STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ON MALTA’S AQUACULTURE
STRATEGY
ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
Version 1: November 2012
i
Report Reference:
Adi Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd, 2012. Strategic
Environmental Assessment on Malta’s Aquaculture Strategy. Environmental
Report. San Gwann, November 2012; viii + 112pp + 1 Appendix.
THIS IS A DIGITAL COPY OF THE REPORT.
RESPECT THE ENVIRONMENT – KEEP IT DIGITAL
iii
This document has been prepared in accordance with the scope of Adi Associates’ appointment with its client and is subject to the terms of that appointment. It is addressed to and for the sole and
confidential use and reliance of Adi Associates’ client. Adi Associates accepts no liability for any use of this document other than by its client and only for the purposes for which it was
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permission of Adi Associates. Any advice, opinions, or recommendations within this document should be read and relied
upon only in the context of the document as a whole. The
contents of this document do not provide legal or tax advice or opinion.
© Adi Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd 2011
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MALTA
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Strategic Environmental Assessment on Malta’s Aquaculture Strategy
Environmental Report November 2012
Report for: Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs
Revision Schedule
Rev Date Details Written by: Checked by: Approved by:
00 Nov 2012 Submission to Client Krista Farrugia
Environmental Consultant
Rachel Xuereb Director
Adrian Mallia Director
File ref: G:\ADI\SEA\Aquaculture Strategy\Environmental report\Environmental report - Aquaculture Strategy
Nov 2012 for public consultation.docx
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CONTENTS
GLOSSARY .............................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 3
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS ............................................................ 3
Guidance ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT ................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER 2: An Aquaculture Strategy for Malta ................................ 6
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Production capacities and areas for aquaculture production............................................................ 7
Production capacity scenarios presented in the Strategy .................................................................. 8
THE SEA PROCESS .................................................................................................................................. 15
RELATION OF THE AQUACULTURE STRATEGY TO OTHER NATIONAL
DOCUMENTS & LEGISLATION .......................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 3: SEA METHODOLOGY .................................................. 18
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 18
DETERMINING THE SCOPE OF THE SEA ....................................................................................... 18
CONSULTATION .................................................................................................................................... 18
ASSESSMENT PROCESS ......................................................................................................................... 19
Link to Other Assessments .................................................................................................................... 19
ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ................................... 20
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 20
LIMITATIONS OF DATA ....................................................................................................................... 22
Emissions to Air and Climate Change .................................................................................................. 22
Emissions to air .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Climatic Factors ......................................................................................................................................... 23
BIODIVERSITY .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Protected areas and species ................................................................................................................... 25
Marine biodiversity ................................................................................................................................... 30
WATER & Marine Sedimemts ................................................................................................................ 47
Effect of Aquaculture Activities ............................................................................................................. 49
LANDSCAPE.............................................................................................................................................. 53
CULTURAL HERITAGE .......................................................................................................................... 54
HUMAN HEALTH .................................................................................................................................... 54
MATERIAL ASSETS AND POPULATION .......................................................................................... 55
Evolution of the Baseline without the Strategy .................................................................................. 60
Emissions to air and Climate Change ................................................................................................... 60
Biodiversity ................................................................................................................................................. 60
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Water quality & marine sediments ....................................................................................................... 61
Landscape .................................................................................................................................................... 62
Cultural Heritage....................................................................................................................................... 62
Human Health ............................................................................................................................................ 62
Material Assets and Population .............................................................................................................. 62
CHAPTER 5: SEA FRAMEWORK ........................................................ 64
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 64
SEA OBJECTIVES & INDICATORS ...................................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER 6: ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES ........................... 69
Alternatives assessment ........................................................................................................................... 71
Assessing significance................................................................................................................................ 71
Do-Nothing option ................................................................................................................................... 73
Production Capacity Scenario 1 ............................................................................................................ 73
Production Capacity Scenario 2 ............................................................................................................ 74
Production Capacity Scenario 3 ............................................................................................................ 74
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................ 75
CHAPTER 7: ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND
PROPOSED MITIGATION ............................................................. 86
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 86
Assessing significance................................................................................................................................ 86
Impact assessment .................................................................................................................................... 86
Summary of the assessment ................................................................................................................. 103
Cumulative & Synergistic Impacts....................................................................................................... 104
CHAPTER 8: RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 107
Preferred alternative ............................................................................................................................. 107
Improve sustainability of the sector ................................................................................................... 108
Improve site specific management ..................................................................................................... 108
CHAPTER 9: MONITORING REQUIREMENTS .............................. 109
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 109
Monitoring plan ....................................................................................................................................... 109
Other data sources ................................................................................................................................ 112
Conclusions & next steps ..................................................................................................................... 112
FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Existing and proposed aquaculture production sites ................................................... 17
Figure 4.1: Greenhouse gas emissions by sector: 1990 – 2010 ..................................................... 24
Figure 4.2: Designated areas .................................................................................................................. 26
Figure 4.3: Natura 2000 sites ................................................................................................................ 27
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Figure 4.4: Marine SACs of International Importance ..................................................................... 28
Figure 4.5: Percentage protection of local species of international importance: 2002-2005 .. 29
Figure 4.6: Distribution of Posidonia meadows ................................................................................ 34
Figure 4.7: Extent of the maerl bed ..................................................................................................... 35
Figure 4.8: State of commercial fish stocks in Mediterranean Sea up to 2005 .......................... 37
Figure 4.9: State of commercial fish stocks in Mediterranean Sea up from 2001 to 2009 ...... 38
Figure 4.10: Reported catch for the East Atlantic and Mediterranean from Task I data from
1950 to 2010 split by main geographic areas (top panel) and by gears (bottom panel)
together with unreported catch estimated by the Committee (using fishing capacity and
mean catch rates over the last decade) and TAC levels since 1999. .................................. 42
Figure 4.11: Aquaculture production in Malta, 2001-2009. Figures in thousands per tonnes 44
Figure 4.12: Annual production of Sea Bream and Sea Bass from Maltese farms, in thousands
of tonnes ............................................................................................................................................ 45
Figure 4.13: Classification of bathing water sites according to EU Bathing Water Quality
Directive ............................................................................................................................................ 48
Figure 4.14: Bathing water quality from 2005 to 2009 .................................................................... 49
Figure 4.15: Sources and fate of nutrients released from tuna penning ...................................... 53
Figure 4.16: Reported aquaculture production in Malta (from 1950) (Source: FAO Fishery
Statistic) ............................................................................................................................................. 57
Figure 6.1: Existing and proposed aquaculture production sites ................................................... 78
Figure 6.2: Marine uses around the Maltese Islands ......................................................................... 79
Figure 6.3: Proposed aquaculture production sites and marine uses ........................................... 80
Figure 6.4: Preferred location of the North Aquaculture Zone .................................................... 81
Figure 6.5: Production capacity scenario 1 ......................................................................................... 82
Figure 6.6: Production capacity scenario 2 ......................................................................................... 83
Figure 6.7: Production capacity scenario 3 ......................................................................................... 84
TABLES
Table 1.1: Key stages in the SEA process .............................................................................................. 4
Table 2.1: Potential production capacity under different site availability scenarios .................. 10
Table 4.1: Environmental baseline ........................................................................................................ 21
Table 4.2: Current status of marine species ...................................................................................... 25
Table 4.3: Key for column numbers listed in Figure 4.9.................................................................. 36
Table 4.4: Production (volume and value) of main cultured species (Source: MRAE, 2011) .. 56
Table 4.5 Fish Farming operations in Malta ........................................................................................ 58
Table 4.5: Production of sea bass, sea bream and tuna by aquaculture units (2006) ............... 59
Table 5.1: SEA Environmental Objectives & Criteria for Assessing Impacts .............................. 66
Table 6.1: Proposed areas for aquaculture and other known uses within these areas ............ 69
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GLOSSARY
AMAs Area Management Agreements
AZ Aquaculture Zone
AZE Allowable Zone of Effect
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
CCS Closed Cycle Species
CDDA Common Database of Designated Areas
CITES Convention of Endangered Species
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COGP Code of Good Practice
COP-15 15th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC
EC European Commission
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIONET European Environment Information and Observation
Network
EQS Environmental Quality Standard
EU European Union
FAB Fisheries and Aquaculture Branch
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FFRC Fish & Farming Regulation and Control division
FOP Fisheries Operational Programme
FTE Full-time equivalent jobs
GFCM General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean / General
Fishery Commission for the Mediterranean
GHG Greenhouse gas
GMO Genetically Modified Organism
GRDP Greening Regional Development Programme
GVA Gross Value Added
ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
InDAM Indicators for Sustainable Development of Aquaculture and
Guidelines for their use in the Mediterranean
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change
LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
MARC Malta Aquaculture Research Centre
MCAST Malta College for Arts, Science and Technology
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MEPA Malta Environment and Planning Authority
MOP-5 5th Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol
MRAE Ministry for Rural Affairs and the Environment
MRRA Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs
NAC National Aquaculture Centre
NOx Nitrogen oxides
NSO National Statistics Office
2
O3 Ozone
P2M P2M Company Limited
PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls
PDG Policy & Design Guidelines – Fish Farming
PPP Public Private Partnership
R&D Research and Development
RO Reverse Osmosis
SAC Special Area of Conservation
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
SHoCMed Project in support to the GFCM CAQ Working Group on
Site Selection and Carrying Capacity (WGSC)
SPA Special Protected Area
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
SSE Site Selection Exercise
UN United Nations
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
VNN Viral Nervous Necrosis
WSC Water Services Corporation
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1. This Environmental Report describes the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
in relation to an Aquaculture Strategy for Malta. The Strategy Report titled ‘An
Aquaculture Strategy for Malta: Preparatory study and recommendations prepared for the
Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs (March 2012)’ was prepared by the University
of Stirling (acting through its consultancy arm, Stirling Aquaculture) for the Malta
Aquaculture Research Centre (MARC) within the Ministry for Resources and Rural
Affairs (MRRA). This document will hereafter be referred to as “the Strategy”.
2. The Strategic Environmental Assessment Regulations 2010, which implement
European Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment, require that a SEA of a wide range of plans and
programmes is carried out prior to the implementation of the plan or programme.
The Strategy falls within the scope of the Regulations.
3. Adi Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd (hereafter referred to as “the
Consultants”) was awarded the contract to undertake the SEA of the Strategy.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS
4. The objective of the SEA Directive is to provide a high level of protection of the
environment and to contribute to the integration of environmental considerations
into the preparation and adoption of plans with a view to promoting sustainable
development. It is the process of evaluating the environmental impacts of any
proposed plan/programme likely to have significant effects on the environment. The
SEA process helps to inform the decision making process and the final
plan/programme with the aim of improving it and promoting sustainable
development. In addition, the SEA process aims to increase public involvement in
decision making at a strategic level.
5. A Scoping Report was prepared and issued for public consultation in July 2012.
Appendix 1 contains the Scoping Report.
6. This Environmental Report is based on the Scoping Report. Consultation meetings
during the formulation of the Scoping Report were undertaken with the Malta
Environment & Planning Authority (MEPA), the Environmental Health Directorate, and the Malta Resources Authority. A meeting with the Fisheries Department will
also be carried out.
7. Public consultation on the Strategy and the Environmental Report will be undertaken
by MRRA.
8. The five main steps required as part of the SEA process are summarised in Table
1.1 below.
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Table 1.1: Key stages in the SEA process
Stage in SEA
Process
Details of Process Required
Screening Screening is required to determine whether the proposed plan/programme
is likely to have significant environmental effects and whether an SEA is
required.
Scoping Scoping enables the coverage and level of detail of the Environmental
Report to be determined in conjunction with the statutory consultee/s; in
this case MEPA (Malta Environment and Planning Authority).
Environmental Report The Environmental Report details the anticipated environmental impacts of
the programme and any proposed amendments to the plan to mitigate its
effects. It must be consulted upon.
Adoption The Adoption Report details the results of consultation; how comments
have been incorporated into the programme; the final programme; and the
proposals for monitoring the environmental impacts of the programme.
Monitoring The Monitoring stage is undertaken during implementation of the
programme and serves to identify the level of monitoring required and,
should adverse impacts be identified, any remediation proposals.
Guidance
9. Draft guidance on SEA for Malta has not yet been published. The Environmental
Report therefore draws on other European Guidance, namely, the Greening Regional
Development Programme (GRDP) (2006) “Handbook on SEA for Cohesion Policy 2007-
2013”, the Commission’s “Implementation of Directive 2001/42 on the Assessment of the
Effects of Certain Plans and Programmes on the Environment” and the UK’s (2005) “A
Practical Guide to the Implementation of the SEA Directive”.
STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
10. The structure of the Environmental Report has been developed following
consideration of European Guidance and as described in the Scoping Report. The
Environmental Report structure is detailed below:
Non-technical summary;
Glossary of abbreviations;
Chapter 1 – Introduction (overview of the Strategy and its purpose; layout of
report);
Chapter 2 – Summary of the Strategy and its context (brief description of the
Strategy and related documents; links to other plans / programmes);
Chapter 3 – Methodology (identification of main options: approach taken, who
has been consulted, and when);
Chapter 4 – Baseline environmental information and trends (and limitations of
data) including evolution of baseline without the implementation of the Strategy;
5
Chapter 5 – SEA objectives and context (key environmental aspects, relevant
environmental objectives and criteria, and likely environmental implications
without the SEA);
Chapter 6 – Assessment of Alternatives including reasons for selecting
alternatives dealt with;
Chapter 7 – Assessment of environmental effects and proposed mitigation;
Chapter 8 – Recommendations; and
Chapter 9 – Monitoring requirements.
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CHAPTER 2: AN AQUACULTURE STRATEGY FOR
MALTA
INTRODUCTION
11. This chapter describes Malta’s Aquaculture Strategy and the framework within which
it was prepared. It also includes a summary of the contents of the Strategy and its
main components. The links of the Strategy to other plans, programmes, and
legislation are also provided.
12. The Strategy presents four strategic objectives and associated desired outcomes.
These are:
Improved regulation: Streamlined regulatory environment under one MRRA Directorate, with a clear policy on site locations, minimal conflict with other
users, and standard conditions for all operators.
Improved operation: Efficient, profitable farms operating according to the
principles of best management practice, complying with their operating consents,
causing no nuisance to other coastal users and with a positive public image.
Improved environmental monitoring: A system that recognises the link
between biomass and impacts, specifies limits to what constitutes adverse impact
(Environmental Quality Standard - EQS), over what area such impacts are
acceptable i.e., the Allowable Zone of Effect (AZE), and is proportionate, practical
and cost effective.
Better innovation: Facilities, funding and human resources to allow high quality
applied research for the benefit of all industry operators.
13. The Strategy includes:
An introduction identifying the objectives, scope and approach of the study;
The methodology applied;
The international context;
A description of baseline information on aquaculture in Malta;
A description of existing policies and regulations;
A summary and assessment of the issues that were raised during consultation
meetings; and
Conclusions and recommendations.
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PRODUCTION CAPACITIES AND AREAS FOR
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION
14. The Strategy identifies a number of production capacity scenarios and different sites
for aquaculture production. The sites and areas that are considered in the Strategy
are shown in Figure 2.1. It should be noted that during the SEA process, it was
noted that search area 1, representing the proposed site for the north Aquaculture
Zone has, since the development of the Strategy, been changed. Figure 2.1 purposely
reproduces search areas as presented in the Strategy for the scope of this chapter
(wherein the Strategy proposals are summarised). However, the new proposed area
is depicted in subsequent maps of this Environmental Report. The production
capacity scenarios that are described below make reference to the use of the
different sites.
15. The characteristics of each area are described briefly hereunder.
Area 1: This area is made of sites K, J, L, M and N1. Sites J and K are found in a
sheltered area and have sufficient depth for CCS. Site K overlaps with an area
harbouring Posidonia oceanica meadows, a bird rafting zone, a trawling zone and
part of the proposed wind farm. Site L is found in deeper water yet can still be
adequate for CCS. Site L overlaps a bunkering area and trawl zone. Sites M and
N are adequate for tuna penning due to the depths present; however, these two
sites overlap an area of maerl. This area is also located within a marine protected
area.
Area 2: This area already supports aquaculture units but the Strategy proposes
its extension. This area is located within a marine protected area.
Area 3: This area is located between the bunkering area to the north and the Armed Forces of Malta firing ranges to the south. Sites R and S are closer to the
shore and are found in an area with approximately 30-50m depth of water whilst
the outer sites (O-Q) are within the 50-80m depth range. The former are
suitable for CCS whilst the latter are suitable for tuna penning operations. This
area is located within a marine protected area. The area also overlaps an area of
maerl.
Area 4: This area is located north of St George’s Point outside the Armed Forces of Malta firing ranges in waters having depths ranging between 20 and
50m. The site is suitable for a CCS site. The site is in the vicinity of the
Madalena shoals. It too is located within a marine protected area.
1 Following a Site Selection Exercise carried out in 2011 for the location of a suitable aquaculture zone off the
north-east of Malta, a more suitable location was selected, and the preferred area currently under
consideration is different to the one illustrated in the Strategy (see Figure 6.4).
8
Area 5: Sites U and V are located in the area of the former sewage outfall off
Wied Ghammieq, Xghajra. The area has been subjected to heavy impact by the
discharge of raw sewage over several decades. It is also one of the few areas
with no Posidonia oceanica meadows or other sensitive habitats. The water depth
in this area ranges from 10m to 50m and was suggested for a CCS nursery.
Area 6: Site W is found off St Thomas Point and meets the CCS requirement
since it is found between 30 and 50m depth and is not overlapped by any
environmental designation. The site is located 1.1 km away from the residential
area of Marsaskala.
Area 7: This area is situated between Area 8 and the existing south east
aquaculture zone. Sites X and Z are found in waters having a depth of around 50 to 60m and are suitable for the CCS whilst sites Y and ZI are more suitable for
tuna penning. The site overlaps maerl beds at its southern end.
Area 8: This area already supports aquaculture units but the strategy proposes its extension. The inner sites that fall in the 50m depth and 1nm from coast would
be used for CCS whilst the outer G and H would be used for tuna penning. A
bunkering area overlaps this area.
Production capacity scenarios presented in the Strategy
16. Three production capacity scenarios2 are presented in the Strategy as alternative
options.
Production capacity 1
17. This option largely reflects the status quo (with a relatively small industry that is
susceptible to price fluctuations and with little scope for market expansion) and
permit conditions for existing sites, with no new areas allocated except for extension
of sites G and H (see Area 8 in Figure 2.1) to allow tuna penning to be moved
further offshore. In summary, this option considers the following:
No North Aquaculture Zone (AZ);
All existing sites retained;
Such sites used for CCS with exception of the SE Zone and AJD site E (see Area
2 in Figure 2.1);
CCS capacity for sites A, G and H based on original PDG guidelines of 500t/site;
2 The Strategy makes a distinction between production capacities and production targets. The SEA will assess
capacities as a worst case scenario.
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P2M sites unchanged3;
Nursery production at Marsaxlokk site I;
New outer site G for tuna penning 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA
4);
New outer site H for tuna penning 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA
4); and
Other tuna penning capacity as per current ICCAT permits.
18. The overall resulting capacity under option 1 is 2,500t CCS and 11,500t tuna.
Production capacity 2
19. This option is based on current policy intentions, for instance, to move existing cages
away from Comino to a new NE Aquaculture Zone, and move tuna production from
sites G and H (see Figure 2.1). In summary, this option includes the following:
North AZ approved;
Assumes Comino site is exchanged for 2,000t production in North AZ;
P2M sites unchanged;
Other existing sites used for CCS with exception of south east AZ and site E;
AJD site E retained for tuna penning operations (permit not as flexible as for F&F
and MFF sites G and H);
CCS capacity 1,000t/site;
Tuna penning capacity as per current ICCAT permits;
Nursery production at Marsaxlokk site I;
New outer site G for tuna penning 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA
4); and
New outer site H for tuna penning 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA
4).
20. The overall resulting capacity under option 2 is 5,000t CCS and 11,500t tuna.
Production capacity 3
21. Option 3 considers the retention of all existing sites, development of all potential
3 Including the retention of the nursery site at Mistra.
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new sites, and all tuna farms are moved further offshore (see Figure 2.1). In
summary:
All existing sites retained;
North AZ approved;
P2M sites unchanged;
Newly identified sites approved;
Inshore sites (i.e. <1nm from shore/50m depth), used only for CCS;
Tuna farms at E, G and H moved further offshore;
Area around site E (E2, see Figure 1) used for 2 x 1,000t CCS sites;
CCS capacity 1,000t/site;
Tuna penning capacity as per current ICCAT permits;
Nursery production at Marsaxlokk site I;
New nursery production at Xghajra sites U and V (see Figure 1);
New outer site G for tuna penning 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA
4); and
New outer site H for tuna penning 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA
4).
22. The overall resulting capacity under option 3 is 15,000t CCS and 19,500t tuna.
23. Table 2.1 summarises the potential production capacity scenarios under different
site availability scenarios.
Table 2.1: Potential production capacity under different site availability
scenarios
Capacity 1 Capacity 2 Capacity 3
Site Location Tuna CCS Tuna CCS Tuna CCS
Existing Sites
A AJD
Comino
500 1,000
B-D P2M 1,000 1,000 1,000
E AJD St
Paul’s Bay
2,500 2,500 2,000
F South AZ 6,000 6,000 6,000
G MFF
Munxar
500 1,000 1,000
H F&F Il-
Hofra
500 1,000 1,000
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Capacity 1 Capacity 2 Capacity 3
Site Location Tuna CCS Tuna CCS Tuna CCS
I MARC
Total 8,500 2,500 8,500 3,000 6,000 6,000
Potential New Sites
G outer MFF
Munxar
1,500 1,500 1,500
H outer F&F Il-
Hofra
1,500 1,500 1,500
J outer North
AZ-inner
1,000 1,000
K North
AZ-inner
1,000 1,000
L North
AZ-inner
1,000
M North
AZ-inner
1,500
N North
AZ-inner
1,500
O E Zone 1,500
P E Zone 1,500
Q E Zone 1,500
R E Zone 1,000
S E Zone 1,000
T Madalena
Shoals
1,000
U Xghajra Nursery
V Xghajra Nursery
W San Tumas
Point
1,000
X New SE
Zone
1,000
Y New SE
Zone
1,500
Z New SE
Zone
1,000
Z1 New SE
Zone
1,500
Total 3,000 0 3,000 2,000 13,500 9,000
Total all
sites
11,500 2,500 11,500 5,000 19,500 15,000
24. The recommendations from the Strategy are the following:
Aspect 1: The Tuna Penning Sector
1. Tuna farms on near shore sites should be relocated to sites with
more than 50m water depth and more than 1nm from shore to
limit impacts.
2. Consideration should be given to restricting the feeding of baitfish to
tuna cages during onshore wind conditions in the summer tourist
season if alternative solutions are not found.
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3. A review of tuna offal disposal should be carried out.
Aspect 2: The Sea Bream and Sea Bass Sector
4. Sea Bass and Sea Bream will remain important species for the
industry for the foreseeable future so account must be made of this
in strategic planning.
Aspect 3: Alternative Species
5. The main emphasis with regard to development of alternative
species should be on amberjack.
6. A hatchery and spawning facility for amberjack, bluefin tuna and
other species should be established at the earliest opportunity.
7. Other species such as groupers, sparids, octopus and sea urchins
may have potential for production in Malta in the future, and
research into such species should be encouraged providing
commercial potential can be demonstrated.
Aspect 4: Identification of Sites and Potential Production Scenarios
8. Additional marine sites will be needed for future expansion of the
industry in both nearshore and offshore areas. Potential sites are
proposed together with possible production scenarios in the
Strategy.
Aspect 5: Aquaculture Policy
9. It is recommended that the 2004 policy document is updated to
reflect the findings of this study, making sure that it reflects the
needs of the industry and current issues, and taking into account
the views of all stakeholders, especially the growers themselves.
Aspect 6: Regulation
10. Whilst the concept of zoning is desirable in principle for existing sites as well as new sites, it should only be pursued providing that
operators are not financially or operationally disadvantaged and
they are fully consulted.
11. It is recommended that the minimum term for concessions is 25
years, or in accordance with normal commercial lease terms in
Malta, subject to compliance with operating conditions.
12. It is recommended that all tuna farms be located in more than
50m water depth and 1nm from shore, whilst CCS should mostly
13
be in less than 50m water depth at varying distance from the shore.
13. The present process by which farms are monitored and
enforcement instigated should be reviewed and strengthened.
14. The introduction of conditions regarding methods of feeding baitfish
to tuna should be considered.
15. The industry should be encouraged to prepare a COGP, if necessary
supported by funding from the Government.
16. MEPA must be made aware of the strategic intentions of the
Government regarding the industry through a revised policy
document based on the findings of this study.
17. It is recommended that an appropriate individual within MEPA is
trained as an aquaculture specialist to act as a liaison officer
between MEPA and the industry.
18. An Aquaculture Working Group made up of representatives from
the industry, MEPA and MRRA should be established to address
specific issues affecting the industry.
Aspect 7: R&D
19. A mechanism should be put in place to ensure regular (e.g. annual)
reviews of research priorities and funding are carried out involving
government, industry and academic stakeholders.
20. Resources should be committed to the development and testing of
alternative tuna feeds that reduce reliance on baitfish.
21. The PPP model of R&D funding appears to be working well and
should be developed further, although it must allow participation by
all growers in Malta.
22. The development of a new Marine Hatchery and R&D centre is a high priority under the Aquaculture Strategy and full costings and a
finance model, most likely using a PPP, should be developed as soon
as a site has been agreed.
23. Collaboration between MARC and the University of Malta and other
institutions in the Mediterranean, whether to provide access to
specialised research equipment or expertise is recommended.
Aspect 8: Environmental Monitoring
24. It is recommended that a review of environmental monitoring
14
methodology is carried out by an independent international
authority with relevant expertise and that procedures are brought
into line with guidance under development within the GFCM
workshops InDAM and SHoCMed.
25. It is recommended that a consultative forum is established to
develop formal vocational training programmes for Maltese
aquaculture. This should involve industry representatives, training
providers (e.g. MCAST) and the Malta Qualifications Council.
Aspect 9: Fish Health Control
26. It is recommended that disease control is strengthened through the
establishment of Area Management Agreements (AMAs) between
all operators in a zone or area.
27. It is recommended that a contingency plan is prepared by
Government and industry to deal with the possibility of a notifiable
or other serious disease becoming established in Malta.
28. In the event of increased production, the need for and delivery of an
improved fish disease diagnostic capability, such as the one that
used to be provided by the NAC, should be assessed.
Aspect 10: Socio-economic Impacts
29. A commitment to the development of the aquaculture industry is
needed to ensure potential future gains in economic impact are
realised. GVA from penned tuna has the potential to reach €21,
€47 and €73 million in 2015, 2020 and 2025 respectively; whilst
for Closed Cycle Species the equivalent figures could be €17, €26
and €46 million.
Aspect 11: Marketing
30. Support should be given to companies keen to improve the
marketing of their products especially with regard to provenance
and certification.
31. Market research should be conducted to identify specific
opportunities for value-added products from Malta, considering the
mix of product, target market and distribution logistics.
32. It is recommended that marketing budgets are spent on researching
customer needs, identifying competitive advantage and the
supporting actions necessary to exploit these.
33. With regard to amberjack, it is recommended that a marketing
15
study be carried out to identify the product attributes likely to
realise the best returns.
Aspect 12: Improving the image of aquaculture
34. In order to counteract negative views of aquaculture, compliance
with both statutory operating conditions and a publicly available
COGP should be demonstrated.
35. All means of promoting the positive aspects of aquaculture and
educating the public, including farm open days, school visits, and the
use of aquaculture facilities as tourist attractions, should be utilised.
THE SEA PROCESS
25. The first stage of the SEA process is scoping. This sets out the context for the
assessment and defines its scope. It is one of the most important stages in the
process as it identifies the issues for consideration in the Environmental Report.
Although no longer a legal requirement, it is considered good practice to clearly
document the scoping process. The draft Scoping Report was submitted to a
number of stakeholders to obtain their views on the document. The identified
stakeholders included the SEA Focal Point, the Malta Environment and Planning
Authority, the Malta Resources Authority, the Department of Agriculture, the
Department of Fisheries, the Environmental Health Directorate, and other relevant
stakeholders. In addition, the Scoping Report was made publically available on the
MRRA website and notices were published in the Government Gazette inviting
comments from the public.
RELATION OF THE AQUACULTURE STRATEGY TO
OTHER NATIONAL DOCUMENTS & LEGISLATION
26. Schedule 2 of the SEA Regulations requires a discussion of “the degree to which the
plan or programme sets a framework for projects and other activities, either with regard to
the location, nature, size and operating conditions or by allocating resources” and “the
relevance of the plan or programme for the implementation of Community legislation on the
environment, such as plans and programmes linked to waste-management or water
protection”.
27. A detailed analysis was carried out at the scoping stage and is presented in its
entirety in the Scoping Report (see Appendix 1). The analysis was subdivided into
the following main categories:
(i) International Commitments: this category covers the international
environment and sustainability policy framework within which Malta must
work. It includes a selection of global commitments, such as those arising
from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol.
(ii) EU requirements: Relevant EU communications specifically concerning
16
fisheries and aquaculture have been included. In the case of European Union
Directives already transposed into national legislation, the Directives per se
will not be discussed; the section on national legislation is described below;
(iii) National Environmental & Planning Documents including the Structure
Plan for the Maltese Islands, the National Sustainable Development Strategy,
and the National Environment Policy. The review provided herein summarises the key issues raised; further information can be obtained from
the original documents;
(iv) National Sectoral Policies and Strategies: this section covers highest-
level policy and strategy documents published by the Government, such as the
National Reform Programme. Rather than summarise entire documents this
review seeks to emphasise the key sustainability objectives and priorities;
(iv) National legislation: no attempt was made to assess the individual
regulations, as is done at the project level EIA (Environmental Impact
Assessment). However, the main areas of concern for the Strategy are
highlighted. Given the scale (and evolutionary nature of this field) this review
is not exhaustive and represents a current (July 2012) snapshot.
18
CHAPTER 3: SEA METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
28. This chapter describes the approach adopted in this SEA, the SEA process itself, its
limitations, and the consultation process.
29. As discussed in Chapter 1, the SEA process in Malta is regulated by Legal Notice
497 of 2010 (the SEA Regulations); this Legal Notice transposes Council Directive
2001/42/EC. Since guidance on SEA for Malta has not yet been published, this
assessment draws on other European Guidance, namely, the Greening Regional
Development Programme’s (GRDP) (2006) “Handbook on SEA for Cohesion Policy
2007- 2013”, the Commission’s “Implementation of Directive 2001/42 on the
Assessment of the Effects of Certain Plans and Programmes on the Environment”,
and the UK’s (2005) “A Practical Guide to the Implementation of the SEA Directive”.
30. This SEA began in May 2012, following a Call for Tenders by the Ministry for
Resources and Rural Affairs. The Consultants (Adi Associates Environmental
Consultants Ltd) have carried out the SEA in consultation with the proponents of the
Strategy.
DETERMINING THE SCOPE OF THE SEA
31. The scope of the SEA is identified in the Aquaculture Strategy SEA Scoping Report.
The Scoping Report identifies a range of relevant polices and plans that could be
influenced by, or which could influence, the Strategy.
32. The Scoping Report also contains an initial list of key environmental issues that were
identified and reasons for their inclusion in the Scoping Report are provided. SEA
objectives and indicators were also described. Monitoring based on the chosen SEA
indicators will provide information on the effectiveness of the Strategy in achieving
the SEA objectives.
CONSULTATION
33. The following entities were consulted during the drawing up of the Environmental
Report:
Malta Environment and Planning Authority;
Malta Resources Authority
Environmental Health Directorate;
Department of Fisheries;
Department of Agriculture; and
Local Councils Association.
19
34. Other Government entities, NGOs, and the commercial sector were also consulted.
35. Comments were received on the Scoping Report from the Environment Protection
Directorate of MEPA. These comments were addressed and the Scoping Report was
amended where relevant.
ASSESSMENT PROCESS
36. The SEA process provides the start of the 'green thread', having identified: a)
potential environmental impacts that could result from the implementation of specific
actions or strategies detailed in 12 Recommended Aspects of the Strategy; b) various
mitigation strategies and measures that could be used to minimise or negate the
impacts of these actions; and c) a number of future areas or activities for which
further environmental assessments may be required before and during the
implementation of the Strategy.
Link to Other Assessments
37. The SEA takes into account environmental issues in accordance with Schedule I(f) of
the SEA Regulations, 2010.
ALTERNATIVES
38. The SEA Directive requires the assessment to identify the likely significant effects on
the environment of implementing the plan or programme, as well as considering
reasonable alternatives, taking into account the objectives and the geographical scope
of the plan or programme. Chapter 6 provides an assessment of alternatives considered within the Strategy. These are related to alternative sites as well as to
alternative production capacity scenarios.
20
CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
INTRODUCTION
39. A good understanding of the environment of the areas covered by the SEA is
essential for the performance of a sound assessment. It is therefore necessary to
establish the environmental baseline relevant to the plan or programme being
proposed. This provides a snapshot of the existing state of the environment and a
description of the likely future trends (based on past trends) without the programme
being in place.
40. Schedule I of the SEA Regulations requires that the Environmental Report includes a
description of "the relevant aspects of the current state of the environment". This
Chapter provides summary information on the current state of Malta’s environment,
environmental trends (where available), and indicates those issues that are
considered to be of particular relevance to the development of the Aquaculture
Strategy.
41. The data replicated here were collated from a number of sources; the SEA relies on
existing data. The description provided below is essentially a broad-brush4 "State of
the Environment" review of the Maltese Islands focusing on the main environmental
issues. Table 4.1 summarises this broad-brush description.
42. The National Sustainable Development Strategy 2006 to 2016 identifies Malta's
environmental challenges; it arises from a systematic review of official reports
including the State of the Environment Reports (1998, 2002, and 2005) and Malta's
National Report to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002), and an
extensive consultation process Malta’s National Environmental Policy, 2012 further
strengthens the environmental pillar of the Sustainable Development Strategy and
seeks to integrate environmental and development policies within the context of
Europe 2020. The following environmental challenges were identified:
Air quality and climate change;
Energy-efficiency and renewable energy resources;
Biodiversity / fauna and flora;
Water;
Soils;
4 This broad-brush review does not purport to be a complete treatise of environmental data available for the
Maltese Islands but aims solely to give an overview of the main environmental issues and trends applicable to
the sector under review in this SEA. Hence, there may be documents, papers, or reports that are not
referenced or referred to in this Environmental Report; this does not in any way devalue the content of this
environmental baseline.
21
Landscape;
Cultural heritage;
Human health; and
Material assets and population.
43. On the basis of the above challenges, and the scope of the SEA, Table 4.1 shows
how the Environmental Report draws together the relevant issues and baseline data.
Table 4.1: Environmental baseline
Issue Relevant baseline data Illustrative material
Air quality and climate
change
GHG inventory
Odour emissions from the sector (if
data is available)
Coastal erosion, sea level rise, changing
weather patterns resulting from climate
change
Graphs and figures.
Biodiversity / fauna and
flora
Areas protected and managed under
international and local legislation;
Areas known to support priority Annex
I habitats under the Habitats Directive
Protected species;
Areas for which surveys have been
carried out;
Potential new marine conservation
areas
Designated, managed and surveyed
areas; where relevant, any data
related to areas, habitats and/or
species that are not formally
protection although they are
considered to be of conservation
value
Water Information on the quality of the marine
environment
Information on groundwater
Water Framework Directive targets,
objectives, protected areas
Maps / graphs / tables
Soil Marine sediments
Published data and figures
Landscape Areas protected for landscape value
Landscape sensitivity areas and
protective designations
Cultural heritage Sites protected for cultural heritage
Maps
Human health Environmental health data (where
available);
Water users;
Consumers of fish and aquaculture
products
Graphs and tables
Published data
Material assets and
population
Commercial fishing/aquaculture
activities;
Waste management infrastructure;
Coastal and marine based tourism
interests/attractions;
Sea uses
Maps / figures
22
44. Where possible, quantitative data are presented in the form of maps, tables, and
figures. A brief description of the baseline and any trends are given, where available.
LIMITATIONS OF DATA
45. The data used to formulate the environment baseline were collated by a range of
organisations for a number of purposes; no information has been collated specifically
for the assessment of the environmental impacts of the Aquaculture Strategy.
However, given the specificity of the sector, much of the information collected to
date has a direct bearing on what the Strategy aims to achieve, thus facilitating the
inference of relationships between changes in the environmental baseline recorded
and the potential effects of the Strategy.
46. Examples of difficulties in locating data or suitable datasets include:
Odour emissions from the aquaculture sector;
Data on fish diseases;
Data on fish contamination; and
Data on water quality trends for sea bream / sea bass farms.
EMISSIONS TO AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Emissions to air
47. At a national level, air quality is assessed by measuring the levels of the major
pollutants: sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), benzene, and ozone (O3),
as well as suspended particulate matter. In Malta, these pollutants are mainly created
by traffic and electricity generation plants. The aquaculture sector has a negligible
impact on air quality, with a limited contribution from feeding and service vessels.
Therefore, consideration of the existing baseline data on the major pollutants has
been omitted from the Environmental Report.
48. Uneaten baitfish that deposits on the bottom of the sea will start to decompose,
releasing gases such as hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. These gases are insoluble in
seawater and therefore rise through the water column until they reach the surface,
where they produce unpleasant odours, which, depending on the prevailing wind
currents at the time, could be blown onshore. These odorous gases are partly to
blame for the complaints reported sporadically over the past years, especially from
the tuna farms up north (which are more in the path of prevailing winds than the
southern farms, as compared to land). Obviously, moving the farms further offshore,
including the potential creation of a new Aquaculture Zone in the north would help
mitigate somewhat the current problems encountered on land from inshore farms.
The use of pelleted feeds would address this issue, however, at this stage it is difficult
to wean wild caught Blue-fin tuna (bait-fish are only used for such fish) to pelleted
feed. It should be pointed out this is not an issue with closed-cycle species that are
23
reared on pellet feed.
49. Odour emissions from land bases can be generated from storage of feed and from
maintenance on nets and other marine infrastructure.
Climatic Factors
50. Increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the major contributor to
climate change5. The main GHG is carbon dioxide (CO2) that contributed to 88.1% of
emissions in 2010. There has been an increase of emissions of 47.9% from 1990 to
20106.
51. The Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Malta for the period 1990-2010 shows that
aquaculture does not significantly contribute to such emissions7.
52. In 2010, the main contributor of GHG emissions is the energy sector which accounts
for 88.9% of all emissions (71.2% of which are generated by power plants and 30.4%
of which are generated by the transport sector). Following the energy sector there
is the waste sector with a share of 6.7%, the agricultural sector with a share of 2.7%
and other industrial processes with a share of 1.8%8, see Figure 4.1.
53. It is noted that, to date, Malta does not have any quantified mandatory targets for the
limitation or reduction of greenhouse gas emissions under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) / Kyoto Protocol process9.
Malta has however been assigned a GHG emission limitation for non-ETS sectors
under the new Effort Sharing Decision (as part of the climate change-energy package
agreed in December 2008). Malta must limit its emissions by 2020 to 5 per cent
above 2005 levels. In addition, by 2020 Malta must obtain 10 per cent of its energy
requirements from renewable sources.
5 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), Climate Change 2007: The physical science Basis:
Summary for Policy-makers, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. 6 Malta Resources Authority (2012) National Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report for Malta – Submission
under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid. 9 Malta became an Annex 1 country following its request in COP-15/MOP-5 in Copenhagen. Nonetheless, it is
not bound by reduction targets of the first Kyoto Protocol commitment period (2008-2012).
24
Figure 4.1: Greenhouse gas emissions by sector: 1990 – 2010
BIODIVERSITY
54. Malta’s natural environment includes habitats such as cliffs, valleys, garrigue and sand
dunes. Natural vegetation covers only 18 per cent of Malta’s surface area.
Nonetheless, the islands have a rich biodiversity, which includes a large number of
native plants and animals10.
55. The local vegetation community is mainly characterised by the so-called sclerophyll
series, comprising evergreen wood, maquis, garrigue and steppe. Other vegetation
communities include coastal cliffs, freshwater and saline wetlands, and sand dunes,
together with a variety of marine habitats such as seagrass meadows and habitats
based on coralline red algae. The current status of selected groups of species is
identified in Table 4.2. Of note is that the status of 36 per cent of the Maltese
species listed in the Habitats Directive is unknown, whereas 44 per cent of species
have an inadequate or bad conservation status11.
10 MEPA, The Environment Report 2008, Sub-report 8: Biodiversity, 2010. 11 MEPA, The Environment Report 2008, Sub-report 8: Biodiversity, 2010.
25
Table 4.2: Current status of marine species
Species group Status
Plants The status for the marine species could not be assigned in view of limited data.
Mammals 12 marine species recorded from the Maltese Islands were assessed. The status of
marine mammals remains unknown. Four cetaceans are considered occasional visitors.
Reptiles The status of the Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) – a marine reptile – in Maltese
waters, is as yet unknown.
Fish Only two fish species were assessed, the Mediterranean Killifish (Aphanius fasciatus) and
the Allis Shad (Alosa fallax). Whilst the Mediterranean Killifish has an unfavourable /
inadequate conservation status, the status of the Allis Shad is as yet unknown.
Invertebrates Six marine invertebrate species were assessed. The general status of marine species is
unknown.
Source: MEPA, The Environment Report 2008, Sub-report 8: Biodiversity.
56. The main threats to local biodiversity are unsustainable development in rural and
marine areas, the introduction of alien species (including GMOs), the exploitation of
wildlife including illegal collection, hunting and trapping, and climate change12.
Protected areas and species
57. Biodiversity is safeguarded mainly through the protection and management of sites
and areas. Figure 4.2 illustrates the designated and managed areas as of April 2012.
As of the end of 2008, 20.5 per cent of the land area was designated.
58. Currently, there are 32 Nature Reserves, 26 Bird Sanctuaries and 66 Areas of
Ecological and / or Sites of Scientific Importance; some of these designations overlap.
There are also two sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance under
the UN Ramsar Convention (l-Ghadira and is-Simar), and four sites designated as
Specially Protected Areas (SPAs) under the Barcelona Convention. In 2007, all beaches and swimming zones in close proximity to urban areas and roads (including
11 specifically named beaches), were given legal protection against hunting.
59. There are currently 28 Special Areas of Conservation of International Importance
(SACs) under the EU Habitats Directive and 13 SPAs under the EU Birds Directive
(these are automatically designated as Natura 2000 sites, see Figure 4.3). In some
cases, the area of SAC and SPA sites overlap. There are also five marine SACs of
International Importance, see Figure 4.4.
60. The management of such sites helps to ensure that conservation goals are reached.
As of 2007, seven sites were being actively managed in Malta. Management plans for
another four sites are currently being prepared or are under review13.
12 MEPA, 2010. The Environment Report 2008, Sub-report 8: Biodiversity, 2010. 13 Ibid
26
Figure 4.2: Designated areas
Source: EIONET, Common Database of Designated Areas (CDDA) 2012 Retrieved 06 June 2012 from http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/mt/eea/cdda1/envtus7hw/index_html
27
Figure 4.3: Natura 2000 sites
Source: EIONET, Common Database of Designated Areas (CDDA) 2012 Retrieved 06 June 2012 from http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/mt/eea/cdda1/envtus7hw/index_html
28
Figure 4.4: Marine SACs of International Importance
Source: EIONET, Common Database of Designated Areas (CDDA) 2012 Retrieved 06 June 2012 from http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/mt/eea/cdda1/envtus7hw/index_html
29
61. In 2005, 183 out of 189 local species of international importance were protected by
national legislation; in 2002 only 115 of these species were protected. Since then,
protection was significantly increased for fish, crustaceans, and higher plants as shown in
Figure 4.5.
62. The National Sustainable Development Strategy (2006) states that the intention of the
Maltese Government in the field of biodiversity is to, amongst others, prepare management plans for the Special Areas of Conservation and to develop a National
Biodiversity Strategy based on the aims of the Convention for Biological Diversity. A
draft National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was presented by the Ministry for
Tourism, Culture and the Environment together with MEPA in February 2012 and was
subsequently approved.
Figure 4.5: Percentage protection of local species of international
importance: 2002-2005
Source: MEPA, State of the Environment Report 2005, Sub-report 9: Biodiversity, 2005
30
Marine biodiversity
63. The waters around the Maltese Islands support important marine habitats including
Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows, and habitats based on coralline red algae, which
form complex assemblages that support further biota.
64. This section describes marine biodiversity including benthic data. It should be noted,
however, that there are data gaps, and benthic areas that have been studied, were
largely as a result of studies related to projects and development. Only a few specific
studies have been commissioned to study the marine benthos in the Maltese Islands.
These include a study that was commissioned by the Malta Environment and Planning
Authority in 2002 to map Posidonia meadows around the Maltese Islands, and the
Biomaerl project, which was funded by the Fourth Framework Programme (1994-1998)
and which included the University of Malta as one of the partners. New information on
the seabed characteristics is expected to be available later on this year (2013) as a result
of MEPA’s EU project on the Development of Environmental Monitoring Strategy and
Environmental Monitoring Baseline Surveys. This project is expected to aid the mapping
of the seabed, including its physical and geomorphological characteristics and its benthic
habitats.
65. Seagrasses are marine flowering plants that constitute an important habitat to a number
of species. A variety of species are dependent on seagrass meadows because they
provide shelter, breeding grounds, and nursery grounds, and act as a direct and indirect
source of food. Seagrasses are also important in preventing coastal erosion and
contribute to oxygenation of the sea.
66. Five species of seagrasses have been reported around the Maltese Islands, of which two
are presumably extinct14. The most important species are the Neptune grasses Posidonia
oceanica and the Lesser Neptune Grass Cymodocea nodosa.
Status of Posidonia Meadows
67. Posidonia oceanica occupies 3.6 percent of Maltese territorial waters, with a total
coverage of 142.56 km2. Posidonia beds are listed as a priority habitat in Annex I of the
Habitats Directive. Thus, distribution of these meadows will play an important part in
the selection and designation of marine Special Areas of Conservation around the
Maltese Islands.
68. As described in Malta’s State of the Environment Report (2005), and referred to above,
in 2002 MEPA commissioned a study to map Posidonia meadows around the Maltese
Islands and to determine their condition. Figure 4.6 illustrates the distribution of
Posidonia around the Maltese Islands based on the 2002 survey.
14 Biodiversity Sub-report, State of the Environment Report, 2005.
31
69. The survey concluded that Maltese Posidonia oceanica meadows were generally in a good
state of health. Dense coverage was found within the channels between Gozo and
Comino and Comino and Malta. Given its sensitivity, Posidonia oceanica acts as a
bioindicator highlighting problems in the marine environment arising from pollution,
turbidity, waste and chemical discharges, impacts from fishing, dredging, run-off, and
coastal development. This species has been officially adopted by a number of Member
States as a bio-indicator informing the implementation of the Water Framework
Directive15.
70. The fisheries sector exerts the second largest maritime pressure on the Maltese
environment after shipping16. Fish farming, whilst reducing the pressures generated by
traditional fishing, has its own impacts on the marine environment.
71. The impact of fish farming on the marine ecology may arguably vary from negligible to
substantial depending on various factors such as site location and the habitat’s sensitivity,
water depth, as well as the operator’s practices. The most severe impacts were
recorded in the farm sites close to the Posidonia oceanica meadows along the North-
Eastern coast of Malta17. These sites predated the need for environmental impact assessments. Fish farms with adequate site selection processes have had less negative
impacts, which MEPA (2010) has argued is likely to be reversible in the eventuality that
site operation is stopped18.
72. Dimech et al (2000) conducted a study on the effect of the fish farm located at St Paul’s
Bay, which had been operating without any consideration of the carrying capacity of the
site, on Posidonia oceanica meadows. Gilthead Sea Bream has been produced in this area
since 1991 in waters with a 12 – 16m depth. Posidonia oceanica meadows are located
some 10m away.
73. The study revealed an impact on Posidonia oceanica meadows up to 170m away from the
cages. A high epiphyte load, high suspended organic matter and increased
phytoplankton production all contributed to low leaf lengths in Posidonia in the
immediate vicinity of the cages. Between 30 to 170m from the cages, a high epiphyte
load remained although suspended organic matter and phytoplankton production
decreased resulting in an increased leaf length in this zone. At 330m all parameters
were low and a further increase in the leaf length of Posidonia in this area was noted.
Thus, the study showed a trend towards an increasing mean leaf length, adult leaf length,
15 Dimech M, Camilleri M, Borg J.A, Smith P, Sciberras M, Schembri P.J. 2007 The potential of fisheries reserves as a
tool for biodiversity conservation. The case of the 25 Nautical Mile Fisheries Management Zone around Malta. [Poster] 16 MEPA, The Environment Report 2008, Sub-report 6: Coastal and Marine Environment, 2010. 17 Dimech M., Borg J.A. & Schembri P.J. (2000) ‘Structural changes in a Posidonia oceanica meadow exposed to a
pollution gradient from a marine fish-farm in Malta (Central Mediterranean)’ in Biologia Marina Mediterranea 7(2):
361-364. 18 MEPA, The Environment Report 2008, Sub-report 6: Coastal and Marine Environment, 2010.
32
biomass and density with distance from the cages. It is however, noted that the site in
question pre-dates the current MEPA permitting system and no baseline studies were
carried out prior to the installation.
Maerl beds
74. Maerl beds are biogenic assemblages made up of alive and dead unattached coralline
algae forming nodules or rhodoliths. This results in a heterogenous substratum that supports a high biodiversity, including a rich fish fauna. An extensive maerl ground
covering about 20 km2 is located off the northeastern coast of Malta and Gozo at a
depth of 30-100m19; to date over 400 species of macrofauna and macroflora associated
with this maerl bed have been recorded20(see Figure 4.7). However, it should be noted
that other accumulations of rhodoliths or unattached coralline algae have been
discovered from other areas including off the southeastern coast of Malta up to a
maximum depth of 85m21; off the north-eastern coast of Malta at depths of 45-50m, area
characterised by maerl beds (supporting gorgonian Eunicella singularis in places)22 and
associations with rhodoliths; and off the southwestern coast of Malta between Malta and
Filfla.
75. The main rhodolith-forming algae in Maltese maerl beds are Lithothamnion coralloides,
Lithothamnion minervae, and Phymatolithon calcareum.
76. The main threats to maerl beds are from bottom trawling and changes to the
sedimentary regime as a result of coastal development23.
Deep water coral beds
77. Coral assemblages of the Lophelia pertusa, Madrepora oculata, and Desmophyllum dianthus
triad24 have also been recently recorded in the Maltese Islands (see Figure 4.7).
19 Sciberras, M., Rizzo, M., Mifsud, J.R., Camilleri, K, Borg, J.A., Lanfranco, E., Schembri, P.J. 2009. Habitat structure
and biological characterisitics of a maerl bed off the north-eastern coast of the Maltese Islands (Central
Mediterranean). 31. Marine Biodiversity. 20 Dimech M, Camilleri M, Borg J.A, Smith P, Sciberras M, Schembri P.J. 2007 The potential of fisheries reserves as a
tool for biodiversity conservation. The case of the 25 Nautical Mile Fisheries Management Zone around Malta. [Poster] 21 Adi Associates Ltd. 2005. Development of an Aquaculture Zone south-east of Malta off Zonqor Point,
Marsaskala. Environmental Impact Statement. Report prepared for Malta Centre for Fisheries Science. 22 Adi Associates and Scott Wilson. 2008. Detailed investigation and feasibility studies on Land Reclamation at two
indicated search areas, Malta. Technical Report 1; Volume 1. Report prepared for Malta Environment and Planning
Authority. 23 Adi Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd, 2008. Strategic Environmental Assessment on Malta’s Fisheries
Operational Programme 2007-2013. 24 Schembri P.J., Dimech M., Camilleri M., Page R. 2007. Living deep-water Lophelia and Madrepora corals in Maltese
waters (Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea). 48: 77-83. Les Cahiers de Biologie Marine
33
Other species
78. Cetaceans, chelonians and sea birds can be negatively affected through fish farming
activities. Sea birds are particularly affected if farms are found close to nesting sites and
rafting zones25. At present, none of Malta’s fish farms are located in such areas.
25 Adi Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd, 2008. Strategic Environmental Assessment on Malta’s Fisheries
Operational Programme 2007-2013.
36
Fish Stocks
79. Although data are collected for a number of species, many commercial fish stocks in the
Mediterranean Sea are still not monitored. Figures 4.8 and 4.9 illustrate fish stocks in
the Mediterranean by species and for each nation. Table 4.3 illustrates the country
each column number represents. Malta is represented by column 15.
Table 4.3: Key for column numbers listed in Figure 4.9
Code Number Area
1 Northern Alboran
2 Alboran Island Sea
3 Southern Alboran Sea
4 Algeria
5 Balearic Island
6 Northern Spain
7 Gulf of Lions
8 Corsica
9 Ligurian and North Tyrrehenian Sea
10 South and Central Tyrrehenian Sea
11 Sardinia
12 Northern Tunisia
13 Gulf of Hammamet
14 Gulf of Gabes
15 Maltese Islands
16 South of Sicily
17 Northern Adriatic
18 Southern Adriatic
19 Western Ionian Sea
20 Eastern Ionian Sea
21 Libya
22 Aegean Sea
23 Crete
24 South of Turkey
25 Cyprus
26 Egypt
27 Levant
28 Marmara Sea
29 Black Sea
30 Azov Sea
39
80. Figure 4.8 illustrates that there is a general trend in the Mediterranean that is also
experienced in Malta, i.e. that Hake, Red Mullet, and Bluefin tuna stocks are under
threat, whilst stocks of anchovy, pilchard, and swordfish are within safe biological limits.
Data is not gathered for 80% of species of commercial importance.
81. An important fish species for Malta, not listed in Figure 4.8 is the dolphin fish
(Coryphaena hippurus). Malta’s State of the Environment Report (2005) reports that dolphin fish stocks are not under pressure from fishing activity. This is related to the
biology of this fish, which has a long spawning season during which time both males and
females spawn regularly. Moreover, sexual maturity is reached at 4-5 months as
opposed to other fish such as the Bluefin tuna, which reaches maturity at about 10-11
years.
82. As reported by the European Environment Agency, the latest assessment by the
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) reports that
efforts made over recent years have rendered the exploitation of swordfish
sustainable26.
Bluefin Tuna 83. Fishing for Bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean Sea is traditional of the culture of this
marginal sea, commencing as early as 12,000 years ago. It has been a sustainable fishery
for at least the past 2,600 years, and a source of food and income for several coastal
communities.
84. Bluefin tuna spawn throughout the Mediterranean mainly along the Balearic and
Tyrrhenian coasts and in the Central Mediterranean, with spawning occurring in the
Aegean Sea. Historically, the Black Sea was considered to be the most important
spawning area for Mediterranean Bluefin tuna, but they no longer pass through the
Dardanelles and the Sea of Marmara, or the Bosphorus straits to spawn, and the historic
tuna fisheries of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus no longer exist (Dean et al., 200227).
85. For centuries, Bluefin tuna have been caught while migrating along Mediterranean shores
by means of nets or traps, called tonnara [Malt.: tunnara]. The catch was a highly
ritualised affair, especially in Sicily and Sardinia, where it is referred to as “mattanza”
(from the Spanish word “matar” meaning “to kill”) and requires a massive team effort by
many fishermen28. During the mattanza, teams of fishermen drive ten-foot long
sharpened gaffes into the backs of the tuna, which would have been caught in a complex
set up of nets, and haul them into the holds of their boats.
26 http://ims.eionet.europa.eu 27 Dean, J.M., Addis, P., and Cau, A., 2002. Mediterranean Bluefin Tuna: an ancient fishery copes with modern
demands. Accessed at http://www.mareblucamogli.com/mediterranean_bluefin_tuna.htm. 28 For more details see for example the following websites: http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art125.htm or
http://www.incanto.biz/html/letters_-_mattanza.html.
40
86. Today, tuna are caught by a variety of methods, including trap-nets, gill-nets, long lines,
purse-seines (encircling nets), hand line, fishing rod, and baitboat (see FAO Copemed
webpage29).
87. Like most Mediterranean countries, Malta too has a history of tuna fishing using trap
nets (tunnara). These set nets were situated in five different sites in the north of the
island off Mellieha/Mgarr30. Official Government statistics show that as early as 1920 a substantial amount of tuna were being landed at the Valletta fish market during the tuna
season (May to July). However, the limitations of the market and the lack of facilities to
store tuna for preservation made the whole operation uneconomical. The canning
industry set up by Government31 to transform the tuna fisheries industry had to revert
to importation of tuna from North Africa and Italy to supplement the local catches from
the tunnara. The latter too was wound up in the 1960s and up until the 1980s, tuna
landings, though substantial, were not a result of a targeted tuna fishery, but as by-catch
of the, then, more important swordfish long-lining industry32 (Fenech Farrugia, 200333).
88. Long-line tuna fishing in Malta was introduced in 1953 following recommendations by Mr
T.W. Burdon34 that the long line fishing method would be more suitable for local use as it was less expensive and did not require such a large number of fishermen working
together, as was the case with the tunnara. Nonetheless, it was only in the sixties that
long-lining became widely used as a tuna fishing method (NAC, 2000).
89. Today, tuna is caught by means of drifting surface long-lines (Malt.: konz) that are baited
with Atlantic Mackerel and/or Japanese squid (NAC, 200035). Depending on the size of
the boat, the number of hooks set in a long line could be as many as 2,500.
90. Fishing is undertaken to the west, south, and south east of the Maltese Islands, within an
area of approximately 2,000 square miles (NAC, 2000). At the beginning of the season
the effort is concentrated mainly in the south-western sector, tracking to the east as the
fish migrate.
91. One of the two main streams of Maltese aquaculture is tuna penning, which is based on
29 http://www.faocopemed.org/en/activ/research/tuna/tunidos00/general.htm 30 The Fishery Regulations of 1934 (GN 206 of 1934) identify the following sites as available for the laying of tunny
nets: (i) Mellieha, (ii) Cirkewwa and Id-Delli, and (iii) Ghajn Tuffieha and Gnejna. Other sites would be subject
to approval of the Director of Fisheries. 31 Act 1 of 1950. Tunny Fishery (Shares) Act. An Act to enable the Government of Malta to subscribe part of the capital
of a proposed tunny fishing commercial company and to make other provisions in respect thereof. 20th February 1950.
[Chap. 129] 32 During the 1970s and 1980s, swordfish and lampuki (dolphinfish) were the mainstay of the local fishing industry. 33 Fenech Farrugia, A., 2003. Description of the Maltese longline fishery targeting Bluefin tuna (Thynnus thunnus L.)
in the Mediterranean Sea. Col, Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 55(3): 1148-1156 (2003). 34 Mr Burdon was the Director of Fisheries in Singapore and was invited to Malta by the British Government. 35 National Aquaculture Centre, 2000. Malta Report 2000, FAO Copemed Project.
41
capturing wild tuna of over 70kg each. The advances in cage technology in the late
1990s led to the creation of the first tuna ranching operation in Malta in 2000 becoming
the main producer in the fish farming sector, see Figure 4.10. Capturing takes place
during the months of May and June and the tuna are fattened for approximately 6
months.
92. Catch limits have been in place for the east Atlantic and Mediterranean since 1998. In 2002 ICCAT set the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) to 32,000t for 2003-2006 and at
29,500t and 28,500t for 2007 and 2008, respectively. TACs for 2009, 2010 and 2011
were 22,000t, 19,950t, and 18,500 t, respectively. However, the 2010 TAC was then
revised to 13,500t and this established a framework to set future (2011 and beyond)
TAC at levels sufficient to rebuild the stock to BMSY36
by 2022 with at least 60%
probability. The 2011 TAC was set at 12,900t. Reported catches in 2005 and 2007
exceeded the TAC, however, given fishing capacity ICCAT considers it highly probably
that there was a considerable degree of under-reporting and that TACs were in fact
exceeded significantly. Implementation of the rebuilding plan (including a reduction in
the period for purse seiner fishing) and better monitoring and enforcement controls has
improved the situation to keep catch at or below TAC (see Figure 4.10), however, the
over capacity remains a concern in the stock rebuilding strategy37.
93. ICCAT’s Standing Committee on Research and Statistics (SCRS) 2010 report on the
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Stock Assessment Session38 indicates that implementation of the
more recent measures including the changes in TAC are showing an initial indication of
increasing stock biomass. The report expects that continued implementation at these
TAC levels should ensure that targets are reached in terms of increasing stock and
identifies, however, that an increase in the current TAC would not allow targets to be
achieved. The report does identify levels of uncertainty and the fact that adaptation to
the new management measures is still ongoing and therefore more data needs to be
gathered before concrete conclusions can be drawn.
36 BMSY is the biomass (total weight of fish) that can support harvest of the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). MSY
in relation to the stock is the greatest yield that can be achieved over time while maintaining the stock’s
productive capacity, taking into consideration the population dynamics of the stock and any environmental
factors that influence the stock. If biomass is below the BMSY, less fish are available, catch rates and average fish
size are also lower; if biomass is above the BMSY, then catch rates, availability and the average fish size can be
expected to increase, however, the total catch is less (catch is comprised mostly of many large, older fish). 37 ICCAT, SCRS. Executive Summary. Bluefin tuna. 2010-2011. 38 SCRS/2010/018. 2011. Report of the 2010 Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Stock Assessment Session. Collect. Vol. Sci.
Pap. ICCAT, 66(2).
42
Figure 4.10: Reported catch for the East Atlantic and Mediterranean from
Task I data from 1950 to 2010 split by main geographic areas (top panel) and
by gears (bottom panel) together with unreported catch estimated by the
Committee (using fishing capacity and mean catch rates over the last
decade) and TAC levels since 1999.
Source: SCRS (2011)
94. Apart from the risk of stock collapse, other environmental concerns are linked to tuna
penning. There are concerns on the large quantities of wild-caught pelagic fish that is
caught to feed the tuna. In Malta, bait fish is imported from North Africa, Asia, the EU
and other countries. The FAO (2008) reports that Bluefin tuna are largely fed on a diet
of a variety of small pelagic species including sardine (Sardinella aurita), pilchard (Sardina
pilchardus), round sardinella, herring (Clupea harengus), mackerel (Scomber japonicus),
43
bogue (Boops boops), and squid (Illex sp.). The proportion and volume of the feed varies
between countries and from farm to farm, with feed composition also based on the
availability of the species generally used39.
95. The use of this foodstuff and the dumping of by-products can also cause water
pollution40.
96. In addition to the management of this fishery through ICCAT, it should be noted that
from an ecological and conservation point of view, Bluefin tuna is listed in the updated
version of Legal Notice 311 of 2006, specifically under Schedule VIII (Animal and Plant species of
national interest whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be subject to management
measures).
Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) and Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
97. Gilthead Sea Bream and European Sea Bass are the first two species to be used in large
scale commercial aquaculture in Malta in 1990. Nowadays these two species account
for a small percentage of the total aquaculture production in Malta particularly Sea Bass.
Production of Sea Bream is on the increase both as seen in Figure 4.11 and 4.12.
98. In light of the concerns over tuna penning and higher efficiency it is likely that gilthead
Sea Bream will remain the main product of the finfish aquaculture. Sea Bass is more
costly to produce and strategies are undertaken to increase the profitability of
producing it.
New species
99. Many fish farm operators are looking into the possibility of producing new species.
Many are already producing meagre (Argyrsomus regius) in small quantities.
100. Amberjack (Seriola dumerili) has been reared in very small quantities since 1995 using
wild-caught juveniles. Research and development is still underway to have a closed-cycle
type of production. The Amberjack Project in 2006 is a Maltese joint venture between
Malta Fishfarming Ltd and the Malta Aquaculture Research Centre (MARC) with the aim
of better understanding the spawning and juvenile rearing methods of the Seriola. The
first five year term ended in 2011 and another five year joint venture has been signed.
2012 has seen a significant increase in amberjack juvenile production which augurs well
for the future of this species in Maltese aquaculture.
101. Other species that can be potential species in the Maltese aquaculture industry include:
groupers; sparids; dolphinfish; and the shi drum as native species, while there is a
39 Capture Based Aquaculture – Global Overview; FAO Fisheries Technical Paper; Rome 2008 40 General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic
Tunas (2005) Third Meeting of the Ad Hoc GFCM/ICCAT Working Group on Sustainable Bl.efin Tuna Farming /
Fattening Practices in the Mediterranean. FAO Fisheries Report No. 779.
44
potential for non-fin fish aquaculture in the common octopus, seaweed and sea urchin
roe.
Figure 4.11: Aquaculture production in Malta, 2001-2009. Figures in
thousands per tonnes
Source: NSO, FAO, MARC
45
Figure 4.12: Annual production of Sea Bream and Sea Bass from Maltese
farms, in thousands of tonnes
Source: MARC, NSO
Fish health
102. Fish in the Mediterranean aquaculture industry can suffer from different diseases. Most
of these can easily be controlled whilst some are the cause of mortality. A number of
health issues emerged from the start of the industry in Malta. Flexibacter, Vibriosis and
Pasteurellosis have had a negative impact on the fish immune system. Myxozoan
parasites, like enteromyxosis and Sphaerospora dicentrarchus have had a particularly
negative economic impact. In the mid-1990s a particularly serious viral disease was the
Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN).
103. Flexibacter was initially treated by nitrofurans yet this was banned by the EU in the late
1990s and oral antibiotics like oxytetracycline were used instead. The problem of
Flexibacter has been almost eliminated through improvements in hatcheries and the use
of immunostimulants.
104. Pasteurellosis is the most significant infection that affects Sea Bream, Sea Bass and
meagre stocks in Malta. It can be a lethal infection during the nursery phase with
outbreaks killing 5 to 15 per cent of the stock. Antimicrobials like oxytetracycline and
46
flumequine are effective in curing this disease. Apart from this the occurrences have
been reduced through the importation of vaccinated juveniles41.
105. Vibrosis affects the Sea Bass stock and can lead to a loss of between 1 and 10 per cent
of the total stock. All Sea Bass juveniles are vaccinated prior to importation reducing
the chances of outbreaks of this disease42.
106. The Winter Disease Syndrome affects Sea Bream leading to severe swelling of the
abdomen. Improvements in the feed and industry in general have resulted in the disease
becoming practically obsolete43.
107. Juveniles are also vulnerable to protozoan parasites like Ichthyobodo. Another common
condition is Imphocystis which can lead to a mortality of 3 to 5 percent44.
108. The worst health issue faced by the industry was the Viral Nervous Necrosis outbreak
in 1996. The outbreak was the result of the importation of infected juvenile Sea Bass
from Italy. Mortality was significant and reached the 30 - 50 percent of the stock. This
led to producers incurring great financial losses and a shift to the production of Sea
Bream which was unaffected by this viral disease. To date only P2M produces Sea Bass
in Malta. VNN outbreaks still have a significant impact, killing 10 to 40 percent of total
stock due to the fact that there is no treatment or vaccine against such diseases.
109. New emergent diseases following the introduction of amberjack could also be identified.
Crytocaryon irritans was a serious problem in the experimental hatchery yet this problem
was addressed through improved water filtration systems. Another dangerous disease
that can spread rapidly and lead to significant mortalities in the amberjack stock is the
Zeuxapta seriolae. Treatment of the disease should be rapid and Praziquantal can be
used for this scope.
110. Blue fin tuna hatcheries are still in their initial phases; however, until now no health
issues have emerged in this sector. This can be one promising aspect of the
development of a tuna closed cycle production system.
111. Locally, fish health is controlled through the ‘Animal Health Requirement for
Aquaculture Animals and Products thereof, and on the Prevention and Control of
Certain Diseases in Aquatic Animals Rules, 2009’. This act includes the permitting
process for aquaculture production businesses and processing establishments. This
includes compliance to various aspects like inspections and audits. The fish farm
41 An aquaculture strategy for Malta: Preparatory study and recommendations prepared for the Ministry of Resources and
Rural Affairs, Government of Malta – Final draft report: March 2012. 42 Ibid. 43 Ibid. 44 Ibid.
47
operators are obliged to keep extensive records on all the processes (both inputs and
outputs) to ensure traceability of all products. Maintaining hygienic standards is crucial
too. The Fish & Farming Regulation and Control Division (FFRC) of the MRRA is
responsible to see that any imported live fish stock is in a healthy state. At present,
however, there are no routine checks on fish health in the existing aquaculture sites45.
WATER & MARINE SEDIMEMTS
112. Coastal water quality is monitored regularly by MEPA and the Public Health
Department. Water quality is regulated through the Bathing Water Directive, the UN
Barcelona Convention and the Water Framework Directive.
113. Over the years, water quality has improved significantly due to the fact that now all
sewage waste is treated prior to disposal into the sea.
114. In 2008, 99 percent of Malta’s water was compliant with EU standards. The non
compliant bathing sites fell from 5 percent in 2007 to 1 percent in 200846, see Figure
4.13.
115. In 2009, Malta began assessing the water quality of its sites in line with the EU Bathing Water Directive. The classification system of the Directive classifies water quality status
as excellent, good, sufficient and poor quality or temporarily closed. The Barcelona
Convention parameters include very good, good, fair or poor water quality. In 2011,
97.7% of coastal bathing waters qualified as being of excellent quality, 1.1% as good
quality and another 1.1% as sufficient quality, see Figure 4.14. In 2011, all 87 bathing
sites were classified as excellent47.
45 An aquaculture strategy for Malta: Preparatory study and recommendations prepared for the Ministry of Resources and
Rural Affairs, Government of Malta – Final draft report: March 2012. 46 Coastal and Marine Environment Sub-report 6, State of the Environment Report 2008 (2010). 47 The Environment Report Indicators 2010-2011 (2012)
48
Figure 4.13: Classification of bathing water sites according to EU Bathing
Water Quality Directive
Source: Department of Environmental Health
49
Figure 4.14: Bathing water quality from 2005 to 2009
Source: Environmental Health Department, The Environment Report Indicators 2010-2011 (2012)
116. Data related to historical trends of water quality at Sea Bream and Sea Bass fish farms is
not a reliable indicator because of lack of reporting of observed patterns over time.
Effect of Aquaculture Activities
117. Sources of pollution from aquaculture may include organic contaminants left over from
fish feed and fish excreta, which give rise to enhanced nutrient levels in the area,
increased Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), increased sedimentation rates of organic
particulates, and reduced water transparency (see Figure 4.15).
118. Environmental monitoring for Sea Bass and Sea Bream farms started around 1994 with
the publication of the policy guidance on fish farms. However, monitoring was sporadic
and no data on currents has been collected thus making data availability for these sites
poor (Holmer, 2008).
119. Since all Sea Bass and Sea Bream farms, which have to date not been subject to fixed
carrying capacity levels, are located in an area close to Posidonia oceanica meadows,
monitoring surveys centred on assessing the nature and health of these meadows.
Overall from these surveys it was noted that the seagrass below Sea Bass and Sea Bream
50
cages underwent severe regression or else was completely destroyed. Studies showed
that aquaculture can leave an effect on seagrass up to 200m distance from the cages48.
120. Dimech et al (2002)49 assessed the impact of fish farm cages on decapods, mollusc and
echinoderm fauna associated with Posidonia oceanica meadows. Whilst waste generated
from fish farms can severely alter the structure of Posidonia oceanica meadows in their
vicinity (e.g. through increased turbidity that reduces the amount of light available for photosynthesis or through increased growth of epiphytes on their leaves that further
reduces the surface area available for photosynthesis), nutrient enrichment could
increase productivity in other parts of the same meadow leading to increased
biodiversity.
121. There are three distinct zones that could be identified in the vicinity of the farm.
(i) Zone 1, comprising the area occupied by the cages and an additional
band of 30 m around the farm. The macrofaunal assemblages present
within this zone were characterised by a low species richness and the
dominant trophic groups were grazers and deposit feeders (decapods,
polyplacophorans and gastropods), which exploit the abundant epiphytes
and deposited organic matter present close to the cages.
(ii) Zone 2, comprising the area located at a distance of between 30 m
and 90 m from the farm. This zone supported macrofaunal assemblages
that had the highest species richness and abundance, while the fauna was
dominated by the same trophic groups in Zone 1.
(iii) Zone 3, comprising the area located at distances exceeding 90 m from
the farm. This zone supported macrofaunal assemblages having species
richness and abundance values that were intermediate between those
recorded from Zones 1 and 2, and in which the dominant trophic groups
comprised grazers, deposit feeders, suspension-feeders (mostly bivalves) and predators.
122. Later monitoring carried out at P2M’s farm off Mistra Bay (Ecoserv, 200550) again
recorded an adverse effect from aquaculture activities on the P. oceanica meadows
48 Holmer M., Hansen P. K., Karakassis I., Borg J. A. & Schembri P. J. (2008) “Monitoring of Environmental Impacts
of Marine Aquaculture”. In: Holmer M., Black K., Duarte C., Marba N., & Karakassis I. (editors) Aquaculture in
the Ecosystem; pp. 47-85. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 326pp. 49 Dimech M., Borg J., Schembri P.J. 2002. Changes in the Structure of a Posidonia oceanica Meadow and in the
Diversity of Associated Decapod, Mollusc and Echinoderm Assemblages, Resulting from Inputs of Waste from a Marine
Fish Farm (Malta, Central Mediterranean). 71(3) Bulletin of Marine Science. 50 Ecoserv. 2005. Marine Benthic Surveys at Pisciculture Marine de Malte Ltd’s Fish Farm Site Off Mistra Bay, made
in March-May 2005.
51
present in the general area of St Paul’s Bay where the farm is located. The 2005
monitoring report compares the results obtained from monitoring carried out in the
same area in 1995 and notes that the same pattern of distribution of benthic
assemblages was identified and that the observed effects of the aquaculture activities on
the biological and physical features of the seabed in the vicinity of the fish farm were also
similar. However, the results of the 2005 survey indicated that the adverse impact of
the fish farm on the marine benthos of the area had extended further from the farm
since the 1994 survey.
123. Monitoring of tuna farms has been carried out in Malta since 2000. The monitoring data
available from the initial studies carried out on the first tuna penning farms that were
established in Malta generally revealed that whilst there seems to be limited impact on
the water column, a significant impact on the benthos was recorded. Axiak (2002)51
carried out a monitoring exercise between June 2001 and January 2002 at a tuna farm
off the NE coast of Malta. The monitoring results indicated that excessive organic
material was reaching the sediments as a result of oversupply of feed, leading to acute
anoxic conditions thus reducing the quality of the sediments that in turn results in an
alteration of the benthic communities. The monitoring results also revealed that when
the farm was fallow, although the carbon load in the sediments decreased, the reducing
conditions did not improve, i.e. the sediment remained anoxic. These initial results, for
instance in relation to the practice of overfeeding, reflect the fact that tuna penning was
still a relatively new practice at this time and problems with management at this stage
were mainly related to the fact that the industry was young in Malta.
124. Later monitoring at other sites, such as in the tuna penning cages located south-east of
Malta, included indicators such as bio-indicators (e.g. crustaceans and polychaetes),
species richness and abundance in order to assess the environmental impact from the
farm. In 200552, results showed a diminished impact from previous monitoring reports
at the Fish & Fish site following implementation of better farm management practices.
Other results indicate increased nutrient enrichment, probably as a result of the farms;
however, the monitoring reports conclude that this is not to a substantial degree
(Ecoserv, 201053). Although results indicate no appreciable alteration in water quality in
the vicinity of tuna farms off the south-east coast, significant differences in some of the
monitored parameters (e.g. levels of ammonia, Ecoserv, 200754) were detected between
51 Axiak V. 2002. Tuna Penning Farm NE Malta (Off St. Paul’s Bay) Marine Environmental Monitoring Programme.
www.mepa.org.mt. 52 Ecoserv. Fish & Fish Ltd Tuna Penning Project. Benthic Monitoring Programme – 5th monitoring session, 2005. 53 Ecoserv. 2010. Fish & Fish Ltd and Malta Fish Farming Limited Tuna Penning Activities. Report of a Water
Quality Survey at Sites used by Fish & Fish Ltd and Malta Fish Farming Limited for Tuna Penning and Control
Sites off Munxar/Il-Hofriet (southeast Malta). 54 EcoServ. 2007. Water Quality Surveys at Fish & Fish Ltd’s Tuna Penning Site and Control Sites off the Il-
Hofriet/Delimara Coast, South-East Malta (August & September 2007 reports).
52
monitoring stations, which indicated a degree of spatial variation, it was considered
difficult to pinpoint a source for the observed differences.
125. In conclusion, therefore, once changes were made to the management of tuna farms,
following the initial monitoring results, the impact from the tuna farms on the benthos
was diminished as operators became more familiar with the practice and improved their
management practices, which included, for instance, avoiding overfeeding.
126. Sediment parameter changes were subsequently recorded by Borg and Schembri
between 2004 and 200555. In most cases the significant changes in sediment parameters
were detected in samples collected adjacent to the tuna pens. Benthic biodiversity was
also compromised in the vicinity of the cages. Vita & Marin (2007)56 also reported
detectable impact only under cages, although an environmental gradient of stressed
macrofaunal assemblages was identified. The benthic surveys revealed that a high impact
was located within 5m of the cages with a transitional radius of 35m characterised by
opportunistic species. For a further 180 - 220m radius, moderately stressed
assemblages were recorded. Beyond 220m, no impact was observed.
127. The establishment of an Aquaculture Zone, approximately 6km off the south-east coast
of Malta was intended to help in reducing negative environmental impacts in coastal
waters as well as increase the capacity of individual farms and allow for diversification.
Monitoring in this area commenced in June 2006.
128. Overall, monitoring of tuna penning sites located 1km offshore has shown that a main
negative impact is the accumulation of feed fish on the seabed beneath and close to the
cages resulting in changes to the physical and biological characteristics (e.g.
disappearance of certain megafaunal species like Spatangus purpureus and Antedon
mediterranea and the appearance of high population densities of detritus-feeding and
scavenging macroinvertebrates).
129. Once the area is cleared from this accumulation either by decomposition or currents,
the seabed starts to recover slowly as evidenced from the reappearance of megafaunal
species.
55 Adi Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd, 2005. Environmental Impact Statement for PA0087/04
Development of an Aquaculture Zone south-east of Malta off Zonqor Point, Marsaskala. 56 Vita R., Marin A. 2007. Environmental Impact of Capture-Based Bluefin Tuna Aquaculture on Benthic Communities in
the Western Mediterranean. Vol. 38, No. 4. pp331-339. Aquaculture Research.
53
Figure 4.15: Sources and fate of nutrients released from tuna penning
Source: Fernandes, 200357
LANDSCAPE
130. In 2002, MEPA published a Landscape Assessment Study. The Study identifies that the
coastal profile contributes to the scenic qualities of a landscape. The Landscape Study
describes the presence of fish farms as obtrusive, introducing a permanent change to the
Maltese seascape. Moreover, in certain areas, such as Mellieha, land-based support for
fish farms has contributed to dereliction of the land, although this cannot be attributed
to aquaculture per se but to bad management practices by the operators in question.
The Study does identify however, that the visual footprint of these facilities is relatively
limited.
57 Fernandes, M. (2003). Tuna Brief. Southern Bluefin Tuna Aquaculture Subprogram Newsletter. South
Australian Research and Development Institute.
54
CULTURAL HERITAGE
131. It is acknowledged that although Malta’s heritage is varied and rich, it requires immediate
attention and significant investment58. A Draft National Strategy for the Cultural
Heritage was published for consultation in May 2012 and the Tourism Policy for the
Maltese Islands was published in July 2012.
132. Buildings, monuments, and sites (including marine sites) are protected through the
Cultural Heritage Act and the Development Planning Act. The latter allows MEPA to
schedule culturally important buildings and sites. Structure Plan policy MCO 2 states
that as far as possible, designated Marine Conservation Areas will include archaeological
sites and structures within their boundaries and access to these sites and wrecks will be
strictly regulated. The MEPA Scheduling List contains 1,720 sites and monuments, of
which 1,284 are of architectural importance, 263 are of archaeological importance, and
173 are of ecological importance. Of these, 2 sites have been scheduled for their
marine archaeology, namely Salina Bay and a site at Birzebbuga. The Antiquities List
compiled in 1946/47 contains 2,000 sites of historical and antiquarian significance from before the 1900s. In addition, three sites, namely the city of Valletta, Hal Saflieni
Hypogeum, and the megalithic temples59 are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
HUMAN HEALTH
133. Fish is considered a healthy food since it is a good source of vitamins and has high
quality proteins. Fish are also rich in omega 3 fatty acid, which is beneficial for human
health. In the last years due to the problem created through overfishing, the market has
become dependent on the fish produced in fish farms. Forty per cent of the consumed
fish worldwide comes from aquaculture60.
134. In order to combat different diseases that can affect the caged fish, aquaculture
producers make use of different veterinary drugs and chemicals. Apart from these
‘chemical hazards’ there can also be the problem of ‘post-harvest handling’, which can
lead to microbiological hazards (this risk also applies to wild fish). Other environmental
hazards include the accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins.
These hazards are passed from the feeds and water to the fish and eventually to humans.
Risks from the various substances include the bacteria acquiring resistance to antibiotics
58 Malta Government, 2006, A Sustainable Development Strategy for the Maltese Islands 2006 -2016, Third draft,
National Commission for Sustainable Development. 59 The Megalithic Temples of Malta are not one but five sites: Ggantija in Gozo, and Hagar Qim, Mnajdra, Ta’
Hagrat, and Skorba in Malta. 60 Cole, D.W., Cole, R., Gaydos, S.J., Gray, J. Hyland, G., Jacques, M.L., Powell-Dunford, N., Sawhney, C., Au,
W.W. (2009) ‘Aquaculture: Environmental, toxicological, and health issues’, in International Journal of Hygiene
and Environmental Health, 369-377.
55
and the bioaccumulation of toxins and other dangerous substances 61. Cole et al (2009)
specify that the main sources of contamination are from bioaccumulation from the feeds
and locating fish farms in contaminated areas.
135. Studies on trout, salmon and sea bass have indicated higher levels of omega 3 and omega
6 fatty acids in farmed fish when compared to the conventional ones. These acids are
very important for cardiovascular health and people with high triglyceride levels62. However, farmed fish can have higher concentrations of natural and man-made toxic
substances. One source which has raised concern is the use of antibiotic medication.
Antibiotics can maintain the fish health in the short term but can be carcinogenic and
may also lead to antibiotic resistance in the consumers63.
136. The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) program has been
implemented in the US and the EU and aims at ensuring that food products are safe for
consumption by assessing the food production process and placing the responsibility
upon the aquaculture sector. This program would be ideal to implement on a global
level in order to contribute to food safety64.
137. There is currently no local study showing the impact of the consumption of aquaculture
products on human health.
MATERIAL ASSETS AND POPULATION
138. Aquaculture was first introduced in Malta in 1988, following the creation of the National
Aquaculture Centre (NAC65) at Fort San Lucjan, Marsaxlokk. Initially, the aim of the
Centre was to develop fish farming as a new industrial activity in Malta (MRAE, 200566).
The Centre started operations by focusing on the hatching and growing of Tilapia,
Oreochromis spilurus and Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus.
139. In addition to the production of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus
aurata) at the commercial farms, the NAC also undertook trials on the culture of dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus), amberjack (Seriola dumerilii), and eel (Anguilla anguilla).
Production fell post-1998 because of reduced market prices and the introduction of
61 Lupin, H.M. (2009) ‘Human health aspects of drug and chemical use in aquaculture’, in Options Méditerranéennes,
A / no. 86. 62 Cole, D.W., Cole, R., Gaydos, S.J., Gray, J. Hyland, G., Jacques, M.L., Powell-Dunford, N., Sawhney, C., Au,
W.W. (2009) ‘Aquaculture: Environmental, toxicological, and health issues’, in International Journal of Hygiene
and Environmental Health, 369-377. 63 Ibid. 64 Ibid. 65 The NAC was re-founded in 2001 as the Malta Centre for Fisheries Science, with a focus on the wider fisheries
science rather than just aquaculture. 66 Ministry for Rural Affairs and the Environment, 2005. Official website accessed at
http://www.maltafisheries.gov.mt/mcfs_aquaculture_history.htm
56
levies for the export of the produce to EU countries. By 2001 the harvest had dropped
to around 1,300 tonnes (MRAE, 2005).
140. In 1999, interest in tuna penning started to increase and the first farm was established in
2000. Three of the former sea bass/sea bream sites were partly converted for use as
tuna penning sites, in the process moving to deeper waters.
141. Today, there are six active commercial aquaculture operations, which make use of ten
marine production sites (two are located in the Aquaculture Zone). Four of these
companies have ancillary land base facilities. The MARC has its own cage site in
Marsaxlokk Bay, which is currently used by one of the commercial operators as a
nursery and as a trial site for the development of new species. One site approved for
use as a tuna penning farm was never brought into use.
142. The penning and fattening of Bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus around the Maltese Islands
started in 2000 when AJD Tuna Ltd commenced operations with the production of 330
tonnes (MRAE, 2005). Following this initial success, five other permits were issued
between 2001 and 2002. This increased the total approved annual production of tuna
from the farms to 3,575 tonnes, see Table 4.4 and Figure 4.16.
Table 4.4: Production (volume and value) of main cultured species (Source:
MRAE, 2011)
Species produced
2010
Quantity Produced (tonnes) Value million (EUR)
European Sea Bass
(Dicentrarchus labrax) 102 0.8
Gilthead Sea Bream
(Sparus aurata) 1,755 7.1
Atlantic bluefin tuna
(Thunnus thynnus
thynnus)*
4,955 73.7
* Latest officially released value available for Atlantic bluefin tuna is 2003 production.
57
Figure 4.16: Reported aquaculture production in Malta (from 1950) (Source:
FAO Fishery Statistic)
143. In December 2005, MEPA approved an application by the then Fisheries Conservation
and Control Division of the MRAE for the establishment of an Aquaculture Zone
approximately 6 km to the south-east of Malta (off Zonqor Point, Marsaskala). This
Zone, which started operation in July 2006, has a maximum size of 3km x 1.5km at the
sea surface and can eventually contain a maximum of 6,000 tonnes of tuna biomass,
equivalent to around 70% of the total Mediterranean quota. In 2006, the Zone
contained only two farms; additional farms could be set up in future years as the Zone
develops and the inshore farms are relocated.
144. The Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs is considering the development of a second
aquaculture zone off the north-east coast of Malta. The proposed area is in the same
depth of water as the south-east aquaculture zone.
145. The aquaculture sector directly employs 197 full-time equivalent jobs (FTE). Another
767 FTE jobs are related and result from the industry’s economic impact, for example
wholesalers, retailers, transport, etc (Applied Economics Consulting Ltd., 2009).
58
Table 4.5 Fish Farming operations in Malta
Operator Location Licensed capacity (tonnes) Notes
Malta Tuna
Trading Ltd &
F&F Ltd
Off Il-Hofra z-
Zghira, Marsaxlokk
1,200 (tuna) [MTT Ltd]
300 (sea bass / sea bream) [F&F]
P2M (Site A): Mistra Bay 1,100
(combined total for three sites)
P2M (Site B) St Paul’s Islands
P2M (Site C) Mellieha Bay
MML
(now AJD
Tuna Ltd)
South Comino
Channel
150 (sea bream) &
350 (tuna)
Not operational
NAC Marsaxlokk Bay 100 Part of site used by MFF
Ltd partly to develop
new species for farming
MFF Ltd &
Melita Tuna
Ltd
Off Munxar Reef
(Marsaskala)
350 (tuna) [MT Ltd]
150 (sea bream) [MFF]
AJD Tuna Ltd Sikka l-Bajda
(St Paul’s Bay)
1,500 (tuna)
Mediterranean
Tuna Ltd
Benghajsa 175 (tuna) Not built
MareBlu Ltd Aquaculture Zone,
SE Malta
1,500 (tuna)
Ta’ Mattew Aquaculture Zone,
SE Malta
1,500 (tuna)
146. To date, there are no commercial marine hatcheries in Malta and sea bass and sea
bream fingerlings are imported from hatcheries in other EU Member States. Laboratory
facilities at the MARC provide a small marine hatchery that is used for applied research
experiments.
59
Table 4.5: Production of sea bass, sea bream and tuna by aquaculture units
(2006)
(Source: MEPA, The Environment Report 2008, Sub-report 6: Coastal and Marine Environment, 2010.)
Note: The relocation of two more fish farms, at is-Sikka l-Bajda off St Paul's Bay and that south of Comino
Channel off Kemmuna, Ghajnsielem is being managed by the Fisheries Department.
Location Fish
species Sea Bass /
Tuna
produced Total Area sq
farmed Sea
Bream
in 2006 produced km
produced
in
(tonnes) (tonnes)
2006
(tonnes)
off St.Paul's sea 639 N/A 639 22,145
Islands bass/bream
Mellieha Bay sea 283 N/A 283 99,520
bass/bream
Mistra sea 14 N/A 14 932
bass/bream
off San Lucjan sea
bass/bream
and
1,047 5,215 6,262 47,520
amberjack
off Sikka l-Bajda, tuna N/A 3,000 3,000 0.19
off St Paul's Bay
Munxar Reef off tuna and sea N/A 1,500 1,500 0.48
Xrobb l-Ghagin, bream
l/o
Marsaxlokk93
South Comino tuna and sea N/A 1,500 1,500 0.05
Channel, off bream
Kemmuna,
Ghajnsielem
Il-Hofra z-
Zghira, tuna and sea 300 1,200 1,500 0.52
Marsaxlokk bass/bream
South East of tuna N/A 3,000 3,000 9.00
Malta 6km away
from shore, off
Xrobb l-Ghagin,
l/o Marsaxlokk
Total 2,283 15,415 17,698 170,128
60
EVOLUTION OF THE BASELINE WITHOUT THE STRATEGY
147. The SEA Regulations require a description of the relevant aspects of the current state of
the environment and the likely evolution thereof without the implementation of the
strategy document with a particular emphasis on the future developments arising from
other relevant plans and programmes.
148. The description of the likely future trends should the Strategy not be implemented is
further constrained by uncertainties including availability of data on future economic
development, technological progress or advancements in regulatory frameworks that
collectively influence future trends. The following assessment, therefore, includes
certain assumptions.
149. This analysis focuses on the main environmental issues that have been identified and
described above. It includes a description of the past and current trends from data
available from existing monitoring systems or through expert judgement (in cases where
data are lacking). It also outlines the likely evolution of these trends, if the Strategy
were not implemented.
150. It is noted that major projects will be required to undergo Environmental Impact
Assessment as legislated by the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2007
(LN 114 of 2007).
Emissions to air and Climate Change
151. The main emissions to air of concern from the aquaculture industry are odour
emissions. These are largely linked to the poor practices applied in the operation and
management of the various sites and limited enforcement. Given that permit conditions
are in place to require the relocation of tuna farms further offshore to established
aquaculture zones, it is unlikely that the Strategy will influence this aspect to any great
extent other than providing a framework within which data can be gathered holistically
from across all sites.
152. The Strategy will not affect climate change mitigation although it may contribute to
some extent in terms of climate change adaptation; especially if species which are/may
be negatively impacted by an increase in temperature are farmed through closed-cycles.
The Strategy provides a framework and policy direction towards diversification. Due to
spatial constraints, it is unlikely that the market on its own would continue to drive
towards diversification in any case.
Biodiversity
153. Following the current baseline, feeding of tuna will be based on baitfish. Tuna ranching
can therefore result in pressures on baitfish populations and secondary effects resulting
from this. The Strategy promotes the development and testing of alternative tuna feeds,
which would reduce the reliance on baitfish. In the case of capture-based tuna farming,
61
it is very difficult to wean wild caught Bluefin tuna to pelleted feed. The Strategy aims at
diversification and the move to increase production of CCS species that will depend on
pelleted feeds; including future Bluefin tuna that will be hatched through marine
hatcheries. The use of such feeds is expected to substantially reduce the impact of
aquaculture on the environment as well as odours and oils.
154. In terms of impact on the seabed, the Strategy is calling for the relocation of tuna farms to beyond the 1 nautical mile limit; however, legal provisions for this are already in place
and therefore the Strategy itself, although providing a framework, is not the driving
force behind the implementation of such measures. The Strategy does, however,
suggest a number of production scenarios and the selection and implementation of the
preferred option will affect marine biodiversity both in terms of intensity of production
and sites selected. The Strategy is therefore crucial in ensuring a holistic approach in
determining how the industry will grow and the significance of the resultant impacts on
biodiversity.
155. The Strategy recommends that instruments to tackle the impact of escapees, alien
species and GMOs are developed.
Water quality & marine sediments
156. Sources of pollution from aquaculture activities may reduce water transparencies,
enhance nutrient levels in the area, increase BOD, and increase sedimentation rates of
organic particles. The current trend can also result in a nuisance to both locals and
tourists. The Strategy will address this concern through the restriction of feeding of
baitfish to tuna cages during onshore wind conditions in the summer months unless
another alternative is found. The Strategy also recommends a review of tuna offal
disposal as well as the establishment of fixed carrying capacities on each site. In
addition, the Strategy recommends that tuna farms should be located at a minimum
distance of 1nm from the shore and in at least 50m water depth. In addition, the
Strategy proposes to use sites from which tuna are relocated offshore for the
production of CCS and proposes that in order to counteract the negative views of
aquaculture, it is necessary to demonstrate compliance with both statutory operating
conditions and a publicly available COGP; in conjunction with specified improved
monitoring systems, mechanisms for review and refinement of carrying capacity models,
and agreed carrying capacity guidelines.
157. Location of tuna farms at least 1nm from shore and within at least 50m water depth is a
concept that is already considered within existing policy. Over and above these
requirements, the Strategy promotes compliance with statutory conditions,
development of a COGP, improved monitoring systems, adherence to carrying capacity,
etc, which, when implemented and enforced is expected to reduce adverse conditions
resulting from existing and future farms.
62
Landscape
158. A Landscape Assessment Study conducted by MEPA has shown that the visible footprint
of developments related to aquaculture is very limited. The Strategy calls for a hatchery;
its location will require consideration of potential landscape impacts amongst other
potential impacts.
Cultural Heritage
159. The impact of aquaculture on the cultural heritage is not considered to be significant and
in the absence of the Strategy the impact would remain unchanged. Any projects
developed within the framework of the Strategy would be required to consider
potential impacts on cultural heritage, depending on the location of potential sites.
Human Health
160. Currently the keeping of records and monitoring are legal obligations yet there are no
routine checks on fish health in the existing aquaculture sites. Malta’s Aquaculture
sector has been affected by a number of Sea bream and Sea Bass diseases. Fish health is
now controlled through the ‘Animal Health Requirement for Aquaculture Animals and
Products thereof, and on the Prevention and Control of Certain Diseases in Aquatic
Animals Rules, 2009’. However, there are no routine checks on fish health in the
existing aquaculture sites. This factor might keep the industry vulnerable to the
possibility of diseases which can result in the loss of a large percentage of the fish stock;
for example VNN can result in a mortality rate of between 10 and 40% of the stock.
The Strategy aims at limiting this vulnerability even further through Area Management
Agreements (AMAs) between all operators in a zone or area. It is also recommended
that a contingency plan in case of a notifiable or other serious disease is prepared by the
government or the industry. The Strategy also suggested that the establishment of a
better diagnostic capability like the one that used to be provided by NAC, should be
assessed. The Strategy also recommends that a national contingency plan be devised to
address the risk of new, emergent diseases, based on the criteria outlined in current EU-
based legislation. In the absence of the Strategy these issues may take a while to
implement. The Strategy also recommends the preparation of a COGP to enhance
quality through better management.
Material Assets and Population
161. Tuna production levels have gone down from the 2007 levels. The total gross value
added (GVA) for tuna went down from €53m in 2007 to negative GVA in 2008 and
€18m in 2009. Tuna penning is affected by various factors, including storms, pricing,
exchange rates, etc.
162. In the absence of the Strategy it is unlikely that alternative species will increase their
share in total production. The Strategy will result in a 50% amberjack and 50% Sea
Bream (and others) production in the CCS sector. The new local hatchery would also
result in a high production of 10,000 p.a. and a hatchery producing 20 million juveniles
63
p.a. that is a total GVA of €46m supporting 464 direct employees and 442 persons in
indirect / induced employment.
163. The Strategy will also result in high production in the tuna sector, which may total to a
GVA of €73m and support direct employment of 233 persons and indirect / induced
employment of 464 persons.
164. R&D is currently mainly limited to the public and academic sector. The Strategy
recommends the PPP model in order to fund the sector and develop it further. The
Strategy suggests collaboration between the MARC and the University of Malta and
other institutions. The Strategy also provides for the development of human resources
through a consultative forum which will formulate formal vocational training
programmes for Maltese aquaculture.
165. In the absence of the Strategy, there is likely to be little marketing of the sector as a
whole. The Strategy points out the important role that marketing and marketing studies
can play in better understanding the species that should be produced how the industry
should develop in order to maintain competitiveness and realise the best returns.
166. The Strategy also suggests a set of actions (like the setting up of a COGP) to ensure
good management practices in the industry resulting in better competitiveness and a
better image of the industry.
167. Chapter 6 assesses the do nothing option against the Strategy alternatives, see Table
6.2 for a summary.
64
CHAPTER 5: SEA FRAMEWORK
INTRODUCTION
168. This Chapter describes the identification of the objectives against which the Strategy will
be assessed in the SEA process.
169. Although the SEA Directive does not specifically require the use of objectives or
indicators in SEA, they are a recognised way in which environmental effects can be
described, analysed, and compared. SEA objectives encompass the relevant national and
EU environmental priorities that can be inferred from a number of relevant national
documents as outlined below. The programme is assessed in light of the SEA objectives.
The programme’s performance against the SEA objectives is generally measured by
indicators. The SEA objectives are distinctly different from the Strategy objectives,
though the two influence each other and may overlap. To fulfil the requirements of the
SEA Directive and the SEA Regulations, 2005, the SEA objectives must cover
biodiversity, population, human health, fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climatic factors,
material assets, cultural heritage, landscape, and interrelationships between them where
these are relevant to the sector being addressed by the plan or programme. Those
objectives relevant to the Strategy are described in this chapter.
170. In developing appropriate objectives and indicators the following documents have been
consulted:
The GRDP Handbook on SEA for Cohesion Policy 2007- 2013;
The Commission’s “Implementation of Directive 2001/42 on the Assessment of
the Effects of Certain Plans and Programmes on the Environment”;
A Practical Guide to the Implementation of the SEA Directive, ODPM;
The SEA Directive 2001/42/EC;
SEA Regulations, 2005;
The Sustainable Development Strategy for the Maltese Islands, 2006-2013;
Malta’s State of the Environment Report, 2005;
State of the Environment Indicators, 2006; and
Malta’s State of the Environment Report, 2008.
SEA OBJECTIVES & INDICATORS
171. Table 5.1 defines the set of objectives relating to the environmental issues identified in
Chapter 4, in support of which, relevant assessment criteria and possible data sources
65
have also been identified.
172. The SEA indicators are measurements of trends over time. Changes in the indicators
show whether the implementation of the Strategy would be or has been successful in
improving the environment. It is to be noted, however, that changes in the indicators
could be the result of factors outside the influence of the Strategy. Hence, the SEA
process is both uncertain and constrained.
173. The proposed indicators will not all be relevant to all the recommendations. In the
assessment, indicators relevant to particular measures were selected from the list
presented in Table 5.167.
67 Some of the indicators listed in Table 5.1 have been modified from those presented in the Scoping Report
66
Table 5.1: SEA Environmental Objectives & Criteria for Assessing Impacts
Issue SEA Objective
Criteria
Will this measure…
SEA Indicator Data source
Biodiversity,
Flora & Fauna
Maintain biodiversity
(including terrestrial
and marine)
Avoid introduction of
non-indigenous
species into the
natural environment
Populations of fish
species taken from the
wild (including species
used for bait fish) are
within safe biological
limits
Avoid negative effects
on wild fish
populations
Help to maintain or enhance the
conservation of designated areas
(under both the Development
Planning Act, and the
Environment Protection Act)?
Negatively affect protected
species and habitats?
Risk introduction of non-
indigenous species into the
marine environment?
Result in unsustainable
exploitation of wild stocks?
Impact negatively wild fish
populations (e.g. through spread
of disease)?
Monitoring results from impacts
on the sea bed
Number of permitted sites in
protected areas
Records of non-indigenous
species in the natural
environment that may have been
introduced as a result of
aquaculture activities
Number of infringements against
Illegal & Unreported and
Unregulated (IUU) Fishing
Recorded disease outbreaks in
wild populations
Environmental monitoring
through Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA), Appropriate
Assessment (AA), or other
regulatory requirements as
relevant.
Malta Centre for Fisheries
Science (MCFS)/MARC
Malta Environment and Planning
Authority (MEPA)
Human health Ensure aquaculture
products are within
the legal safety
requirements
(antibiotic resistance,
possible contamination
and bioaccumulation
of chemicals, microbial
agents and toxins) for
human consumption
Ensure bathing water
quality does not
deteriorate as a result
of aquaculture
operations
Ensure safe consumption of
aquaculture products?
Ensure that bathing water
quality does not deteriorate as a
result of aquaculture operations?
Analyses and test results as
required by legislation /
operational permit requirements
Bathing water quality results
Malta Competition and
Consumer Affairs Authority
(MCCAA), Malta Centre for
Fisheries Science/MARC
Water Minimises pollution on Help to minimise discharges to Quality of the marine MEPA, potential permit
requirements (i.e. aquaculture
67
Issue SEA Objective
Criteria
Will this measure…
SEA Indicator Data source
the marine
environment
Avoids contribution to
eutrophication
Sea-floor integrity is
maintained
Avoids generation of
litter
Minimise pollution on
groundwater from
activities directly
arising from the
aquaculture sector
Avoids deterioration
of water bodies
water?
Avoid nutrient concentration
and loading?
Avoid changes to the seabed
that may affect the integrity of
the benthos habitat?
Ensure good management
practices that avoid litter
generation?
Help to maintain and enhance
Malta’s groundwater, inland
surface waters and coastal
waters?
environment including the
benthos under cages and in the
vicinity of aquaculture operations
in accordance with permit
conditions
Nutrient concentration and
loading
Aquaculture originating marine
litter in the water column
Ingested marine litter, originating
from aquaculture activities, by
indicator species (e.g. Caretta
caretta)
Aquaculture originating marine
litter collected from the seabed
and from beaches during cleaning
originating from aquaculture
activities
Quality of groundwater in the
vicinity of land-based aquaculture
operations
Maintaining ecological status in
accordance with the Water
Framework Directive.
operators) , MTA (beach
cleaning), Department of
Veterinary services (carrying
out post mortems on
Loggerhead Turtles).
Emissions to air Ensure no odour
nuisance from
aquaculture
operations
Cause odour nuisance? Number of confirmed cases of
odour arising from aquaculture
activities
MEPA
Climatic factors
and climate
change
Contributes to climate
change adaptation
Contribute to climate change
adaptation?
Number of CCS in the Maltese
aquaculture sector
MARC
Soil/seabed Avoid
contamination/degrada
Help to maintain and conserve
marine sediments?
Contamination of marine
sediments at specific sites;
Environmental monitoring as
part of permit conditions i.e.
68
Issue SEA Objective
Criteria
Will this measure…
SEA Indicator Data source
tion of marine
sediments
Changes to marine sediments at
specific sites.
from farm operators, MEPA,
Malta Centre of
Fisheries/MARC.
Material assets
and Population
Ensure no conflict
between aquaculture
commercial activities
and other uses (e.g.
with tourism,
recreation, etc)
Sustainable waste
management
Be compatible with other uses
in the area?
Implement sustainable waste
management practices?
Number of confirmed cases of
conflicts related to aquaculture
activities
Bathing water quality results
Environmental data collected
through operational permits
MEPA, aquaculture operators,
MARC
Cultural heritage Maintain the
conservation status of
cultural heritage sites /
areas with known
cultural /
archaeological remains
Help to preserve, enhance and
promote cultural heritage
including archaeological
heritage?
Avoid negative impacts on
cultural heritage
features/archaeology?
Number of operations located
away from cultural heritage sites /
areas or areas with known
cultural / archaeological remains
as a percentage of the total
number of operations
MEPA, Resources Management
Unit
Heritage Malta
Superintendent of Cultural
heritage
Landscape Maintain landscape
quality distinctiveness
Help to maintain landscape
quality distinctiveness?
Environmental Impact
Assessment results on landscape
assessment
MEPA
69
CHAPTER 6: ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES
174. As described in Chapter 2 the Aquaculture Strategy considers alternative
production capacity scenarios for Tuna and CCS. It also proposes sites for the
zoning of the additional capacity proposed. Figure 6.1 illustrates existing
production sites and proposed search areas as identified in the Strategy.
175. The Strategy identifies eight marine areas for potential use for aquaculture activities,
as shown in Figure 6.1. These are located on the eastern side of the Maltese
Islands. According to the Strategy, the west coast is unsuitable because of water
depth and exposure to prevailing winds.
176. Figure 6.2 illustrates most current uses in the marine environment around the
Maltese Islands. This map was developed as part of the Site Selection Exercise (SSE)
for the North Aquaculture Zone68 and therefore includes information related to the
criteria used during the site selection exercise process. The criteria developed
include technical, environmental, and social aspects that were identified as important
considerations when allocating the area for the Aquaculture Zone.
177. An Alternative Site Assessment and Project Description Statement for the Proposed
Aquaculture Zone, North East Malta have been submitted to MEPA.
178. Figure 6.2 was used to identify possible restrictions at each of the proposed areas
identified in the Strategy. Figure 6.3 shows the location of the proposed new sites
in relation to other potentially conflicting uses / areas, and including the 1nm
boundary and 50m depth. Table 6.1 summarises other uses within the proposed
sites.
Table 6.1: Proposed areas for aquaculture and other known uses within
these areas
Proposed new aquaculture site Characteristics of proposed site
Area 1 – North Aquaculture Zone Refer to paragraphs below
Area 2 – Extension to area east of St Paul’s
Islands Posidonia (matte)
MPA
Maerl bed
Parts within 1km from coastline
Within 500m of bunkering area
Less than 50m deep
Area 3 – Area just outside 1nm limit Rhodolith and maerl beds
Telecommunications cable
Firing practice area
Mostly 50-100m depth
MPA
Area 4 – North of St George’s Point, close to Posidonia (rock)
68 Adi Associates Environmental Consultants (2011) “Proposed Aquaculture Zone North East Malta -
Alternative Site Assessment and Project Description Statement”.
70
Proposed new aquaculture site Characteristics of proposed site
the Maddalena shoals Mostly <50m depth
Firing practice area
MPA
Edge is partly within 1km from coastline
Area 5 – South-east of the sewage treatment
plant at Xghajra Mostly <50m depth
Mostly within 1km of coastline
Within 500m of bunkering area
Posidonia
Area 6 – Off St Thomas Point Within 500m buffer around bunkering area
Area 7 – Area located approximately halfway
between the existing AZ and the coast Partly located within a 1km buffer around the
south-east AZ
Rhodolith association including maerl
Within 500m buffer of bunkering area
50-100m deep
Possible fairway for Malta Freeport Terminals
Area 8 – Inclusion of existing operations in the
south with an extended AZ area Bunkering Area and buffer area
Wreck conservation area
Within 1km from the coastline
Partly within <50m depth
Within 1km of existing aquaculture farm
179. With regards to Area 1, it should be noted that the proposed area for the North
Aquaculture Zone (Area 1 in Figure 6.1) has now been changed as a result of the
Site Selection Exercise and at present (July 2012) Area 1 is no longer under
consideration. The Aquaculture Strategy will be updated to reflect the latest
proposals following the outcome of the Site Selection Exercise (SSE) subject to
feedback from MEPA. Figure 6.4 illustrates the preferred area for the location of
the North AZ, following the SSE.
180. As shown in Figure 6.4, the preferred area for the location of the North AZ lies
east of Comino and Qala Point and just north of the Sikka l-Bajda reef (between 50m
and 100m depth of water). The site also lies within the Marine Protected Area
(MPA) recently designated by MEPA and extending from Reqqa Point off the north
coast of Gozo and St Julians in Malta. It is also noted, however, that all the existing
aquaculture units in the north of Malta already fall within this MPA and hence their
relocation to a more suitable location that would mitigate their current impacts
should be viewed positively. The MPA was mainly designated to afford protection to
the Posidonia oceanica meadows. The newly proposed site for the North AZ is
located outside the areas harbouring this Priority I habitat (as designated under the
Habitats Directive). However, the latest proposal largely overlies part of the maerl
bed located off the northeast coast of the Maltese Islands. The exact location of the
development of this AZ would depend on the findings of detailed benthic studies
aimed at characterising the seabed.
181. The SSE does identify potential conflicts with other uses and other constraints.
Yachting activity between Malta and Gozo takes place mainly to the immediate south.
Navigation by larger vessels is also common as they approach the Grand Harbour or
71
the bunkering zone at Is-Sikka l-Bajda. From an environmental protection point of
view, waters shallower than 50m support the important Posidonia oceanica meadows,
whereas maerl grounds are found in deeper waters mainly to the east of the site.
Seabirds nesting on L-Irdum tal-Madonna in Mellieha and on the east coast of Comino
are known to raft in waters offshore of these areas.
182. The SSE notes that there may be scope to consider areas further to the east, overlapping with the current bunkering zone at Is-Sikka l-Bajda, if this activity is
relocated (or curtailed) from this location, especially in view of the proposed
offshore wind farm at this location. Currently, an EIA is being carried out on the
proposed wind farm at is-Sikka l-Bajda.
183. As noted in Table 6.1, Area 2 is an extension to an existing tuna farm. The area is
also located within an MPA, and extends closer to shore. Since the Aquaculture
Policy recommends a minimum water depth of 50m for tuna penning69, given that the
area is located in shallower waters it is not considered appropriate for the creation
of an AZ for tuna; however it may be considered suitable for CCS.
184. Area 3 is relatively sizeable and the depth is satisfactory for aquaculture cages; it is
located within an MPA and an area where the seabed consists of maerl beds. Area 4
also lies within an MPA and is partially located within a Posidonia area (for which the
MPA was mainly designated). It is also located directly opposite the Armed Forces of
Malta's Pembroke Rifle Ranges; an application for a tuna farm in this location was
turned down in 2000 in view of conflicts with the ranges. Parts of Area 5 include
Posidonia meadows and the entire area is close to the coastline. A detailed site
selection exercise would be required to determine the suitability of such sites or
specific areas within these sites that would, for example, not be located on Posidonia
meadows.
185. Areas, 6, 7 and 8 are located in the vicinity of busy maritime traffic areas and close to
buffer areas for bunkering zones. Area 6 is located within the 1nm zone. Area 8 is
also located within a wreck conservation area, which is also popular for diving. A
detailed site selection exercise would be required to determine the suitability of such
sites or specific areas within these sites.
ALTERNATIVES ASSESSMENT
Assessing significance
186. Significance is assessed in accordance with the criteria listed in Schedule 4 of the SEA
Regulations, 2010. It is already well established in Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) literature: significance is a function of impact magnitude and the sensitivity of
69 The 50m minimum depth proposed in the Aquaculture Policy was ground breaking at the time that the Policy
was drawn up but experience over the past 6 years has shown that tuna farms (and possibly other
aquaculture units) can very easily be located in much deeper waters (even up to 100m depth) as long as the
anchoring system is properly designed.
72
receptors. Significance may be determined in a number of ways, including expert
judgements, the use of thresholds, reference to legislation, and consultation with
stakeholders. Although this SEA draws on each of these methods, expert judgement
and consultation predominate.
187. The assessment of significance is based on the probability of the impact occurring, on
the scale of the impact, its duration, reversibility, whether it has transboundary impacts, and the certainty of impact prediction. Table 6.2 describes the assessment
framework and the symbols used to denote the various types of impact.
188. The relevant SEA objectives identified in Chapter 5 are used to assess the
alternatives in accordance with the significance criteria described below.
Table 6.2: Assessment legend
Impact character Symbol Description of Impact
Probability VP Impact very likely to occur
P Impact likely to occur
Scale
++ Large positive impact
+ Positive impact
0 No impact
- Negative impact
-- Large negative impact
Direct / Indirect I Indirect impact
D Direct impact
Frequency / duration LT Long term
ST Short term
Transboundary dimension TR Possible transboundary effect
Uncertainty ? Impact uncertain
189. Three production capacity scenarios70 are presented in the Strategy as alternative
options. The three alternative production capacity scenarios were described in
Chapter 2. Figures 6.5 to 6.7 show the different sites proposed under the
different production capacity scenarios.
190. The assessment below is based on the maximum capacity production scenarios as
presented in the Strategy. When describing the possible scenarios, the Strategy
states:
Taking into account the assessment of sites and carrying capacity, three potential
production capacities are proposed which give guidance as to possible production
capacity assuming different site availability and usage.
191. When describing carrying capacity, this report and the Strategy are referring to
environmental carrying capacity, which, in general refers to the threshold limit of use
70 The Strategy makes a distinction between production capacities and production targets. The SEA will assess
capacities as a worst case scenario.
73
of that system without damaging the system.
192. Table 6.3 presents the alternatives assessment and also includes the consideration
of the "do-nothing" option. The assessment is based on both the production
capacities and the proposed locations for development of aquaculture units as
described in the Strategy.
Do-Nothing option
193. The Do-Nothing option is the option that would evolve in the absence of the
Strategy. It is based on the assumptions that a North AZ is under consideration and
all existing sites are retained. It also assumes that there is no written strategic
direction for the industry that addresses baitfish feeding practices, training, market
development, research and innovation, etc. Currently the south AZ is operational and is used solely for tuna fattening. The more challenging climatic conditions that
can be encountered further offshore in the south AZ have resulted in losses in
periods of bad weather and consequently farms operate from June to December.
Current technology does not provide enough guarantees for this site to be used for
CCS farming.
194. As discussed in Chapter 4, the aquaculture industry has been shown to result in a
number of environmental impacts including on the marine benthos (and sediments),
water quality, impacts from odour, and (in the case of tuna farms) baitfish oil slicks.
All of these impacts have been recorded from a number of farms, with the impacts
on the benthos largely resulting from farms in shallower waters. In the current state of affairs, the development of a south AZ was intended to reduce environmental and
social pressures from the aquaculture industry. Relocation of tuna farms to this
offshore site would have relieved pressures on the G and H sites. However, despite
permit conditions, relocation never happened and impacts remain at Sites G and H,
and have also now been introduced at the Southeast AZ site. It is likely that this
state of affairs would continue in the absence of a Strategy. The impacts of the
Strategy are described in Chapter 7.
195. The do-nothing option also results in negative impacts resulting from those farms
located in the north east area off Malta. As identified above, the sites lie within a
MPA and therefore it is crucial to manage these impacts in light of the conservation objectives for the area. In the do-nothing option, impacts from these sites will
remain.
196. The do-nothing option does not provide a framework within which the aquaculture
industry can operate. Currently, industry players operate in compliance with
individual permit requirements and there is no strategic direction for the sector. In
the absence of such a strategic direction, the industry is likely to develop on an ad
hoc basis.
Production Capacity Scenario 1
197. Scenario 1 proposes the development of new outer sites in Area 8 (see Figure 6.1)
for the production of tuna (this recommendation is included in all 3 scenarios).
74
Introduction of Area 8, which is relatively close to the coast (i.e. within 1km)
intensifies production in the area with all associated impacts. Area 8 is located within
a wreck conservation area and includes important dive sites; therefore there may be
potential negative impacts on tourism, water quality, biodiversity, and cultural
heritage, depending on the exact location for the new cages. These impacts could be
mitigated if the recommendations contained in the Strategy, including those related
to operating within environmental carrying capacity at sites, improved monitoring
methodology and improved enforcement are effectively implemented (see Chapter
7). It is noted that the existing cages in proximity of Area 8 (G1 and H1 in Figure
6.1) were issued with a permit on condition that they relocate to the south AZ once
this is set up. To date, it is understood that this relocation has not yet materialised;
the Strategy does not make reference to this situation. The Strategy proponent
considers that this area remains suitable for aquaculture subject that good practices,
as recommended in the Strategy, and carrying capacity are implemented.
198. Scenario 1 does not make provision for the development of a North AZ. This means
that the current environmental pressures exerted by the farms in the north of Malta
will remain.
199. In summary, production capacity scenario 1 aims to achieve a total 11,500t tuna
capacity by adding 3,000t capacity in Area 8. CCS sites remain unchanged.
Production Capacity Scenario 2
200. This scenario is identical to Production Capacity Scenario 1 with respect to tuna. With regards to CCS, it proposes a North AZ (capacity 2,000t) and removal of site
A (to the North AZ) and intensification of Sites G and H.
201. The relocation of site A to the North AZ is expected to result in an overall positive
effect at Comino, since it will remove the site from the list of currently permitted
sites and the site will no longer be used for aquaculture. However, in the creation of
a new site where new impacts will be accrued and the fact that no other relocations
are considered, particularly in terms of the Mistra, and St Paul's Islands, and Mellieha
Bay cages, the extent of the significance of positive impacts is limited.
202. The proposed intensification of production of CCS is likely to increase extant
impacts at the Munxar and Il-Hofra sites, though the extent of this intensification
requires monitoring. These impacts could be mitigated somewhat if the
recommendations contained in the Strategy are effectively implemented (see
Chapter 7).
203. As in the case of production capacity scenario 1, the extension of Area 8 will create
further impacts.
Production Capacity Scenario 3
204. With regards to tuna, Production Capacity Scenario 3 retains the 6,000t capacity at
the south AZ and removes tuna capacity at site E (allocating it to CCS). As with
Scenarios 1 and 2, it proposes an additional 3,000t in Area 8; however, it also
75
proposes an additional 3,000t in Area 1 (NAZ), 4,500t in Area 3, and 3,000t in Area
7.
205. With regards to CCS, 6,000t are allocated to existing sites. In addition, 3,000t are
proposed in Area 1 (North AZ), 2,000t in Area 3, 1,000t in Area 4, 1,000t in Area 6,
and 2,000t in Area 7. Area 5 is designated as a nursery.
206. This scenario seeks to open up all the identified proposed areas in Figure 6.1 for
aquaculture and to significantly intensify production capacity at all existing sites. This
implies that to reach this production capacity, none of the existing sites would be
relocated and another 8 new areas would be taken up. The increased production
capacity could result in an intensification of negative effects at the existing sites. This
will depend on the carrying capacity, operational performance, and results of
environmental surveys/monitoring. As identified earlier, potential negative impacts
may be recorded on biodiversity, increased problems from marine litter generated by
the industry, deterioration in water quality, impacts on sediment quality, and conflicts
with tourism and recreation (some of the sites are within 1km from the coastline or
overlap with important diving sites). Similar impacts would be expected in Areas 1 - 8. These impacts could be mitigated somewhat if the recommendations contained in
the Strategy are effectively implemented (see Chapter 7).
207. In addition to site specific impacts at each of the areas, the proximity of Areas 5 - 8
and the south AZ means cumulative negative environmental effects are likely.
Conflicts with other uses are also highly likely, including tourism, recreation,
bunkering, navigation, etc. As stated above, these impacts could be mitigated
somewhat if the recommendations contained in the Strategy are effectively
implemented (see Chapter 7).
Conclusions
208. Table 6.3 summarises the alternatives assessment. All of the proposed scenarios
envisage an increase in tuna production to varying degrees, with Production Capacity
Scenario 3 being the maximum envisaged. Production Capacity Scenario 3 is the
option that presents the largest negative environmental impact.
209. In particular, Production Capacity Scenario 3 describes 8 separate new areas along
the entire eastern coast. Moreover, Production Capacity Scenario 3 supports the
retention of all existing sites in addition to creating 8 new areas. Relocation of
existing farms in G and H is not contemplated.
210. The assessment illustrates that Production Capacity Scenario 3 presents the worst
case scenario in terms of environmental impacts. This is therefore the basis for the
assessment carried out in Chapter 7.
211. In order to achieve a more favourable balance between environmental concerns and
technical capacity, it is recommended that the Strategy consider additional options to
the three presented in the Strategy in line with the considerations presented below.
212. Firstly, the Strategy options do not seem to take into consideration the fairly recent
76
changes to the TAC for tuna (refer to Chapter 4). In 2011, the TAC was 12,900t;
this was revised up to 13,400 for 2013 and 2014. The minimum capacity proposed
under the 3 alternatives presented in the Strategy is 11,500t and the maximum, under
Production Capacity Scenario 3 is 19,500t. It is recommended that the Strategy
should reconsider the capacity required for the production of tuna given the lower
TAC because in the present state of affairs, it is not considered justifiable to create
excessive capacity for tuna farming. During monitoring and the Strategy review
process, the Strategy may be revisited to cater for any changes in the industry, if
required.
213. The alternatives presented include options related to the growth of the CCS sector,
and tuna. It is recommended that, rather than referring to a particular species, a
general Strategy is adopted at this stage (as for CCS). Terminology such as Capture-
Based Species (CBS) is therefore considered more appropriate (in place of direct
reference to tuna) and would thereby allow the Strategy to cater for any changes in
the industry that may arise.
214. The development and designation of Aquaculture Zones for the industry should be clearly defined in the Strategy and promoted as a means to reduce the negative
effects that the industry is currently exerting on the environment rather than solely a
means of increasing production. When referring to an Aquaculture Zone, this is
considered to be an area permitted for the use of aquaculture. Such a zone would be
chosen on the basis of several detailed studies including Environmental Impact
Assessment. Depending on the location of the site an Appropriate Assessment in
line with the Habitats Directive may also be required. To this end, proposals to
relocate all farms from existing, inappropriate sites to a permitted AZ in line with
permit requirements should be given concrete importance and direction within the
Strategy. It is noted that the existing South East Aquaculture Zone is not
appropriate for CCS culture. However, the proposed North AZ being closer to the
coast, may be utilised for CCS culture as well. It is pointed out that during the
development of the SEA, it was clarified by the proponent that the proposed areas
(Areas 1-8) are considered to be ‘search areas’ for the location of such zones,
although this was not made clear in the text of the Strategy itself.
215. The recommendations contained in Chapter 8 of the Strategy need to be tailored
towards a preferred production capacity. The absence of a preferred production
scenario amongst the three summarised in Table 16 of the strategy leaves room for
significant interpretation of the recommendations in Chapter 8 of the SEA. In
identifying a preferred capacity for both CCS and CBS, the extent of growth required
in terms of sites will also be identified. However, at this stage, even in the absence of
a clear target, it should be noted, that also in consideration of section 6.5.2 of the
Strategy, Production Capacity 3 still provides an overcapacity when compared to the
highest production target in Table 16 of the Strategy. In this regard, and with regard
to the previous recommendation related to the designation of aquaculture zones, all
effort should be taken to ensure minimal additional uptake of marine areas is based
on real needs and subject to the necessary studies.
77
216. It is important to note that options presented will need to assume that the
production capacities are within environmental carrying capacities at each
site as stated in the Strategy71.
217. Chapter 8 of the SEA provides recommendations based on the findings from
Chapter 6 and Chapter 7.
71 It should however be noted that there are no hard and fast data to confirm this assumption.
85
Table 6.2: SEA Objectives and tuna’s proposed production scenarios
SEA Objectives Maintain biodiversity
(including terrestrial and
marine);
Avoid introduction of
non-indigenous species
into the natural
environment;
Populations of fish
species taken from the
wild are within safe
biological limits (including
species used for baitfish);
Avoid negative effects on
wild fish populations
Ensure aquaculture products are
within the legal safety requirements
(antibiotic resistance, possible
contamination and bioaccumulation of
chemicals, microbial agents and toxins)
for human consumption;
Ensure bathing water quality does not
deteriorate as a result of aquaculture
Minimises pollution on
the marine environment;
Avoids contribution to
eutrophication;
Sea-floor integrity is
maintained;
Avoids generation of
litter;
Minimise pollution on
groundwater from
activities directly arising
from the aquaculture
sector;
Avoids deterioration of
water bodies
Ensure no
odour nuisance
from
aquaculture
Contributes to
climate change
adaptation
Avoid
contamination of
marine sediments
Ensure no conflict
between aquaculture
and other uses (e.g.
tourism, recreation,
etc);
Sustainable waste
management
Maintain the
conservation status of
cultural heritage sites /
areas with known
cultural / archaeological
remains
Maintain
landscape quality
distinctiveness
Alt
ern
ati
ves
Do-nothing
Option
P
-
D
LT
P
-/0
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
+
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
Production
Capacity
Scenario 1
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
+
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
Production
Capacity
Scenario 2
P
+/-
D
LT
P
+/-
D
LT
P
+/-
D
LT
P
+/-
D
LT
P
+
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
-
D
LT
P
+/-
D
LT
Production
Capacity
Scenario 3
P
--
D
LT
P
--
D
LT
P
--
D
LT
P
--
D
LT
P
++
D
LT
P
--
D
LT
P
--
D
LT
P
--
D
LT
P
--
D
LT
86
CHAPTER 7: ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION
INTRODUCTION
218. This Chapter describes the assessment process followed in the strategic
environmental assessment, and describes the results of the assessment and mitigation
measures recommended to minimise or negate the impacts.
ASSESSING SIGNIFICANCE
219. Significance is assessed in accordance with the criteria listed in Schedule 2 of the SEA
Regulations, 2010. It is already well established in Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) literature whereby significance is a function of impact magnitude and the
sensitivity of receptors. Significance may be determined in a number of ways,
including expert judgements, the use of thresholds, reference to legislation, and
consultation with stakeholders. Although this SEA draws on each of these methods,
expert judgement and consultation predominate.
220. The assessment of significance is based on the probability of the impact occurring, on
the scale of the impact, its duration, reversibility, whether it has transboundary
impacts, and the certainty of impact prediction. Table 7.1 describes the assessment
framework and the symbols used to denote the various types of impact.
221. The relevant SEA objectives identified in Chapter 5 are used to assess the measures
in accordance with the significance criteria described below.
Table 7.1: Assessment legend
Impact character Symbol Description of Impact
Probability VP Impact very likely to occur
P Impact likely to occur
Scale
++ Large positive impact
+ Positive impact
0 No impact
- Negative impact
-- Large negative impact
Direct / Indirect I Indirect impact
D Direct impact
Frequency / duration LT Long term
ST Short term
Transboundary dimension TR Possible transboundary effect
Uncertainty ? Impact uncertain
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
222. Based on the methodology described above each of the measures was assessed
against each SEA objective. The results are presented in Table 7.2.
87
223. As described in Chapter 4, the aquaculture sector is considered to have a negligible
impact on air emissions and therefore assessment against the relevant objective has
been scoped out.
88
Table 7.2: Impact assessment
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance
Mitigation Symbols Summary description
Aspect 1: The Tuna Penning Sector
Proposals:
- Tuna farms on near shore sites should be relocated to sites with more than 50m water depth and more than 1nm from shore to limit impacts.
- Consideration should be given to restricting the feeding of bait fish to tuna cages during onshore wind conditions in the summer tourist season if alternative solutions are not found.
- A review of tuna offal disposal should be carried out.
Maintain biodiversity (including
terrestrial and marine)
Avoid introduction of non-
indigenous species into the natural
environment
Populations of fish species taken
from the wild are within safe
biological limits (including species
used for baitfish)
Avoid negative effects on wild fish
populations
Monitoring results from
impacts on the sea bed
Number of permitted sites
in protected areas
Records of non-indigenous
species in the natural
environment that may have
been introduced as a result
of aquaculture activities
Number of infringements
against Illegal & Unreported
and Unregulated (IUU)
Fishing
Recorded disease outbreaks
in wild populations
Relocation of tuna farms to more appropriate sites
should result in a positive effect at the vacated sites,
where these are inappropriate to support tuna
penning. This, however, implies impacts related to
aquaculture at new sites and therefore extent of
impacts will be related to how the process of
relocation is managed, the environmental
characteristics of the new site, and the management
of farm operations.
If the original sites continue to be used for
aquaculture, impacts at that site will remain, but are
likely to be less significant in the case of CCS
species that are fed pellets, assuming management
measures proposed in the Strategy are
implemented. In order to reduce any negative
effects, the sites should operate within the
environmental carrying capacity of the site.
P
+
D
LT
A positive impact is expected if the relocation of
farms is to permitted aquaculture zones (that
have undergone the necessary assessments at
project level). Relocation to additional sites for
individual operators takes away from the concept
of managing this industry holistically, restricting
impacts to one area, and avoiding sprawl and
cumulative effects. Therefore, it is
recommended that all tuna penning should be
located and managed within aquaculture zones
and the creation of new sites (for individual
operations) is to be avoided.
If, following relocation of the tuna farms, the freed up
sites are used for CCS species, these must operate
within the environmental carrying capacity of the site in
order to reduce potential continued negative impacts at
these locations. The possibility of cage site rotation to
allow impacted seabed to fallow and recover could also
be considered.
Monitoring of relevant parameters as part of an
environmental management plan, which includes
remedial actions to be taken where necessary should be
a permit requirement for all operations.
In terms of regulation and enforcement, it is
recommended that the operator of aquaculture zones is
separate from the regulator of fisheries operations. This
would allow for more transparent regulation of the
aquaculture zones.
The recommendations within the Strategy to develop
and test alternative tuna feeds as well as a drive towards
research into culturing alternative species are
considered to contribute to attempting to reduce
impacts from the industry.
Ensure aquaculture products are
within the legal safety requirements
(antibiotic resistance, possible
contamination and bioaccumulation
of chemicals, microbial agents and
toxins) for human consumption
Ensure bathing water quality does
not deteriorate as a result of
aquaculture
Analyses and test results as
required by legislation /
operational permit
requirements
Bathing water quality results
Appropriate site selection and operational
management are the important areas that should be
addressed in light of these SEA objectives.
P
+
D
LT
Relocation of tuna farms to more appropriate
sites should result in a positive effect at the
vacated sites, where these are inappropriate to
support tuna penning.
If the original sites continue to be used for
aquaculture, impacts at that site will remain, but
are likely to be less significant in the case of CCS
species that are fed pellets, assuming that no
over-feeding takes place and that any uneaten
pellets would have dissolved before reaching the
seabed. In order to reduce any negative effects,
the sites should operate within the
environmental carrying capacity of the site.
Other sections within the Strategy include
recommendations related to water quality and safety
standards regarding mainly monitoring, implementation
of legislation as well as measures related to fish health
control. The implementation of these measures will
ensure that bathing water quality is not affected.
Minimises pollution on the marine
environment
Avoids contribution to
eutrophication
Sea-floor integrity is maintained
Avoids generation of litter
Quality of the marine
environment including the
benthos under cages and in
the vicinity of aquaculture
operations
Nutrient concentration and
loading
As noted in Chapter 4 and above, tuna penning
has in the past resulted in impacts on the water
column, the seabed sediment and benthic organisms
likely due to bad management practices.
P
+
D
LT
Relocation of tuna farms to more appropriate
sites should result in a positive effect at the
vacated sites, where these are inappropriate to
support tuna penning. This, however, implies
impacts related to aquaculture at new sites and
therefore extent of impacts will be related to
how the process of relocation is managed, the
A positive impact is expected if the relocation of farms
is to permitted aquaculture zones (that have undergone
the necessary assessments at project level). Relocation
to additional sites for individual operators takes away
from the concept of managing this industry holistically,
restricting impacts to one area, and avoiding sprawl and
cumulative effects. Therefore, it is recommended that
89
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
Minimise pollution on groundwater
from activities directly arising from
the aquaculture sector
Avoids deterioration of water bodies
Aquaculture originating
marine litter in the water
column
Ingested marine litter,
originating from aquaculture
activities, by indicator
species (e.g. Caretta caretta)
Marine litter collected from
the seabed and from
beaches during cleaning that
originates from aquaculture
activities
Quality of groundwater in
the vicinity of land-based
aquaculture operations
Compliance with the Water
Framework Directive
(WFD).
environmental characteristics of the new site,
and the management of farm operations.
If the original sites continue to be used for
aquaculture, impacts at that site will remain, but
are likely to be less significant in the case of CCS
species that are fed pellets, assuming that no
over-feeding takes place and that any uneaten
pellets would have dissolved before reaching the
seabed. In order to reduce any negative effects,
the sites should operate within the
environmental carrying capacity of the site and
be regularly monitored.
The Strategy does not propose direct measures
to address potential problems with marine litter
that may originate from the industry.
all tuna penning should be located and managed within
aquaculture zones and the creation of new sites (for
individual operations) is to be avoided.
If, following the relocation of tuna farms, the freed up
sites are used for CCS species, these must operate
within the environmental carrying capacity of the site in
order to reduce potential continued negative impacts at
these locations. The possibility of cage site rotation to
allow impacted seabed to fallow and recover could also
be considered.
Monitoring of relevant parameters as part of an
environmental management plan, which includes
remedial actions to be taken where necessary should be
a permit requirement for all operations.
The recommendation within the Strategy to develop
and test alternative tuna feeds as well as a drive towards
research into culturing alternative species are
considered to contribute to attempting to reduce
impacts from the industry. The development of a
CoGP (a Strategy recommendation) should include
waste management considerations including measures to
reduce generation of marine litter.
Other sections within the Strategy include
recommendations related to water quality and safety
standards regarding mainly monitoring, implementation
of legislation as well as measures related to fish health
control.
Ensure no odour nuisance from
aquaculture
Number of confirmed cases
of odour arising from
aquaculture activities
The proposed measures seek to reduce impacts
from odour.
P
+
D
LT
The proposed measures i.e. relocation further
offshore seek to go some way to reducing odour
impacts given the increased distance from
sensitive receptors.
In addition to these proactive measures, a formal
complaint system should be set up in order to allow
monitoring of the situation.
Contributes to climate change
adaptation
Diversification of CCS in
the Maltese aquaculture
sector
This aspect does not address diversification. 0
This Aspect does not address diversification,
which is considered elsewhere within the
Strategy.
N/A
Avoid contamination/degradation of
marine sediments
Contamination of marine
sediments at specific sites;
Changes to marine
sediments at specific sites.
Monitoring of previous aquaculture activities has
indicated that they have led to anoxic sediment
conditions in the past, likely due to bad
management practices. Sediments are the primary
sink for particulate nutrients within the marine
system and therefore higher nutrient inputs will lead
to greater bacterial oxygen demand, which can
cause an equilibrium shift from oxygenation to
reduction processes leading to anoxic conditions.
The proposal to locate tuna pens further offshore is
expected to reduce known impacts from tuna
penning on marine sediments at the current sites
(located in relatively shallow waters, and close to
the coast) due to their limited ability to effectively
mobilise excess feed and feed waste, which make it
P
+/-
D
LT
Relocation of tuna farms further offshore is
expected to result in a positive impact at the
existing sites. This, however, implies impacts
related to aquaculture at new sites and therefore
extent of impacts will be related to how the
process of relocation is managed, the
environmental characteristics of the new site,
and the management of farm operations.
If the original sites continue to be used for
aquaculture, impacts at that site will remain,
which will be negative on the sediments to a
significant degree if the environmental carrying
capacity at these sites is exceeded.
A positive impact is expected if the relocation of farms
is to permitted aquaculture zones (that have undergone
the necessary assessments at project level). Relocation
to additional sites for individual operators takes away
from the concept of managing this industry holistically,
restricting impacts to one area, and avoiding sprawl and
cumulative effects. Therefore, it is recommended that
all tuna penning should be located and managed within
aquaculture zones and the creation of new sites (for
individual operations) is to be avoided.
A more significant positive environmental effect can be
accrued if the sites previously used are freed up. If, on
the other hand, the freed up sites are used for CCS
species, these must operate within the environmental
carrying capacity of the site in order to reduce potential
90
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
more likely that these collect on the seabed.
continued negative impacts at these locations.
Monitoring of relevant parameters as part of an
environmental management plan, which includes
remedial actions to be taken, where necessary, should
be a permit requirement for all operations.
Ensure no conflict between
aquaculture and other uses (e.g.
tourism, recreation, etc)
Sustainable waste management
Number of confirmed cases
of conflicts related to
aquaculture activities
Bathing water quality results
Environmental data
collected through
operational permits
Farm operations, particularly in relation to feeding
and waste disposal have also resulted in conflicts
with bathers and recreational users of the coastal
environment, including divers and yachters. The
proposal to restrict the use of baitfish during
onshore wind conditions during summer is
expected to reduce complaints related to
aquaculture activities. However, the proposal
suggests that alternatives may also be found without
elaborating on what this means.
Relocation further offshore should also reduce
impacts on shore-based recreational areas.
P
-/+
D
LT
In term of conflicts with recreational users, if
relocated and managed appropriately, including in
terms of waste management, there should be a
reduction in conflicts between these users and
the farms.
The Strategy should include proposals to ensure the
Sector adopts responsible waste management
procedures. One recommendation is to ensure that all
farms develop an Environmental Management Plan (as
part of permit and license conditions), which will include
aspects on waste management.
As described in Chapter 4, previous conflicts were
largely related to poor management practices,
Measures presented in the Strategy related to improving
monitoring and enforcement are expected to reduce the
scope for conflict.
Maintain the conservation status of
cultural heritage sites/areas with
known cultural/archaeological
remains
Number of operations
located away from cultural
heritage sites / areas or
areas with known cultural /
archaeological remains as a
percentage of the total
number of operations
If re-located to an Aquaculture Zone, the EIA
associated with the zone would have addressed the
issue of cultural heritage in relation to that specific
zone.
? If it is found through the EIA that the Zone site
could result in significant cultural heritage
impacts, it is considered that appropriate
mitigation measures would then be proposed at
project level, including the consideration of re-
location.
As identified during project level assessment.
Maintain landscape quality
distinctiveness
Environmental Impact
Assessment results on
landscape assessment
In terms of landscape impacts on the coast,
relocation of existing cages is expected to result in
a positive impact if the existing sites are freed up. If
sites are maintained for CCS, there will be no
change in terms of visual impact from cages
(although, as identified in Chapter 4, visual impact
from the cages is considered to be limited).
However, adverse impacts from oil slicks resulting
from the use of baitfish to feed the tuna, which
include both visual and odour will no longer be an
issue at the sites in question.
P
+/0
D
LT
In terms of landscape impacts on the coast,
relocation of existing cages is expected to result
in a positive impact if the existing sites are freed
up. If sites are maintained for CCS, there will be
no change.
N/A
Aspect 2: The Sea Bream and Sea Bass Sector
Proposals:
- Sea Bass and Sea Bream will remain important species for the industry for the foreseeable future so account must be made of this in strategic planning.
Maintain biodiversity (including
terrestrial and marine)
Avoid introduction of non-
indigenous species into the natural
environment
Populations of fish species taken
from the wild are within safe
biological limits (including species
used for fishbait)
Avoid negative effects on wild fish
populations
Monitoring results from
impacts on the sea bed
Number of permitted sites
in protected areas
Records of non-indigenous
species in the natural
environment that may have
been introduced as a result
of aquaculture activities
Number of infringements
against Illegal & Unreported
and Unregulated (IUU)
The Strategy places an emphasis on this industry.
As described in Chapter 4, environmental impacts
from these species recorded in the past have
related mainly to overcapacity and poor
management of individual sites.
Nutrient enrichment from sea bass and sea bream
farms in the Mediterranean has been known to
increase primary productivity in farm surroundings
in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea, which
subsequently results in stimulating productivity at
higher trophic levels. Thus, as long as carrying
P
-/0/+
D/I
LT
Depending on the production scenario selected
including the consideration of potential sites,
impacts on marine benthos in the cage vicinity
will be either negative (this is particularly a
consideration in the establishment of new sites)
or neutral at existing sites that operate according
to good practice and within carrying capacity.
There may also be a degree of positive impact if
nutrient enrichment results in an increase in
primary productivity.
Chapter 6 identifies potential impacts from each of the
proposed alternatives. Refer to Chapter 6 for proposed
recommendations including where it is recommended
that the Strategy should include measures to restrict
aquaculture to certain zones and avoid individual
operators applying for sites outside of permitted zones.
.
Carrying capacities must be established for all sites and
strict adherence to these capacities should be enforced.
Monitoring at these sites needs to remain an important
91
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
Fishing
Recorded disease outbreaks
in wild populations
capacity is not exceeded and the water quality does
not deteriorate, this sector could positively affect,
to a degree, species abundance (EU Commission,
2012).
The escape of fish from cages could result in
negative genetic effects on wild populations through
interbreeding, and ecological effects through
predation, competition and potential transfer of
diseases to wild fish. Proper management would
avoid such impacts.
Chapter 6 describes potential impacts from the
alternative production scenarios described in the
Strategy, which seeks to increase the production of
these species and therefore the previous impacts
recorded may potentially be expected in increased
production scenarios and at new sites. Other
Strategy recommendations, however, seek to
minimise such potential impacts including
recommendations to ensure establishment and
adherence to carrying capacity at all sites,
establishing an industry Code of Good Practice
(CoGP), improved monitoring and enforcement,
etc.
part of the permit conditions. In addition, however, the
Strategy should identify alternative approaches or
mitigation measures whenever certain parameters are
consistently exceeded and can be developed for each
operation within an Environmental Management Plan for
the site. Monitoring results must also feed back into the
establishment of carrying capacities. This should be
done in consultation with MEPA, particularly where
intervention, based on the data gathered, is required.
Despite the continued focus on this sector, a
commitment to explore other options, in particular
cultivation of herbivorous species or development of an
appropriate protein alternative within pellets should
continue to be a focus of the Strategy.
Good management practices to reduce wastage from
feed and minimise risk of escape should always also be
implemented. Implementation of good practice should
be inspected on a regular basis by
MARC/MEPA/Department of Fisheries (details to be
established in MOU) and if breaches are consistently
noted, specific and imminent action should be taken.
Ensure aquaculture products are
within the legal safety requirements
(antibiotic resistance, possible
contamination and bioaccumulation
of chemicals, microbial agents and
toxins) for human consumption
Ensure bathing water quality does
not deteriorate as a result of
aquaculture
Analyses and test results as
required by legislation /
operational permit
requirements
Bathing water quality results
Management of operations and the regulator should
ensure that correct guidelines and legislation is
abided by within this sector.
The Strategy proposes an increase in the
production of CCS species as assessed in Chapter
6. Increased production and increased sites could
impact bathing water quality. Other Strategy
proposals related to good management should go
some way to mitigating such effects.
P
-/0
I
LT
The Strategy should have regard to the
conclusions laid out in Chapter 6 in considering
potential cumulative impacts from increased
production of these species including in terms of
water quality. Regard to bathing sites is
imperative when considering levels of increased
production and location of new sites. This data
should also inform the establishment of carrying
capacities.
Other sections within the Strategy include
recommendations related to water quality and safety
standards regarding mainly monitoring, implementation
of legislation as well as measures related to fish health
control.
Minimises pollution on the marine
environment
Avoids contribution to
eutrophication
Sea-floor integrity is maintained
Avoids generation of litter
Minimise pollution on groundwater
from activities directly arising from
the aquaculture sector
Avoids deterioration of water bodies
Quality of the marine
environment including the
benthos under cages and in
the vicinity of aquaculture
operations
Nutrient concentration and
loading
Aquaculture originating
marine litter in the water
column
Ingested marine litter,
originating from aquaculture
activities, by indicator
species (e.g. Caretta caretta)
Marine litter collected from
the seabed and from
beaches during cleaning that
The cultivation of Sea Bass and Sea Bream is carried
out in relatively shallow waters and bays, which are
more vulnerable to excess nutrient loads potentially
leading to eutrophic conditions.
Potentially significant impacts can occur on
sediment parameters as well in case of nutrient
overload. Other Strategy recommendations,
however, seek to minimise such potential impacts
including recommendations to ensure establishment
and adherence to carrying capacity at all sites,
establishing an industry Code of Good Practice
(CoGP), improved monitoring and enforcement,
etc.
P
-
D
LT
The introduction of new cages in new areas is
likely to result in impacts in terms of quality of
benthos under the cages, increased nutrient
levels and subsequent increase in oxygen demand
in the water column and sediments, etc.
Implementation of the Strategy
recommendations as outlined previously should
reduce the significance of such impacts.
Management of these sites in line with good practice is
important in order to reduce all potential impacts
including those related to sediment changes.
Remedial measures must be adopted when monitoring
results show consistent exceedances.
The development of a CoGP should include waste
management considerations including measures to
reduce generation of marine litter.
92
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
originates from aquaculture
activities
Quality of groundwater in
the vicinity of land-based
aquaculture operations
Compliance with the Water
Framework Directive
(WFD).
Ensure no odour nuisance from
aquaculture
Number of confirmed cases
of odour arising from
aquaculture activities
Given that pellets are used to feed these species,
odour has not typically been considered a nuisance
from cultivation of these species.
P
0/-
D
LT
The marine-based operation does not generally
result in a significant odour issue. Land-based
facilities, depending on proposed activities, could
potentially be a source of odour.
In addition to Strategy recommendations, any land-based
proposals, e.g. related to packaging/processing or net
washing / mending must be managed in consideration of
the potential nuisance from odour and all measures to
reduce potential impacts should be implemented. This
would need to be addressed in detail at project level.
Contributes to climate change
adaptation
Diversification of CCS in
the Maltese aquaculture
sector
This measure does not address diversification. 0 This measure does not address diversification. N/A
Avoid contamination/degradation of
marine sediments
Contamination of marine
sediments at specific sites;
Changes to marine
sediments at specific sites.
Poor management and overcapacity could
contribute to significant negative effects on the
sediment.
Other Strategy recommendations, however, seek to
minimise such potential impacts including
recommendations to ensure establishment and
adherence to carrying capacity at all sites,
establishing an industry Code of Good Practice
(CoGP), improved monitoring and enforcement,
etc.
P
-/0
D
LT
The potential for negative effects remain,
although the Strategy provides a number of
recommendations that, if implemented, could
reduce the effects. However, the Strategy also
considers increased production and new sites.
The development of new sites would extend
impacts to these areas.
Good practice and remedial measures should be
implemented to minimise negative effects on the
sediment at existing sites.
Refer to recommendations in Chapter 6. If new sites
are considered, a detailed site selection exercise and
EIA are required. Permit conditions would need to take
into consideration carrying capacity and management of
the operation.
Ensure no conflict between
aquaculture commercial activities
and other uses (e.g. tourism,
recreation, etc)
Sustainable waste management
Number of confirmed cases
of conflicts related to
aquaculture activities
Bathing water quality results
Environmental data
collected through
operational permits
These species are generally reared in cages
relatively close to the shore. Impacts relate to
amenity as well as human perception of impacts. A
negative impact in terms of integration with other
uses related for instance to tourism and recreation
is expected.
Other Strategy recommendations, however, seek to
minimise such potential impacts including
recommendations to ensure establishment and
adherence to carrying capacity at all sites,
establishing an industry Code of Good Practice
(CoGP), improved monitoring and enforcement,
etc.
P
-
D
LT
These species are generally reared in cages
relatively close to the shore and therefore issues
related to amenity as well as human perception
of the impact of such activities in the vicinity as
well as actual impacts (as attested by monitoring
results).
Farm management in accordance with good practice will
go some way in mitigating conflict with other uses such
as tourism and recreation.
Marine spatial planning will also take potential conflicts
into consideration and seek to minimise them.
Maintain the conservation status of
cultural heritage sites/areas with
known cultural/archaeological
remains
Number of operations
located away from cultural
heritage sites / areas or
areas with known cultural /
archaeological remains as a
percentage of the total
number of operations
Surveys carried out prior to cage siting will have
informed the placement of cages to ensure they are
not located within archaeologically sensitive sites.
This is generally controlled at a project level.
? Surveys should be carried out at project level to
identify whether there will be any potential
impacts on archaeology. This is assessed at
project level.
As identified during project level assessment.
Maintain landscape quality
distinctiveness
Environmental Impact
Assessment results on
landscape assessment
The near shore cages are considered to have a
negative impact on the seascape (see Chapter 4).
P
-
D
LT
The near shore cages are considered to have a
negative impact on the seascape (see Chapter
4).
Carry out landscape assessment at project level for new
applications.
Aspect 3: Alternative species
93
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
Proposals:
- The main emphasis with regard to development of alternative species should be on amberjack.
- A hatchery and spawning facility for amberjack, bluefin tuna and other species should be established at the earliest opportunity.
- Other species groups such as groupers, sparids, octopus and sea urchins may have potential for production in Malta in the future, and research into such species should be encouraged providing commercial potential can be demonstrated.
Maintain biodiversity (including
terrestrial and marine)
Avoid introduction of non-
indigenous species into the natural
environment
Populations of fish species taken
from the wild are within safe
biological limits (including species
used for fishbait)
Avoid negative effects on wild fish
populations
Monitoring results from
impacts on the sea bed
Number of permitted sites
in protected areas
Records of non-indigenous
species in the natural
environment that may have
been introduced as a result
of aquaculture activities
Number of infringements
against Illegal & Unreported
and Unregulated (IUU)
Fishing
Recorded disease outbreaks
in wild populations
Amberjack is another carnivorous species, and
therefore the sustainability of putting emphasis on
this species should be considered. However,
market considerations, such as consumer demand
for carnivorous species must also be taken into
consideration.
Consideration of herbivorous species and/or low-
trophic level species in particular is considered to
be more sustainable, and such alternatives should be
taken into account when considering research focus
within the Strategy.
Closing of the tuna cycle is expected to reduce
pressure on the wild populations..
P
-/+
D
LT
Depending on the selected species used, impacts
on biodiversity could be negative, particularly if
carnivorous species are the focus and could
result in impacts on bait fish populations that
could have secondary impacts on the food web, if
these are fished using unsustainable methods.
Replacing carnivorous species with herbivorous
ones and lower trophic level species such as
molluscs and sea urchins, recommended for
research under this Strategy aspect, would be
preferable.
N.B. Chapter 6 identifies the need to identify
aquaculture zones. Any introduction of new
sites will result in the impacts already identified,
although these will be managed through the
implementation of the Strategy
recommendations.
When considering alternative species for culture,
consideration should be given to the aquafeeds to be
used for production. As outlined in the IUCN guidance
(2007)72, the sourcing of these raw materials should be
environmentally acceptable, and should not have
negative impacts on the ecosystems from which these
ingredients are harvested.
Ensure aquaculture products are
within the legal safety requirements
(antibiotic resistance, possible
contamination and bioaccumulation
of chemicals, microbial agents and
toxins) for human consumption
Ensure bathing water quality does
not deteriorate as a result of
aquaculture
Analyses and test results as
required by legislation /
operational permit
requirements
Bathing water quality results
It should be ensured that any alternatives adopted
remain in compliance with legislation and good
practice. Environmental monitoring of operations
would also be required to ensure water quality
does not deteriorate and carrying capacities must
be established and adhered to.
? It is assumed that all developments will ensure
compliance with legal safety requirements, and
operate to best practice standards, however, at
this stage, this is considered an uncertainty.
Close monitoring of cultivation of alternative species is
required both in terms of environmental and health data
gathering.
Minimises pollution on the marine
environment
Avoids contribution to
eutrophication
Sea-floor integrity is maintained
Avoids generation of litter
Minimise pollution on groundwater
from activities directly arising from
the aquaculture sector
Avoids deterioration of water bodies
Quality of the marine
environment including the
benthos under cages and in
the vicinity of aquaculture
operations
Nutrient concentration and
loading
Aquaculture originating
marine litter in the water
column
Ingested marine litter,
originating from aquaculture
activities, by indicator
species (e.g. Caretta caretta)
Marine litter collected from
the seabed and from
beaches during cleaning that
originates from aquaculture
activities
The risk from previously identified impacts
associated with aquaculture is expected to remain.
However, implementation of industry standards as
outlined through other Strategy recommendations
may successfully mitigate any negative effects.
In addition, depending on facility operation, there
may be impacts resulting from discharges to the
marine environment.
Other Strategy recommendations, however, seek to
minimise such potential impacts including
recommendations to ensure establishment and
adherence to carrying capacity at all sites,
establishing an industry Code of Good Practice
(CoGP), improved monitoring and enforcement,
etc.
P
-/0
D
LT
If operated according to carrying capacities, at
existing sites, there may be no residual negative
impacts.
Monitoring and remedial measures are required to
minimise any negative effects.
Management of the land-based hatchery must be
considered in detail particularly in terms of water inputs
and outputs and the need for filtration systems and
other methods to avoid contamination of the
environment from any discharges.
72 2007. Guide for the Sustainable Development of Mediterranean Aquaculture. Interaction between Aquaculture and the Environment. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Malaga, Spain.
94
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
Quality of groundwater in
the vicinity of land-based
aquaculture operations
Compliance with the Water
Framework Directive
(WFD).
Ensure no odour nuisance from
aquaculture
Number of confirmed cases
of odour arising from
aquaculture activities
Formulated feeds have been developed for
amberjack, reducing problems with odour at the
cages. Odour may be a nuisance from the
proposed land-based facility and therefore its siting
is of particular importance.
P
-/0
D
LT
Formulated feeds have been developed for
amberjack, reducing problems with odour at the
cages. Odour may be a nuisance from the
proposed land-based facility and therefore its
siting is of particular importance.
As identified during project level assessment.
Contributes to climate change
adaptation
Diversification of CCS in
the Maltese aquaculture
sector
This Aspect is in line with this SEA objective. P
+
D
LT
Reducing the dependence on a handful of species
will improve the industry’s prospects in the long-
term and contribute to climate change
adaptation.
N/A
Avoid contamination of marine
sediments
Contamination of marine
sediments at specific sites;
Changes to marine
sediments at specific sites.
The risk from previously identified impacts
associated with aquaculture is expected to remain.
However, implementation of industry standards as
outlined through other Strategy recommendations
may successfully mitigate any negative effects.
P
-/0
D
LT
Current impacts associated with aquaculture are
expected to remain. If operated according to
carrying capacities, at existing sites, there may be
no residual negative impacts.
Implementation of monitoring and remedial measures
are imperative in avoiding or reducing negative effects.
Ensure no conflict between
aquaculture commercial activities
and other uses (e.g. tourism,
recreation, etc)
Sustainable waste management
Number of confirmed cases
of conflicts related to
aquaculture activities
Bathing water quality results
Environmental data
collected through
operational permits
Development of a land-based hatchery could result
in conflicting uses. Current policy and the
consultation processes identify industrial areas as
the best place for a land-based facility. In reality,
technical issues associated with the running of such
a facility will also have an input in the site selection
process.
? Impacts are largely confined to and subject to the
location of the facility.
Site selection at project stage should be carried out in
order to minimise potential negative effects from
additional facilities including more cages and a land-
based hatchery.
Maintain the conservation status of
cultural heritage sites/areas with
known cultural/archaeological
remains
Number of operations
located away from cultural
heritage sites / areas or
areas with known cultural /
archaeological remains as a
percentage of the total
number of operations
If existing sites are used, no impacts are expected
on the marine environment. In case of new cages,
potential impacts would depend on the siting of any
new cages and the proposed land-based facility.
? Surveys should be carried out related to any new
proposal to identify any potential impacts on
cultural heritage.
As identified during project level assessment.
Maintain landscape quality
distinctiveness
Environmental Impact
Assessment results on
landscape assessment
Depending on where cages are located, if new sites
are proposed, and where a land-based facility is
located the impact on the landscape is likely to be
not significant to negative.
P
-/0
D
LT
Depending on where cages are located, if new
sites are proposed, and where a land-based
facility is located the impact on the landscape is
likely to be not significant to negative.
As identified during project level assessment.
Aspect 4: Identification of sites and potential production scenarios
REFER TO CHAPTER 6 FOR ALTERNATIVES ASSESSMENT
Aspect 5: Aquaculture Policy
- It is recommended that the 2004 policy document is updated to reflect the findings of this study, making sure that it reflects the needs of the industry and current issues, and taking into account the views of all stakeholders, especially the growers
themselves.
THE ASSESSMENT OF THIS ASPECT HAS BEEN INCORPORATED AS PART OF THE ASSESSMENT ON ASPECT 6 GIVEN THAT ASPECT 5 CALLS FOR AN UPDATE TO THE EXISTING POLICY, SOME
RECOMMENDATIONS OF WHICH ARE PART OF ASPECT 6.
Aspect 6: Regulation
- Whilst the concept of zoning is desirable in principle for existing sites as well as new sites, it should only be pursued providing that operators are not financially or operationally disadvantaged and they are fully consulted.
- It is recommended that the minimum term for concessions is 25 years, or in accordance with normal commercial lease terms in Malta, subject to compliance with operating conditions.
- It is recommended that all tuna farms be located in more than 50m water depth and 1nm from shore, whilst CCS should mostly be in less than 50m water depth at varying distance from the shore.
- The present process by which farms are monitored and enforcement instigated should be reviewed and strengthened.
95
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
- The introduction of conditions regards methods of feeding baitfish to tuna should be considered.
- The industry should be encouraged to prepare a COGP, if necessary supported by funding from the Government.
- MEPA must be aware of the strategic intentions of the Government regarding the industry through a revised policy document based on the findings of this study.
- It is recommended that an appropriate individual within MEPA is trained as an aquaculture specialist to act as a liaison officer between MEPA and the industry.
- An Aquaculture Working Group made up of representatives from the industry, MEPA and MRRA should be established to address specific issues affecting the industry.
Maintain biodiversity (including
terrestrial and marine)
Avoid introduction of non-
indigenous species into the natural
environment
Populations of fish species taken
from the wild are within safe
biological limits (including species
used for fishbait)
Avoid negative effects on wild fish
populations
Monitoring results from
impacts on the sea bed
Number of permitted sites
in protected areas
Records of non-indigenous
species in the natural
environment that may have
been introduced as a result
of aquaculture activities
Number of infringements
against Illegal & Unreported
and Unregulated (IUU)
Fishing
Recorded disease outbreaks
in wild populations
Recommendations under this Aspect are largely
expected to result in both direct and indirect
impacts on benthos, particularly those that seek to
improve management of operation of the farms.
The first recommendation, however, seems to
contradict the recommendation that all tuna farms
should be relocated further offshore, whereby it
places conditions on relocation, especially seeing
that all tuna farms are in 50m of water or more. In
order to ensure positive impacts, or less significant
negative effects, relocation should be required.
Processes to improve monitoring and enforcement,
conditions regarding feeding baitfish to tuna, and the
preparation of a CoGP are expected to result in
positive effects in that impacts on benthos from
excess feed and subsequent nutrient load should be
reduced.
P
+
D/I
LT
Proposals to improve management of the farms
including proposals related to improved
monitoring and enforcement as well as
development of CoGP should have indirect
positive effects on the benthos. Relocating tuna
farms further offshore should reduce pressures
on the benthos, however, the positive effect will
depend on how these are managed.
The Strategy needs a clear direction to fully support the
use of aquaculture zones and require all relevant farms
both existing and any new proposed, to be located in
such zones.
Ensure aquaculture products are
within the legal safety requirements
(antibiotic resistance, possible
contamination and bioaccumulation
of chemicals, microbial agents and
toxins) for human consumption
Ensure bathing water quality does
not deteriorate as a result of
aquaculture
Analyses and test results as
required by legislation /
operational permit
requirements
Bathing water quality results
Proposals to improve management of farm
operations should result in an improvement in
water quality in the vicinity of the farms.
P
+
D/I
LT
Proposals to improve management of the farms
including proposals related to improved
monitoring and enforcement as well as
development of COGP should have indirect
positive effects on water quality. Relocating tuna
farms further offshore should improve water
circulation, thereby reducing risk of anoxic
conditions; however, the extent of this positive
effect will depend on whether other species will
be reared at the existing sites and how they will
be managed (including whether operation is
carried out within the site's environmental
carrying capacity).
The Strategy needs a clear direction to fully support the
use of aquaculture zones and require all relevant farms,
both existing and any new proposed, to be located in
such zones.
Minimises pollution on the marine
environment
Avoids contribution to
eutrophication
Sea-floor integrity is maintained
Avoids generation of litter
Minimise pollution on groundwater
from activities directly arising from
the aquaculture sector
Avoids deterioration of water bodies
Quality of the marine
environment including the
benthos under cages and in
the vicinity of aquaculture
operations
Nutrient concentration and
loading
Aquaculture originating
marine litter in the water
column
Ingested marine litter,
originating from aquaculture
activities, by indicator
species (e.g. Caretta caretta)
Marine litter collected from
the seabed and from
beaches during cleaning that
originates from aquaculture
activities
Proposals to improve management of farm
operations should result in an improvement in
water quality in the vicinity of the farms.
P
+
D/I
LT
Proposals to improve management of the farms
including proposals related to improved
monitoring and enforcement as well as
development of COGP should have indirect
positive effects on water quality. Relocating tuna
farms further offshore should improve water
circulation, thereby reducing risk of anoxic
conditions, however, the extent of this positive
effect will depend on whether other species will
be reared at the existing sites and how they will
be managed (including whether operation is
carried out within the site's environmental
carrying capacity).
The Strategy needs a clear direction to fully support the
use of aquaculture zones and require all relevant farms,
both existing and any new proposed, to be located in
such zones.
96
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
Quality of groundwater in
the vicinity of land-based
aquaculture operations
Compliance with the Water
Framework Directive
(WFD).
Ensure no odour nuisance from
aquaculture
Number of confirmed cases
of odour arising from
aquaculture activities
Proposals to improve management of farm
operations should result in an improvement in
odour in the vicinity of the farms.
P
+
D/I
LT
Proposals to improve management of the farms
including proposals related to improved
monitoring and enforcement as well as
development of CoGP, and in particular
conditions on the use of baitfish should minimise
existing problems regarding odour. Relocating
tuna farms further offshore should also reduce
odour impacts on land.
The Strategy needs a clear direction to fully support the
use of aquaculture zones and require all relevant farms,
both existing and any new proposed, to be located in
such zones.
Contributes to climate change
adaptation
Diversification of CCS in
the Maltese aquaculture
sector
This aspect does not directly address this objective. 0 This aspect does not directly address this
objective.
N/A
Avoid contamination of marine
sediments
Contamination of marine
sediments at specific sites;
Changes to marine
sediments at specific sites.
Proposals to improve management of farm
operations, including relocation of tuna farms
should result in reduced impact on sediments.
P
+
D/I
LT
Proposals to improve management of the farms
including proposals related to improved
monitoring and enforcement as well as
development of CoGP, and in particular
conditions on the use of baitfish should minimise
existing problems regarding sediment
contamination. Relocating tuna farms further
offshore should also reduce impacts on
sediments.
The Strategy needs a clear direction to fully support the
use of aquaculture zones and require all relevant farms,
both existing and any new proposed, to be located in
such zones.
Ensure no conflict between
aquaculture commercial activities
and other uses (e.g. tourism,
recreation, etc)
Sustainable waste management
Number of confirmed cases
of conflicts related to
aquaculture activities
Bathing water quality results
Environmental data
collected through
operational permits
A CoGP and improved monitoring and enforcement
should ensure sustainable waste management.
Relocation of tuna farms must consider other uses
and potential conflicts at identified new sites.
P
+/?
D/I
LT
A CoGP and improved monitoring and
enforcement should ensure sustainable waste
management.
Consideration of alternative site selection outcome
should be an integral part of the Strategy including
reference to the preferred option.
Relocation of tuna farms to aquaculture zones rather
than a number of separate sites would facilitate
management and reduce any impacts in this regard.
Maintain the conservation status of
cultural heritage sites/areas with
known cultural/archaeological
remains
Number of operations
located away from cultural
heritage sites / areas or
areas with known cultural /
archaeological remains as a
percentage of the total
number of operations
Potential impacts on cultural heritage need to be
identified at project level if relevant.
? Potential impacts on cultural heritage need to be
identified at project level if relevant.
As identified during project level assessment.
Maintain landscape quality
distinctiveness
Environmental Impact
Assessment results on
landscape assessment
This aspect is not expected to have a direct bearing
on this objective.
0 This aspect is not expected to have a direct
bearing on this objective.
N/A
Aspect 7: R&D
- A mechanism should be put in place to ensure regular (e.g. annual) reviews of research priorities and funding are carried out involving Government, industry and academic stakeholders.
- Resources should be committed to the development and testing of alternative tuna feeds that reduce reliance on baitfish.
- The PPP model of R&D funding appears to be working well and should be developed further, although it must allow participation by all growers in Malta.
- The development of a new marine hatchery and R&D centre is a high priority under the Aquaculture Strategy and full costings and a finance model, most likely using a PPP, should be developed as soon as a site has been agreed.
- Collaboration between MARC and the University of Malta and other institutions in the Mediterranean, whether to provide access to specialised research equipment or expertise is recommended.
97
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
Maintain biodiversity (including
terrestrial and marine)
Avoid introduction of non-
indigenous species into the natural
environment
Populations of fish species taken
from the wild are within safe
biological limits (including species
used for fishbait)
Avoid negative effects on wild fish
populations
Monitoring results from
impacts on the sea bed
Number of permitted sites
in protected areas
Records of non-indigenous
species in the natural
environment that may have
been introduced as a result
of aquaculture activities
Number of infringements
against Illegal & Unreported
and Unregulated (IUU)
Fishing
Recorded disease outbreaks
in wild populations
Investment in R&D that, in particular, includes
attempting to develop a pellet feed for tuna could
result in positive impacts in the long-term, in
particular if an alternative source of protein is used
in the development of the pellet to reduce pressure
on baitfish. However, this research is considered to
be in its infancy and no direct benefits are expected
in the near future.
The recommendations hereunder are not expected
to generate significant environmental effects:
- A mechanism should be put in place to ensure
regular (e.g. annual) reviews of research
priorities and funding are carried out
involving Government, industry and academic
stakeholders.
- The PPP model of R&D funding appears to be
working well and should be developed
further, although it must allow participation
by all growers in Malta.
- Collaboration between MARC and the
University of Malta and other institutions in
the Mediterranean, whether to provide
access to specialised research equipment or
expertise is recommended.
0 Investment in R&D that, in particular, includes
attempting to develop a pellet feed for tuna
could result in positive impacts in the long-term,
in particular if an alternative source of protein is
used in the development of the pellet to reduce
pressure on baitfish. However, this research is
considered to be in its infancy and no direct
benefits are expected in the near future.
Although no significant impact is expected at a
national level, the impact of the proposed
hatchery on biodiversity would depend on the
sites selected.
The location of the hatchery would be subject to the
relevant planning and environmental processes.
Ensure aquaculture products are
within the legal safety requirements
(antibiotic resistance, possible
contamination and bioaccumulation
of chemicals, microbial agents and
toxins) for human consumption
Ensure bathing water quality does
not deteriorate as a result of
aquaculture
Analyses and test results as
required by legislation /
operational permit
requirements
Bathing water quality results
This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
0 This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
N/A
Minimises pollution on the marine
environment
Avoids contribution to
eutrophication
Sea-floor integrity is maintained
Avoids generation of litter
Minimise pollution on groundwater
from activities directly arising from
the aquaculture sector
Avoids deterioration of water bodies
Quality of the marine
environment including the
benthos under cages and in
the vicinity of aquaculture
operations
Nutrient concentration and
loading
Aquaculture originating
marine litter in the water
column
Ingested marine litter,
originating from aquaculture
activities, by indicator
species (e.g. Caretta caretta)
Marine litter collected from
the seabed and from
beaches during cleaning that
originates from aquaculture
activities
Quality of groundwater in
This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
0 This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
N/A
98
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
the vicinity of land-based
aquaculture operations
Compliance with the Water
Framework Directive
(WFD).
Ensure no odour nuisance from
aquaculture
Number of confirmed cases
of odour arising from
aquaculture activities
Setting up of a new land-based facility must consider
potential impacts from odour.
P
-/?
D
LT
Negative odour impacts may be accrued
depending on the location of the hatchery.
As identified during project level assessment.
Contributes to climate change
adaptation
Diversification of CCS in
the Maltese aquaculture
sector
Investment in R&D should help the sector better
adapt to climate change and setting up a local
hatchery reduces dependence from other sources.
P
+
D
LT
Investment in R&D should help the sector better
adapt to climate change.
Ensure R&D includes a horizontal theme of climate
change adaptation.
Avoid contamination of marine
sediments
Contamination of marine
sediments at specific sites;
Changes to marine
sediments at specific sites.
This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
0 This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
N/A
Ensure no conflict between
aquaculture commercial activities
and other uses (e.g. tourism,
recreation, etc)
Sustainable waste management
Number of confirmed cases
of conflicts related to
aquaculture activities
Bathing water quality results
Environmental data
collected through
operational permits
There is the potential for the siting of the hatchery
to result in negative impacts on other uses in the
area.
P
-/?
D
LT
A land-based hatchery may have negative effects
on other land uses in the area, depending on the
selected site.
Development of a hatchery must include consideration
of potential land use conflicts such that a thorough site
selection exercise should be carried out to minimise
potential conflicts. The hatchery and its management
will be subject to land use and possibly environment
permits to reduce impacts from waste.
Maintain the conservation status of
cultural heritage sites/areas with
known cultural/archaeological
remains
Number of operations
located away from cultural
heritage sites / areas or
areas with known cultural /
archaeological remains as a
percentage of the total
number of operations
Depending on the chosen site for the hatchery,
potential impacts on cultural heritage may be
identified.
P
-/?
D
LT
A land-based hatchery may have negative effects
on cultural heritage in the area, depending on the
selected site.
Site selection for the hatchery should be integrated into
the costings for project development. Site selection will
avoid or minimise the probability of significant negative
effects on cultural heritage. Where this is not possible,
any cultural heritage features should be designed into
the project as far as possible.
Maintain landscape quality
distinctiveness
Environmental Impact
Assessment results on
landscape assessment
Depending on the chosen site for the hatchery,
potential impacts on landscape may be identified.
P
-/?
D
LT
A land-based hatchery may have negative effects
on landscape, depending on the selected site.
Site selection for the hatchery should be integrated into
the costings for project development. Site selection will
avoid or minimise the probability of significant negative
effects on landscape. The design phase should seek to
integrate the project into the existing landscape as far as
possible.
Aspect 8: Environmental monitoring
- It is recommended that a review of environmental monitoring methodology is carried out by an independent international authority with relevant expertise and that procedures are brought into line with guidance under development within the GFSM
workshops InDAM and SHoCMed.
- It is recommended that a consultative forum is established to develop formal vocational training programmes for Maltese aquaculture. This should involve industry representatives, training providers (e.g. MCAST and the Malta Qualifications Council.
99
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
Maintain biodiversity (including
terrestrial and marine)
Avoid introduction of non-
indigenous species into the natural
environment
Populations of fish species taken
from the wild are within safe
biological limits (including species
used for bait fish)
Avoid negative effects on wild fish
populations
Monitoring results from
impacts on the sea bed
Number of permitted sites
in protected areas
Records of non-indigenous
species in the natural
environment that may have
been introduced as a result
of aquaculture activities
Number of infringements
against Illegal & Unreported
and Unregulated (IUU)
Fishing
Recorded disease outbreaks
in wild populations
Although these are soft measures, standardisation
of environmental monitoring is expected to result in
indirect positive effects on biodiversity, assuming
remedial action is carried out imminently as and if
required.
Improvement in the establishment of environmental
carrying capacity at each site is also expected
through improved methodology.
P
+
I
LT
Although these are soft measures,
standardisation of environmental monitoring is
expected to result in indirect positive effects on
biodiversity, assuming remedial action is carried
out imminently as and if required.
As part of the Aquaculture Working Group identified
under Aspect 6, a mechanism should be in place to
ensure effective remedial measures are implemented as
required.
Monitoring results should directly feed into models
created to establish carrying capacity at various sites.
Ensure aquaculture products are
within the legal safety requirements
(antibiotic resistance, possible
contamination and bioaccumulation
of chemicals, microbial agents and
toxins) for human consumption
Ensure bathing water quality does
not deteriorate as a result of
aquaculture
Analyses and test results as
required by legislation /
operational permit
requirements
Bathing water quality results
Although these are soft measures, standardisation
of environmental monitoring is expected to result in
positive effects on water quality and other
parameters, assuming remedial action is carried out
imminently as and if required.
P
+
D
LT
Although these are soft measures,
standardisation of environmental monitoring is
expected to result in positive effects on water
quality and other parameters, assuming remedial
action is carried out imminently as and if
required.
As part of the Aquaculture Working Group identified
under Aspect 6, a mechanism should be in place to
ensure effective remedial measures are implemented as
required.
Minimises pollution on the marine
environment
Avoids contribution to
eutrophication
Sea-floor integrity is maintained
Avoids generation of litter
Minimise pollution on groundwater
from activities directly arising from
the aquaculture sector
Avoids deterioration of water bodies
Quality of the marine
environment including the
benthos under cages and in
the vicinity of aquaculture
operations
Nutrient concentration and
loading
Aquaculture originating
marine litter in the water
column
Ingested marine litter,
originating from aquaculture
activities, by indicator
species (e.g. Caretta caretta)
Marine litter collected from
the seabed and from
beaches during cleaning that
originates from aquaculture
activities
Quality of groundwater in
the vicinity of land-based
aquaculture operations
Compliance with the Water
Framework Directive
(WFD).
Although these are soft measures, standardisation
of environmental monitoring is expected to result in
positive effects on water quality and other
parameters, assuming remedial action is carried out
imminently as and if required.
P
+
D
LT
Although these are soft measures,
standardisation of environmental monitoring is
expected to result in positive effects on water
quality and other parameters, assuming remedial
action is carried out imminently as and if
required.
As part of the Aquaculture Working Group identified
under Aspect 6, a mechanism should be in place to
ensure effective remedial measures are implemented as
required.
Ensure no odour nuisance from
aquaculture
Number of confirmed cases
of odour arising from
aquaculture activities
This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
0 This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
N/A
Contributes to climate change Diversification of CCS in This aspect does not directly influence this 0 This aspect does not directly influence this N/A
100
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
adaptation the Maltese aquaculture
sector
objective. objective.
Avoid contamination of marine
sediments
Contamination of marine
sediments at specific sites;
Changes to marine
sediments at specific sites.
Although these are soft measures, standardisation
of environmental monitoring is expected to result in
positive effects on marine sediments and other
parameters, assuming remedial action is carried out
imminently as and if required and carrying capacity
is more accurately defined.
P
+
D
LT
Although these are soft measures,
standardisation of environmental monitoring is
expected to result in positive effects on marine
sediments and other parameters, assuming
remedial action is carried out imminently as and
if required and carrying capacity is more
accurately defined.
As part of the Aquaculture Working Group identified
under Aspect 6, a mechanism should be in place to
ensure effective remedial measures are implemented as
required.
Ensure no conflict between
aquaculture commercial activities
and other uses (e.g. tourism,
recreation, etc)
Sustainable waste management
Number of confirmed cases
of conflicts related to
aquaculture activities
Bathing water quality results
Environmental data
collected through
operational permits
Although these are soft measures, standardisation
of environmental monitoring is expected to result in
positive effects on water quality and other
parameters, assuming remedial action is carried out
imminently as and if required thus ensuring waste
management practices are sustainable and
associated impacts are minimised. Results should
contribute to the establishment of carrying
capacities at each site.
P
+
D
LT
Although these are soft measures,
standardisation of environmental monitoring is
expected to result in positive effects on water
quality and other parameters, assuming remedial
action is carried out imminently as and if
required thus ensuring waste management
practices are sustainable and associated impacts
are minimised. Results should contribute to the
establishment of carrying capacities at each site.
As part of the Aquaculture Working Group identified
under Aspect 6, a mechanism should be in place to
ensure effective remedial measures are implemented as
required.
Maintain the conservation status of
cultural heritage sites/areas with
known cultural/archaeological
remains
Number of operations
located away from cultural
heritage sites / areas or
areas with known cultural /
archaeological remains as a
percentage of the total
number of operations
This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
0 This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
N/A
Maintain landscape quality
distinctiveness
Environmental Impact
Assessment results on
landscape assessment
This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
0 This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
N/A
Aspect 9: Fish health control
- It is recommended that disease control is strengthened through the development of Area Management Agreements (AMAs) between all operators in a zone or area.
- It is recommended that a contingency plan is prepared by Government and industry to deal with the possibility of a notifiable or other serious disease becoming established in Malta.
- In the event of increased production, the need for and delivery of an improved fish disease diagnostic capability, such as the one that used to be provided by the NAC, should be assessed.
Maintain biodiversity (including
terrestrial and marine)
Avoid introduction of non-
indigenous species into the natural
environment
Populations of fish species taken
from the wild are within safe
biological limits (including species
used for fishbait)
Monitoring results from
impacts on the sea bed
Number of permitted sites
in protected areas
Records of non-indigenous
species in the natural
environment that may have
been introduced as a result
of aquaculture activities
Number of infringements
against Illegal & Unreported
and Unregulated (IUU)
Fishing
Recorded disease outbreaks
in wild populations
Improvement in fish health control will minimise
risk of spread of disease to wild populations. The
use of chemicals requires strict management
because of potential impacts on the benthos.
Posidonia meadows are particularly sensitive to
chemical inputs (Commission, 2012)
P
+/-
I
LT
Improvement in fish health control will minimise
risk of spread of disease to wild populations.
However, chemical inputs must be strictly
managed on a site specific basis since certain
habitats are particularly sensitive to synthetic
compounds used in aquaculture.
The proposed R&D Centre should be aware of the
possibility of spreading of diseases between cultured and
wild fish and should establish or be part of a network of
other research centres in the region carrying out
studies/monitoring in this field. A contingency plan in
the case of an outbreak should consider ameliorating
potential negative effects on wild populations too.
Ensure aquaculture products are
within the legal safety requirements
(antibiotic resistance, possible
contamination and bioaccumulation
of chemicals, microbial agents and
toxins) for human consumption
Ensure bathing water quality does
Analyses and test results as
required by legislation /
operational permit
requirements
Bathing water quality results
Assuming operators manage administration of
relevant products/agents correctly and according to
legislation, there should not be any significant effect
on this aspect.
0 Assuming operators manage administration of
relevant products/agent correctly and according
to legislation, there should not be any significant
effect on this aspect.
Implementation of this aspect must ensure compliance
with all relevant regulations.
Monitoring and auditing will be an important aspect in
reducing potential mismanagement of any chemicals
used.
101
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
not deteriorate as a result of
aquaculture
Minimises pollution on the marine
environment
Avoids contribution to
eutrophication
Sea-floor integrity is maintained
Avoids generation of litter
Minimise pollution on groundwater
from activities directly arising from
the aquaculture sector
Avoids deterioration of water bodies
Quality of the marine
environment including the
benthos under cages and in
the vicinity of aquaculture
operations
Nutrient concentration and
loading
Aquaculture originating
marine litter in the water
column
Ingested marine litter,
originating from aquaculture
activities, by indicator
species (e.g. Caretta caretta)
Marine litter collected from
the seabed and from
beaches during cleaning that
originates from aquaculture
activities
Quality of groundwater in
the vicinity of land-based
aquaculture operations
Compliance with the Water
Framework Directive
(WFD).
Potential negative effects on water quality may
occur depending on treatments used.
P
-/?
D
LT
Potential negative effects on water quality may
occur depending on treatments used.
The contingency plan should ensure that any treatment
methods required to be used do not cause negative
environmental effects.
Monitoring and auditing will be an important aspect in
reducing potential mismanagement of any chemicals
used and ensuring negative effects are not accrued or
are minimised as far as possible.
Ensure no odour nuisance from
aquaculture
Number of confirmed cases
of odour arising from
aquaculture activities
This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
0 This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
N/A
Contributes to climate change
adaptation
Diversification of CCS in
the Maltese aquaculture
sector
This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
0 This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
N/A
Avoid contamination of marine
sediments
Contamination of marine
sediments at specific sites;
Changes to marine
sediments at specific sites.
It is unlikely that this aspect would result in an
impact on sediments, however, depending on
treatments used, the possibility of contamination
should be considered.
? It is unlikely that this aspect would result in an
impact on sediments, however, depending on
treatments used, the possibility of contamination
should be considered.
The contingency plan should ensure that any treatment
methods required to be used do not cause negative
environmental effects.
Ensure no conflict between
aquaculture commercial activities
and other uses (e.g. tourism,
recreation, etc)
Sustainable waste management
Number of confirmed cases
of conflicts related to
aquaculture activities
Bathing water quality results
Environmental data
collected through
operational permits
It is unlikely that this aspect would result in an
impact on other uses, however, depending on
treatments used, the possibility of conflict with
other marine uses, particularly recreational uses
should be considered.
? It is unlikely that this aspect would result in an
impact on other uses, however, depending on
treatments used, the possibility of conflict with
other marine uses, particularly recreational uses
should be considered.
The contingency plan should ensure that any treatment
methods required to be used do not cause negative
environmental effects.
Maintain the conservation status of
cultural heritage sites/areas with
known cultural/archaeological
remains
Number of operations
located away from cultural
heritage sites / areas or
areas with known cultural /
archaeological remains as a
percentage of the total
number of operations
This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
0 This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
N/A
102
SEA Objective Indicator Comment Significance Mitigation
Maintain landscape quality
distinctiveness
Environmental Impact
Assessment results on
landscape assessment
This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
0 This aspect does not directly influence this
objective.
N/A
Aspect 10: Socio-economic impacts
- A commitment to the development of the aquaculture industry is needed to ensure potential future gains in economic impact are realised. GVA from penned tuna has the potential to reach €21, €47 and €73 million in 2015, 2020 and 2025
respectively; whilst for Closed Cycle Species the equivalent figures could be €17, €26 and €46 million.
The way this Aspect is worded implies that the Strategy considers economic growth with no consideration to environmental sustainability. A similar situation is the first recommendation under Aspect 6, which seems to be
giving more importance to financial considerations than environmental aspects. Other areas of the Strategy consider aspects such as carrying capacity of sites, which is linked to environmental sustainability. The Strategy
should not omit consideration of environmental effects when considering its commitment to the development of the Strategy. Chapter 6 includes the Alternatives Assessment on the three production capacity scenarios
presented in the Strategy.
Aspect 11: Marketing
- Support should be given to companies keen to improve the marketing of their products especially with regard to provenance and certification.
- Market research should be conducted to identify specific opportunities for value-added products from Malta, considering the mix of product, target market and distribution logistics.
- It is recommended that marketing budgets are spent on researching customer needs, identifying competitive advantage and the supporting actions necessary to exploit these.
- With regard to amberjack, it is recommended that a marketing study be carried out to identify the product attributes likely to realise the best returns.
The Aspect deals with soft measures that do not have a direct bearing on the relevant environmental aspects.
Aspect 12: Improving the image of aquaculture
- In order to counteract negative views of aquaculture, compliance with both statutory operating conditions and a publicly available COGP should be demonstrated.
- All means of promoting the positive aspects of aquaculture and educating the public, including farm open days, school visits, and the use of aquaculture facilities as tourist attractions, should be utilised.
The Aspect deals with soft measures that do not have a direct bearing on the relevant environmental aspects.
103
SUMMARY OF THE ASSESSMENT
224. To summarise the assessment presented in Table 7.2, the Strategy presents a
number of recommendations that are expected to result in positive environmental
effects when compared to the Do-Nothing scenario. Such recommendations are
related mainly to the operation of the farms and the management of sites and include
the establishment of a CoGP for the industry, improvement of environmental
monitoring methodology, establishment of appropriate permit conditions related to
the feeding of tuna using baitfish, improved enforcement, establishment and
adherence to carrying capacity, etc. Such recommendations are expected to reduce
the negative effects that have been previously recorded from this industry, some of
which were most likely accrued mainly as a result of inexperience in the sector.
225. In terms of tuna penning, the Strategy requires tuna farms to be relocated to sites
with more than 50m water depth and more than 1nm from shore. This is also
expected to result in positive effects when compared to the baseline, although nearly
all existing tuna farms are already located in water depths of 50m or more. The re-
location to 1nm may mean only a small shift in the farms position of around 800m,
which in marine terms is only a small change. On the other hand, the situation
whereby existing farms are relocated to the south AZ or the proposed new North
AZ, would have a significant positive effect, especially where the inshore sites are
allowed to recover and are not (or not completely) re-used for CCS farming. The
assessment in Table 7.2 and the findings from Chapter 6, however, also highlight
that the Strategy does not clearly commit to the requirement for cages to be located
within established aquaculture zones73. As a result, there exists the possibility for
the creation of a number of new sites to accommodate individual operators. As
opposed to the use of one or two zones, this implies that a number of additional
sites would accrue impacts from the presence of aquaculture operations. 225. The
Strategy also seeks to encourage increased research and development, particularly in
the use of alternative species. Positive impacts could be attained particularly if
research efforts focus on the use of more sustainable species, e.g. molluscs,
herbivorous species, species for which the bait fish or raw materials of the aqua feed
are acquired from sustainable sources. Development of a land-based hatchery
should undergo relevant studies as appropriate including a site selection exercise and
environmental assessments as required by MEPA to ensure the minimisation or
elimination of any potential negative impacts.
226. The focus on environmental monitoring with a view to improving methodology is
expected to result in overall positive effects, and improved monitoring is expected to
improve the establishment and accuracy of proposed carrying capacities for each site.
The Strategy recognises that all farms should operate within the environmental
carrying capacity of the site in order to avoid extensive environmental damage. If
implemented to the extent that farms all operate within their site's environmental
73 During the formulation of the SEA the Strategy Proponent clarified that creation of aquaculture zones was
always the intent.
104
carrying capacity, and thus Environmental Quality Standards and Allowed Zones of
Effects will be determined, this is considered to provide a significant beneficial effect
when compared to historic operational management. In addition, the Strategy
provides a road map for implementation. This is considered to illustrate the
commitment of the Strategy proponent to ensure implementation.
227. At a strategic level, the main issue of concern emerging from this assessment (see
Chapter 6 and Chapter 7) lies with the decision in terms of the existing marine
sites to be taken up by new aquaculture activities. Chapter 6 recommends that the
Strategy should establish and justify in socio-economic and environmental terms
what the production target for the aquaculture industry is. This recommendation
emerges in particular because Production Capacity Scenario 3 includes a number of
sites which cumulatively provide a surplus capacity when compared to the highest
production scenario within the same strategy.
228. Chapter 8 summarises the recommendations, which are considered to contribute
to the mitigation of potential negative effects and improve the Strategy’s
environmental performance.
CUMULATIVE & SYNERGISTIC IMPACTS
229. Cumulative effects are those effects that result from incremental changes caused by
other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable actions together with the proposal.
Cumulative effects can result from individually minor but collectively significant
actions taking place over a period of time.
230. Synergistic effects interact to produce a total effect that is greater than the sum of
the individual effects.
231. Table 7.3 provides a general overview of the key issues identified for each
environmental topic considered within the assessment process.
Table 7.3: Summary of cumulative environmental effects of the Draft
Aquaculture Strategy
Environmental
Receptor Key impacts of the Draft Aquaculture Strategy
Biodiversity, Flora
and Fauna
Impacts on biodiversity, flora and fauna, as discussed in Table 7.2 are closely related to
where a marine aquaculture site is located and how the operation is managed. If the
site is appropriately located and the increased oxygen demand in the area does not
result in anoxic conditions (which then leads to effects on benthos diversity, species
composition, abundance, etc), and operates within its carrying capacity, negative effects
can be minimised. Location of sites is also important in relation to more sensitive
seabed communities such as Posidonia meadows and maerl beds. These areas should be
avoided and in the case of protected areas, conservation objectives and ensuring the
favourable conservation status of key species such as Posidonia is an important
consideration when granting permits for aquaculture zones. Increasing sites that would
be under pressure from aquaculture production could result in cumulative impacts that
could potentially be significant; these would be negative in case of inappropriate
operation such that oxygen depletion causes other effects (as described above).
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Environmental
Receptor Key impacts of the Draft Aquaculture Strategy
Improved site management, monitoring and enforcement of carrying capacities should
reduce the significance of negative effects. Zoning aquaculture in permitted zones
would also be considered beneficial.
Human health
Mismanagement of individual operations may affect human health in terms of the
chemicals administered for the culture of the organisms and in terms of other inputs to
the marine environment that may affect bathing water quality.
Improved site management, monitoring and enforcement of carrying capacities should
reduce the significance of negative effects. Zoning aquaculture in permitted zones
would also be considered beneficial.
Water
As already described, impacts on the water column as a result of inputs and outputs
could result in indirect effects related to impacts on sediment and biodiversity.
Improved site management, monitoring and enforcement of carrying capacities should
reduce the significance of negative effects. Zoning aquaculture in permitted zones
would also be considered beneficial.
Emissions to air
Odour is the main emission to air of concern. Odour issues coupled with aesthetic
impacts related to oil from bait fish as well as waste management problems can result in
cumulative negative effects that affect the population and its perception of the industry.
Improved site management, monitoring and enforcement of carrying capacities should
reduce the significance of negative effects. Zoning aquaculture in permitted zones
would also be considered beneficial.
Climatic factors and
climate change
The ability of the industry to adapt to changes in the marine environment as a result of
climate change is considered to be important.
Aquaculture also has implications in terms of sourcing feed. The level of significance of
the effect from Malta would depend on its share of the market.
Marine sediments
Marine sediments act as a sink for nutrients and the organic inputs increases oxygen
demand, which in inappropriate sites and poor management will result in anoxic
conditions in the sediment; this results in secondary effects on the benthos community.
Additional sites where such impacts are accrued could result in significant negative
effects on the benthos, which could then result in other effects on the ecosystem.
Improved site management, monitoring and enforcement of carrying capacities should
reduce the significance of negative effects. Zoning aquaculture in permitted zones
would also be considered beneficial.
Material assets and
population
Impacts on other users could result in significant negative effects if a number of users,
including users from different sectors are affected and particularly if popular sites are
also affected. This would be especially the case if a number of units are developed close
to each other.
Improved site management, monitoring and enforcement of carrying capacities should
reduce the significance of negative effects. Zoning aquaculture in permitted zones
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Environmental
Receptor Key impacts of the Draft Aquaculture Strategy
would also be considered beneficial.
Cultural heritage
Impacts on cultural heritage are generally project specific. If a number of new sites are
developed, potential impacts on cultural heritage artefacts and possibly areas may be
affected. These would be site specific and dependent on findings from studies such as
EIA. Design can be such that impacts are avoided.
Landscape
Impacts on landscape would be accrued if new sites are introduced especially if these
are close to shore. Land based units could also potentially have landscape impacts
depending on their siting. Visual impacts from cages are considered to be limited.
107
CHAPTER 8: RECOMMENDATIONS
232. When considering the need for mitigation, a hierarchy of mitigation measures was
considered:
Avoiding the implementation of unsustainable actions;
Reducing the extent of unsustainable actions;
Remedying or compensating for any negative impacts by incorporating mitigation
measures into the actions to prevent or minimise the impacts; and
Enhancing positive impacts.
233. Potential mitigation measures for each of the draft Strategy Objectives are listed in
Table 7.2 above. In amending the draft Strategy, these should be considered. These
mitigation measures are discussed below.
Preferred alternative
234. As identified in Chapter 6, the Strategy discusses three production capacity
scenarios for Tuna and CCS. The proposed scenarios, in particular Scenario 3, could
potentially result in what is considered to be a significant negative effect related to
the extent of the proposed increase in sites along the eastern coast of Malta.
Production capacity scenario 3 is also well beyond the maximum targets stipulated in
Table 16 of the Strategy and is therefore not considered favourably in this SEA.
235. It is therefore recommended that the Strategy identifies a preferred growth option for the industry. The targets must be justified from a socio-economic and
environmental point of view. Once the production targets are established, it is
recommended that the Strategy clearly defines how it will allocate marine areas for
production. The SEA also considers that preference should be given to existing or
planned aquaculture zones to accommodate the targets. To date there is one existing
Aquaculture Zone in the south east of Malta with a capacity of 6,000 tonnes and the
Government is studying the setting up of another 6,000 tonne capacity aquaculture
zone in the north of Malta. Based on the maximum targets set out in Table 16 of the
Strategy, this is considered to present sufficient capacity for CBS.
236. Should the Strategy require additional capacity for CCS, it is recommended that farms are located within a designated aquaculture zone. To date there are no CCS
farms within a designated zone. As stated above and in Chapter 6 of the SEA,
consideration of all the areas 1 to 8 for aquaculture zones is likely to give rise to
significant environmental impacts. It is therefore recommended that the Strategy
clearly identifies search areas for the establishment of these zones.
237. The 8 areas described in Chapter 6 and presented in the Strategy can therefore be
considered as search areas for potential aquaculture zones. As stated above, the
industry does not require all 8 areas for production. The SEA therefore
recommends that some zones are given preference for further consideration as a
108
search area should they meet the following requirements:
Posidonia meadows should be avoided;
Maerl beds and other potentially sensitive benthic habitats should be avoided;
The presence of aquaculture should not negatively affect the conservation status
of any other important habitats/species; and
Zones should include existing permitted aquaculture sites.
238. From an environmental point of view, most of the search areas, except search areas
7 and 8, a prima facie present some degree of constraintbased on the criteria
described in Chapter 6. . It is moreover noted that conflicts with other uses may
be an issue for areas 7 and 8. Studies such as Appropriate Assessments, and
Environmental Impact Assessments would need to be carried out to identify best
sites.
239. Search areas, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are all located, to varying extents, over sensitive benthic
habitats including Posidonia and maerl beds and Area 6 is located within 1nm. These
sites are therefore considered only suitable as search areas if the detailed studies for
areas, 7 and 8 show that none of these sites are suitable and the industry still needs
capacity in accordance with targets set in the strategy.
Improve sustainability of the sector
240. The Strategy includes a number of measures that will work towards sector
sustainability including research into the use of alternative feed for tuna, research into
alternative species for aquaculture, improved environmental monitoring,
establishment of EQSs and AZEs, etc. It is recommended that such measures are
given particular priority with the development of detailed action plans (also
recommended within the Strategy). Research should focus on seeking to move
towards alternatives including alternative species at lower trophic levels, species
where aquafeeds are from environmentally acceptable sources, etc.
Improve site specific management
241. The Strategy does seek to improve site management through a number of measures.
It is recommended that Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) would be drawn up
by each operator and implemented on site. These EMPs should be used as tools to
inform monitoring. EMPs should include measures addressing aspects such as waste
management including marine litter.
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CHAPTER 9: MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
INTRODUCTION
242. Monitoring the environmental performance of the draft Aquaculture Strategy should
make it possible to identify corrective actions and to establish how well the
Aquaculture Strategy conforms to SEA objectives during implementation.
243. The European Commission Guidance suggests that SEA monitoring activities and
reporting can be integrated into the regular planning cycle, or may coincide with the
regular revision of a plan. Other SEA guidance indicates that the existing monitoring
arrangements of the plan and that undertaken for other plans can be used to obtain
the required information.
244. Monitoring significant environmental effects resulting from the implementation of the
Strategy is an important aspect of the SEA process.
245. The SEA objectives and indicators, outlined in Table 5.1 provide the most
appropriate tools for monitoring significant environmental impacts that may arise
from implementation of the Aquaculture Strategy. It is recommended that the
Aquaculture Strategy should include a monitoring framework. SEA monitoring can
be carried out as part of the Aquaculture Strategy's monitoring framework, where
possible. It is likely, however, that SEA monitoring will utilise data collected for the
purposes of monitoring the Aquaculture Strategy, where relevant, to avoid
duplication of effort.
246. Difficulties associated with monitoring include data collection itself.
Monitoring plan
247. Table 9.1 summarises the proposed monitoring plan of potential negative impacts
identified in Table 7.2.
248. Although positive impacts are expected from the Aquaculture Strategy, it is
recommended that these impacts are also monitored. Table 9.1 proposes a
monitoring plan for such impacts as well. Frequency of monitoring would depend on
how regularly data is collected, however, as a minimum should be mid-way through
Strategy implementation and at the end of the Strategy period.
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Table 9.1: Monitoring plan
SEA Theme Potential cumulative significant
effects
Relevant Indicators (from Table
5.1)
Biodiversity, Flora and Fauna
Impacts on biodiversity, flora and fauna,
as discussed in Table 7.2 are closely
related to where a marine aquaculture
site is located and how the operation is
managed. If the site is appropriately
located and the increased oxygen
demand in the area does not result in
anoxic conditions (which then leads to
effects on benthos diversity, species
composition, abundance, etc), and
operates within its carrying capacity,
negative effects can be minimised.
Location of sites is also important in
relation to more sensitive seabed
communities such as Posidonia
meadows and maerl beds. These areas
should be avoided and in the case of
protected areas, conservation
objectives and ensuring the favourable
conservation status of key species such
as Posidonia is an important
consideration. Increasing sites that
would be under pressure from
aquaculture production could result in
cumulative impacts that could be
significant, these would be negative in
case of inappropriate operation such
that oxygen depletion causes other
effects (as described above). Careful
site selection and operation could
result in increased productivity;
however, given the possibility of
negative effects that could largely
impact communities, it is not
considered a reason to increase sites.
Aquaculture also has implications in
terms of sourcing feed. The level of
significance of the effect from Malta
would depend on its share of the
market.
Monitoring results from impacts
on the sea bed
Number of permitted sites in
protected areas
Records of non-indigenous
species in the natural
environment that may have been
introduced as a result of
aquaculture activities
Recorded disease outbreaks in
wild populations
Human health
Management of individual operations
may affect human health in terms of the
chemicals administered for the culture
of the organisms and in terms of other
inputs to the marine environment that
may affect bathing water quality.
Analyses and test results as
required by legislation /
operational permit requirements
Bathing water quality results
Water As already described, impacts on the
water column as a result of inputs and Quality of the marine
environment including the
111
outputs could result in indirect effects
related to impacts on sediment and
biodiversity.
benthos under cages and in the
vicinity of aquaculture
operations in accordance with
permit conditions
Nutrient concentration and
loading
Aquaculture originating marine
litter in the water column
Ingested marine litter,
originating from aquaculture
activities, by indicator species
(e.g. Caretta caretta)
Aquaculture originating marine
litter collected from the seabed
and from beaches during
cleaning originating from
aquaculture activities
Quality of groundwater in the
vicinity of land-based
aquaculture operations
Maintaining ecological status in
accordance with the Water
Framework Directive.
.
Emissions to air
Odour is the main emission to air of
concern. Odour issues coupled with
aesthetic impacts related to oil from
bait fish as well as waste management
problems can result in cumulative
negative effects that affect the
population and its perception of the
industry.
Number of confirmed cases of
odour arising from aquaculture
activities
Climatic factors and climate
change
The ability of the industry to adapt to
changes in the marine environment as a
result of climate change is considered
to be important.
Number of CCS in the Maltese
aquaculture sector
Marine sediments
Marine sediments act as a sink for
nutrients and the organic inputs
increases oxygen demand, which in
inappropriate sites and poor
management will result in anoxic
conditions in the sediment; this results
in secondary effects on the benthos
community. Additional sites where
such impacts are accrued could result
in significant negative effects on the
benthos, which could then result in
other effects on the ecosystem.
Contamination of marine
sediments at specific sites;
Changes to marine sediments at
specific sites.
Material assets and population
Impacts on other users could result in
significant negative effects if a number Number of confirmed cases of
conflicts related to aquaculture
112
of users, including users from different
sectors are affected and particularly if
popular sites are also affected.
activities
Bathing water quality results
Environmental data collected
through operational permits
Cultural heritage
Impacts on cultural heritage are
generally project specific. If a number
of new sites included, potential impacts
on cultural heritage artefacts and
possibly areas may be affected.
Number of operations located
away from cultural heritage sites
/ areas or areas with known
cultural / archaeological remains
as a percentage of the total
number of operations
Landscape Impacts on landscape would be accrued
if new sites are introduced.
Environmental Impact
Assessment results on landscape
assessment
Other data sources
249. Besides using the above framework to gather data, other assessments both at project
and at planning level will likely gather monitoring data that can feed into the SEA
monitoring programme for the Aquaculture Strategy.
250. Projects developed through implementation of the Aquaculture Strategy that require
planning permission and possibly, depending on the project, an EIA, such as the
North AZ are likely to be monitored either through the EIA or by MEPA to ensure
permit conditions are being abided by. The information gathered can inform the
Aquaculture Strategy.
251. In order to ensure consistency the indicators identified above offer possible
monitoring criteria for future permits.
CONCLUSIONS & NEXT STEPS
252. Following consultation on the SEA and draft Aquaculture Strategy, changes may be
made to the draft Aquaculture Strategy before it is finally adopted. According to
Regulation 10 of the SEA Regulations, 2010 the responsible authority is required to
prepare a statement summarising how environmental considerations have been
integrated into the plan or programme and how the environmental report and the
opinions expressed by the public have been taken into account and the reasons for
choosing the Strategy as adopted, in the light of the other reasonable alternatives
dealt with.
Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ON MALTA’S AQUACULTURE STRATEGY
SCOPING REPORT
Version 1: July 2012
Report Reference:
Adi Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd, 2012. Strategic Environmental Assessment on Malta’s Aquaculture Strategy. Scoping Report. San Gwann, July 2012; v + 25pp+1 Appendix.
THIS IS A DIGITAL COPY OF THE REPORT.
RESPECT THE ENVIRONMENT – KEEP IT DIGITAL
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This document has been prepared in accordance with the scope of Adi Associates’ appointment with its client and is subject to the terms of that appointment. It is addressed to and for the sole and confidential use and reliance of Adi Associates’ client. Adi Associates accepts no liability for any use of this document other than by its client and only for the purposes for which it was prepared and provided. Except as provided for by legislation, no person other than the client may copy (in whole or in part) use or rely on the contents of this document, without the prior written permission of Adi Associates. Any advice, opinions, or recommendations within this document should be read and relied upon only in the context of the document as a whole. The contents of this document do not provide legal or tax advice or opinion. © Adi Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd 2012
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Quality Assurance Strategic Environmental Assessment on Malta’s Aquaculture Strategy Scoping Report July 2012 Report for: Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs
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CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Strategic Environmental Assessment ...................................................................................................... 1 Malta’s Aquaculture Strategy .................................................................................................................... 2 The SEA Process ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Relation of the Aquaculture Strategy to Other National Documents & Legislation ................... 6 Baseline Data ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Evaluation of the Current Situation in the Absence of the Aquaculture Strategy ....................... 9 SEA Objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Likely Significant Effects and Constraints ............................................................................................. 14 Cumulative & Synergistic Impacts .......................................................................................................... 17 Alternatives ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Proposed sites ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Proposed production capacities ............................................................................................................ 18 Monitoring .................................................................................................................................................. 24 Assessment Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 24 The Environment Report ........................................................................................................................ 24
FIGURES Figure 1: Existing and proposed new aquaculture sites ................................................................... 23
TABLES Table 1: Strategy recommendations ....................................................................................................... 4 Table 2: Environmental baseline .............................................................................................................. 8 Table 3: SEA Environmental Objectives & Indicators for Assessing Impacts ............................. 11 Table 4: Assessment legend ................................................................................................................... 14 Table 5: Example Strategy Assessment framework and format for environmental report .... 15 Table 6: Potential production capacity under different site availability scenarios ..................... 20 Table 7: Structure of the Environment Report ................................................................................. 25
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Analysis of Related Plans, Programmes, and Legislation
1
SCOPING REPORT
INTRODUCTION 1. The Malta Aquaculture Research Centre (MARC) within the Ministry for Resources
and Rural Affairs (MRRA) contracted the development of an Aquaculture Strategy for Malta. The overall aim of the strategy was to provide a roadmap for sustainably developing aquaculture in Malta and to identify the aspects that are essential for a profitable and sustainable industry in Malta.
2. Screening of the Strategy determined that it qualifies for a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in accordance with Legal Notice 497 of 2010, the Strategic Environmental Assessment Regulations, 2010. In this regard, the SEA is being undertaken by Adi Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd. The Team is working closely with MARC and MRRA.
3. This is the Scoping Report for the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Malta’s Aquaculture Strategy. The aim of the Report is to set out the framework for the SEA, including setting the context of the SEA, establishing the baseline, setting the SEA objectives and indicators for the assessment, and identifying any potential significant impacts of the aquaculture industry. The Report will also discuss the proposed contents of the Environmental Report and the next stages in the SEA process.
Strategic Environmental Assessment
4. European Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment requires that a SEA of a wide range of plans and programmes is carried out prior to the implementation of the plan or programme. The objective of the "SEA Directive" is to provide a high level of protection of the environment and to contribute to the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation and adoption of plans with a view to promoting sustainable development. SEA comprises:
• Preparing an Environmental Report on the likely significant effects of the draft Strategy;
• Consulting on the draft Strategy and the accompanying Environmental Report;
• Taking into account the Environmental Report and the results of consultation in decision making; and
• A discussion of how the results of the environmental assessment would be taken into account in the Plan or Programme.
5. The information to be included in the Environmental Report includes:
• A description of the baseline environment;
2
• Links between the Strategy and other relevant policies, plans, programmes, and environmental objectives;
• An identification of existing environmental problems affecting the Strategy;
• The Strategy's likely significant effects on the environment, including issues such as biodiversity, population, human health, fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climate, material assets, cultural heritage, landscape, and the interrelationship between such factors;
• The mitigation measures envisaged;
• A description of the alternatives considered and those discarded in favour of the selected action(s);
• Monitoring measures envisaged; and
• A non-technical summary.
6. The SEA Directive (2001/42/EC) has been transposed into national legislation by the SEA Regulations, 2010 (Legal Notice 497 of 2010).
7. Guidance on SEA for Malta has not yet been published. The Scoping Report therefore draws on other European Guidance namely, the GRDP’s (2006) “Handbook on SEA for Cohesion Policy 2007- 2013”, the Commission’s “Implementation of Directive 2001/42 on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Plans and Programmes on the Environment” and the UK’s (2005) “A Practical Guide to the Implementation of the SEA Directive”.
Malta’s Aquaculture Strategy
8. “An Aquaculture Strategy for Malta: Preparatory study and recommendations prepared for the Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs” (March 2012) sets out a strategy for the aquaculture sector in Malta, including the identification of a number of options for implementation. This document will hereafter be referred to as “the Strategy”.
9. Chapter 8 of the Strategy presents four strategic objectives and associated desired outcomes. These are:
• Improved regulation: Streamlined regulatory environment under one MRRA Directorate, with a clear policy on site locations, minimal conflict with other users, and standard conditions for all operators.
• Improved operation: Efficient, profitable farms operating according to the principles of best management practice, complying with their operating consents, causing no nuisance to other coastal users and with a positive public image.
• Improved environmental monitoring: A system that recognises the link between biomass and impacts, specifies limits to what constitutes adverse impact
3
(Environmental Quality Standard - EQS), over what area such impacts are acceptable i.e., the Allowable Zone of Effect (AZE), and is proportionate, practical and cost effective.
• Better innovation: Facilities, funding and human resources to allow high quality applied research for the benefit of all industry operators.
10. In order to achieve these objectives, the Strategy suggests a number of recommendations under various aspects and proposes the development of Action Plans where relevant to ensure the realisation of the recommendations. The aspects identified and associated recommendations are summarised in Table 1.
4
Table 1: Strategy recommendations Aspect 1: The Tuna Penning Sector Tuna farms on near shore sites should be relocated to sites with more than 50m water depth and more than 1nm from shore to limit impacts. Consideration should be given to restricting the feeding of baitfish to tuna cages during onshore wind conditions in the summer tourist season if alternative solutions are not found. A review of tuna offal disposal should be carried out. Aspect 2: The Sea Bream and Sea Bass Sector Sea Bass and Sea Bream will remain important species for the industry for the foreseeable future so account must be made of this in strategic planning. Aspect 3: Alternative Species The main emphasis with regard to development of alternative species should be on amberjack. A hatchery and spawning facility for amberjack, bluefin tuna and other species should be established at the earliest opportunity. Other species groups such as groupers, sparids, octopus and sea urchins may have potential for production in Malta in the future, and research into such species should be encouraged providing commercial potential can be demonstrated. Aspect 4: Identification of Sites and Potential Production Scenarios Additional marine sites will be needed for future expansion of the industry in both nearshore and offshore areas. Potential sites are proposed together with possible production scenarios in the Strategy. Aspect 5: Aquaculture Policy It is recommended that the 2004 policy document is updated to reflect the findings of this study, making sure that it reflects the needs of the industry and current issues, and taking into account the views of all stakeholders, especially the growers themselves. Aspect 6: Regulation Whilst the concept of zoning is desirable in principle for existing sites as well as new sites, it should only be pursued providing that operators are not financially or operationally disadvantaged and they are fully consulted. It is recommended that the minimum term for concessions is 25 years, or in accordance with normal commercial lease terms in Malta, subject to compliance with operating conditions. It is recommended that all tuna farms be located in more than 50m water depth and 1nm from shore, whilst CCS should mostly be in less than 50m water depth at varying distance from the shore. The present process by which farms are monitored and enforcement instigated should be reviewed and strengthened. The introduction of conditions regarding methods of feeding baitfish to tuna should be considered. The industry should be encouraged to prepare a COGP, if necessary supported by funding from the Government. MEPA must be made aware of the strategic intentions of the Government regarding the industry through a revised policy document based on the findings of this study. It is recommended that an appropriate individual within MEPA is trained as an aquaculture specialist to act as a liaison officer between MEPA and the industry. An Aquaculture Working Group made up of representatives from the industry, MEPA and MRRA should be established to address specific issues affecting the industry. Aspect 7: R&D A mechanism should be put in place to ensure regular (e.g. annual) reviews of research priorities and funding are carried out involving government, industry and academic stakeholders. Resources should be committed to the development and testing of alternative tuna feeds that reduce reliance on baitfish. The PPP model of R&D funding appears to be working well and should be developed further, although it must allow participation by all growers in Malta. The development of a new Marine Hatchery and R&D centre is a high priority under the aquaculture Strategy and full costings and a finance model, most likely using a PPP, should be developed as soon as a site has been agreed.
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Collaboration between MARC and the University of Malta and other institutions in the Mediterranean, whether to provide access to specialised research equipment or expertise is recommended. Aspect 8: Environmental Monitoring It is recommended that a review of environmental monitoring methodology is carried out by an independent international authority with relevant expertise and that procedures are brought into line with guidance under development within the GFCM workshops InDAM and SHoCMed. It is recommended that a consultative forum is established to develop formal vocational training programmes for Maltese aquaculture. This should involve industry representatives, training providers (e.g. MCAST) and the Malta Qualifications Council. Aspect 9: Fish Health Control It is recommended that disease control is strengthened through the establishment of Area Management Agreements (AMAs) between all operators in a zone or area. It is recommended that a contingency plan is prepared by Government and industry to deal with the possibility of a notifiable or other serious disease becoming established in Malta. In the event of increased production, the need for and delivery of an improved fish disease diagnostic capability, such as the one that used to be provided by the NAC, should be assessed. Aspect 10: Socio-economic Impacts A commitment to the development of the aquaculture industry is needed to ensure potential future gains in economic impact are realised. GVA from penned tuna has the potential to reach €21, €47 and €73 million in 2015, 2020 and 2025 respectively; whilst for Closed Cycle Species the equivalent figures could be €17, €26 and €46 million. Aspect 11: Marketing Support should be given to companies keen to improve the marketing of their products especially with regard to provenance and certification. Market research should be conducted to identify specific opportunities for value-added products from Malta, considering the mix of product, target market and distribution logistics. It is recommended that marketing budgets are spent on researching customer needs, identifying competitive advantage and the supporting actions necessary to exploit these. With regard to amberjack, it is recommended that a marketing study be carried out to identify the product attributes likely to realise the best returns. Aspect 12: Improving the image of aquaculture In order to counteract negative views of aquaculture, compliance with both statutory operating conditions and a publicly available COGP should be demonstrated. All means of promoting the positive aspects of aquaculture and educating the public, including farm open days, school visits, and the use of aquaculture facilities as tourist attractions, should be utilised.
THE SEA PROCESS 11. The first stage of the SEA process is scoping. This sets out the context for the
assessment and defines its scope. It is one of the most important stages in the process as it identifies the issues for consideration in the Environmental Report. Although no longer a legal requirement, it is considered good practice to clearly document the scoping process. Consultation on the draft Scoping Report has been undertaken with a number of identified stakeholders including the SEA Focal Point, the Malta Environment and Planning Authority, the Malta Resources Authority, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Fisheries, and the Environmental Health Directorate. The Scoping Report has been amended to include comments that were received from these stakeholders.
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RELATION OF THE AQUACULTURE STRATEGY TO OTHER NATIONAL DOCUMENTS & LEGISLATION
12. Schedule 2 of the SEA Regulations requires a discussion of the “the degree to which the plan or programme sets a framework for projects and other activities, either with regard to the location, nature, size and operating conditions or by allocating resources” and “the relevance of the plan or programme for the implementation of Community legislation on the environment, such as plans and programmes linked to waste-management or water protection”. Appendix 1 provides a list of the policies, plans, and programmes relevant to the strategy, which have been analysed.
13. The analysis has been subdivided into four main categories:
(i) International Commitments: this category covers the international environment and sustainability policy framework within which Malta must work. It includes a selection of global commitments, such as those arising from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol.
(ii) EU requirements: Relevant EU communications specifically concerning fisheries and aquaculture have been included. In the case of European Union Directives already transposed into national legislation, the Directives per se will not be discussed; the section on national legislation is described below;
(iii) National Environmental & Planning Documents including the Structure Plan for the Maltese Islands, the draft National Sustainable Development Strategy, and the National Reform Programme. The review provided herein summarises the key issues raised; further information can be obtained from the original documents;
(iv) National Sectoral Policies and Strategies: this section covers highest-level policy and strategy documents published by the Government, such as the National Strategic Plan. Rather than summarise entire documents this review seeks to emphasise the key sustainability objectives and priorities;
(iv) National legislation: no attempt will be made to assess the individual regulations, as is done at the project level EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment). However, the main areas of concern for the Strategy will be highlighted. Given the scale (and evolutionary nature of this field) this review is not exhaustive and represents a current (May 2012) snapshot.
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BASELINE DATA 14. A good understanding of the environment of the areas covered by the SEA is
essential for the performance of a sound assessment. It is therefore necessary to establish the environmental baseline relevant to the plan or programme being proposed. This provides a snapshot of the existing state of the environment and a description of the likely future trends (based on past trends) without the programme being in place.
15. Existing environmental and sustainability data will be collected from a wide range of sources. Table 2 summarises this broad-brush description. The list is not exhaustive, and may be modified in the Environmental Report. It will also depend on the availability of data.
16. The Sustainable Development Strategy 2006 – 2016 identifies Malta's environmental challenges; it arises from a systematic review of official reports including the State of the Environment Report (1998, 2002, and 2005) and Malta's National Report to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002), and an extensive consultation process. The later National Environment Policy (2012) identifies Malta’s Environmental Objectives.
17. The following environmental parameters were identified:
• Air quality;
• Climatic factors and climate change;
• Energy-efficiency and renewable energy resources;
• Biodiversity including the marine environment;
• Freshwater;
• Waste;
• Land use;
• Soils;
• Landscape;
• Cultural heritage;
• Population and human health; and
• Material assets.
18. The SEA baseline will focus on the parameters listed under Schedule 1(f) of the SEA Regulations, 2010 - Information to be included in the Environmental Report.
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19. Table 2 shows how the Environment Report will draw together the issues and baseline data. Sources of information included the statistics produced by the National Statistics Office, the State of the Environment Report, 2005 (and subsequent updates) and the documents prepared in connection with the Structure Plan Review process. As the Environmental Report is developed the baseline may be modified to reflect available and other relevant data.
Table 2: Environmental baseline Issue Relevant baseline data Illustrative material Emissions to air and climate change
• GHG inventory (if relevant) • Odour emissions from the
sector • Coastal erosion, sea level rise,
changing weather patterns resulting from climate change
Graphs and figures.
Biodiversity / fauna and flora • Areas protected and managed under international and local legislation;
• Areas known to support priority Annex I habitats under the Habitats Directive
• Protected species; • Areas for which surveys have
been carried out; • Potential new marine
conservation areas
Designated, managed and surveyed areas; where relevant, any data related to areas, habitats and/or species that are not formally protected although they are considered to be of conservation value, will be included
Water • Information on the quality of the marine environment
• Information on groundwaters • Water Framework Directive
targets, objectives, protected areas
Maps / graphs / tables
Soil • Marine sediments
Published data and figures
Landscape • Areas protected for landscape value
Landscape sensitivity areas and protective designations
Cultural heritage • Sites protected for cultural heritage
Maps
Human health • Environmental health data (where available);
• Water users; • Consumers of fish and
aquaculture products • Information on fish health (if
available)
Graphs and tables Published data
Material assets and population • Commercial fishing/aquaculture activities;
Maps / figures
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• Waste management infrastructure;
• Coastal and marine based tourism interests/attractions;
• Sea uses
20. Quantitative data will be presented in the form of maps, tables, and figures, where possible. A brief description of the baseline and any trends will be given, where these are available. Where difficulties in obtaining data are encountered they will be described in the Environment Report.
EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT SITUATION IN THE ABSENCE OF THE AQUACULTURE STRATEGY
21. The SEA Regulations require a description of the relevant aspects of the current state of the environment and the likely evolution thereof without the implementation of the policy document with a particular emphasis on the future developments arising from other relevant plans and programmes.
22. This analysis will focus on the main environmental issues that have been identified in Table 2. It will include a description of the past and current trends from data available from existing monitoring systems or through expert judgements (in cases where data are lacking). It will also outline the likely evolution of these trends, if the Aquaculture Strategy were not implemented.
23. The description of the likely future trends should the Aquaculture Strategy not be implemented is constrained by uncertainties, including availability of data on future economic development, technological progress, or advancements in regulatory frameworks that collectively influence future trends. The assessment will include a list of major uncertainties.
SEA OBJECTIVES 24. The SEA Directive does not specifically require the use of objectives or indicators in
SEA, although they are a recognised way through which environmental effects can be described, analysed, and compared.
25. It is therefore preferable to use indicators to monitor the performance of the policy against the SEA objectives. The SEA objectives are meant to be separate from the policy objectives, and provide a way to assess the potential environmental performance of the policy objectives. Thus, the environmental objectives should influence the policy objectives, and the two may even overlap. To fulfil the requirements of the SEA Directive and the SEA Regulations, 2010, the SEA objectives must cover biodiversity, population, human health, fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climatic factors, material assets, cultural heritage, landscape, and interrelationships between them.
26. In developing appropriate objectives, the following documents have been consulted:
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• GRDP’s Handbook on SEA for Cohesion Policy 2007- 2011;
• The Commission’s “Implementation of Directive 2001/42 on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Plans and Programmes on the Environment”;
• A Practical Guide to the Implementation of the SEA Directive, ODPM
• The SEA Directive 2001/42/EC; and
• SEA Regulations, 2010.
27. In developing appropriate indicators the following documents have been consulted:
• National Environment Policy, 2012;
• The Sustainable Development Strategy for the Maltese Islands, 2006-2016; and
• Malta’s State of the Environment Report, 2005 and subsequent updates.
28. Table 3 defines the set of objectives relating to the environmental issues identified in Table 2. Alongside these, relevant criteria for assessment and possible data sources have been identified.
29. The SEA indicators are measurements of trends over time. They will be used as a means of ascertaining the success of implementation of the Aquaculture Strategy against the various SEA Objectives. Where possible the SEA process endeavours to identify how the Aquaculture Strategy would affect these indicators (i.e. the trends); such a process is constrained by the fact that the SEA indicators themselves depend on other factors outside the control of the Aquaculture Strategy.
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Table 3: SEA Environmental Objectives & Indicators for Assessing Impacts Issue SEA Objective
Criteria Will this measure…
SEA Indicator Data source
Biodiversity, Flora & Fauna
• Maintain biodiversity (including terrestrial and marine)
• Avoid introduction of non-indigenous species into the natural environment
• Populations of fish species taken from the wild (including species used for fish bait) are within safe biological limits
• Avoid negative effects on wild fish populations
• Help to maintain or enhance the conservation of designated areas (under both the Development Planning Act, and the Environment Protection Act)?
• Negatively affect protected species and habitats?
• Risk introduction of non-indigenous species into the marine environment?
• Result in unsustainable exploitation of wild stocks?
• Impact negatively wild fish populations (e.g. through spread of disease)?
• Monitoring results from impacts on the sea bed
• Number of permitted sites in protected areas
• Records of non-indigenous species in the natural environment that may have been introduced as a result of aquaculture activities
• Quotas, in particular those set by ICCAT and whether these are exceeded
• Recorded disease outbreaks in wild populations
Environmental monitoring through Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Appropriate Assessment (AA), or other regulatory requirements as relevant. Malta Centre for Fisheries Science (MCFS)/MARC Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA)
Human health • Ensure aquaculture products are within the legal safety requirements (antibiotic resistance, possible contamination and bioaccumulation of chemicals, microbial agents and toxins) for human consumption
• Ensure bathing water quality does not deteriorate as a result of aquaculture
• Ensure safe consumption of aquaculture products?
• Ensure that bathing water quality does not deteriorate as a result of aquaculture?
• Analyses and test results as required by legislation / operational permit requirements
• Bathing water quality results
Malta Competition and Consumer Affairs Authority (MCCAA), Malta Centre for Fisheries Science/MARC, MEPA, MHECC
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Issue SEA Objective
Criteria Will this measure…
SEA Indicator Data source
Water • Minimises pollution on the marine environment
• Avoids contribution to eutrophication
• Sea-floor integrity is maintained
• Avoids generation of litter
• Minimise pollution on groundwater from activities directly arising from the aquaculture sector
• Avoids deterioration of water bodies
• Help to minimise discharges to water?
• Avoid nutrient concentration and loading?
• Avoid changes to the seabed that may affect the integrity of the benthos habitat?
• Ensure good management practices that avoid litter generation?
• Help to maintain and enhance Malta’s groundwater, inland surface waters and coastal waters?
• Quality of the marine environment including the benthos under cages and in the vicinity of aquaculture operations
• Nutrient concentration and loading
• Marine litter in the water column • Ingested marine litter identified as
originating from aquaculture activities by indicator species (e.g. Caretta caretta)
• Marine litter collected from the seabed and from beaches during cleaning originating from aquaculture activities
• Quality of groundwater in the vicinity of land-based aquaculture operations
• Compliance with the Water Framework Directive (WFD).
MEPA, potential permit requirements (i.e. aquaculture operators) , MTA (beach cleaning), Department of Veterinary services (carrying out post mortems on Loggerhead Turtles).
Emissions to air • Ensure no odour nuisance from aquaculture
• Cause odour nuisance? • Number of complaints related to odour from aquaculture operations
MEPA, MRRA
Climatic factors and climate change
• Contributes to climate change adaptation
• Contribute to climate change adaptation?
• Diversification of CCS in the Maltese aquaculture sector
MARC
Soil/seabed • Avoid contamination of marine sediments
• Avoid physical changes to marine sediments
• Help to maintain and conserve marine sediments?
• Contamination of marine sediments at specific sites;
• Changes to marine sediments at specific sites.
Environmental monitoring as part of permit conditions i.e. from farm operators, MEPA, Malta Centre of Fisheries/MARC.
Material assets and Population
• Ensure no conflict between aquaculture
• Be compatible with other uses in the area?
• Number of complaints (e.g. from noise and odours) related to
MEPA, aquaculture operators, MARC
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Issue SEA Objective
Criteria Will this measure…
SEA Indicator Data source
and other uses (e.g. tourism, recreation, etc)
• Sustainable waste management
• Implement sustainable waste management practices?
aquaculture activities • Bathing water quality results • Environmental data collected
through operational permits
Cultural heritage • Maintain the conservation status of cultural heritage sites / areas with known cultural / archaeological remains
• Help to preserve, enhance and promote cultural heritage including archaeological heritage?
• Avoid negative impacts on cultural heritage features/archaeology?
• Number of operations located away from cultural heritage sites / areas or areas with known cultural / archaeological remains as a percentage of the total number of operations
MEPA, Resources Management Unit Heritage Malta Superintendent of Cultural heritage
Landscape • Maintain landscape quality distinctiveness
• Help to maintain landscape quality distinctiveness?
• Environmental Impact Assessment results on landscape assessment
MEPA
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LIKELY SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS AND CONSTRAINTS 30. Significance will also be assessed in accordance with the criteria listed in Schedule 4
of the SEA Regulations, 2010. Consultation will ensure that all factors are considered. Reference documents will include the National Environment Policy, Sustainable Development Strategy and the State of the Environment Report, 2005 (and subsequent updates). Subsequent sections further describe how impacts will be assessed.
31. The assessment of significance is already well established in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) literature. Significance is a function of impact magnitude and the sensitivity of receptors. Various methods can be used to determine significance including expert judgements, the use of thresholds, reference to legislation, and consultation with stakeholders. It is expected that, in the course of the SEA process, all these techniques will be used.
32. The assessment of significance is based on the probability of the impact occurring, on the scale of the impact, its duration, reversibility, whether it has transboundary impacts, and whether the impact is uncertain. Table 4 describes the assessment framework and the symbols used to denote the various types of impact.
33. The relevant SEA objectives identified in Table 3 will then be used to assess the Strategy Aspects and recommendations in accordance with the significance criteria described in Table 4. It is proposed to present the results of the assessment in the format indicated in Table 5.
Table 4: Assessment legend Impact character Symbol Description of Impact Probability VP Impact very likely to occur
P Impact likely to occur Scale ++ Large positive impact
+ Positive impact 0 No impact - Negative impact -- Large negative impact
Direct / Indirect I Indirect impact D Direct impact
Frequency / duration LT Long term ST Short term
Transboundary dimension TR Possible transboundary effect Uncertainty ? Impact uncertain
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Table 5: Example Strategy Assessment framework and format for environmental report Relevant SEA Aspect
SEA Objectives Indicator Comment
Significance Mitigation Symbols Summary description
STRATEGY ASPECT 1: The Tuna penning sector Tuna farms on near shore sites should be relocated to sites with more than 50m water depth and more than 1nm from shore to limit impacts. Consideration should be given to restricting the feeding of baitfish to tuna cages during onshore wind conditions in the summer tourist season if alternative solutions are not found. A review of tuna offal disposal should be carried out.
Biodiversity, Fauna & Flora
• Maintain biodiversity (including terrestrial and marine)
• Avoid introduction of non-indigenous species into the natural environment
• Populations of fish species taken from the wild (i.e. where the production cycle is not a closed one) are within safe biological limits
• Number, % cover, and area of protected areas
• Designated areas that are subject to formal management arrangements
• Records of non-indigenous species in the natural environment that may have been introduced as a result of aquaculture activities
• Quotas, in particular those set by ICCAT and whether these are exceeded
What is the potential impact?
Impact assessment in accordance with the criteria listed in Table 4
Justification of the impact assessment
Description of mitigation measures, if these are necessary
STRATEGY ASPECT 2: The Sea Bream and Sea Bass sector
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Cumulative & Synergistic Impacts 34. This stage of the process involves an assessment of the cumulative and synergistic
effects of all proposed priorities in the Aquaculture Strategy on the relevant environmental issues, objectives, and indicators. Cumulative effects are effects that result from incremental changes caused by other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable actions together with the proposal. Cumulative effects can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time.
35. Synergistic effects interact to produce a total effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects. Synergistic effects often happen as habitats or human communities begin to reach carrying capacity and/or non renewable resources are depleted unsustainably.
36. The cumulative and synergistic impact assessment will be based on the information generated by the preceding assessments (described above) of the individual priorities. Any identified cumulative and synergistic effects will be summarised and used as recommendations for final adjustments to the programming document.
ALTERNATIVES 37. The SEA Directive requires that an assessment must identify the likely significant
effects on the environment of implementing the plan or programme, and reasonable alternatives taking into account the objectives and the geographical scope of the plan or programme.
38. The Strategy proposes possible new alternative aquaculture zone sites (see Figure 1) and includes reference to limitations of each alternative. Alternative production capacity scenarios, which are linked to sites in terms of their carrying capacity, are also presented. The Environmental Report will include an assessment of the alternative sites and production scenarios presented in the Strategy.
Proposed sites
39. The alternatives identified in the Strategy are the following:
• North-East coast:
o Area 1: North Aquaculture Zone (AZ) area1;
o Area 2: Extension to area east of St Paul’s Islands;
o Area 3: Area just outside 1nm limit; and
o Area 4: North of St George’s Point, close to the Madalena shoals. 1 It is noted that the Strategy has not yet been updated following a site selection exercise that was carried out for the North Aquaculture Zone.
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• South-East coast:
o Area 5: South-East of the Sewage Treatment Plant at Xghajra;
o Area 6: Off St Thomas Point;
o Area 7: Area located approximately halfway between the existing AZ and the coast; and
o Area 8: Inclusion of existing operations in the south within an extended AZ area.
Proposed production capacities
40. The following three production capacity scenarios2 are presented in the Strategy as alternative options.
Production capacity 1
41. This option largely reflects the status quo and permit conditions for existing sites, with no new areas allocated except for extension of sites G and H (see Area 8 in Figure 1) to allow tuna to be moved further offshore. In summary, this option considers the following:
• No North AZ;
• All existing sites retained;
• Such sites used for CCS with exception of SE Zone and AJD site E (see Area 2 in Figure 1);
• CCS capacity for sites A, G and H based on original PDG guidelines of 500t/site;
• P2M sites unchanged;
• Nursery production at Marsaxlokk site I;
• New outer site G for tuna 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA 4);
• New outer site H for tuna 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA 4); and
• Other tuna capacity as per current ICCAT permits.
42. The overall resulting capacity under option 1 is 2,500t CCS and 11,500t tuna.
2 The Strategy makes a distinction between production capacities and production targets. The SEA will assess capacities as a worst case scenario.
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Production capacity 2
43. This option is based on current policy intentions, for instance, to move existing cages away from Comino to a new NE Aquaculture Zone, and move tuna production from sites G and H (see Figure 1). In summary, this option includes the following:
• North AZ approved;
• Assumes Comino site is exchanged for 2,000 production in North AZ;
• P2M sites unchanged;
• Other existing sites used for CCS with exception of South AZ and site E;
• AJD site E remains for tuna (permit not as flexible as for F&F and MFF sites G and H);
• CCS capacity 1,000t/site;
• Tuna capacity as per current ICCAT permits;
• Nursery production at Marsaxlokk site I;
• New outer site G for tuna 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA 4); and
• New outer site H for tuna 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA 4).
44. The overall resulting capacity under option 2 is 5,000t CCS and 11,500t tuna.
Production capacity 3
45. Option 3 considers the retention of all existing sites, development of all potential new sites, and all tuna farms are moved further offshore. In summary:
• All existing sites retained;
• North AZ approved;
• P2M sites unchanged;
• Newly identified sites approved;
• Inshore sites i.e. <1nm from shore/50m depth, used only for CCS;
• Tuna farms at E, G and H moved further offshore;
• Area around site E (E2, see Figure 1) used for 2 x 1,000 CCS sites;
• CCS capacity 1,000t/site;
• Tuna capacity as per current ICCAT permits;
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• Nursery production at Marsaxlokk site I;
• New nursery production at Xghajra sites U and V (see Figure 1);
• New outer site G for tuna 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA 4); and
• New outer site H for tuna 2km from shore, 1,500t (assumes shift in BA 4).
46. The overall resulting capacity under option 3 is 15,000t CCS and 19,500t tuna.
47. Table 6 summaries the potential production capacity scenarios under different site availability scenarios.
Table 6: Potential production capacity under different site availability scenarios Capacity 1 Capacity 2 Capacity 3 Site Location Tuna CCS Tuna CCS Tuna CCS Existing Sites A AJD
Comino 500 1,000
B-D P2M 1,000 1,000 1,000 E AJD St
Paul’s Bay 2,500 2,500 2,000
F South AZ 6,000 6,000 6,000 G MFF
Munxar 500 1,000 1,000
H F&F Il-Hofra
500 1,000 1,000
I MARC Total 8,500 2,500 8,500 3,000 6,000 6,000 Potential New Sites G outer MFF
Munxar 1,500 1,500 1,500
H outer F&F Il-Hofra
1,500 1,500 1,500
J outer North AZ-inner
1,000 1,000
K North AZ-inner
1,000 1,000
L North AZ-inner
1,000
M North AZ-inner
1,500
N North AZ-inner
1,500
O E Zone 1,500 P E Zone 1,500 Q E Zone 1,500 R E Zone 1,000 S E Zone 1,000 T Madalena
Shoals 1,000
U Xghajra Nursery
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Capacity 1 Capacity 2 Capacity 3 Site Location Tuna CCS Tuna CCS Tuna CCS V Xghajra Nursery W San Tumas
Point 1,000
X New SE Zone
1,000
Y New SE Zone
1,500
Z New SE Zone
1,000
Z1 New SE Zone
1,500
Total 3,000 0 3,000 2,000 13,500 9,000 Total all sites
11,500 2,500 11,500 5,000 19,500 15,000
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MONITORING 48. The Environmental Report will include a section that describes how the success of
the Aquaculture Strategy’s implementation will be measured with respect to the SEA objectives, by measuring (monitoring) the significant effects of the Aquaculture Strategy on the environment.
49. The SEA will assess the monitoring arrangements proposed for the Aquaculture Strategy and may recommend incorporation of new indicators based on the relevant environmental issues, objectives, and indicators for the programming document.
50. Again, it is noted that the correlation between indicators for monitoring and the Aquaculture Strategy objectives may be constrained because indicators may be affected by other initiatives, including private sector initiatives, other plans and programmes, and legislative measures that are outside the scope of the Aquaculture Strategy.
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 51. The SEA on the Aquaculture Strategy for Malta started in May 2012, after Adi
Associates Environmental Consultants Ltd were awarded the tender to carry out this SEA through a competitive tender procedure administered by the Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs.
52. The SEA involves several key stages:
• The scoping stage aimed to agree the scope and level of detail of information which must be included in the environmental report. A meeting was held with the programme managers on 30th April 2012.
• The collection of baseline data and analysis of relevant plans, programmes, and environmental objectives has already commenced. The Consultants are collecting baseline data from a wide range of sources, including studies of the key growth areas, and analysing a wide range of plans/programmes/objectives using matrices to structure the data collection. Maps of key environmental issues are being prepared.
• Preparation of the Environment Report – this commences once all relevant information is collected and following consultation with the stakeholders, MEPA, and the Programme Manager.
THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT 53. The proposed structure of the Environment Report is as set out in Table 7. It is
noted that as the Report develops the structure may change slightly; however, the following table gives the general framework. It is in accordance with the provisions of Schedule 1 of the SEA Regulations, 2010.
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Table 7: Structure of the Environment Report Section Content Summary and outcomes
Non-technical summary Statement on the difference the process has made Directions on how to comment on the assessment
Introduction Strategic environmental assessment (compliance with the SEA Regulations, 2010) Aim and structure of the report Strategy background
Methodology Approach adopted Stages of SEA process (timings and responsibilities) Limitations Consultation
Baseline The environmental baseline Summary of environmental issues Links to other relevant policies, plans, programmes
SEA framework Objectives and indicators Assessment of significance
Assessment of alternatives Alternatives considered Comparison of alternatives Consideration of environmental issues in development of alternatives Preferred alternative (including reasons for rejection of others)
Detailed Assessment of the Aquaculture Strategy
Assessment of each Strategy Aspect Recommendations Recommended changes to the Aquaculture Strategy Proposed mitigation Uncertainties and risks
Monitoring proposals A description of the monitoring requirements Appendices As necessary
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
1. International Commitments The UN Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
The United Nations Millennium Declaration arose from the meeting of UN Heads of State in New York, September 2000. The Declaration was aimed at revitalising international efforts to tackle critical development issues, and led to agreement on, and adoption of, the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Of relevance to the SEA is the seventh MDG: ensure environmental sustainability.
This is a national commitment and the Strategy must play a role in its realisation.
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
The ultimate objective of this Convention, and any related legal instruments that the Conference of the Parties may adopt, is to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. Malta is not an Annex 1 country, which means that it does not have to meet quantified targets for a reduction in greenhouse emissions. It does, however, support efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and is bound by EU legislation.
The Strategy should be aware of Malta’s efforts to combat and adapt to climate change and encourage efforts to reduce emissions. The SEA proposes indicators related to climate change.
Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (1979)
Malta is a party to the Bern Convention. The Convention aims to ensure conservation of wild flora and fauna species and their habitats. Special attention is given to endangered and vulnerable species, including endangered and vulnerable migratory species specified in appendices. The Parties to the Convention must undertake to take all appropriate measures to ensure the conservation of the habitats of the wild flora and fauna species. Such measures should be included in the Parties’ planning and development policies and pollution control, with particular attention to the conservation of wild flora and fauna. They should also undertake to promote education and disseminate general information concerning the need to conserve species of wild flora and fauna and their habitats.
The Strategy should be aware of the endangered and vulnerable species of flora and fauna in Malta and ensure that the Strategy is not in conflict with measures for their protection and conservation and those of their habitats. This will be done through the assessment of the Strategy using the SEA objectives on biodiversity.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of
The ability to deploy and utilise installations or structures in the marine environment is essentially one of property rights. The basis of ownership
The Strategy must ensure to integrate and/or consider the relevant requirements contained in this Convention
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
the Sea, 1982 and property rights within the marine environment emanates from the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (UNCLOS). UNCLOS came into force on 16th November 1994 and among its provisions, it conveys rights to coastal states3, while imposing certain duties, among which is environmental protection4 and safety to navigation. UNCLOS establishes the legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil. It also sets down rules for the passage of ships through the seas and distinguishes between passenger ships, commercial ships and warships. Article 56, Part V establishes the rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone, stating that:
1. In the exclusive economic zone, the coastal State has:
including those related to waste management, marine pollution and conservation of living resources. This will be assessed in the Environment Report.
3 Article 56
In the exclusive economic zone, the Coastal State has: (a) sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters
superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds;
(b) jurisdiction as provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention with regard to: (i) the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; (ii) marine scientific research; (iii) the protection and preservation of the marine environment;
(c) other rights and duties provided for in this Convention. 4 Article 194(1)
States are required to take “…all measures consistent with [the] Convention that are necessary to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from any source”.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
(a) Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds;
(b) Jurisdiction as provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention with regard to: (i) The establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and
structures; (ii) Marine scientific research; (iii) The protection and preservation of the marine environment;
(c) Other rights and duties provided for in this Convention. Within harbour areas, the placing of any sort of installation, even moorings, falls under the jurisdiction of harbour authorities (in Malta’s case, Transport Malta), whose permission is required prior to the placing of any such structures (see National Legislation below). The Convention defines “pollution of the marine environment” as “introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities”. However, it excludes from its definition of “dumping” the disposal of wastes derived from the normal operations of ….other man-made structures at sea and their equipment. Hence, operational wastes generated by fish farms are likely to be exempted from the provisions of this Convention. This was further elaborated upon by the London Dumping Convention’s 1996 Protocol (see below). Other relevant aspects of the Convention include the provisions on
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Conservation and utilisation of living resources (Arts 61 and 62), Highly migratory species (Art 64), Conservation and Management of Living Resources of the High Seas (Section 2 – Arts 116 – 119), Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment (Part XII Arts 192-196), and EIA (Art. 206). Article 61 focuses on the conservation of living resources and calls on coastal states to determine the allowable catch of the living resources in their EEZ, in the process ensuring (through sound scientific evidence) that they are not endangered through over-exploitation and to restore or maintain populations of harvested species at levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield. This is further expounded upon in Article 62, which promotes the objective of optimum utilisation of the living resources in the EEZ, including the possibility of a state entering into agreements with other states to harvest the surplus of its allowable catch. Highly migratory fish stocks are the subject of Article 645, which calls for cooperation among states fishing for such resources. The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus), and swordfish Xiphias gladius are listed in Annex 1 of the Convention. The conservation and management of the living resources of the high seas
5 Article 64:
1. The coastal State and other States whose nationals fish in the region for the highly migratory species listed in Annex I shall cooperate directly or through appropriate international organizations with a view to ensuring conservation and promoting the objective of optimum utilization of such species throughout the region, both within and beyond the exclusive economic zone. In regions for which no appropriate international organization exists, the coastal State and other States whose nationals harvest these species in the region shall cooperate to establish such an organization and participate in its work.
2. The provisions of paragraph 1 apply in addition to the other provisions of this Part.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
are dealt with in Section 2 of Part VII. Articles 116 to 119 set out the rights and obligations of fishing on the high seas. Of importance is the fact that the Convention calls for cooperation among states whose nationals engage in fishing on the high seas to cooperate in the conservation of these living resources, including the establishment of regional and sub-regional fisheries organisation (such as ICCAT and GFCM), and to be guided by scientific evidence in establishing allowable catch quotas. The protection of the marine environment is addressed in Part XII of the Convention. States have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment. With regards to marine pollution States are to take “all measures consistent with this Convention that are necessary to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from any source, using for this purpose the best practicable means at their disposal and in accordance with their capabilities, and they shall endeavor to harmonize their policies in this connection”. The Convention applies to all sources of pollution including the release of toxic, harmful or noxious substances, pollution from vessels, and pollution from installations and devices operating in the marine environment. The measures taken to prevent pollution should include those necessary to protect and preserve rare or fragile ecosystems as well as the habitat of depleted, threatened or endangered species and other forms of marine life. Pollution from vessels in further addressed in Article 211. Like other Conventions, UNCLOS calls for an assessment of environmental impacts for planned activities that may cause substantial pollution of or significant and harmful changes to the marine environment.
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973
This Convention, known as the MARPOL Convention addresses pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. The Convention covers prevention of pollution from sewage, garbage and air pollution from ships.
The Strategy should ensure that prevention of pollution is a priority for the aquaculture sector. This will be assessed in the Environment Report.
The London Convention on This Convention, also known as the London Dumping Convention, has the Waste management is an important consideration for the
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1975
most significant set of international regulations guiding ocean dumping. The scope of this Convention was extended in 1982 with the coming into force of UNCLOS, since the latter obliges those States who had not signed the London Dumping Convention to abide by its standards (Pickering, 20006) and requires States to protect the marine environment from all sources of pollution including dumping. The London Dumping Convention aims to comprehensively and uniformly regulate ocean dumping (Macdonald, 19947) and requires all parties to the Convention “to take all practicable steps to prevent the pollution of the sea by the dumping of waste and other matter that is liable to create hazards to human health, harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea” (UNEP, 20048). The Convention includes a three-part classification of substances with regulations governing the disposal of materials in each category. These are: Annex I – the “black list” (substances that are absolutely prohibited and should be released into the oceans only “in emergencies posing unacceptable risk relating to human health and admitting no other feasible solution”); Annex II – the “grey list” (substances that can be dumped with special permits); and Annex III – materials that are allowed to be dumped under a general permit for all other wastes. Under the London Dumping Convention fish waste, or organic materials resulting from industrial fish processing operations are not considered to be industrial waste9 and hence the provisions of the Convention do not
Strategy and will be assessed in the Environment Report. Whether the Strategy has adequately addressed waste management issues will also be considered in the Environment Report.
6 Pickering, H., 2000. Legal Framework Governing Artificial Reefs in the European Union. In: A.C. Jensen et al. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in European Seas, 469 – 487.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, UK. 7 Macdonald, J.M., 1994. Artificial Reef Debate: habitat enhancement or waste disposal? Ocean Development and International Law. 25: 87-118. 8 http://www.unep.ch/seas/main/legal/llondon.html 9 Defined as “waste materials generated by manufacturing or processing operations”.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
apply. Hence, fish wastes, blood, and offal generated by aquaculture operations are allowed to be discharged into the marine environment under the provisions of this Convention.
The 1996 Protocol to the London Dumping Convention
Aspects of the London Dumping Convention were superseded by a Protocol approved in 1996. This Protocol, further redefined the concept of dumping, including a further explanation on what is not considered to be dumping. The Protocol also includes three Annexes: Annex I – Wastes or other matter that may be considered for dumping; Annex II – Assessment of wastes or other matter that may be considered for dumping; and Annex III – Arbitral Procedure Annex I outlines the following materials in the list of wastes that may be considered for dumping: .4 fish waste, or material resulting from industrial fish processing operations; and .5 organic material of natural origin;
Waste management is an important consideration for the Strategy and will be assessed in the Environment Report. Whether the Strategy has adequately addressed waste management issues will also be considered in the Environment Report.
The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean, 1976 (the Barcelona Convention)
This Convention, known as the Barcelona Convention, requires the Contracting Parties to “…individually or jointly take all appropriate measures in accordance with the provisions of this Convention and those Protocols in force to which they are party to prevent, abate, combat and to the fullest possible extent eliminate pollution of the Mediterranean Sea Area and to protect and enhance the marine environment in that Area so as to contribute towards its sustainable development” (UNEP, 200410). The Convention, as revised in 1995, strives to “take all appropriate measures to prevent, abate and to the fullest possible extent eliminate pollution of the Mediterranean Sea Area caused by dumping from ships and aircraft or incineration at sea.” This is in line with similar moves in other international
The application of the precautionary and "polluter pays" principles, the obligation on the Parties to carry out and promote impact assessments, protect and preserve biological diversity, and access to information and public participation are of relevance to the Strategy.
10 http://www.unep.ch/seas/main/med/medconvii.html. As accessed in March 2005.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
and regional conventions (e.g. the London Dumping Convention, the Oslo Convention11, and the Helsinki Convention12), and is based on the precautionary principle, which has set a new level of priority in emerging international legislation, including EU Directives. These various amendments include the extension of the Convention's geographical field of application to the coast, the application of the precautionary and "polluter pays" principles, the obligation on the Parties to carry out and promote impact assessments, protect and preserve biological diversity as well as combat pollution from cross-border movements of dangerous waste, and access to information and public participation (EU, 200513).
The Protocol of the Barcelona Convention concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean, 1999
This Protocol, promulgated by the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention in 1999, aims to protect, preserve, and manage in a sustainable and environmentally sound way the areas of particular natural or cultural value of the Mediterranean through the establishment of Specially Protected Areas (SPAs), and to protect, preserve and manage threatened or endangered species of flora and fauna. To date, 4 SPAs have been designated in Malta under this Protocol, namely l-Ghadira, Il-Gzejjer ta’ San Pawl, Filfla & surrounding islets and I-Gebla tal-General.
Its relevance to the Strategy lies in its requirement for EIA for any industrial or other projects that could significantly affect protected areas and species and their habitats (Article 17 of the Protocol). The requirement for EIA will also be highlighted in the Environment Report.
The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
The Convention on Biological Diversity, also known as the Rio Convention, was enacted in 1992. Its objective is to “conserve the maximum possible biological diversity for the benefit of present and future generations and for its intrinsic value“. This pact among the vast majority of the world's governments sets out commitments for maintaining the world's ecological underpinnings while maintaining economic development. The Convention establishes three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources. Relevant aspects of the
The sustainable conservation of resources in the marine environment is particularly relevant to the Strategy and will be assessed in the Environment Report.
11 The Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships and Aircraft (1972). 12 The Convention of the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (1974 revised in 1992). 13 Europa website. Accessed on http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28084.htm; March 2005.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Convention are the emphasis on the sustainable use of components of biological diversity, the requirement for EIA, and the inclusion of biodiversity issues. A direct result of the Rio Convention was the concept of Agenda 21 – a global partnership for sustainable development. Agenda 21 addresses today’s pressing problems aiming to prepare the world to meet its challenges. It reflects a global consensus and political commitment at the highest level on development and environment cooperation. Its successful implementation is first and foremost the responsibility of Governments but the broadest public participation and the active involvement of the non-governmental organizations and other groups should also be encouraged. National strategies, plans, policies, and processes are crucial in achieving this (UNEP, 200514). Agenda 21 has four sections: Social and economic dimensions; Conservation and management of resources for development; Strengthening the role of major groups; and Means of implementation. Of particular relevance to the OP are Chapter 15 (on Conservation of Biological Diversity) and Chapter 17 (on the Protection of the oceans, all kinds of seas, including enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, and coastal areas and the protection, rational use and development of their living resources). The objectives of Chapter 15 aim to improve the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of biological resources. A number of activities are set out that help to achieve these objectives, including the promotion of environmentally sound and sustainable development, the recovery of threatened species and ecosystems, and the introduction of appropriate environmental impact assessment procedures for proposed projects likely to have a significant effect on biological diversity.
14 UNEP Earthwatch website, 2005. Accessed at http://earthwatch.grid.unep.ch/agenda21/ in March 2005.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Chapter 17 calls for new approaches to marine and coastal area management and development at the national, sub-regional, regional, and global levels; “approaches that are integrated in content and precautionary and anticipatory in ambit” (UNEP, 2005). The Chapter sets out seven programme areas, as follows: Integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas, including exclusive economic zones; Marine environmental protection; Sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources of the high seas; Sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources under national jurisdiction; Addressing critical uncertainties for the management of the marine environment and climate change; Strengthening international, including regional, cooperation and coordination; and Sustainable development of small islands. Under the “Sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources under national jurisdiction” programme, the development of aquaculture is particularly encouraged, especially where marine living resources are potentially available. However, the Chapter also calls on States to commit themselves to the conservation and sustainable use of marine living resources on the high seas, including developing and increasing the potential of marine living resources to meet human nutritional needs and social and economic development goals, as well as maintaining and restoring populations of marine species at levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield, and ensuring effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities.
The International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, 1966
This Convention was drawn up to specifically manage populations of tuna and tuna-like fishes found in the Atlantic Ocean. Contracting Parties are required to co-operate in maintaining the populations of these fishes at levels which does not exceed the maximum sustainable catch for food and other purposes thus ensuring the conservation of these living resources. The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas was
The Strategy must consider the requirements under this Convention and in particular ensure the promotion of the local implementation of recommendations submitted by the Commission where relevant. This will be assessed in the Environment Report.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
established through this Convention and was empowered to adopt rules of procedure and financial regulations as are considered necessary to carry out its functions. The Commission is responsible for the study of the populations of tuna and tuna-like fishes (the Scombriformes with the exception of the families Trichiuridae and Gempylidae and the genus Scomber) and such other species exploited in tuna that are not studied by another international fishery organisation. The Commission submits a number of recommendations, based on scientific evidence to ensure sustainable management of the species covered by the Convention
2. EU requirements Council Regulation (EC) 1198/2006 on the European Fisheries Fund
This Regulation establishes the European Fisheries Fund and defines the framework for Community support for the sustainable development of the fisheries sector, fisheries areas. The objectives of the fund are to: (a) support the common fisheries policy so as to ensure exploitation of living aquatic resources and support aquaculture in order to provide sustainability in economic, environmental, and social terms; (b) promote a sustainable balance between resources and the fishing capacity of the Community fishing fleet; (c) promote sustainable development of inland fishing; (d) strengthen the competitiveness of the operating structures and the development of economically viable enterprises in the fisheries sector; (e) foster the protection and the enhancement of the environment and natural resources where related to the fisheries sector; (f) encourage sustainable development and the improvement of the quality of life in areas with activities in the fisheries sector; (g) promote equality between men and women in the development of the fisheries sector and fisheries areas.
The Strategy should address the first objective of the EFF requirements and the SEA must take into account the requirements of the Regulation especially when considering alternatives.
Council Regulation (EC) 861/2006 establishing Community financial measures for the implementation of the
This Regulation establishes the framework for Community financial measures for the implementation of the common fisheries policy (the CFP) and the Law of the Sea. The Community financial measures will specifically contribute towards the following general objectives:
The National Fisheries OP (2007-2013) was drawn up taking into account the considerations of the Regulation. The National Aquaculture Strategy should also take account of this regulation.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
common fisheries policy and in the area of the Law of the Sea
(a) improving the administrative capacity and the means for control and enforcement of CFP rules; (b) improving the collection of data necessary for the CFP; (c) improving the quality of scientific advice for the purposes of the CFP; (d) improving the technical assistance supporting the management of the Community fishing fleet for the purposes of the CFP; (e) improving the involvement of the fisheries sector and other interest groups in the CFP and promoting dialogue and communication between them and the Commission; (f) implementing measures relating to Fisheries Partnership Agreements and other bilateral or multilateral agreements for the purposes of the CFP, and in particular towards ensuring the sustainability of fisheries resources in third country waters and on the high seas; and (g) implementing measures relating to the Law of the Sea.
Council Regulation (EC) 2371/2002 on the conservation and sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources under the Common Fisheries Policy
This Regulation states that the Common Fisheries Policy must cover conservation, management, and exploitation of living aquatic resources, aquaculture, and the processing and marketing of fishery and aquaculture products, where such activities are practised on the territory of Member States or in Community waters or by Community fishing vessels or, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the flag State, nationals of Member States. Furthermore the Common Fisheries Policy must provide for coherent measures concerning: (a) conservation, management, and exploitation of living aquatic resources, (b) limitation of the environmental impact of fishing, (c) conditions of access to waters and resources, (d) structural policy and the management of the fleet capacity, (e) control and enforcement, (f) aquaculture, (g) common organisation of the markets, and (h) international relations.
The Strategy must take into consideration the requirements under this regulation.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
The Common Fisheries Policy shall ensure exploitation of living aquatic resources that provides sustainable economic, environmental, and social conditions. For this purpose, the Community shall apply the precautionary approach in taking measures designed to protect and conserve living aquatic resources, to provide for their sustainable exploitation and to minimise the impact of fishing activities on marine eco-systems. It shall aim at a progressive implementation of an eco-system-based approach to fisheries management. It shall aim to contribute to efficient fishing activities within an economically viable and competitive fisheries and aquaculture industry, providing a fair standard of living for those who depend on fishing activities and taking into account the interests of consumers. The Common Fisheries Policy shall be guided by the following principles of good governance: (a) clear definition of responsibilities at the Community, national, and local levels; (b) a decision-making process based on sound scientific advice which delivers timely results; (c) broad involvement of stakeholders at all stages of the policy from conception to implementation; (d) consistence with other Community policies, in particular with environmental, social, regional, development, health, and consumer protection policies.
Communication (COM/2002/511) from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament – Strategy for sustainable development of European Aquaculture
The Commission recognised the importance of aquaculture in the frame of the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy and the necessity to develop a strategy for the sustainable development of this sector. This strategy will be coherent with the other Community’s strategies and in particular with the European Strategy for Sustainable Development and the conclusions of the Göteborg European Council of 15/16 June 2001.
The Strategy must be aware of the objectives listed and should seek to be in line with these objectives.
Communication (COM(2009)162) from the Commission to the European Parliament and the
Seven years on from the publication of the European Aquaculture Strategy this Communication document notes that significant progress was made during this time in ensuring the environmental sustainability, safety and quality of EU aquaculture production, however, during the same time
The national Strategy should consider this Communication document including consideration of aquaculture and its impact on the environment. This will also be addressed in the Environment Report.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Council – Building a sustainable future for aquaculture: A new impetus for the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture
period, overall EU aquaculture production has stagnated, in contrast to the high growth rate in the rest of the world. This Communication aims to identify and address the causes of the stagnation, build on the achievements of the 2002 Strategy and on the new impetus for marine activities provided by the EU Integrated Maritime Policy. In establishing conditions for sustainable growth of aquaculture, the document emphasises the need to ensure compatibility between aquaculture and the environment and states that the Commission will:
• Continue to emphasise the importance of environmentally sustainable development of aquaculture in its policies and actions;
• Continue to monitor developments in terms of escapees and if necessary, assess the added value of possible action at the EU level.
The Communication also considers the importance of ensuring animal health, animal welfare, and consumer health protection and recognising the health benefit of aquatic food.
Communication (COM(2011) 417 final) from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy.
The reform package of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is proposed in light of the indications that the key objectives of the CFP are not being met. The reform seeks to improve sustainability both of fish stocks and the fisheries sector. The objectives include:
• More fish to fish sustainably; • A future for fisheries and aquaculture industry and jobs - the
reform will require Member States to prepare national strategic plans;
• Thriving coastal communities; • Satisfying the real needs of informed consumers; • Better governance through regionalisation; • Smarter financing; • Projecting the principles of the CFP internationally.
The National Strategy should be developed in light of the reform package and the EU strategic guidelines for the development of the national strategies.
Food Safety Regulations including Regulation (EC) No
These Community regulations cover hygiene, feed, additives, product The Strategy needs to be mindful of these requirements.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
178/2002, Regulation (EC) No 136/2004, Regulation (EC) No 882/2004, Regulation (EC) 183/2005, Regulation (EC) 2074/2005, Regulation (EC) 1666/2006, Regulation (EC) 2076/2005, Regulation (EC) 853/2004, Regulation (EC) No 854/2004, Regulation 2073/2005, Regulation (EC) No 1662/2006, Regulation (EC) 396/2005, Regulation (EC) 1881/2006, Regulation (EC) 2377/90, Regulation (EC) No 37/2010, Regulation (EC) No 104/2000, Regulation (EC) No 2065/2001, Regulation (EC) 1829/2003, Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003, Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003, Regulation No 1935/2004, Decisions 89/187/EEC, 91/664/EEC, 2002/657/EC, 96/23/EC, 2003/181/EC, 2004/25/EC, 2005/34/EC.
labelling and inspection procedures relevant to aquaculture.
Council Regulation (EC) No 708/2007 concerning use of alien and locally absent species in aquaculture
This Regulation addresses the potential threat to marine habitats from invasive alien species that may be introduced through aquaculture and establishes a framework governing aquaculture practices in relation to alien and locally absent species to assess and minimise the possible impact of these and any associated non-target species on aquatic habitats and in this manner
The Strategy must consider this Regulation where relevant also in the light of impacts on biodiversity.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
contribute to the sustainable development of the sector. Concil Regulation EC 166/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 January 2006 concerning the establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC Text with EEA relevance.
This regulation requires annual reporting by certain aquaculture operators (those for which Annex I (7) applies) for the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register.
This is an operational issue that the Strategy should be aware of.
EU Sustainable Development Strategy
The first EU SDS was launched at the Gothenburg Summit in June 2001. The strategy proposed objectives and policy measures to address key unsustainable trends and also the requirement for every new major policy to be submitted to an Impact Assessment. The SDS was revised and a renewed strategy was adopted in June 2006. Seven key priority challenges were established for a period until 2010:
• Climate change and clean energy; • Sustainable transport; • Sustainable consumption & production; • Conservation and management of natural resources; • Public Health; • Social inclusion, demography and migration; and • Global poverty and sustainable development challenges The policy was reviewed again in July 2009.
Sustainable consumption and conservation and management of natural resources are particularly relevant for the Strategy.
EU’s Biodiversity Action Plan, 2008
This document aims to facilitate and encourage Member States to reach targets set and implement outstanding measures required under a number
The Strategy should directly consider potential impacts on biodiversity. These will be assessed through the SEA.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
of environmental Directives with an aim to safeguarding biodiversity including the Habitats Directive and the Water Framework Directive.
Council Regulation (EC) No 302/2009 concerning a multiannual recovery plan for bluefin tuna in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, amending Regulation (EC) No 43/2009 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1559/2007
This Regulation reflects a new management approach to the conservation of bluefin tuna in the Atlantic and Mediterranean Seas in an attempt to rebuild stocks.
The Strategy should be aware of the reductions in TACs and other management measures.
3. National Environmental & Planning Documents A Draft Sustainable Strategy for the Maltese Islands 2006-2016
The Sustainable Strategy is centred on four main themes: Managing the environment and resources; Promoting sustainable economic development; Fostering sustainable communities; Cross-cutting strategic issues. Within these sectors the following priorities are identified: The Environment 1. Climate Change: take steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through transport and energy policies that seek to promote environmental protection, competitiveness, and security of supplies and, as a result, decouple the rate of growth of Green House Gases (GHG) emissions from economic growth. 2. Air Quality: take remedial action to control emissions of air pollutants and achieve compliance with European standards; 3. Nature and Biodiversity: halt loss of biodiversity by 2010, and achieve management of protected areas by 2008; 4. Groundwater: adopt a policy that safeguards the quality of groundwater resources to protect human health, and satisfy the requirements for human use and achieve good quantitative status by 2015;
Sustainable development principles must be integrated as part of the Strategy. These will be assessed through the SEA.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
5. Seawater: sustain compliance with the Bathing Water Directive and achieve compliance with the Barcelona Convention standards; 6. Waste: prevent and minimise waste by achieving EU waste-related objectives and targets, reviewing Malta’s Waste Management Strategy by 2007; 7. Land use: protect, maintain, and improve the urban and rural environment and through the planning system protect the open countryside from uses, particularly residences, which can be more appropriately located in urban areas; 8. Transport: reduce car ownership rates to the EU average by 2014. Attain 1995 bus patronage levels by 2014 (40 million passengers); The Economy 9. Economic Growth: adopt policy measures so that the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita in real terms grows at a rate that will enable the Maltese economy to converge towards the EU average. 10. Employment: create employment opportunities to generate income and improve the quality of life of the population, taking into consideration environmental and social impacts, and adopt policy measures so that the ratio of total employment to the working age population in Malta converges with the EU average and reaches at least 57% by 2010; 11. Labour productivity: adopt policy measures to increase average labour productivity at a rate of 1% per annum over the EU average by 2010, while attempting to balance wages, taxation, and productivity, in collaboration with the social partners. Society 12. Poverty reduction: reduce or at least sustain the current level of 15% of the population at risk of poverty and decrease the ratio of population aged over 65 at risk of poverty from 20% to 15%, by 2010; 13. Labour force participation of women: adopt policy measures so that the labour force participation rate of women increases from 33% to 40.7% by 2010;
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
14. Health: decrease ratio of overweight/obese population in line with the EU average by 2010 by, amongst other actions enhancing the focus on healthy living and prevention, to reduce the need for curative care; 15. Education: continue to adopt measures to decrease the early school-leavers rate to 35% by 2010. Cross Cutting Issues 16. Spatial development plan: by 2010 draw up an integrated spatial development plan to take forward the National Strategy for Sustainable Development, with the participation of major stakeholders; 17. Economic Instruments: gradually adjust the present income tax regime so that the ratio of green taxation to total taxation reaches the EU average by 2010; 18. Enforcement: by 2008, put in place an audit of enforcement arrangements to assess the adequacy of the current enforcement mechanisms and to promote integration of responsibilities and reduction of overlaps. Implementation 19. Institutional setup: by 2008 put in place a permanent structure, appropriately staffed and funded, to revise and implement the National Strategy for Sustainable Development, on an ongoing basis, under the auspices of the National Commission for Sustainable Development, and hold an annual Conference with participation of major stakeholders to critically evaluate progress relating to the strategy; 20. Sustainability indicators: by 2008, establish and fund an entity responsible for compiling and evaluating sustainability indicators. This entity should work closely with the National Commission for Sustainable Development and the National Statistics Office.
Structure Plan for the Maltese Islands, 1990
This is the national planning document that sets out the development framework for the Maltese Islands for the twenty-year period to 2010. Its’ three goals are:
The Strategy must adhere to relevant policies within the Structure Plan.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
1. To encourage the further social and economic development of the Maltese islands, and to ensure as far as possible, that sufficient land and support infrastructure are available to accommodate it; 2. To use land and buildings efficiently, and consequently to channel urban development activity into existing and planned development areas, particularly through rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing fabric and infrastructure thus constraining further inroads into undeveloped land, and generally resulting in higher density development than at present; 3. To radically improve the quality of all aspects of the environment of both urban and rural areas.
Strategic Plan for the Environment and Development (SPED), 2012
The new Environment and Development Planning Act (2010) requires the preparation of a Strategic Plan for the Environment and Development (SPED). This document is currently under preparation and the initial consultation document to establish the strategic objectives can be downloaded from the MEPA website. The SPED will replace the current Structure Plan, providing a strategic spatial planning framework up to 2020. The SPED will be based on an integrated planning system that aims to (i) ensure the sustainable management of land and sea resources together with the protection of the environment; and (ii) guides the development and use of land and sea space.
The Strategy must consider the spatial planning objectives relevant to the aquaculture sector. These will be considered in the Environment Report.
National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS), 2012
The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy presents a series of actions aimed at various sectors that requires integration of such measures as part of the strategic planning in areas such as fisheries, agriculture, water management, etc.
The Strategy should have regard to the relevant actions and policy direction of the NCCAS.
National Strategy for Policy and Abatement Measures Relating to the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2009
This strategy is based on a number of pillars including securing civil society and citizen participation, establishing an institutional framework for climate change and building the appropriate human capital, integrating the economics of climate change in policy design and the identification of abatement measures. Abatement measures in the following sectors: energy, waste and agriculture, water, and transport.
The Strategy should be mindful of the objectives within the National Strategy for Policy and Abatement Measures relating to the Reduction of GHG emissions.
National Environmental Policy, 2012
The final NEP was launched in February 2012 and covers all end sectors and natural resources, including air, waste, water, land, soil, climate,
This policy outlines the need to manage the coastal and marine areas in an environmentally-sustainable and
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
biodiversity, coastal and marine area, noise chemicals and mineral resources. The policy covers the period from 2012 to 2020.
integrated manner. The development of the SEA objectives consider the NEP objectives ensuring that the assessment is directly related to the national objectives in relation to the environment
Proposed National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan (NBSAP) (2012-2020)
The draft NBSAP was published in February 2012 by the Ministry for Tourism, Culture and Environment and MEPA and provides a vision that reflects the priorities for efficient use of resources and halting biodiversity loss in line with EU requirements and the Convention on Biological Diversity. The NBSAP seeks to ensure cross-sectoral policy integration of biodiversity concerns and also includes a target (Target 7) related to the sustainable management of activities including specifically aquaculture to ensure biodiversity conservation. In relation to aquaculture, the need for management of Invasive Alien Species is also highlighted. Aquaculture is discussed in detail in section 4.2. Whilst the benefits of aquaculture are noted, including the nutritional, social and economic benefits for coastal communities, a number of threats on the environment resulting from these activities are also highlighted. Possible impacts from marine cage aquaculture are described (see Figure 24) and include:
• Odours; • Oil slicks from fish bait (tuna pens); • Ammonia and urea released from fish farms is toxic to aquatic life
at certain concentrations in relation to water temperature, salinity and pH;
• Ammonium exerts a demand on oxygen in water as it is transformed to oxidised forms of nitrogen;
• High densities of farmed fish can also locally deplete dissolved oxygen concentrations through fish respiration;
• Turbidity caused by the input of artificial feeds; • Risk of escapes – Escaped farmed fish may affect wild populations
Targets at sustainable management of aquaculture to ensure the conservation of biodiversity by 2020. The Strategy and the accompanying SEA must consider the potential impacts clearly outlined in the NBSAP and ensure strategic measures to prevent and/or minimise as far as possible any negative effects. Good practice guidance documents referred to in the Strategy should be integrated where relevant.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
by genetic dilution through interbreeding, reduced fecundity in wild stocks, and out-competing wild populations for food and breeding area;
• Exchange of diseases and parasites between wild and farmed fish • Discharge of pollutants: disinfectants – hypoxia, mortality; anti-
fouling agents – invertebrate mortality; pesticides – invertebrate mortality; antibiotics – accumulation in sediments and living organisms;
• Discharges of soluble inorganic nutrients (P and N) and organic matter resulting in (i) eutrophication, which leads to algal blooms, decreased light penetration, depletion of oxygen and then fouling; and (ii) bathing quality adversely affected leading to complaints by the public and affected sectors such as tourism.
Secondary effects also identified include the fact that aquaculture is also dependent on wild-caught fish for the production of fishmeal (such as wild mackerel). In the case of tuna pens, tuna are wild caught. In this regard, there is a need to ensure sustainable fisheries when wild fish are caught and used for the aquaculture industry. In consideration of the above, a number of communities are particularly sensitive to impacts from aquaculture activities including seagrass beds and specific benthic communities. Consideration of carrying capacity is required to determine potential impacts and their significance. An additional point to note is that ensuring good water quality, is also important for the aquaculture industry itself. The NBSAP identifies a number of good practice guides that should be adopted in the management of the aquaculture sector.
Coastal Strategy Topic Paper, 2002
The Coastal Strategy Topic Paper was prepared by MEPA to identify issues affecting the coastal zone that required addressing as part of the Structure
The Strategy should seek to incorporate the principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Plan Review process. The Topic Paper provides a strategic direction towards sustainable development within the Maltese coast, within the broader concept of Coastal Zone Management15. The Topic Paper’s strategy for the marine environment states: “The primary objectives of the coastal strategy for the marine environment are to safeguard the natural and cultural heritage present; to safeguard legitimate marine uses, and to minimise existing and potential conflicts”. It advocates the designation of the MCAs identified in the Structure Plan, with the seaward boundary extending to the –50m depth contour, establishment of new aquaculture units beyond the -50m depth contour, and calls for a precautionary approach to development and for the application of Environmental Impact Assessment procedures. The Paper reviews the status of the coastal environment, assesses the effectiveness of the current policy framework governing coastal resources and uses, and identifies the main issues that need to be addressed in the new Structure Plan. It identifies aquaculture and fisheries among the major coastal uses. The Topic Paper acknowledges that the fisheries industry in Malta is mainly artisanal, since only a small number of fishing vessels operate on the high seas. The planning concerns identfified are: Protection of fishing harbours including protection of shoreline structures such as slipways and quays for use by the fishermen, and protection of mooring points; Consideration to fisheries requirements in proposed developments in St. Paul’s Bay (the most important fishing port in the North of Malta); Provision of facilities for hard standing and maintenance for boats exceeding
15 Coastal Zone Management is the holistic process that aims to promote and maintain the sustainable development of a defined coastal area (MEPA, 2002).
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
10 meters in length in Marsaxlokk; Upgrading of the fish market in Valletta; and A need for cold stores and ice making machine in Gozo and Marsaxlokk. The Topic Paper deals with aquaculture in a comprehensive manner, outlining its requirements, the development of the industry in Malta, environmental considerations and economic viability of the industry. It states that “aquaculture has often been sectoral in its approach, with very little consideration given to the impacts created by the industry” and that “certain forms and locations of aquaculture have created a climate of negative perceptions”, something that the industry needs to counteract, promoting itself as a responsible activity and an essential component of food security. Species diversification is also dealt with in the Topic Paper. When the paper was being formulated, Malta had only one tuna penning farm and most sea bream farms were converting part of their operation to tuna penning. The Paper highlights this diversification as an opportunity for local farms to compete in both the Mediterranean and global market. The main issue identified by the Topic Paper is that related to location and space requirements, emphasising the need for detailed environmental assessments before farm locations are decided. According to the Topic Paper, aquaculture is perceived to conflict with a number of other legitimate coastal uses, in terms of demand for resources, including water quality, visual/scenic value, and space. Bunkering and tourism are two sectors that conflict with aquaculture, for safety of navigation reasons and amenity value, respectively. The Topic Paper further states that although decisions on the future of the industry are not the remit of the Planning Authority, the decision on where to locate aquaculture units and their associated facilities is. The Paper concludes that “the ecological and geomorphologic characteristics and the presence of other users within such a limited coastline make it practically difficult
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
for this industry to expand unless the cage units are taken further offshore within sites primarily zoned for this type of activity”.
National Report on the Strategic Action Plan for the Conservation of Maltese Coastal and Marine Biodiversity, 2002
This Report identifies priority actions in the field of marine and coastal biodiversity. These actions include the preparation of species and habitat action plans, declaration of marine and coastal protected areas, data compilation, monitoring proposals, upgrading research equipment, and effective enforcement.
The Strategy should be cognisant of the requirements in the field of biodiversity and ensure integrated measures as relevant. These will be assessed through the SEA.
Draft Action Plan for the Conservation of Dusky Groupers, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) in Malta, 2011
The goals of this Species Action Plan (SAP) are to analyse the grouper populations with the objective of better conservation; and to analyse the sustainability of grouper fishing in Malta and in light of this to formulate a basis for its management in the Maltese waters. Capturing of this species for aquaculture experimentation purposes is identified as a threat to populations in this SAP.
If considered for exploration as a potential candidate for aquaculture, the Strategy should include measures to ensure that any actions are implemented in a sustainable manner. These will be assessed through the SEA.
Draft National Strategy for the Cultural Heritage (2012-2016)
The draft National Strategy for Cultural Heritage 2012 addresses 22 inter-related objectives, that are grouped into four main areas:
• Broadening citizen participation: cultural heritage and the local community;
• Improving governance in the cultural heritage sector: Investment in the administration setup of the local cultural heritage;
• Care and use of the cultural heritage resource: preservation and conservation;
• Sustainable use of heritage resources: sustainable use of cultural heritage.
The Strategy must consider this draft strategy and integrate measures where relevant.
4. Sectoral Plans & Policies National Reform Programme, 2005
The National Reform Programme (NRP) with a governance structure based on a three-year cycle (2005-2008) aims to set out a comprehensive strategy to deliver growth and jobs in line with the refocus of the Lisbon Agenda agreed to in the Spring European Council. Several political, economic, social, technological, and environmental factors affect Malta’s economic growth and international competitiveness and hence, the island’s employment growth potential. These include: maximising new market and funding opportunities in the EU;
The Strategy should be cognisant of these priority actions and should ensure that these principles are integrated within the Strategy.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
intensifying international competition as a result of globalisation; increasing oil prices, terrorism, and competition from low cost nations; changing demographics: ageing population, increasing life expectancy, lower fertility rates; leveraging technological developments; and protecting the environment. The NRF identifies 3 environmental priorities for action by the Maltese Government: 1. Halting Biodiversity Loss; 2. Internalisation of Environmental Externalities; 3. Fight against Climate Change
Malta’s National Strategic Plan for Fisheries 2007-2013
The National Strategic Plan (NSP) describes the current situation in the fisheries sector and establishes the overall aims and objectives for the development of the Maltese fisheries sector for the period 2007-2013.
The Strategy operates in line with this overarching Plan.
National Aquaculture Policy, 2004
The National Policy on Aquaculture (NPA) was formulated in 2004 in response to the rapid development of the local aquaculture industry. The Document has two objectives: To formalise Government’s policy with respect to this emerging industry; and To provide a holistic national strategy with respect to aquaculture development in Malta. The NPA gives an overview of the development of aquaculture in Malta, identifies the requirements of the industry and the environmental constraints/impacts, and emphasis the need for the proper conduct of operations. The NPA’s Strategy is based on procedural matters, development, and management of installations. Procedurally, requests for aquaculture development permits will be the responsibility of the department responsible for fisheries. Marine installations will be located in designated areas depending on the species being farmed, namely: Installations for the culture of large fish (hence occupying large areas of sea)
The Strategy is in line with this policy and recommends that the Policy is updated.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
shall be located as far out from the coast as the species and the technology will allow; Installations for the culture of small fish that necessitate sheltered waters (and small areas) shall be located so as to minimise visual impacts and to make best use of the available areas; and Installations for filter-feeding organisms, algae, and invertebrates, will be given priority on the use of inshore sites. Land-based installations will be limited to industrial areas and other appropriate sites and will depend on the systems used for managing their effluent.
National Environmental Health Action Plan, 2006 - 2010
The action plan is a policy framework document that sets targets and priority actions for the period 2006-2010. Actions are primarily concerned primarily with the protection of public health through protection of the environment. In relation to agriculture and fisheries, many of the objectives can be applied to aquaculture. The following objectives consider aquaculture more directly:
• To reduce human exposure to risks related to agriculture and animal husbandry without compromising the primary aims of agriculture and aquaculture and related activities, namely the provision of adequate and safe food.
• To widely promulgate and apply simple and understandable rules on the amount and timing of use of pesticides, particularly fish farms, on the wider use of antibiotics in animal husbandry and on the application of agrochemicals on agricultural crops, if necessary through the adoption of legislation, so as to protect both the farmers and consumers as well as the surface and groundwater draining the land.
The Strategy should integrate environmental health considerations. Impacts on human health are considered in the SEA.
Draft Solid Waste Management Strategy for the Maltese Islands, 2009
This strategy presents a number of measures for the treatment and management of solid waste.
The Strategy must ensure that any proposed measures are in line with waste management requirements where relevant. Waste management will be addressed in the SEA.
Space for Waste: the Waste Management Subject Plan
The Waste Management Subject Plan provides strategic long-term direction and context to guide both Government and the private sector in waste management issues. Its policies guide the strategic planning of waste management and the determination of development permit applications for
As above.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
developments and land use changes related to waste management facilities. Water Catchment Management Plan, 2011
Malta’s Water Catchment Management Plan (WCMP) addresses all waters and its objectives focus on water resource management and conservation. The Plan is part of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive and takes an integrated approach and provides a single framework for the management of different water categories (surface and groundwater), integration of water policy across sectors, and promotes stakeholder and public participation dialogue.
The Strategy must ensure an integrated approach with regards, in particular to the programme of measures and monitoring programme of the WCMP. The SEA considers impacts of the Strategy in relation to the requirements under the Water Framework Directive and the WCMP including impacts on water quality, and water-related ecology (see Table 4).
4. National Legislation Constitution of Malta
The Constitution of Malta (Section 9) declares that the State shall safeguard the landscape and the historical and artistic patrimony of the Nation. These are the only aspects of the environment referred to in the Constitution, underlining the importance of the landscape and historical heritage.
Landscape and historical heritage must be recognised as important assets in the Strategy where relevant.
Environment and Development Planning Act, 2010
This Act seeks to protect the environment and make provision for the planning and management of development and establishes the Malta and Environment Planning Authority in relation to these requirements. The Act requires everyone together with the government to protect the environment and to assist in the taking of preventative and remedial measures to protect the environment and manage natural resources in a sustainable manner. Various duties that fall to the government are established including: 4(a) to manage the environment in a sustainable manner by integrating and giving due consideration to environmental concerns in decisions on socioeconomic and other policies; 4(b) to take such preventive and remedial measures as may be necessary to address and abate the problem of pollution and any other form of environmental degradation in Malta and beyond, in accordance with the polluter pays principle and the precautionary principle; 4(e) to apply scientific and technical knowledge and resources in determining matters that affect the environment;
Projects resulting from the Strategy must conform to the requirements of this Act.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
4(g) to safeguard biological diversity; 4(h) to combat all forms of pollution; 4(i) to consider the environment as the common heritage and common concern of humankind; and 4(j) to provide incentives leading to a higher level of environmental protection.
Fisheries Conservation and Management Act, 2001
The Fisheries Conservation and Management Act, 2001 makes provisions for the regulation, conservation, and management of fisheries and aquaculture in Malta. It defines, among other things, the fishing waters of Malta, and aquaculture, and provides for the: Conservation of naturally occurring fish stocks; Protection of fish stocks from pollution; Assessment of fish stocks and collection of appropriate fisheries statistics (including catches and fishing fleet); Monitoring, control, and surveillance of fishing operations (including aquaculture); Issue and management of permits and licences; and Safeguarding of protected species.
The Strategy takes into account the requirements of the Act through the provisions contained in the various measures.
Veterinary Services Act, 2002 (latest amendment 2009)
This Act establishes and consolidates the requirements in the veterinary field, veterinary medicinal products, feeding stuffs and zootechnical requirements and for the regulation of the veterinary profession. With regard to fish and fish products, the Act considers courses of action in the event of disease outbreaks, including fish diseases.
Specific regulations are of particular relevance to the Strategy and its implementation under this Act.
Marine Pollution (Prevention and Control) Act
This Act should be the main legal source under Maltese law to address marine pollution but despite being amended three times, it has never come into force. The role of the Transport Authority in this respect is without prejudice to the provisions of the Environment Protection Act, which enables the Minister for the Environment, to issue regulations on marine pollution, with MEPA acting as the competent authority. No regulations on marine pollution control from sea-based sources have ever been issued under the Environment Protection Act.
Not relevant yet as it has not come into force.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Territorial Waters and Contiguous Zone Act, 1971
The Territorial Waters and Contiguous Zone Act (Chapter 226) was enacted in 1971 (and subsequently amended in 1975, 1978, 1981, and 2002) “to extend the territorial waters of Malta and to make provision for a contiguous zone”. The Act declares the territorial waters of Malta as being “all parts of the open sea within twelve nautical miles of the coast of Malta measured from low-water mark on the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points”. The Act empowers the Prime Minister to make regulations to control and regulate the passage of ships through the territorial waters and to regulate [Art. 7(1)]: Safety of navigation and marine traffic, The protection of navigational aids, facilities and other installations; The protection of cables and pipelines; The conservation of marine living resources; The prevention of infringement of fishery laws; The preservation of the environment; The prevention, reduction and control of marine pollution; Marine scientific research and hydrographic surveys; The prevention of infringement of customs, fiscal, immigration, or sanitary laws; and The arrest, detention, and seizure of ships to ensure compliance with laws and regulations. Although this Act provides for wide-ranging powers through enactment of regulations, none have been issued under this Act to date.
The Strategy takes into account Malta’s territorial waters.
Ports and Shipping Act, 1991 This Act makes provision for the establishment of ports in Malta, for the registration and licensing of boats and ships and to regulate the use thereof within the territorial waters of Malta and to establish fees and dues and other matters ancillary to shipping.
The Strategy should consider the Act and subsidiary legislation where relevant.
Merchant Shipping Act, 1973 This Act regulates merchant shipping. Of particular relevance to the Strategy is related to requirements related to fishing boats.
Food Safety Act, 2002 This Act makes provision for any matter related to food safety and establishes a Food Safety Commission. The Act introduces new provisions for enforcement in relation to food and repeals the Food, Drugs and Drinking Water Act.
The Strategy should consider the Act and subsidiary legislation where relevant.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Malta Resources Authority Act, 2000
The Malta Resources Authority Act establishes the powers of the Malta Resources Authority whose regulatory functions centre around water, energy, and mineral resources. In relation to water specifically the Authority shall under provision 4(2)(b): (i) secure and regulate the acquisition, production, storage, distribution or
other disposal of waterfor domestic, commercial, industrial or other purposes;
(ii) secure and regulate the conservation, augmentation and operation of water resources and the sources of water supply;
(iii) secure and regulate the treatment, storage, disposal, use or re-use, as appropriate, of sewage, waste water, sludge and storm water run-off;
(iv) secure and regulate the provision of adequate systems of public sewers and to ascertain their cleanliness, safety and efficiency;
(v) ensure the safe discharge, reception, treatment and disposal of trade effluent;
(vi) encourage and regulate the re-use of treated effluent; (vii) ensure the proper and fit disposal of waste water sewage; (viii) maximise the use of storm water run-off;
The Water Policy is under administration of the Malta Resources Authority.
Authority for Transport in Malta Act, 2009
This Act provides for the establishment of the Authority for Transport in Malta, which assumues the functions previously exercised by the Malta Maritime Authority, the Malta Transport Authority and the Director and Directorate of Civil Aviation and for the exercise by or on behalf of that Authority of functions relating to roads, to transport by air, rail, road or sea, within ports and inland waters, and relating to merchant shipping.
The Authority for Transport in Malta is a stakeholder that should be consulted in the development of the Strategy and the SEA.
Aquaculture Regulations, 1990
Legal Notice 73 of 1990 was published as subsidiary legislation to the Prevention of Disease Ordinance (Chapter 36) and covered by the Veterinary Services Act (Chapter 437), and the Animal Welfare Act (Chapter 439). These Regulations establish the licence requirements for any aquaculture operation (including importation of live fish or live fish products for aquaculture purposes) and establishes a minimum distance of 1 km between fish farms.
The provisions of these Regulations apply to the implementation of the Strategy at project level.
Fish Packing and Processing These Regulations transpose the provisions of EU Directive 91/493/EEC (as These Regulations are relevant for aquaculture operations.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Establishments Regulations, 2000
amended by Directive 97/79/EC) and Commission Decision 94/356/EC (See earlier). These Regulations define aquaculture products as “all fishery products born and raised in controlled conditions until placed on the market as foodstuff. Fish caught in their natural environment when juvenile and kept in fattening units until they reach the desired commercial size for human consumption, are also considered aquaculture products. However, they are not considered so if the fish are merely kept alive to be sold at a later date without any attempt being made to increase their size or weight”. The Regulations set out the conditions required for a fish processing plant to be licensed as an approved packing or processing establishment, and also sets out a procedure for self-check under HACCP procedures.
Legal Notice 24 of 2009, Animal Health Requirements for Aquaculture Animals and Products thereof, and on the Prevention and Control of Certain Diseases in Aquatic Animals Rules, 2009
These Regulations define the animal health requirements to be applied for placing on the market, importation and transit of aquaculture animals and products thereof; the minimum preventive measures aimed at increasing awareness and preparedness of the relevant stakeholders for diseases in aquaculture animals; and the minimum control measures to be applied in the event of a suspicion of, or an outbreak of certain diseases in aquatic animals.
The Strategy should ensure that measures are in line with these requirements as relevant., especially with regards to the disposal of tuna offal.
Legal Notice 341 of 2001, Quality Required of Shellfish Waters Regulations, 2002 (as amended by Legal Notice 426 of 2007)
These regulations designate water quality required for farming shellfish. The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant.
Legal Notice 105 of 2009, Undesirable Substances in Animal Feeds Rules, 2009 (amended by LN 358 of 2010)
These rules regulate the use of undesirable substances in animal feeds, including feed used for aquaculture.
The Strategy should be mindful of these rules.
Legal Notice 66 of 1997 Marine Vegetation Licence Regulations, 1997
These Regulations were introduced to regulate the cultivation and harvesting of marine plants through the requirement of a licence.
The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant.
Legal Notice 146 of 2008 Food Safety (Temperature
These Regulations addresses risk to food safety and appropriate temperature control measures to be adopted.
The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Control) Regulations, 2008 Legal Notice 130 of 2008, Ship-Source Pollution Regulations, 2008
These Regulations determine penalties for offences related to pollution of the marine environment from ships.
The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant and ensure that the aquaculture sector adopts all measures to minimise negative effects on the marine environment.
Legal Notice 138 of 2003 Materials in Contact with Foodstuffs Regulations, 2003
These Regulations address the types of materials and articles are intended to be brought into contact with foodstuffs.
The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant.
Legal Notice 264 of 2002 Hygiene of Food Regulations, 2002
These Regulations concern food hygiene at all stages following primary production, during preparation, processing, manufacturing, packaging, storing, transportation, distribution, handling or offering for sale or supply to the consumer.
The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant.
Legal Notice 265 of 2002 Food Safety (Sampling Procedures) Regulations, 2002
These Regulations consider food sampling to determine food safety requirements are not breached.
The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant.
Legal Notice 162 Maximum Residue Limits in Veterinary Medicinal Products Regulations, 1998
These Regulations establish maximum residue limits i.e. the maximum concentration of residue resulting from the use of a veterinary medicinal product, which may be legally permitted or recognised as acceptable in food and how to determine these limits.
The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant.
Legal Notice 142 of 1998 Residues in Meat Regulations, 1998
These Regulations provide restrictions to substances that can be used in aquaculture
The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant.
Legal Notice 19 of 1977 Sale of Fish Regulations, 1977
These Regulations control sale of fish. The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant.
Legal Notice 63 of 1967, Prevention of Disease Amongst Animals Regulations, 1967
As their title suggests, these Regulations control prevention of disease in animals.
The Strategy should consider these Regulations where relevant.
Legal Notice 114 of 2007, Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations
This Legal Notice requires that an Environmental Impact Assessment is carried out for certain developments that may have an impact on the environment.
Projects resulting from the Strategy must be screened to ensure that an EIA is carried out if required by legislation. This will be assessed in the SEA.
Legal Notice 497 of 2010, The SEA Regulations require that certain plans and programmes are subject The Strategy is undergoing an SEA, therefore conforms to
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Strategic Environmental Assessment Regulations
to an environmental assessment prior to their implementation. the requirements of the legislation.
Legal Notice 311 of 2006, Flora, Fauna and Natural Habitats Protection Regulations, 2006 and Government Notices 161 of 2007, 112 of 2007, 1138 of 2005
These Regulations transpose the Habitats Directive and designate Special Areas of Conservation including Marine Protected Areas. The legislation calls for the protection of species and habitats and the setting up of a NATURA 2000 network.
The Strategy must ensure that it does not threaten natural areas and/or wild species, in particular those protected under national and international legislation. This will be assessed in the Environment Report. Consultation with MEPA has identified that the Strategy requires an Appropriate Assessment under these Regulations.
Legal Notice 116 of 2005 Freedom of Access to Information on the Environment Regulations, 2005
This legislation enables the public to have access to information on the environment that is held by public authorities.
The Environmental Report for the SEA on the Strategy will be published for public consultation.
Legal Notice 194 of 2004, Water Policy Framework Regulations, 2004
The Water Framework Directive seeks to establish a structured framework for action in the field of water policy. It aims to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater that:
- Prevents further deterioration and protects and enhances the status of aquatic ecosystems and, with regard to their water needs, terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands directly depending on the aquatic ecosystems;
- Promotes sustainable water use based on a long-term protection of available water resources;
- Aims at enhanced protection and improvement of the aquatic environment, inter alia, through specific measures for the progressive reduction of discharges, emissions and losses of priority substances and the cessation or phasing-out of discharges, emissions and losses of the priority hazardous substances;
- Ensures the progressive reduction of pollution of groundwater and prevents its further pollution, and
- Contributes to mitigating the effects of floods and droughts and will have a significant role to play in protecting and managing water
It is important that the issues and measures presented in the regulations are considered in the Strategy. This will be assessed in the Environment Report.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
resources. These Regulations require that designated surface waters must achieve good ecological and chemical status by 2015 and that this status is to be maintained.
Legal Notice 340 of 2001 Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulations, 2001
This Regulation concerns the collection, treatment, and discharge of urban wastewater and the treatment and discharge of wastewater from certain industrial sectors. The objective of the legislation is to protect the environment from the adverse effects of these wastewater discharges. The regulation also sets acceptable pollutant levels.
The Directive is important as urban wastewater discharged into the marine environment affects the fisheries and aquaculture sector
Legal Notice 380 of 2003, Quality of Bathing Water Regulations, 2003
This regulation sets binding standards for bathing waters. It sets parameters that Malta is legally obliged to meet for water quality standards for coastal bathing water.
It is important that the Strategy is aware of the targets and impact it may have on water quality, especially with regards to siting of aquaculture facilities in nearshore locations. This will be assessed in the Environment Report.
Legal Notice 73 of 2011, Marine Policy Framework Regulations, 2011
These regulations transposes the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC), which is the first all-encompassing piece of European legislation aimed at protection of the marine environment. The main aim is to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in European waters by 2020 through the adoption of an ecosystem-based approach to the management of all human activities that impact the marine environment. The regulation includes implementation of a number of key steps to achieve the overriding aim including an initial assessment of the current environmental status of marine waters as well as the environmental pressures and impacts on the marine environment. The initial assessment must include an economic and social analysis of the use and degradation of the marine environment. The determination of GES must then be carried out based on a number of qualitative descriptors. Environmental targets and associated indicators must then be set in order to guide progress towards the achievement of GES.
The Strategy must ensure integration with the requirements under these Regulations.
Legal Notice 184 of 2011, The Waste Regulations, 2011
These regulations transpose the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC). They provide the general framework of waste management requirements.
These regulations will be particularly relevant at implementation stage.
Plan, Programme, Legislation
Description Implications for Aquaculture Strategy
Draft Framework for Environmental Permitting of Industrial Activities Legislation (MEPA)
Fish farms are amongst the sectors proposed to be regulated by environmental permitting.
The Strategy must consider planned changes in the permitting framework.