AbsolutismAbsolutism
The monarch (king) was absolute, all power emanated from his unlimited authority.
Divine Right Theory of Kings—The monarch was God’s representative on earth, kings were anointed with holy water at their coronations.
Where have we heard of this concept before?
AbsolutismBourbons of France
How do they come to power?
French Civil war
Huguenots VS. Catholics
(Calvinists)
AbsolutismHenry of Navarre
=
Henry IV of France
First Bourbon kingInstituted the Edict of Nantes
in 1598
Religious toleration of the Huguenots
Marlowe-society.org
AbsolutismLouis XIII
--Henry IV’s son
--ruled from 1610-1643
--Maria de Medici his mother (Catholic) serves
as his regent
--He is only 9 years-old when he becomes king
AbsolutismCardinal Richelieu
Chief Minister for Louis XIII in 1624.
He is influential during this time because he controls
the bureaucrats.
Galleryhistoricalfigures.com
AbsolutismPolicies of Louis XIII (Cardinal Richelieu)
Sale of Office
Anyone who worked for the king the position or office had to be purchased. Paulette—a fee paid to keep the office holder’s position. It would remain in his family when he died.
Nobles
Reduced their influence, gave them positions as diplomats, soldiers and officials
Huguenots
Ended their political independence and advances
AbsolutismPolicies of Louis XIII (Cardinal Richelieu)
Intendants
Government agents in localities
Purpose
Recruited people for the army
Supervised the raising of taxes
Enforced the kings decrees
Disliked by peasants and threatened the power of the nobles
AbsolutismWho is in this painting?
What do you think is going on in this painting?
What is the message of this painting? Why did the author paint it?
Architecturalwatercolors.blogspot.com
AbsolutismLouis XIV (1643-1715)
He was known as the Sun King. He represented this by having coins show the rays of sun falling onto Louis and then to his subjects. This symbolized warmth and life given by the monarch.
Versailles Palace—Louis XIV’s court by 1680s. He split the court and the palace. Versailles Palace was his home, Paris was the government. It was the largest building of its day.
Architecturalwatercolors.blogspot.com
AbsolutismVersailles Palace
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxIzMr2Ekpo
A-gc.com
AbsolutismLouis XIV’s Absolutist Government
--The use of armed force
--Formulation and execution of laws
--Collection and expenditure of revenue,
taxation
Financial Advisor—Jean Baptist Colbert, utilized the policy of mercantilism, colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country. A nation’s wealth was measured in its gold and silver, more exports than imports.
AbsolutismDomestic Policy—
Edict of Nantes from 1685 revoked, why?
To promote unity however, it had economic consequences.
1 million Huguenots either leave the country or convert to Catholicism.
AbsolutismHapsburgs of Germany and Spain
Charles V Ferdinand-Isabella
Holy Roman Joanna
Emperor 1519 -Archduke Philip of Austria
King of Spain
(1516-1556)
grandparents
daughterson
AbsolutismKing Philip II of Spain
(1556-1598)
Charles V’s son
--Married to Queen Mary I
Henry VIII’s daughter
--Supports Catholics in
France against Henry IV
--Defeated by the English
in 1588
--Defeats Muslims at Lepanto
in 1571 Historicalportraits.com
AbsolutismKing Philip II of Spain
And the Spanish Invincible Armada, La Armada Grande
--Was originally friends with Elizabeth I
--He facilitated her accession and
supported her against the claims of
Mary Stuart
--He intervened powerfully in her favor to
prevent French aid from being sent to
Scotland.
--With the upswing of Protestantism
relations between England and Spain
begin to turn
Historicalportraits.com
AbsolutismKing Philip II of Spain
And the Spanish Invincible Armada, La Armada Grande
So, What Went Wrong?
—Spanish ships were robbed with impunity in the English channel
—The Protestant groups in the Netherlands started to rebel in 1566
which were supported by England. Spain supported Catholics in
Netherlands.
—In 1568, a Spanish ship docked in Plymouth and filled with pay for
the Spanish army in Flanders was seized by the English.
AbsolutismKing Philip II of Spain VS. Queen Elizabeth I
– In the Spring of 1587, Francis Drake cruised off the coast of Spain and contrary to Elizabeth’s wishes attacked Spanish shipping, burnt the half-finished and unmanned ships at Cadiz and did enormous damage to the Spanish navy.
—The Armada left Lisbon on May 20, 1588. It consisted of 130 ships and 30, 493 men but half of the ships were transports and two-thirds of the men were soldiers. It went to the harbor of Carunna for retrofitting.
—The Armada sailed out for Flanders on July 12.
—One ship was reported captured three sank and four or five ran ashore
AbsolutismPeter the Great
National Maritime Museumhttp://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/sea-and-ships/facts/explorers-and-leaders/peter-the-great
AbsolutismPeter the Great
http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/chap2-1.html
Saint-Petersburg.com
http://www.saint-petersburg.com/history/pre-history.asp
AbsolutismEnglish Civil War
Previous Conditions
Edward VI—Henry’s 10 year old son inherited the throne. Advisors were Protestants. Thomas Cranmer was using the Book of Common Prayer. Protestant service while keeping Catholic Doctrine.
http://tudorhistory.org/edward/
Tudorhistory.org
AbsolutismEnglish Civil War
Previous Conditions
Mary Tudor wants to return England to Catholic faith. She is the younger sister of Henry VIII
http://tudorhistory.org/mary/
AbsolutismEnglish Civil War
Previous Conditions
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) (r. 1558-1603)
She was the last of the Tudors. She wasn’t married. Her Minister Robert Cecil enabled the King of Scotland, James Stuart to succeed her.
http://tudorhistory.org/elizabeth/Englishhistory.net
AbsolutismEnglish Civil War
Previous Conditions
Mary Queen of ScotsA Catholic, hoped she would inherit the throne.
Elizabeth had Mary executed in 1587. She was the great grand niece of Henry VIII.
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html Englishhistory.net
AbsolutismEnglish Civil War
Causes
The Gentry
--Newest group in society looking for respectability.
--Maintained agricultural holdings and crown offices.
--Three-quarters of the House of Commons were gentry, well educated and could approve all taxation.
AbsolutismEnglish Civil War
Causes
The Debt
The war with Spain in 1588,
created an economic depression
John Stuart, King of Scotland and England was left with a 400,000 debt.
AbsolutismEnglish Civil War
Causes
The Puritans
Puritans were English Calvinists. They believed the Protestant Anglican church was too close to Roman
Catholicism. By 1639, the Calvinist Scots took up arms rather than accept the Anglican prayer book.
AbsolutismEnglish Civil War
Causes
The King
James I (r. 1603—1625)
He was not well liked by the people of England.
He was a foreigner, Scottish and an absolutist. He was known as James VI, King of Scotland.
AbsolutismThe Parliament showed their dislike of James I in a number of ways:
1. Forced his ministers
to resign
2. blocked the union of
England and Scotland
3. Only Anglicans allowed
to hold public office
History.wisc.edu
AbsolutismCharles I (r. 1625-1649)
James I son takes over in 1625.
During the Parliament of 1628-1629,
He agrees to the Petition of Right
which grants more rights to the
people such as:
End to imprisonment w/o cause
Taxation w/o consent of
Parliament
End to martial law in peacetime
End to billeting of troops among
civilians
http://www.hrp.org.uk/HamptonCourtPalace/escapeSites.psu.edu
AbsolutismEnglish Civil War
Causes of the English Civil Warhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3h_RyFEV0M
AbsolutismCharles I agrees to the Petition of Right but breaks his word on all the issues.
He orders Parliament dissolved until 1640. By 1639, the Calvinist Scots took up arms rather than accept the Anglican prayer book. By 1640, the Scots occupy most of northern England.
Charles I then approaches Parliament to raise money to fight the Scots.
Charles I starts the Long Parliament which lasts for 13 years.
AbsolutismReligious Reform
English Civil War starts in 1642
Royalist VS. Anti-Royalists --Anglican --Puritan (Roundheads)
--North and west of England --Controlled House of Commons
--South and east of England
Oliver Cromwell and his new Model Army defeat the Royalist in 1646.
AbsolutismWhat happens to Charles I?
He was executed because he was plotting to return
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ig8lwsb_Gyw
AbsolutismOliver Cromwell
--Ruled England from 1649 to 1660 (Interregnum)
--England is a republic at this time (Commonwealth)
--Dissolved Parliament twice due to lack of reforms.
--Ends the Long Parliament in 1653
--Parliament offers him the crown in 1656 but refused
--His son alienated both the army and Parliament in effort
succeed his fatherhttp://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/artists-a-z/W/10248/artist_name/Robert%20Walker/record_id/23774
Nationalgalleries.org
AbsolutismRestoration
Charles II (r. 1660-1685)Charles I son
He forms a limited monarchy, meaning the king and Parliament share power.
After his death, James II (1633-1701), Charles I son takes power and rules from 1685-1688. He is
Catholic and his second wife has a son who is also Catholic.