ABRAHAM LINCOLN`SCLOSEST FRIEND

.Hitherto Unpublished Reminiscences of Joshua Fry Speed;

BY JOHN GILMER SPEED.

Abraham Lincoln's one, close .and inti-mate personal friend was Joshua FrySpeed of Kentucky. Allof the biographersofLincoln appear to agree as to this. Thefriendship began in 1837 and. lastedthroughout Lincoln's life. Mr. Speed, whodied inISS2, was.a man of great reserve,and though often asked to write aboutLincoln always refused Upon the groundthat he bad not the literary capacity to dojustice to such a subject. He was, how-ever, consulted by the biographers care-fulenough to seek original sources of in-formation, and usually gave to such in-quirers what facts and documents he hadin his possession. Once, however, in1874, iI,think, Mr. Speed prepared a lecture onLincoln to be read before some of hisfriends, and from this Ishall make ex-tracts and so let him tell the particularsof the friendship so far as possible.

"Inthe spring of1836," wrote Mr. Speed,"Ifirst saw Abraham Lincoln. He hadbeen a laborer, a flatboatman, a deputysurveyor and for one term a member ofthe Legislature.

'Iheard him spoken of

by. those who knew him as a wonderfulcharacter. They boasted that he couldoutwrestle any man in the county andcould beat any lawyer inSpringfield speak-ing. In 183(5 he was a candidate for re-election to the Legislature, and Ibelieve Iheard the first speech he ever made at thecounty seat. ••';.'.-;"

An Unhappy Effort to Take Young AbeLincoln Down.

"Atthe time there were but two parties,"Whig and Democrat. Lincoln was a Whigand the leading man upon the ticket. Iwas then fresh from Kentucky and hadheard many of her great orators. Itseemedto me then, as it seems to me now, that Inever heard a more effective speaker. Hecarried the crowd with bim and swayedthem as he pleased. So deep an impres-sion did he make that George Forqtier, aman of much celebrity as a sarcasticspeaker, and with a great reputationthroughout the State as an orator, rose andasked the people to hear him. He beganhis speech by saying that this young manwould have to be taken down, "and he wassorry that the task devolved upon him.He made what was called one of hisslasher-gaff speeches, dealing. much inrid-icule and sarcasm. Lincoln stood nearhim with his arms folded, never interrupt-ing him. When Funnier was done Lincolnwalked to the standi and replied so fullyand completely that his friends bore himfrom the Courthouse on his shoulders.

"So deep an impression did this firstspeech make upon me that Iremember itsconclusion now after a lapse of thirty-eightyears. Said he:

'\u25a0 'The gentleman commenced his speechby saying that this young man willhaveto be taken down, and he was sorry thetask devolved upon "him. Iam not so ;

young inyears as Iam in the tricks and jtrades of a politician, but live long or dieyoung, Iwould rather die now than, likethe gentleman, change my politics, and isimultaneously receive with the change jan office worth $3000 and then haveto erect a lightning rod over myhouse toprotect a guilty conscience from an of- Ifended God.'

"To understand the point of this itmustbe explained that Forquer had been aWhig, but had changed his politics andhad been appointed Register of the LandOffice, and over his house was the onlylightning rod in the town or county. Lin-coln had seen the lightning-rod forthe firsttime on the day before. Not understand-ing its properties, he made ita study thatnight by aid of a book, bought for the pur-pose, but he knew all about ii. The samequality of mind made him look into andunderstand all he saw. No matter how-ridiculous his ignorance upon any subjectmight make him appear," he was neverashamed toacknowledge it; but he imme-diately addressed himself to the task of be-ingignorant no longer."

Lincoln's First Lodging in Springfield.

Atthe time of which Mr. Speed speaks,Lincoln did not livein Springfield, nor hadhe yet been admitted to the bar. He wasstudying law, however, at his humble homeoh the banks ofthe Sangamon, from booksborrowed from John T. Stuart, who wasafterward his partner. "It was in thespring of 1837," said Mr. Speed, "and onthe veryday that he obtained his licensethat our intimate acquaintance began. Hehad ridden into town on a borrowed horse,with no earthly property save a pair ofsaddle-bags containing a few clothes. Iwas a merchant at Springfield, and kepta large country store, embracing dry goods,groceries, hardware, books, medicines,bedclothes, mattresses, in fact everythingthat the country needed. Lincoln cameinto the store withhis saddle-bags on hisarm. He said he wanted to buy the furni-ture for a single bed. The mattress,blankets, sheets, coverlet and pillow, ac-cording to the figures made by me, wouldcost $17. He said that perhaps that wascheap enough; but small as the price washe was unable to pay it. But ifIwouldcredit him till Christmas, and his experi-ment as a lawyer was a success, he wouldpay then, saving in the saddest tone, 'If Ifailin this, Ido not know that Ican everpay you.' AsIlooked up at him Ithoughtthen, and Ithink now, that Inever saw asadder face. y

"Isaid to him:.'You seem to be so muchpained at contracting so small a debt, Ithink Ican suggest a plan by which youcan avoid the debt and at the same timeattain your end. Ihave a large room witha double bed upstairs which youare verywelcome to share with me.'

:C_*." -Where is your room?' said he.' !""Stairs.' said I. pointing to a pair of

winding stairs which led from the store tomy room.Ii"He took his saddle-bags on his arm",went upstairs, set them down on the floorand came down with the most changed '\u25a0expression of countenance. Beaming with '<pleasure, he exclaimed:

"'Well, Speed, Iam moved!'"At that time Mr. Lincoln was 27 years

01d,,"a lawyer without a client, no money,and all his earthly wealth consisting of theclothes he wore anu the contents of hissaddle-bags." fliffßlßlTH.SSB^ V

"''

Lincoln's Rapid Rise us Lawyer andBBS Politician.Mr.Speed was Lincoln's junior by four j

years, a man of some inherited means and Ia merchant with a prospering business. 5IThey lived thus intimately and" together jfor. four years, during which time. Lin-1coln's affairs were a little mended though Jnot much. :.During this time there existed jan intimate .friendship' singular in• the Ilives ofboth men, for neither of;them inafter life was ever unreservedly "intimatewithany,other man. ': They appear to havehad no concealments from...one -anotherand to have, discussed ;affairs of the most'. sacredly 'personal -"*nature. '*-; To *-no

-other •

person did Mr. Lincoln'ever unburuen

himself with such unreserve. :They con-tesscd to"each other their;sentimental pcrrplexities.-.and/, of these, as

'is.well known,

Lincoln had more than a full share.* -

\u25a0 '.'To return to Mr. Speed's narrative of the'

early years in Springfield..: -'As a lawyer,"he . says,

**"after * his first Vyear theiwas

acknowledged among the best in the State/His analytical powers were **.-marvelous.'lie always resolved every question into itsprimary elements and -cave up every pointon his own side that did not- seem' > invul-nerable/.: One r.would*think to hear himargue acaecin court I;';was givinghis caseaway. lie would concede point after point

to his'adversary until itwould seem his

case was conceded entirely away. But healways reserved a point upon which heclaimed a decision in his favor, and hisconcessions magnified the strength of hisciaim. He rarely failed in gaining hiscases in court.

"Mr.Lincoln was a social man, though| he didnot seek company; itsought him.j After he made his home withme, "oneverywinter's night at my store, by a big woodlire, no matter how inclement the weather,eight or ten choice spirits assembled, with-out distinction of party. It was a sort ofsocial club without organization. Theycame here because they were sure to findLincoln. His habit was toengage in con-versation upon any and all subjects exceptpolitics.AForerunner of the Lincoln and Douglas

Debate."One evening a political argument

sprang up between Lincoln and Douglas,which for a time ran high. Douglas sprangto his feet and said: 'Gentlemen, this is noplace to talk politics;we will discuss thequestions publicly withyou.'

"Afew days afterwards the Whigs helda meeting and challenged the Democratsto a joint debate. The challenge was ac-cepted, and Douglas, Lamborn, Calhounand Jesse Thomas . were selected bythe Democrats. Logan, Baker, Browningand Lincoln were selected by the Whigs.Such intellectual giants of course drew acrowded house. The debate took place in

! the Presbyterian church, and lasted for\u25a0 eight nights, each speaker taking one;night. Like true knights they came to| tight inintellectual armor clad. They alli stood high, and each had his followers,iadherents and admirers. This was in

|January. 1840. The conclusion of thatspeech, as an evidence of Lincoln's styleat. that early day, is, 1 think, worth re-peating here."

'Ifever 1feel the soul within me ele-vate and expand to those dimensions not

jwhollyunworthy of itsDivine Architect, itis when Icontemplate the cause of mycountry, deserted by all the world beside,and I,standing up boldly and alone, hurl-ing defiance at her victorious oppressors.Here.without contemplating consequences,before heaven and in the face of the world,Iswear eternal fealty, to the just cause, asIdeem it. of the land of my life, my lib-erty and my love. And who, that thinkswith me, willnot fearlessly adopt the oathItake! Let none falter who thinks he isright and we may succeed. But if,afterall, we shall fail,be itso, we will have the

jproud consolation of saying to our con-|sciences and to the departed shade of our|country's freedom that the cause approved|of our judgments and adored of our heartsIwe never faltered indefending.'

"This speech was considered at the timejto be the best of the series, and some even

j doubted, according to Herndon andj Lamon, two of Lincoln's biographers, thatILincoln could have prepared it without| assistance. Latuon says in his book,Iwritten in 1872: *

"To this day there aresome whobelieve he had assistance in thepreparation of it., Even -Mr. Herndon ac-cused Speed of having had a hand in it,

!and got a flat denial for his answer. AtIall events,, the speech was a popular

success."-. :*yK;y VTr-'yVVi-y---

An Illustration of Lincoln's Tendernessof Heart.

Here is an incident related by Mr.Speed :"Lincoln had the tenderest heart for anyone in distress, whether man, beast orbird. Many of "the gentle and touchingsympathies of his nature which floweredso frequently and beautifully inthe humblecitizen at home fruited in the sunlight ofthe world when he had place and power.He carried from his home on the prairiesto Washington the same gentleness of dis-position and kindness of heart. Sixgentle-men—Hemgone, Lincoln, Baker, Hardinand two others whose names Ido notnow recall— were riding along a countryroad. Wo were strung along the road,two and two together. "We werepassing through a thicket of wildplum and apple trees. A violent wind-storm had just occurred. Lincoln andHardin were behind. There were twoyoung;birds by the roadside too youngto fly. Tbey had been blown from thenest by the storm. The old bird was flut-tering about and wailing, as a' motherever does for her babes. Lincoln stopped,:hitched his horse, caught the birds, huntedthe nest and placed them in it. The restof us rode on to a creek, and while ourour horses were drinking Hardin rode up.'Where is Lincoln?* asked one. "Oh,when Isaw him last he had two littlebirds in his hand looking for their nest.'In an hour, perhaps, he came. Theylaughed at him. He said with emphasis:'Gentlemen, you may laugh, but Icouldnot have. slept well to-night ifIhad notsaved those birds. Their cries would haverung in my ears.'"

Lincoln's Religious Opinions. .."Ihave often been asked," said Mr.

Speed further,'

-'what were Mr.'Lincoln'sreligious opinions. When Iknew him inearly life he was a skeptic. ;He had triedhard to be a believer, but his reason' couldnot grasp and solve;the great problem ofredemption as taught. He was very cau-tious, never, to

'give' 'expression to any

thought or sentiment "that -would grateharshly. upon a Christian's ear. For a sin-cere Christian he had 'great respect. HeOften"* said that the most "ambitions manmight -:live to:see :every hope fail, but noChristian could ,live to % see

'his fail,*be-'

cause *fulfillment'could fonly come

'when

life ended. Butthis was a subject wenev-er discussed. g The only evidence Ihave ofany change was in the summer before hewas killed. Iwas invited out to the :Sol-diers'-" Home to spend the night. 1 AsIen-tered the room near night he was -sittingnear a window intently reading

'his Bible.

Approaching him 1 said, 'I am glad to seeyou so profitably engaged.' .:..' :..;.,;.... ",.' Yes,'^ said "he, 'I am profitably en-gaged.*, • \u25a0yyi '.;

*' -•-':- '-iyiTyy,:.'/'\u25a0;\u25a0:\u25a0\u25a0':

'Well,' said I,'if you have recoveredfrom your;skepticism ;I*,am

"sorry to:say

that 1have not."y"/-;* •-"Looking me earnestly >in the face and

placing his hand on my shoulder he said:

'You are wrong, Speed. Take all of thisbook upon reason that you can and thebalance on faith and you willlive and diea happier man.'

"One of .Lincoln's Deeds of Mercy.

/ "The last time Isaw him was about twoweeks before bis assassination. He. sentme word by my brother James, then inhisCabinet, that he desired to see me before Iwent home. Iwent into his office about11 o'clock. He looked jaded and weary.Istayed in the room till his hour for call-ers was over; he ordered the door closed,and looking over to where Iwas sittineasked me to draw up

"my chair. But in-

stead of being alone! as he supposed, in theopposite ;• direction from ';where Isat andacross the fireplace from :him, sat two

!humble-looking women. Seeing themthere seemed to provoke him and he said:•Well, ladies, what can Ido for you?' Onewas an old woman, the other young. Theyboth commenced talking at.. once. ThePresident

*soon|comprehended them. 'I

suppose,' said, he, 'that your son and yourhusband is inprison for resisting the draftinWestern Pennsylvania. Where is yourpetition?' '

\u25a0 ."The old lady replied: 'Mr. Lincoln,I

have no petition;Iwent toa lawyer to getone drawn and Ihad not the money topay him and conic- here, too, so IthoughtIwould 'just come and ask you to let mehave myboy.'"

.'And itisyour husband you want saidhe, turning to"the young woman. 'y'-

"'Yes,' said she." , , \ .?.-".."He rang his bell and called his servant,

and bade him togo and tell General Danato bring him the list or prisoners for resist-ing the draft in Western Pennsylvania.

"The general soon came/bringing a pack-age of papers. The President opened it,and counting the names said, 'General,there are twenty-seven of these men. Isthere any difference in the degree of theirguilt?' --.*\u25a0*.:.--.. "

'No,' said the general; 'itis a bad caseand a merciful finding.'

'• 'Well,' said the President, looking outof the window and seemingly talking tohimself, 'these poor fellows have, Ithink,suffered enough ;they have been in prisonfifteen months. Ihave been thinking sofor some time and have said so to Stanton,and he always threatened to resign iftheywere released. But he has said so aboutother matters and never did, so now whileIhave the paper in my hand Iwillturnout the flock.' So he wrote, 'Let the pris-oners named in the within page be dis-charged,' and signed it. The general madehis bow and left. Then turning fo jthe la-dies he said, 'Now, ladies, you can go.Your son, madam, and your husband,madam, is free.' yy.yV;. ./\u25a0

"The young woman ran across to himand began to kneel. He took her by theelbow and said impatiently. 'Get up, getup; none. of this.' But the . old womanwalked to him, wiping withher apron thetears that were coursing down her cheeks.She gave him her hand and looking intohis face, said, 'Good by, Mr. Lincoln. Wewill never meet again till we meet inheaven.' • .-* *.'_ :'.v ;;y-,*;-

"Achange came over 'his sad and wearyface. He clasped her hand in both of hisand followed her to the door, saying as hewent, 'With all Ihave to cross me here, Iam afraid Iwillnever get there, but yourwish that you willmeet me there has fullypaid me for all Ihave done for you.'

"We were then alone. He drew his chairto the fire and sai^ 'Speed, Iam a littlealarmed about myseW; just feel myhand.'Itwas cold and clammy. Hepulled offhisboots, and putting his feet to the fire theheat made them steam. Isaid overworkwas producing nervousness. 'No,' said he,'Iam not tired.' Isaid, 'Such a scene asIhave just witnessed is enough to make younervous.' 'How much you are mistaken,'said he, 'Ihave made two people happyto-day. Ihave given a mother her son anda wifeher husband. That" young womanis a counterfeit, but the old' woman is atrue mother.'

"i:iyy. . -•:\u25a0 . >-

\u25a0

Copyright, 1895, br S. S. McClurei limited.

Joshua P. Speed.

PROTECTION OF CREDITS.Merchants to Form an Asso-

ciation to Effect ThatEnd. ~.''y\..

Names of Those Who Expect by

This Means to Prevent. Abuses. \ c.-.-•

Acall has been issued for a meeting atthe rooms ,of the Board of Trade nextWednesday afternoon for the purpose oforganizing "The Merchants' Credit Asso-ciation ofCalifornia," described as "an in-stitution formed among the merchants formutual protection of credits." ",Vyy.

In a preliminary circular the objects ofthe proposed association are thus furtherexplained: ....

For years the wholesale merchants of SanFrancisco have suffered heavily from the abusebf the credit they extend to their customers.Many retail merchants take advantage of com-petition to extend the limit usually given forthe payment of goods, and, dealing with sev-eral wholesale houses in the same trade, be-come indebted far beyond their means of re-covery. This in the end results infailure, anda consequent loss to the wholesale merchant.Itis the purpose now of the wholesale trade

toprevent much of this loss by means of an as-sociation which, by the system of inquiryamong the members, will ascertain the indebt-edness and credit standing of a retail mer-chant.; This information is confidentiallygiven to each member in the aggregate, andwith it he is either assured or warned of anapplicant for credit. The tone of the retailtrade willbe raised as another result of thisassociation, and itis confidently hoped that itseffect willbe felt throughout the State.

The wholesale grocers were. the first to seethe necessity ofestablishing such an organiza-tion and alter eighteen months of practicaldemonstration among' themselves they en-deavored to extend itto kindred lines, and theMerchants' Credit Association is the outcome.The membership roll for organization now in-cludes the wholesale grocers, tea, coffee andspice houses, tobacco, provision, flour and theWholesale Liquor Association, and all are en-thusiastic over the prospects of this protectionto their profit-and-loss account. Itis expectedall other wholesale lines willjoin and perfectthe organization. ...

Acommittee of prominent merchants haveframed a constitution and by-laws and ina fewdays a meeting will be called, to which allwholesale lines will be invited, to -adopt aconstitution and by-law and take steps towardincorporation.- y, ...-.<. Similar associations were formed some timepast inEastern cities and in every case haveproven successful insaving a very large per-centage of loss falling to the lot of the whole-salers. rg§S»**«3S^S3bl&i£^(NgK.* .:Those eligible to membership in this organiz-ation are wholesale dealers, manufacturersand commission houses. . -.-..\u25a0'

Aperfectly workingsystem has already beeninaugurated and the future, as explained toour reporter, certainly is bright .for the SanFrancisco and Sacramento business man— thelatter also is to be invited to join this enter-prise. * '• - • .- •.-.- • '-.\u25a0,'\u25a0.*\u25a0•,, .

The jobbingbusiness in California willthusbe in way to improve the condition of tradeover the large extent of territory itgoverns, aswellas immediately protect.! lffrom the lossitheretofore has experienced. . , .. \u25a0 >

Among the merchants who have alreadysignified their willingness to participate inthe organization of the association are :? \*'-'Haas Bros., Wellman, reck &Co., Mau, Sad-ler C0.,.William Cluft*Company, Hooper &Jennings, Coghill & Bohn.^M. Khrman «fc Co.Harris Bros. & Co., M. & C. Mangels, F. Peter-son &Co.. F. Danert &.Co/, Tillmatin & Ben-del; Jones -&iCo., * Wheaton, Bredn & Co.,Dodge,' Sweeney & Co., The Wertljeimer .Co.,hsberg, Bachman ,_ Co., M.Blasko'wer & Co.Michaii ;Bros. &

-Co. :Kenaldo Bros. &Co., Willard Bros.,- William Lewis & Co., Op-

penheimer &Bros., Sideman. .Lachman ;&Co.,Horn &Co., J. A.Folger &Co.i A. Schilling &Co., Castle.. Bros., M. J. Brandenstein ,& Co.,Hills Bros,,- W. H. Miner &<3o,fStockton- Mill-ingCompany, Sperry.Flour Company, Deming.Palmer MillingCompany, 'Del

*Monte Milling

Company and the wholesale liquor trade. \u25a0---'

: Experiments withthe great cannon mag-net at WiJlet's Point show that the body ofa person ;.standing in front of it will sup-port iron bars standing out at a rightangle,-while the nerves are wholly unconscious ofthe'magnetic % force. This ".* great \magnet

has-been- chiefly 'studied >.by electricians,but clearly physiologists

'also have much

tolearn from it.

QUERY COLUMN

* Ifcorrespondents neglect to give correct namesand addresses they must not be disappointed -ifithere is .no answer to the communication. Thenames are not for publication, but for reference.'

Questions will. be answered us soon as possibleafter they are received. '_, Sometimes an answercannot be had sooner than three weeks after start-ingthe inquiry.:.-, • *

'\u25a0'--\u25a0•• •'"'\u25a0"\u25a0

i Questions the answers to which willamount toan advertisement of any business or article willnotbe answered.

-—." ; >.. ,

. Questions asklnj: for the standing of any in-dividual or firm willnot be answered.• "Noquestions in arithmetic, algebra or geometrywiil lie answered. *

Material fordebaters willnotbe furnished.Keligiousquestions respectfully declined.\u25a0W. H.lIAM»fOX.Forecast Official.

Chaboks Against a Vessel N. L. R., Selma,Fresno County,, Cal. From the time that a ves-sel enters the port of San Francisco until sheleaves she is subject to the following charges:On entering, survey, $3; entry, $2 50: officialcertificate and oath, "20 cents; 'general order,20 cents.. Clearance: Clearance papers, $2 50;official certificate and oath, 20 cents; post en-try, ifany, $2;tonnage tax.on vessels fromany foreign port in North America, north ofthe southern part of the isthmus of D.arien orany port of Newfoundland, the West Indies orthe Hawaiian Islands. 3 cents per ton; on ves-sels fromother foreign ports, iicents per ton;pilotage. on vessels over 500 tons, $5 per footdraught and 4 cents per register ton; towagefrom sea to anchorage varies from* $100 to$250, according to distance and condition ofthe weather.

-.Under ordinary circumstancesthe charges against a vessel of 2000 tons forharbor work would be as follows: Docking atthe city front,$30; to TortCosta to load, $130;Port Costa to stream, $130; stream to sea,$110. Dockage on ft vessel of 2000 tons regis-teris $17 50 for twenty-four hours. No chargeis made by the customs officers for weighingcargo. Stevedores' rates for unloading are:General merchandise, weight or measure,37}£ cents per ton; coal, pig iron or ballast,same; steel blooms, glass, sheet or bar iron, 50cents; sulphur or shale, when over 50tons,. 50 cents; railroad iron, coke orbrick, 70 cents; scrap iron, $1. Loading:Wheat and flour in bags, per ton of2240 pounds, 37-;, cents; barley, per ton of2000 pounds, 37. _ cents ; salmon and fruits,in-cases per ton ot 2240 pounds, 50 cents; orchil-la, cotton and pulp, in small lots of 2240pounds per ton, 50 cents; lumber according tosize,' from$1 to $1 25 per M. These chargesare subject to reduction of from 15 to 28 percent under contract. ;Drydock: On vesselsover 2000 tons, 20 cents per"day for every tonregistered, 20 cents for lay days, the maximumnot to exceed $50 per day for cleaning andpainting only,SO cents for the first day and 10cents each lay day. The cargo is charged thesame as tonnage, but no charge is made.forballast. The cost forcleaning and painting a1700-ton vessel is $275, if the contractor fur-nishes the materials, but if the ship furnishesthem the cost is but $150. A ship's clerk lspaid so a day, ballast costs 80 cents a ton of2000 pounds, water is half a, cent per gallon.Adetailed account of a ship of 1825 tons inthe harbor 52 days, which unloaded 2750 tonsof cement and loaded 2825 tons of wheat,shows that all the charges, which include portcharges of .every description and the fittingout of the .vessel, amount to $9395 77.Another vessel of 2278 tons register in port 60days and loaded' with 3(>29 tons of wheat out-ward bound had an account which footed up$8223 13. \u25a0• . .

*i The Camera Club—a. X.. City. The initia-tion fee of the California Camera Club is $10for active members and the duessl per month.Lady relatives 'of the active members may be-come members, known as 'assistants," uponpayment of dues in the sum of 50 cents amonth. Activeand assistant members are en-titled to all the benefits of the literature in theclubrooms, the use of dark-rooms and appli-ances for developing negatives and the use ofportrait cameras, which are of the class knownas 11x14. Those members who desire to takeexterior views must furnish their owncamerasfor that purpose. Subscribing members do nothave the privileges that are extended toactiveand assistant members, but they are allowed acertain number of tickets to the exhibitionsgivenby the club. An amateur who joinshasthe benefit of all the latest information of pho-tography and the use of the rooms and appli-ances for developing pictures, also an oppor-tunity to see slides sent by like organizationsinother cities. <

Kindergarten Teachers— A.J.L., Irvington,Alameda County, Cal.

'One who wishes to be-

come a successful kindergartner must, first ofall, have a good, substantial common schooleducation; but if there has been a thor-ough high school, collegiate or universitycourse it is so much the better. There must begood moral character, sincere love for childrenand an enthusiasm for teaching. The appli-cant for a course in kindergarten work shouldpossess musical ability,as special training inmusic is an important feature in a kinder-garten course of instruction. A kindergartenstudent needs all her strength and time to pur-sue her studies. \u25a0 Acommunication addressedto Mrs.Sarah B.Cooper of tho Golden Gate FreeNormal Training School, San Francisco, willberesponded to with all the information desiredabout the training of kindergartiiers.

: Telegraphing— H. M., City. A dispatch of1000 words sent through a Morse instrumentingood condition from this City to Sacramentowould take about twenty minutes. It wouldgo to New York on a straight wire in the samelength of time and without greater exertion onthe part of the operator. If the message had tobe repeated at Chicago it would take a tewminutes more. A ten-word message wouldtake but a few seconds to go from here to NewYork forelectricity travels at the rate of 15,000miles per second. The name of the winner ofthe Epsom Derby, Juno 4, 1890, was receivedinNew York from London at 10:08 a.m., or3:08 p.m., Greenwich time. As that was thelime the message was handed inat the Londonoffice the time In transmission was infinites-imal.

~.\u25a0-\u25a0.'.-\u25a0- _v \u0084-.-\u25a0

j The Naval Reserves— O. O. Y.S., City. Thesame qualifications that are required of those

who wish to enlist inthe National Guard of thisState are required of those who wish to jointheNaval Reserves. The only difference betweenthe twoorganizations is that in the guard themen enlist while in the reserves they, areshipped. The applicant must be a citizen ofthe United States, a resident of the: county inwhich he desires to ship, must be between 18and 45 years of age, ana if under 21must havethe consent of parent orguardian to ship. Anapplication may be sent to any > of.the com-panies of the battalion and it will be actedupon.

"* -•. '."----'.

-A Policeman's Right—C. F., City. .Apolice-

man has no right to inflict physical punish-ment on a person guiltyof a crime instead ofarresting him. Ifa policeman detects apersonin the act of >committing a crime, orhas rea-sonable grounds to believe thafcsuch a personhas committed a felony, itis his duty to arrestsuch person ajid take him forthwith before thenearest and most accessible magistrate, but asa magistrate isnot always to be found the offi-cer is required to take his prisoner to a placeof detention forsafe keeping. Itis only whena policeman strikes in self-defense that hisright to inflictphysical punishment on a pris-oner is recognized. . . , .;. ... ,-'» Shipping Gold—Marines, Mare Island, SolanoCounty, Cal.' Five -millions in gold might beshipped from San Francisco to London insucha way that there, would not be any loss Inweight. That is ifitwere packed so that therewould not beany frictionof pieces,' and so no

Joss.-. Itthe gold were in twenty-dollar piecesand these Were 'packed in such a way.that onthe voyage they would chafe" each other, eachcoin so chafed would dose a triflein weight,'but what that would be could not be told with-out weighing. > The'effect would\be the sameas coin carried fora long time in*the pocket.In time it becomes worn so that a perceptibledifference in weightcan be discerned.

*\u25a0\u25a0•\u25a0."

'

To.Yosemite—E. W., City. Ifa person in thecity of Stockton wished ,to • tramp ito the Yo-semite Valley it would be wisest :,for him totake the train to Milton,and from there follow;the old stage road, which willgive him an op-'portunity to enjoy as much scenery as he willcare for.%There is no more danger in trampingalone over that road than there is over any ofthe roads of the State. .*

Irish-American— J. H. M., City. The latestdefinitionlof Irish-American is that to befound in the Century.Dictionary. of 1890 andin the Standard Dictionary ;of the English

Language, edition of 1893. The former says:"Pertaining to persons ofIrishbirth or descentlivingin the United States ;a person :of Irishbirth settled Inthe United States, or a nativeAmerican ofIrish parentage." The latter says:"Irish-American— pertaining to Irish who livein America; a native of Ireland settled inAmerica; said universally of citizens of theUnited States who are of Irish birth orparentage." \u25a0

The Cup Defender— Broadway, City. Thefollowingare the dimensions of the cup de-fender Vigilant: Length load water line,86.19feet; end of main boom to forward side ofmast, 99.37 ;fore side of mast to jibstay, 73.80;fore side of -mast to jibstay topsail, 75.90;fore side of mast to forward jibof measure-ment. 74.85; fore side of mast to outer end ofspinnaker boom, 74.62; deck to upper side ofmain boom, 3.08;deck to top side of halliard-block, 125.96: deck to hounds, 69.08; lengthof topmast, 50.88; length of gaff, 54.76; sailarea, 11,272; square root Of sail area, 106.17;racing length, 96.78. yy

The Tides— A.T. M.,Edna, San Luis ObispoCounty, Cal. Ifyou live fivemiles inland, butdesire to keep posted upon the rise and fall ofthe tides in your vicinity, consult the "TimeTables for. the Pacific .Coast," a Government,publication, which may be had by inclosing 25cents to the Government Printing Office,Wash-ington, D.C. Itis a book of over 200 pages,prepared under the direction of the Chief ofthe Tidal Division of the United States Coastand Geodetic Survey. r

•

: The Sutro Baths—G..W. H., Sebastopol, So-noma County, Cal. The size of the SutroBaths is 500x275 feet. There are six tanks.The largest is inthe shape of an L,measuring2'.'5x150 feet. There is another 75x50 feet andfour tnat- measure 75x28 feet. It'takes1,000,000 gallons to tillthe tanks. •There ;arebetween 400 and 500 dressing-rooms. In thesmaller tanks the water is heated, in the foursmaller ones it being graduated. Itis esti-mated that the baths when complete willcostover $750,000. '

The San: Joaquin Road— C. Livermore,Alameda County, Cal. When the San JoaquinValley Railroad will be ready to run trainsnone but the most experienced .in railroadingwillbe employed. There willnot be any com-petitive examination for positions such as bag-gage clerk, messenger's clerk or conductor.Any one who wishes to apply for a position cansend a written application to the main office inthis City and itwillbe placed on the regularfile. \u25a0,:'-.;- . ' \u0084 --'-...\u25a0. :\u25a0-• -..

The Fence Law— C. D., City. The law-does not permit the putting upof fences ofwhatever material to a greater height than tenfeet.. That has been the law since 1885, and itis general, but there. is an ordinance of thisCity that requires that inthe lire limits fencesbuilt of brick or stone or concrete "shall notbeless than \u25a0 twelve inches in thickness for aheight of eight feet, and shall be increasedfour inches more in thickness for every fourfeet or part thereof of additional height."

San Francisco Forts— H. D. M..City. FortWinfield Scott at Fort Point has been con-demned, and is no jlonger .looked upon as apart of the fortifications to protect the harbor.The fort on Aleatraz Island is 'in good condi-tion. The several batteries that have beenerected on both shores of the bay are of thebest class, the one that is located above FortWinfield Scott being the most powerful. Thereare good batteries on Aleatraz and AngelIsl-ands.

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; Silver for Pensioners— J. W. McK., OceanView, San Francisco County, Call There isnothing toprevent a pensioner from receivinghis pension in silver if he -desires to have thewhite metal, instead of gold. If all pensionswere paid insilver Instead ofgold, the amountof yellowmetal the Government could retainfor other purposes would amount to many mil-lions ina year. The disbursements for pen-sions in1894 amounted to $140,772,103 18.i POLL Tax—M. C. M.,,Fresno, :Call The As-sessor 'of this County, whose duty itis to col-lect polltax, holds that it is the :duty of theemployer to furnish a list,of all

-men ;in hisemploy; that the 'Assessor must make a per-

sonal demand on-each . individualIbefore hecan serve anotice ofgarnishment on

-the em-*ployer, that is if^the. party liable for the tax ,

refuses to pay. The same rule applies to road <taX. r-;*y••;Vy-•'

- ' ';',' y: "''\u25a0•\u25a0';\u25a0' '-

v*-. *\u25a0 ~.\u25a0Vy-i -'^ \u25a0' '

• Willis and;DixoN-Abe Willisiand GeorgeDixon fought on the 28th of July, 1891. Willis'record \u25a0? and the1chronological record of thefv?m.ring for;B!*'en.;years fails to show thatWillis ever gave battle to Danny Mahoney -*•*

"

\u25a0: ETiQUETTE-Ignorance. City. Writers on eti-quette;say, that a formal call on a lady shouldbe ,made in..\u25a0 the evening never later than 9o clock, and that Itshould never be prolongedlater than 10 o'clock. \u25a0 Inmaking such a call <_gentleman should carry his hal glSves aid

cane into the parlor and hold them in hishands unless requested by the lady to lay themaside and spend the evening. 'Etiquette holdsthat umbrella, rubbers tand overcoat, whenworn, must be .left inthe hall. Ifthe gentle-man Intends to make a brief call he may.be al-lowed to retain his hat and cane in his hand.

Confederate States— T. C. J., Oakland, Cal.The followingshows the population of each ofthe Confederate States at the time ofthe War ofthe Rebellion: Alabama, 964,201; Arkansas,'435.450; Florida, 140,124; Georgia, 1,057,286;Louisiana, 708,002; Mississippi, 791,305;North Carolina, 992,622; South Carolina,703,708; Tennessee, .1.109,801; Texas," 604,---215, and Virginia,1,596,318.'

Smooth Coin—Marines, Mare Island, SolanoCounty, Cal. The United States does not re-deem smooth or short-weight coin at its facevalue. Such coins may be taken to the mint,where itwill be exchanged for new. coin, butthe amount allowed will be what the coinoffered weighs, as bullion, and bullion rateswillbe allowed forit. The mint will not pur-chase less than $100 worth of such bullion ata time." *.*\u25a0 . \u25a0----\u25a0

Religious Question— S., City. At the headof the Query Column is printed the announce-ment that ."Religious questions are respectfullyaeennea," ana as your question. is one the an-swer to which would lead to a controversy, itis "respectfully declined." If you willgo tothe free library you can consult the severalencyclopedias there and gain information onthe subject. * . *\u25a0

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•Shovelful— H._, R., City. The QueryColumn is unable to state who itis that is re-sponsible for the error oforthography, that ap-pears in the inscription on the statue erected tocommemorate the turning of the first shovel-fulof earth at the Midwinter Fair grounds..'•Shovelfull" is not -recognized as the correctway of spelling that word.

Can Be Annulled— a., City. Ifa womanwho adopted a girlat the age of 3 years forcesthat child to marry at the age of 15, that childcan at any time within four years after themarriage have itannulled if she can satisfy acourt ot competent jurisdiction that her con-sent to such marriage was .obtained by force,and that after the marriage she did not freelycohabit with the man to whom she was mar-ried. , . • .....rv.-

Printing and Type— ll.'M.,City. Johannes

Guttenbergis credited with being the first tohave invented the art of printing—that is, em-ploying movable types in printing—inabout1452. Type founding originated about thesame time inGermany, P. Shoeffer having sub-stituted types of cast metal for the originalwooden types. *- \u25a0*\u25a0 .. •

.:, How to Get Fat-A. X.,Fruitvale, Alameda |County, Cal. Itis impossible to lay down anyrule by which persons may become fat. Cer-tain persons who are advised total farinaceousfood, food containing a great deal of sugar and !starch, and pastry, take on flesh very rapidly,Iwhile others who »re thin and partake of th" Isame diet, and in the same quantities, remain !as thin as ever.*.-•

Road Tax—M.L.B., Summit, Plumas County,Cal. The law authorizes the Supervisors ofevery county in this State to impose a road taxon every male inhabitant of the county who isover 21years and under 55 years ofape "ex-cepting all persons who were honorably dis-charged from the service of the army or navyof the United States between the Ist"of April•1801, and the Istof May,1805."

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The Election-J. J., Oakland, Cal. Accord-ingto the majorityrule California went Demo-cratic . at .theIlast 'election for Presidentialelectors, as eight of the electors were for Cleve-and and one for Harrison, but according to atechnical rule it was neither Republican norDemocratic, as the vote was divided. *-

* ' -Colors of the Macleans-O. S.,:Alameda,

Cal. The color of the plaid of the Macleans isa;rediground with green, yellow,blue yellowand green bars, the colors being &'border£,««;*' £m hos ? *-are of the saVe color. Thebonnet isblue with a re'top and ornamentedwith three eagle feathers. The tunic? Isgreen"'

Ukuh-A Reader, City.r The reason that ex-cursion trains are not run to Ukiah, Mendocino?™mly'°£ Sun,ia>'8 is that the company con-trolling the road finds that there is notVn.ttcient travel to warrant itinputting on reeular excursion trains.

_>u««.b on regu-

o^S^&} BDL"°*-G.*C..-City. On the

ft« £?£" W,ere in the San Francisco MintJpr^?n^

FlyingDutch«ian-g. 8., City.:The race be

oT^Fn

Jinß DUtChm;u and Voltigeur wtlor the. Doncaster cup. September, 1850.

Voltigeur won by half a length. That is theonly information the Query Column can obtainon this subject. ' -•' \u25a0>-. --. •'.. . - .-..•.' A Bologna 3*750 Feet in Length.

: The revival of the trades after the longIstagnation which followed in the wake ofI the crusaders was responsible, for manyIfantastic procession freaks in the larger:towns of Western Europe. . . '.*. yy

For an instance we are told that in thecouncillor's, procession, which took .place

jat Nuremberg in 1487. the bakers '*\u25a0 of thetown exhibited a loaf 'of bread weighing

1141 pounds, and that in the procession acheesemaker exhibited a "star-shapedcheese which put three horses on theirmettle •to

'pull it through the streets

Imounted on a goodly dray.' '•> "'

[ '; The old account further- says that this[ bread and cheese, which was distributedIfree of charge among the merry-makers,

"was dinner sufficient forupwards of 3000persons."' In the New Year's processionat Konigsberg in-1558' a bologna sausageexhibited *by the "butchermen*,' was622 feet in length and was carried on theshoulders of 67 men and bovs. The oneexhibited' in the same city in the year 1583was over.1600 feet in length

'and "weighed

434 pounds. But the giant of all sausagesand perhaps the largest thing of the kindever made, was exhibited by the Konigs-berg butchers on New Year's day in 1601when they paraded the streets with a bo-logna 3750 feet in length and weighingnearly 2000 pounds. Itwas carried on theshoulders of187 men, the first and last inthe column each having it wound aroundtheir necks.— St. Louis Republic. " '

16 THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, JUNE 23, 1895.

rfl NOLAN111 BROS.J :%\SHOE*CO.

:Buy ynnr Shoes direct from the manufacturerand save the jobbers', drummers' and agents' pro-tits. We .retail . shoes at wholesale' prices., Wehave the largest store, and by far the largest stockto select from. .- < •

- -..'

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NOLAN BROS..";: SHOE COMPANY,

\ ... phelan '\u25a0 building,' "

812-814 MARKET STREET.TELEPHONE 5527.

DR. PIERCES GALVANIC\u25a0^'\u25a0:>r!$SM&&. -. B_Ejl ' 'i^^l^^^yiKja^C-'-vv.'*CTi«*•J» <m "^•fy",\CTZi,J. 'V.iM.r\u25a0

•.. r» 1

LLNJ ;T.F„YOsHaYx_ Adtfa tired oplam speeoy and'. il\> permanent , cure»I1',""*\r>".*1-^*n.HTrY7 It do", UK york'SSSSSHSSa rail,glvin*We" aud vteoivto weakBelt •?,","? w>m<* «\u25a0-» if *'-v »ft Get an Kl.-crrHSm^'^"!?. 10 *?1*;*00* one wWlo you areabout it. Dr.Pierces Belt is fully described Inopr n vJS l}*'French and German pamphletTIUSSroVnJ M1"^ 'ASESmTmUSSmW[Ks4°ci4of- Fierce), 704 Sacramento «j San Iranclsco. oflice hours: 8 a v till?.«Sundays from 9 to 10 A. m. only.

P'*"\u25a0

I&. These tinyCapsules are superiorl^\!t0 Balsaia of Copaiba, s^i

I*2lS? 01* a?d Injections. (AQW]ISmf a y cure m4B hours th° V-^*%2^ same diseases without anyinsonl

SOLD BYALLDRUGGISTS...".".*.'. \u25a0. --" " .. \u25a0*

NEW TO-DAT.-'"'

w-.-^~---~--~^*--U^_v w__.

WOULDN'T YOU LIKETO

HELP YOUR SWEET WIFE ?_r

WHEN WHEN WHEN' WHEN WHENSHE SHE SHE SHE y SHE

IS FEELS HAS-

CAN'T * ISWEAK? "DOWN"? PAINS? WORK? NERVOUS?

No one knows better than a husband does how,many ailments, there are which theweaker.sex have to which the stronger half of\ humanity is not prone. And it hasbeen asserted and is probably true that the hardest problem that ever confronted aphysician was to produce a medicine which women could take at all times with per- .feet safety, and which at the same time would do their delicate- systems unmixed ~

good. But DR. HENLEY most completely solved the matter when he produced the';"';:grand combination of Celery,.Beef and Iron, which bears his name. Itis the mostefficient tonic and stimulant on earth, and.you ought to get a case for your wife. .. \u25a0

You willnever regret it, so much good willit do her.' - '

._________rfr^^*^ r*

•\u25a0-1"'"* **'^_.' t—s?s& 'W*i**tt**yrtf'* v^^^^l^^^.

Take no substitute under any consideration, for no matter WHATany one may tell you, there is nothing so good.