). (Hawking,
2007), (Hasan, et al., 2009), (SAP, 2013), (Hawking, 2007),
(Fitrix, 2013), (School Automation System, 2013), (Ringling, et
al., n.d.) Municipal (Ramco Systems Ltd, 2013), (Sistech Systems,
2013) Revenue (Sistech Systems, 2013), (Patel, 2013) Works and
Services (Seik, 2000), (Hawking, 2007), (Adarsh, 2013), (DPK
Systems, 2013),
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Education department FunctionsHow ERP will assist in this
function?Literature refernce Grant of scholarship. Graphical form
of data will make decision making more easy (ERP4Schools, 2013)
Promotion of scientific research. Monitoring of district wise
scientific competition, Availability and usage of existing resource
could be traced. (OpenERP, 2013) Promotion of sports and
co-curricular activities. Calendar of events could be formulated
through event management system. (School Automation System, 2013)
Purchase of stores and capital goods for schools and
colleges.E-Procurement system will facilitate in this regard(Umble,
Haft, & Umble, 2003) Conducting of 5th to 8th class
examinations. Paper compilation and preparation through centralized
examination server throughout district (ERP4Schools, 2013)
Formulation of district education budget (development and non-
development), reconciliation of expenditure and audit matters. SAP
Financials provide solution for budget preparation(Microsoft
Dynamics ERP, 2013) Surprise inspections of educational
institutions. Hand held devices and online monitoring can
facilitate inspections and their record keeping. (School Automation
System, 2013) Development of district data base and its
up-dating.ERP has permanent solution(ERP4Schools, 2013) Periodic
and regular reporting to the Heads of Attached Departments and the
Administrative Departments. Flow of information to all levels will
be easy and Continuous monitoring is possible by biometric
attendance system (ERP4Schools, 2013)
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Critical success factors of ERP Implementation` Critical
Success FactorReferences Top management support Al-Mashari et al.
(2003); (Umble et al., 2003); Zhang et al. (2002) Business plan and
vision Loh and Koh (2004); Schwalbe, (2000); Somers and Nelson
(2004); Nah (2003) Re-engineering business process Davison (2002);
Hammer and Champy (2001); Somers and Nelson (2004); Nah (2003);
Murray and Coffin (2001) Effective project management Zhang et
al.,( 2002); Somers and Nelson (2004); Remus (2006); Loh and Koh,
(2004) Teamwork and composition Loh and Koh (2004); Al-Mashari et
al., (2006); Remus (2006); Nah (2003); Rosario (2000) ERP system
selection Wei and Wang (2004); Shehab et al., (2004); Everdingen et
al. (2000); Sprott (2000) User involvement Esteves et al., (2003);
Zhang el at (2002) Education and training Woo (2007); Nah et al.,
(2003); Zhang et al. (2002)
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International Experiences of E-Governance According to UN's
2012 e-Government Readiness Index, Korea is on top Korea is awarded
UN Public sector innovation award 2007 Special award from World
E-Government Forum 722 civil affair services can be applied online.
30 types of civil affair documents available online. Increase in
home tax collection from 39 % in 2003 to 84 % in 2007. Government
is receiving 40,000 suggestions annually. Visitors to e-welfare
portal are 560,000 per year, 18,000 average per day. Cost reduced
to 171.1 billion Won every year. Globally recognized procurement
system. Number of paper documents reduced by 2900 billion.
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International Experiences of E- Governance After reforms
suggested by ARC Indian Government has taken some serious steps
towards E-Governance. Portal of E-District Kerala is offering 43
online citizen centric services i.e. Residence certificate Water
bills Electricity bills Mobile phone bills Collection of various
fees for non-transport vehicles Life and Death certificates
etc.
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Impact of ERP solutions in public sector of UK
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Conclusion Issues like Human Resource management, revenue
collection, citizen centric services, finance system, transparency
and feedback management system could be addressed by ERP based
E-Governance (2 nd Phase of Punjab Urban Reforms Agenda). G2C, C2G
and G2G relationships can be established and citizens would be more
empowered through E-Governance. ERP will share and communicate the
collective vision from Town administration to Provisional
Government through digital hierarchy.
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Recommendations E-Governance is top-down implementation process
(Al-Khouri, 2011), there is a need of provincial IT architecture so
that district Government could be empowered to take measures for
development of ERP solutions. A comprehensive E-Governance plan is
needed for Local Government in all districts of Pakistan. Cloud
computing solution is recommended after complete e-security plan by
federal security agencies. Capacity building plans for Government
employee must account-for Global changes in technology.
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Recommendations As different Government bodies are taking steps
towards E-Government independently without any architecture from
center. A matter of serious concern is that it will create problem
for G2G coordination and one-stop shop portal (www.pakistan.gov.pk)
in future (Papadouka, et al., 2004). By simplest version of ERP
Jhang Model (Bhatti, 2009) can be implemented all over Pakistan.
Keeping in view the need of the hour Government has to focus on
long term planning for this. E-Governance is a rocket science and
Government has to hire IT consultants and Change Managers.