SESSION 1: WHAT ENGLISH DO YOU KNOW
INDEX OF CONTENTS
ConceptPage
Personal pronouns1, 12
Simple present: affirmative, negative, question1
Word order1, 23, 29
Yes/No questions: Auxiliary DO2
Vocabulary: ordinal numbers3
Vocabulary: Parts of day, days of week, months3
Vocabulary: seasons of year, years4
There is / There are4
Some / any4
Short answers5
Basic verbs (vocabulary)5
Vocabulary: the family6,7
Vocabulary: daily objects8
Irregular plurals8, 47, 48
Speaking: small talk and introductions9, 10, 13
Speaking: personal information10
Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her)12, 21
Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers)12
Personal object pronouns (me, you, him, her)12
Reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself)13
The alphabet and spelling14
Vocabulary: jobs in English15, 16
Countable and uncountable nouns18, 46
Addresses in English19
Preposition s of time20
Adverbs of frequency21
WH question words22, 41, 42
Halloween23, 24
This/these, that/those25
Question tag (el modisme veritat?)25
Present simple and present continuous25
Telling the time in English (What time is it?)26
Ways to say goodbye in English 26
Prepositions of place28
Past simple29-34
Final ED pronunciation30
Irregular verb list31, 32, 33
ONLINE ENGLISH PRACTICE35
Comparatives and superlatives36-39
Quantifiers40
Connectors43
Verb tenses44-45
Future49
BASIC GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY1. Personal pronouns + verb TO BE + verb TO HAVE + other verbs
PRONOUMTO BETO HAVETO SPEAK
IAmHaveSpeak
YouareHavespeak
HeIsHasSpeaks
SheIsHasSpeaks
ItIsHasSpeaks
WeAreHaveSpeak
YouAreHaveSpeak
TheyArehaveSpeak
Most verbs in English take a final -s to form the third person singular (loves, works, plays). Verbs ending in /sh/, /ch/, /x/, /o/ or /ss/ add an -e before the -s (teaches, washes, goes, does, fixes, kisses)
Verbs ending in consonant + -y change -y to -ies (cry-cries, fly-flies, study-studies) and ending in vowel + -y they maintain the -y (play, stay, say)
Have is irregular (have-has)
The normal word order in English is SVO (Subject + Verb + Object):
SUBJECTVERBOBJECT
IamSpanish
Wehavedifferent services
The spacostsfifteen euros
Children under 12arefree
This is the order in AFFIRMATIVE or POSITIVE.For the NEGATIVE we use an AUXILIARY VERB and the particle NOT:
SUBJECTVERB 1NOTVERB 2OBJECT
IamnotSpanish
Wehavenotgotdifferent services
The spadoesnot costfifteen euros
Children under 12arenotfree
YoudonotspeakFrench
We usually contract the form:
Im not Spanish
We havent got different services
The spa doesnt cost fifteen euros
Children under 12 arent free
You dont speak French
We use HAVE differently in BrE (British English) and AmE (American English):
BrE:We have got two cats/ Have we got two cats? / We havent got two cats
AmE:We have two cats / Do we have two cats? / We dont have two cats
YES/NO questions:
- to be, to have:verb +subject + object
Example:He is Spanish ------------( Is he Spanish?
You have got a cat -----(Have you got a cat?
- other verbs:auxiliary + subject + verb +object
Example:I live in Sant Cugat -----(Do you live in Sant Cugat?
He plays football-------(Does he play football?
The auxiliary is DO or DOES (3rd person singular) in PRESENT.
Different examples of word order in English:
AffirmativeShe is my friend
NegativeShe isnt my friend / She isnt my friend
QuestionIs she my friend?
AffirmativeWe have got a lot of books/ We have a lot of books*
NegativeWe havent got a lot of books/ We dont have a lot of books *
QuestionHave we got a lot of books?/ Do we have a lot of books?*
AffirmativeThey live in a nice house
NegativeThey dont live in a nice house
QuestionDo they live in a nice house?
AffirmativeHe drives his car every day
NegativeHe doesnt drive his car every day
QuestionDoes he drive his car every day?
2. Ordinal numbers
0ZERO, OH (in telephone numbers)
1ONE11ELEVEN
2TWO12TWELVE
3THREE13THIRTEEN
4FOUR14FOURTEEN
5FIVE15FIFTEEN
6SIX16SIXTEEN
7SEVEN17SEVENTEEN
8EIGHT18EIGHTEEN
9NINE19NINETEEN
10TEN20TWENTY
21TWENTY-ONE30THIRTY
22TWENTY-TWO40FORTY
23TWENTY-THREE50FIFTY
24TWENTY-FOUR60SIXTY
25TWENTY-FIVE70SEVENTY
26TWENTY-SIX80EIGHTY
27TWENTY-SEVEN90NINETY
28TWENTY-EIGHT100A HUNDRED
29TWENTY-NINE1000A THOUSAND
1435A THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED (AND) THIRTY-FIVE
721.011SEVEN HUNDRED TWENTY-ONE THOUSAND (AND) ELEVEN
111.111ONE HUNDRED ELEVEN THOUSAND ONE HUNDRED (AND) ELEVEN
3. Parts of the day, days, months, yearsParts of the dayMorningBefore 12
Midday/Noon12
Afternoon12-18
Evening18 and until you go to bed
NightWhen you go to bed or is really late
Midnight00
Days of the week:
Sunday - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thursday - Friday - Saturday
(we start the week saying Sunday and not Monday in English)
Months of the year:
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December
Seasons of the year: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter
How to read years in English:
4. Pronunciation tips
listen:
/lisen/
kiss/kis/
keys/ki:s/
often:
/offen/
live/lif/
leave/li:f/
walk:
/uoc/
shit/shit/
sheet/shi:t/
talk:
/toc/
ship/ship/
sheep/shi:p/often:
/offen/
this:/dis/
these: /di:s/
live:
/lif/
write:
/rait/l
life:
/laif/
right:
/rait/
5. There is / There are
Singular: there is + a/an/one .
Plural:
there are+some/(number) .
How many toys are there on the floor? There are three
Is there a dog in the picture?No, there isnt any
6. Some / any
Any:
in negatives and questions
Some:
in affirmatives
Do you need any help? Yes, please. I need some help
No, thank you. I dont need any.
7. Short answersHas she got a pink T-shirt? No, she hasnt got any
Do you speak English? Yes, I doAre you American? Yes, I am8. Basic verbs
To have + a meal:to have breakfast
to have lunch
to have dinner
to have a coffee/tea
to watch TV/a tennis match/a ski competition
to play
a game
cards
the piano/violin/flute/drums
to ride
a bike/a horse/ a scooter/ a motorbike
to drivea car/a bus/a train/a plane
Phrasal verb: a verb which goes with certain prepositions:
to look at
mirar
to look arounddonar un cop dull
to look aftercuidar de (una persona, una casa, un animal, una planta, un negoci)
to look down tomirar de forma despectiva
VOCABULARY: THE FAMILY
Immediate Family
MasculineFeminine
fathermother
sondaughter
brothersister
husbandwife
When you have children, you are aparent. One collective word to describe brothers and sisters issiblings.
Different Generations
MasculineFeminine
Forefathers
Great-great grandfatherGreat-great grandmother
Great grandfatherGreat grandmother
GrandfatherGrandmother
FatherMother
SonDaughter
GrandsonGranddaughter
Great grandsonGreat granddaughter
Great-great grandsonGreat-great granddaughter
Descendents
Relatives and Extended Family
grandparents:the parents of your parentsgrandfather:the father of your father/mothergrandmother:the mother of your father/mothergrandchildren:the children of your childrengrandson:the son of one of your childrengranddaughter: the daughter of one of your childrengreat grandfather:the father of your grandfather/grandmothergreat grandmother:the mother of your grandfather/grandmotheruncle:the brother (or brother-in-law) of your mother/fatheraunt:the sister (or sister-in-law)of your mother/fathercousin:the child of your aunt/unclenephew:the male child of your brother/sisterniece:the female child of your brother/sister
The In-Laws
father-in-law:the father of your spousemother-in-law:the mother of your spouseson-in-law:the husband of your daughterdaughter-in-law:the wife of your sonbrother-in-law:the husband of your sistersister-in-law:the wife of your brother
The Family Mix
"Step-" means that you are related as a result of one parent marrying again
stepfather:the (new) husband of your mother stepmother:the (new) wife of your father stepson:the son of your (new) husband / wife stepdaughter:the daughter of your (new) husband / wife stepsister:the daughter of your stepmother or stepfatherstepbrother:the son of your stepmother or stepfather
Sometimes one of your parents gets married again and they have more children. There
half-brother:the brother you have only one parent in common with .half-sister:the sister you only have one parent in common with.
VOCABULARY: DAILY OBJECTS
Furniture in the dining room
Sofa
Chair
Armchair
Shelf/shelves
Plant
Table
Bookcase
TV/television
Carpet
Door
Window
Clock
Portrait
Picture
Lamp
Cupboard
Irregular plurals
Singular
plural
Woman /wuman/
women /wimin/
Man /man/
men /men/
Child
children
Mouse /maus/
mice /mais/
Fish
fish
Sheep
sheep
Shelf
shelves
Pronunciation tips
Crisps
/crisps/
picture
/pikcher/
Sausages/sosagis/
culture
/culcher/
Architecture/arquitekcher/
SMALL TALK AND INTRODUCTIONS1. Small talk
To be kind
To be polite
Context: situation
relationship
Using only first name (Laura, Evan, Tom)
only in friendly situations (family, friends, children, co-workers or colleagues)
examples:
Hi, Tom. Do you want to go to a film tonight? (a man to his friend) Excuse me, Mary. What do you think of this presentation? (a woman to a co-worker in the office) Do you know the answer to number seven, Jack? (a student to another student)
Using title and last name (surname): Mr Smith, Mrs Johnson
at work, with supervisors or managers (talking with superiors)
with senior people
with adult people that you dont know
in meetings, public speaking
examples:
Good morning Ms Johnson. Did you have a good weekend?(a student to her teacher) Mr Johnson, I'd like to introduce you to Jack West from Chicago (an employee introducing a colleague to his supervisor)
2. Introductions and social language
Title: Mr(Mister, for men)
Ms(pronounced miss, for women in general)
Mrs(pronounced missis, for married women)
Miss(pronounced miss, for unmarried women)
Letters and writings:
Formal
informal
Dear Sir/Madam,
Dear John,
()
()
Yours faithfully,
Regards
A. introducing a person to another one
Structure:
Example:
(name), do you know (name)?
Laura, do you know Tom?I'd like you to meet (name)
Laura, Id like you to meet TomB- greeting that person
Ken: Laura, I'd like you to meet Mary.Laura: How do you do?Mary: How do you do / Pleased to meet you / Its a pleasureKen: Mary works for ...
What do you do? vs How are you?1st time you meet a person:
A - How do you do?
B - How do you do?
2nd time you meet that person:
A How do you do?
B Fine, thanks!
Formal answers:Nice to meet you
Pleased to meet you
Its a pleasure
PERSONAL INFORMATION
What sort of questions do you ask?
type
kind
Age:How old are you?
Whats your age?
Im 40 years old
Name:Whats your name?
My names Sandra
Im Sandra
Birth:Where were you born?I was born in Sabadell
When is your birthday?My birthday is on 14 May
When were you born?I was born on 14 May 1966
Nation:Whats your nationality?Im Spanish
Where are you from?
Im from Spain
Live:Where do you live?
I live in Sant Cugat
Whats your address?
1, Ignasi Barraquer, 2nd-3rd
Family:Are you married?
Yes, I am married
No, Im single
Have you got any brothers or sisters?
No, I haven t any
Yes, Ive got one brother and one sister
Does your grandfather live with you?
Yes, he does
No, he doesnt
How old is your sister?Shes 15
Job:Whats your job?
Im a teacher (but I work as a nurse)
What do you do?
Im a nurse
Where do you work?
I work in Barcelona
I work in a hotel
I work at the fitness area of a hotel in BCN
Hobbies:Whats your hobby?
I like dancing / listening to music / reading
Whats your favourite film?My favourite film is Psicosis
Have you got any hobbies?No, I havent got any
House:How many rooms are there in your house?
There are four rooms
WORD ORDER in QUESTIONS:a/ question words: to ask for a part of the sentence.
(Question word + verb or auxiliary +subject + verb 2 + object)
Mandy speaks French:WHO speaks French?
I speak German:
WHAT do you speak?
I go to the beach:
WHERE do you go?
I get up at 7:
WHEN do you get up?
This book is mine:
WHICH book is yours?
The cat is big:
HOW is the cat?
b/ YES/NO questions:
- to be, to have:verb +subject + object
Example:He is Spanish ------------( Is he Spanish?
You have got a cat -----(Have you got a cat?
- other verbs:auxiliary + subject + verb +object
Example:I live in Sant Cugat -----(Do you live in Sant Cugat?
He plays football-------(Does he play football?
The auxiliary is DO or DOES (3rd person singular) in PRESENT.
PRONOUNS
Personal subject
pronounPossessive adjectivePossessive pronounPersonal object
pronoun
IMyMineMe
YouYourYoursYou
HeHisHisHim
SheHerHersHer
ItItsItsIt
WeOurOursUs
YouYourYoursYou
TheyTheirtheirsthem
Personal subject pronoun:
We live in Sant Cugat
He has two books
I am forty years old
They speak Chinese
Possessive adjective:
My father is French
This is his book
Their car is red
Whats your name?
Possessive pronoun
This car is hers
Those books are theirs
Your car is red. Mine is green
Personal object pronoun
This is a present for them
Nice to meet you
Introductions (presentacions)Do you know each other?
Us coneixeu?
Carol, let me introduce John to you: Carol, deixa que et presenti el John
Carol, let me introduce you to John:
Carol, deixa que et presenti al John
Let me introduce myself:
Deixa que em presenti
Can you introduce yourself?
Et podries presentar?
Family name= last name= surname(Bosch, Calatayud)
First name= given name
(Rosa, Meritxell)
Peter Sebastian Walker
Peter = first name, given name
Sebastian = middle name
Walker = surname, family name, surname
To meet a person = trobar-se a alg
To have a meeting= tenir una reuni
Reflexive pronouns
I
Myself
I hurt myself when I was cutting the breadYou
Yourself
Emma, did you take the picture by yourself?He
Himself
Robert made this T-shirt himself
She
Herself
Lisa often speaks to herselfIt
Itself
The lion can defend itselfWe
Ourselves
We helped ourselves with some cola at the party
You
Yourselves
Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help yourselves
They
Themselves
Alice and Doris collected the stickers themselvesFalse friendsTo present = to make a presentation
To introduce = presenter a alg
Pronunciation tips
Know
/nou/
love/lov/No
/nou/
law/lo/Knowledge/nouleig/
laugh/laf/Dead
/ded/ (adjectiu: mort)
kite/kait/
Death
/dez/ (substantiu: mort)
bike/baik/
Died
/daed/ (participi passat: mort) bite/bait/THE ALPHABET AND SPELLING
CLASSROOM LANGUAGE:
How do you spell ________________ in English?
Can you spell it, please?
How do you pronounce _______________ in English?
Whats mesa in English?
Can you repeat it, please?
Is it correct?
Its my turn!
Can you speak slowly, please?
JOBS IN ENGLISHShes a police officer. Shes a policewoman
Hes a police officer. Hes a policeman
Shes a nurse
Shes a lawyer
ENGLISHSPANISH
accountantcontable
actor/actressactor/actriz
air hostessazafata
architectarquitecto
bakerpanadero
butchercarnicero
chemistfarmacutico
cookcocinero
dentistdentista
doctormdico
driverconductor
electricianelectricista
employeeempleado
engineeringeniero
farmergranjero
firemanbombero
fishermanpescador
gardenerjardinero
hairdresserpeluquero
instructormonitor
journalistperiodista
labourerobrero
lawyerabogado
mechanicmecnico
nannyniera
ENGLISHSPANISH
Nunmonja
nurseenfermero
office workeroficinista
painterpintor
pilotpiloto
plumberfontanero
policemanpolica
politicianpoltico
postmancartero
psychiatristpsiquiatra
psychologistpsiclogo
receptionistrecepcionista
salesmanvendedor
secretarysecretario
shoemakerzapatero
shop assistantdependiente
singercantante
studentestudiante
teacherprofesor
techniciantcnico
vetveterinario
waiter/waitresscamarero/a
writerescritor
Vocabulary
Some of my cousins live ABROAD = Some of my cousins live IN ANOTHER COUNTRYTo look up a word in the dictionary = buscar una paraula al diccionari
I have a work colleague WHO is from Portugal. Hes Portuguese.
I have a car THAT is from Japan. It is Japanese.
Pronunciation tips
Musician/musishan/
euro/iuro/
Electrician/electrishan/
Television/televishon/
Adverbs from adjectives
He is SAD.
He sings SADLY
She is HAPPY.
She dances HAPPILY
The price is EXACTThis is EXACTLY the price
Countable and uncountable nouns (I)A noun can be countable:
One pen, two pens, forty pens.
Or uncountable:
One water, two waters, three waters
We use different words to count uncountable nouns:
A bottle of water, two bottles of water, three bottles of water
A glass of water, two glasses of water
Only withuncountable nounsWith uncountableand countable nounsOnly withcountable nouns
How much?How much or How many?How many?
a littleno/nonea few
a bit (of)not anya number (of)
-some (any)several
a great deal ofa lot ofa large number of
a large amount ofplenty ofa great number of
-lots of-
Examples:
I have a little money in my pocket
I have a few coins in my pocket
We use a large amount of rice to cook a paella
We use a great number of eggs to cook a cake
Addresses in English
St
Street
Av
Avenue
BlvdBoulevard
Rd
Road
Sq
Square
Flat (BrE)=Apartment (AmE)
5, Sant Bartomeu St, 1st-2nd
(number, street, floor, door)
08172SANT CUGAT DEL VALLS
(zip code, town or city)
BARCELONA
(area)
SPAIN
(country)
Where do you live?
Whats your address?
Do you live in an apartment or in a house?
Whats your home/land phone number?
Have you got an alternate phone?
Have you got an e-mail address?
@= at
.=dot
Whats your Social Security Number?
What is your marital status?
Are you married or single?
Whats the title of the job?Whats your birth date?
When were you born?I was born on 27th June 1971
(nineteen seventy-one)
In, At, On + Time or DateWhen is your birthday? Mine is ON October 12. When do you eat lunch? I usually eat it AT noon. When does the school year begin in your country? In mine it begins IN September.
Do you know which preposition to use before times, days, months and years? Here is a reminder.
Don't forget to use...in+ month or year-In March, In 2003on+ date (with the year or without it) or day of the week-On April 2, On March 3, 1999, On Saturdayat+ clock time, midnight, noon-At 3:30 p.m., At 4:01, At noonRemember also...in + season-In the summer, In the winterin + morning, afternoon, evening-In the morning, In the eveningat + night-At nightat Celebrations:at Christmas (BUT on Christmas day)
at Easter (BUT on Holly Friday)
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (revision)My car
el meu cotxe
My cars
els meus cotxes
Your car
el teu cotxe / el vostre cotxe
Your cars
els teus cotxes / els vostres cotxes
His
car
el seu cotxe (dell)
Her cars
els seus cotxes (della)
Their car
el seu cotxe (dells)
Their cars
els seus cotxes (dells)
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
WH Question Words
We use question words to ask certain types of questions. We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).
Question WordFunctionExample
whatasking for information about somethingWhat is your name?
asking for repetition or confirmationWhat? I can't hear you.You did what?
what...forasking for a reason, asking whyWhat did you do that for?
whenasking about timeWhen did he leave?
whereasking in or at what place or positionWhere do they live?
whichasking about choiceWhich colour do you want?
whoasking what or which person or people (subject)Who opened the door?
whoseasking about ownershipWhose are these keys?Whose turn is it?
whyasking for reason, asking what...forWhy do you say that?
why don'tmaking a suggestionWhy don't I help you?
howasking about mannerHow does this work?
asking about condition or qualityHow was your exam?
how + adj/advasking about extent or degreesee examples below
how fardistanceHow far is Pattaya from Bangkok?
how longlength (time or space)How long will it take?
how manyquantity (countable)How many cars are there?
how muchquantity (uncountable)How much money do you have?
how oldageHow old are you?
PUBLIC HOLIDAYS IN ENGLAND
Federal holiday: public holiday in a federation
National holiday: in Catalonia, 11th September
Public holiday:
a holiday established by law. Its a non-working day
Bank holiday:
colloquialism for public holiday in England
Abans del 1834 el Banc dAnglaterra va fixar 33 dies i festivals religiosos com a festius, per en 1834 aquests es van redur a 4: 1st May (or May Day), 1st November (All Saints Day), Good Friday (divendres Sant) i Christmas Day. Actualment a Anglaterra hi ha vuit festius daquest tipus:
New Years day
Good Friday
Easter Monday
1st May
Last Monday in May
Last Monday in August
Christmas Day
Boxing Day (Saint Stephens Day)HALLOWEEN 2014
October 31 is Halloween. On Halloween, children wear costumes and go trick-or-treating. They knock on doors and say"Trick or treat."The person who opens the door gives the children sweets. The children say"Thank you."Adults like Halloween, too. They like to wear costumes to work and attend parties. Orange and black are popular Halloween colours. Orange is the colour of pumpkins and black is the colour of darkness. Halloween is a fun holiday, but it isnota federal holiday.When is Halloween? It is on October 31.
In 2014, it is on a Friday.
On October 31 we say "Happy Halloween!"
Halloween isnota federal holiday.
What is the child in this picture doing? He is selecting a pumpkin.
On Halloween, people cutfaces on pumpkinsand put candles inside of them.
They light the candles at night.
What are these children wearing? They are wearing Halloween costumes.
The witch is wearing a black dress and a tall black hat.
What are these children doing? They aretrick-or-treating. They are waiting for someone to open the door and give them candy.
Who are these people? They are pumpkinscarecrows. The woman is on the left and the man is on the right.
What kind of house is this? It is ahaunted house. Afull moonis out.
What is the skeleton doing? He is holding a lantern and waiting for the ship.
Ghostslive on the ship.
Who is this woman? She is a fortune teller.
She can tell the future by looking into the crystal ball.
Pronunciation tips
/dis/
/di:s/
(HERE)
El modisme veritat?
Desprs de la frase posem una coma I afegim el verb canviant el signe (en negatiu si la frase est en afirmatiu, I en afirmatiu si la frase est en negatiu) seguit del subjecte:
You are Spanish, arent you?
(ets espanyol, oi?)
She isnt married, is she?
(est casada, oi?)
You live in Madrid, dont you?
(vius a Madrid, oi?)
You dont speak Chinese, do you?(no parles xins, oi?)
She eats a banana, doesnt she?(ella menja un pltan, oi?)
She doesnt go to Paris, does she?(ella no va a Pars, oi?)
Simple present vs present continuous
Simple presentPresent continuous
(Verb)(To be + verb + ing)
1. for habitual actions1. for actions happening now
2. for facts that are always true2. actions happening in this period of time
3. for feelings or thoughts
Example: I runExample: I am running
What are they doing?
He is buying a newspaper
They are running
She is eating an ice-cream
I am listening to you
He is walking slowly
The time in English
What time is it? Its.
20:15
Its a quarter past eight
19:45
Its a quarter to eight
20:00
Its eight oclock
20:30
Its half past eight
20:05
Its five past eight
20:40
Its twenty to nine
Ten Expressions to say goodbyeExpression:How to use the expression:
Bye!The most common
Goodbye!A little more formal
Bye for now!Informal and friendly. They mean that you expect to see the other person again soon.
See you!
See you later!
See you soon!
Im offInformal and not very polite. You are leaving without a farewell greeting
Cheerio!Informal and old fashioned
Catch you later!Very informal. You expect to see the other person again soon
Good night!We only say it at night (when you go home at night or when you go to bed)
Other examples with See you:
See you tomorrow
See you in an hour
See you at work
Vocabulary and expressions
Lucky you!
Quina sort que tens!
Good luck!
Bona sort!
It seems so
Ho sembla
To take off
enlairar-se
To land
aterrar
To have a great time
passar-sho molt bIt depends on the moment=It depends on when= It depends on the timeTo live in the city centre vs to live in the surroundings of the city
To look alike and to look like
to look like +objectto look alike + no object(+ plural subject)
"Sophielooks likeher sister." (Sophieseparece asu hermana)"Sophie and Kellylook alike." (Sophie y Kellyse parecen)Agreeing / disagreeing
Speaker A: I like dogs
Speaker A:I dont like bananas
Speaker B:Me too
Speaker B:Neither do IADJECTIVE MODIFIERSThe house is
big
The house isvery
big
The house isincredibly
big
The house isastonishingly
big
I
amvery
nervous
I
amreally
nervous
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES WORD ORDER: REVISION
SIMPLE PRESENT:
Affirmative
Question
Answer (affirmative or negative)
I speak English.
Do you speak English?
Yes, I do / No, I dont
She comes to the party. Does she come to the party?Yes, she does / No, she doesnt
Ive got a pen.
Have you got a pen?
Yes, I have / No, I haventI am American.
Are you American?
Yes, I am / No, Im not
SIMPLE PAST:
Affirmative
Question
Answer (affirmative or negative)
I spoke English.
Did you speak English?
Yes, I did / No, I didnt
She came to the party.
Did she come to the party?Yes, she did / No, she didnt
I had got a pen.
Had you got a pen?
Yes, I had / No, I hadnt
I was American.
Were you American?
Yes, I was/ No, I wasnt
SIMPLE PASTa/ Verb TO BE, verb TO HAVE and regular verbs
PRONOUMTO BETO HAVETO LOVE
Iwashadloved
Youwerehadloved
Hewashadloved
Shewashadloved
Itwashadloved
Wewerehadloved
Youwerehadloved
Theywerehadloved
NOTES: 1. To form the regular past of a verb we add ED to the verb:
listened, walked, watched
2. If the verb ends in CVC we double the final consonant before adding ED:
stopped, added
3. We pronounce the final ED in three different ways:
/id/wanted, started, ended
/d/studied, loved
/t/stopped, walked
4. In questions and negatives we put the verb in INFINITIVE and use the
auxiliary DID
Did you go to school yesterday? No, we didnt
5. If the verb ends in E we only add D
LoveD, liveD
b/ Final ED pronunciation
Thepast simple tenseandpast participleof all regular verbs end in-ed. For example:
base verb(v1)past simple(v2)past participle(v3)
workworkedworked
We pronounce the final EDin 3 ways - /Id/ or /t/ or /d/If the base verb ends in one of these sounds:example base verb*:examplewith -ed:pronouncethe -ed:extra syllable?
unvoiced/t/wantwanted/Id/yes
voiced/d/endended
unvoiced/p/hopehoped/t/no
/f/laughlaughed
/s/faxfaxed
/S/washwashed
/tS/watchwatched
/k/likeliked
voicedall other sounds,for example...playplayed/d/no
allowallowed
begbegged
* note that it is thesoundthat is important, not the letter or spelling. For example, "fax" ends in the letter "x" but the sound /s/; "like" ends in the letter "e" but the sound /k/.
b/ Irregular VERBSVowel and consonant changes
Base form
Past
Past participleMeaningbring
brought
buy
bought
catch
caught
fight
fought
seek
sought
teach
taught
think
thoughtVowel change [i] to [_]
Base form
Past
Past participleMeaningbleed
bled
breed
bred
creep
crept
deal
dealt
dream
dreamt
feed
fed
feel
felt
flee
fled
keep
kept
kneel
knelt
lead
led
leave
left
mean
meant
meet
met
read [ri:d]
read [red]sleep
slept
sweep
swept
weep
wept[i] to [] to []
Base form
Past
Past participleMeaningbegin
began
begun
drink
drank
drunk
swim
swam
swum
ring
rang
rung
shrink
shrank
shrunk
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
spring
sprang
sprung
stink
stank
stunk[i] to []
Base form
Past
Past participleMeaningcling
clung
dig
dug
fling
flung
sling
slung
slink
slunk
spin
spun
stick
stuck
sting
stuck
string
strung
swing
swung
win
won
wring
wrung[ai] to [au]Base form
Past
Past participleMeaningBind
bound
find
found
grind
ground
wind
woundMiscellaneous vowel changesBase form
Past
Past participleMeaningcome
came
hang
hung
hear
heard
hold
held
light
lit or lighted
lose
lost
run
ran
say
said
sell
sold
shine
shone
shoot
shot
sit
sat
slide
slid
stand
stood
strike
struck
tell
toldPast tense ends in tBase form
Past
Past participleMeaningbend
bent
build
built
lend
lent
send
sent
spend
spentParticiple ending in n
Base form
Past
Past participleMeaningawake
awoke
awaken
be
was/were
been
beat
beat
beaten
bite
bit
bitten
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
choose
chose
chosen
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
drive
drove
driven
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
fly
flew
flown
Forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
gotten
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grow
grew
grown
hide
hid
hidden
know
knew
known
lie
lay
lain
ride
rode
ridden
rise
rose
risen
see
saw
seen
sew
sewed
sewn
shake
shook
shaken
show
showed
shown
sow
sowed
sown
speak
spoke
spoken
steal
stole
stolen
strive
strove
striven
swear
swore
sworn
swell
swelled
swollen
take
took
taken
tear
tore
torn
wear
wore
worn
weave
wove
woven
write
wrote
writtenOther irregular past formsBase form
Past
Past participleMeaninglay
laid
pay
paid
have
had
make
made
Past simple: examples and practice
DID you GO to the cinema yesterday?Yes, I did.
DID you DO your homework yesterday? Yes, I did
Did you drink milk yesterday? No, I didnt. I drank coffee
Had you got a pet when you were a child? No, I hadnt.
ONLINE ENGLISH PRACTICEGreetings:
http://eslgamesworld.com/members/games/grammar/sentences/greetings/greetings.htmlFilm-elementary level:
http://film-english.com/category/elementary-a1-pre-intermediate-a2/Introductions and small talk:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qa44S_B4xWQGrammar Simple present:
http://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/carters-breakfast/Greetings and meetings (listen and repeat):
http://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/meeting-and-greeting/Address (AmE) or AddrEss (BrE) (la majuscule indica on recau laccent tonic)
http://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/jennifer(
Make or do
http://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/make-or-doMake or do (fixed expressions)
http://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/make-and-do-fixed-expressions/COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVESComparative.
To compare two things we have two options:
a/ usingas .. as(the adjective doesnt change)b/ using than (the adjective can change depending on the number of syllables) She's twiceasoldasher sister.
He's notasstupidashe looks!
I'm almostasgood in mathsasin science.
This book is notasexcitingasthe last one.
The cafeteria is notascrowdedasusual.
Russian is not quiteasdifficultasChinese.
This computer is betterthanthat one.
She's stronger at chessthanI am.
It's much colder todaythanit was yesterday.
Our car is biggerthanyour car.
This grammar topic is easierthanmost others.
I find science more difficultthanmathematics.
Today's ESL lesson was more interestingthanusual.
When comparing withthan some changes are necessary, depending on the number of syllables the adjective has:
a/ 1-syllable adjectives:add-erto the adjective
My sister is muchtallerthan me. It'scoldertoday than it was yesterday.
Note: If the word ends:consonant-vowel-consonant, then the last consonant is usually doubled in the comparative. Examples:big-bigger, fat-fatter, hot-hotter.
b/ 2-syllable adjectives ending in-y: change the-yto-ier She's lookinghappiertoday.
This grammar topic iseasierthan the last one.
Why is everyone elseluckierthan me?
Beware: Do not confuse adjectives and adverbs. 2-syllable adverbs ending in-ymust be compared with the wordmore. Example:I drive more quickly (quicklier) than my brother.c/ Other 2-syllable adjectives: usemorewith the unchanged adjective
The shops are alwaysmore crowdedjust before Christmas.
Is there anythingmore boringthan reading about grammar?
My sister ismore carefulwith her writing than I am with mine.
Note: The comparative of some shorter 2-syllable adjectives can be formed with-er. Examples:simple-simpler, clever-cleverer, narrow-narrower. To be sure which comparative method to use, you will need to consult a good dictionary.
Adjectives with 3 or more syllables: usemorewith the unchanged adjective
Russian grammar ismore difficultthan English grammar.
My sister is muchmore intelligentthan me.
I find maths lessonsmore enjoyablethan science lessons.
The older you get, themore irritatingyou become.
Superlative
In thesuperlativeyou talk aboutonething only and how it is the best, worst, etc. You do not comparetwothings. The following guidelines apply to the superlative:
a/ 1-syllable adjectives:add-estto the adjective (plusthe)
My sister isthe tallestin our family.
Yesterday wasthe coldestday of the year so far.
Note: If the word ends:consonant-vowel-consonant, then the last consonant is usually doubled in the superlative. Examples:big-biggest, fat-fattest, hot-hottest.
b/ 2-syllable adjectives ending in-y: change the-yto-iest(plusthe)
The richest people are not alwaysthe happiest.
Which do you think isthe easiestlanguage to learn?
She'sthe luckiestperson I know.
Beware: Do not confuse adjectives and adverbs. 2-syllable adverbs ending in-yform their superlative with the wordsthe most. Example:Of all the people I know my father drives the most quickly (quickliest).c/ Other 2-syllable adjectives: usethe mostwith the unchanged adjective
The most boringthing about ESL class is doing grammar exercises.
My sister isthe most carefulperson I know.
Note: The superlative of some shorter 2-syllable adjectives can be formed with-er. Examples:simple-simplest, clever-cleverest, narrow-narrowest. To be sure which superlative method to use, you will need to consult a good dictionary.
d/Adjectives with 3 or more syllables: usethe mostwith the unchanged adjective
Some people think that Russian isthe most difficultlanguage.
Albert Einstein wasthe most intelligentperson in history.
Mymost enjoyableclass is English.
You arethe most irritatingperson I have ever met!
Following are two common irregular comaparative/superlative forms:
good-better-the best
bad-worse-the worst
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS
1-syllable adjectives
ending in a consonant with a single vowel preceding itbigbiggerbiggest
fatfatterfattest
redredderreddest
sadsaddersaddest
thinthinnerthinnest
1-syllable adjectives
ending in "y"drydrierdriest
sprysprier/spryerspriest/spryest
wrywrier/wryerwriest/wryest
1-syllable adjectives,
other casesfastfasterfastest
greatgreatergreatest
quickquickerquickest
shortshortershortest
talltallertallest
2-syllable adjectives
ending in "e"fickleficklerficklest
handsomehandsomerhandsomest
politepoliterpolitest
2-syllable adjectives
ending in "y"bumpybumpierbumpiest
heavyheavierheaviest
icyiciericiest
shinyshiniershiniest
tinytiniertiniest
2-syllable adjectives
ending in "le", or "ow"ableablerablest
gentlegentlergentlest
hollowhollowerhollowest
narrownarrowernarrowest
shallowshallowershallowest
simplesimplersimplest
2 or more syllable adjectives,
other casesbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful
colorfulmore colorfulmost colorful
completemore completemost complete
deliciousmore deliciousmost delicious
generousmore generousmost generous
importantmore importantmost important
Irregular and confusing adjectivesbadworseworst
far (place)fartherfarthest
far (place or time)furtherfurthest
goodbetterbest
late (time)laterlatest
late (order)latterlast
little (size)littlerlittlest
little (amount)lessleast
many/much/somemoremost
old (people or things)olderoldest
old (people)eldereldest
TALKING ABOUT THE PAST & COMPARATIVESWhen I was young I was more wrinkled than nowI amb less ingenuous now than when I was young
When I was young I was shyer than now
QUANTIFIERS
AffirmativeNegativeInterrogative
NeutralSome, several, a number of, enoughAny, enoughAny, enough
Big quantityNumerous, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, many, too manyMuch, many,too many, too muchMuch, many, too many, too much
Small quantityFew, a few, little, a little
NOTES:
Very + adjective
(He is very intelligent, We are very happy)
A lot of, lots of noun(I have a lot of friends)
A lot, very much
(sempre a final de frase: I love you a lot, I love you very much)
Examples:
I have some books
Have you got any books?I havent got any books
I have several books
I have enough books
I have a (large) number of books
We have numerous problems
Have you got many problems?
We have a lot of problems
We have lots of problems
We have many problems
We have much money
We have too much money
Very:
molt (adverbi)
Several, some, any:
alguns, algunes, una mica de
Enough:
suficient, suficients
Plenty of, a lot of, lots of, many, much:molt, molts, molta, moltes
Too much, too many:
massa
Few, little:
poc, poca, pocs, poques
A few, a little:
massa poc, massa pocs, massa poca, massa poques
INFORMATION QUESTIONS (WH- QUESTIONS)
Use this question wordto ask about
Who*1people (names and other identifying information) used assubjects*
Whom*2people (names and other identifying information) used asobjects*
Whatthings (subject or object)
Whose*3 ( + noun)ownership
Wherelocations (places)
Whentime (general)
What timetime (specific)
What . . . doactions (verbs)
Whyreasons
What ( + noun)one part of a group (when all of the parts are not known)
Which ( + noun)one part of a group (when the parts are known)
What kind of ( + noun)descriptive names for categories
What colorcolors
Howmanner; methods
How many ( + noun)number (used with countable nouns)
How much ( + noun)quantity (used with uncountable nouns)
How long*4duration (periods of time); length
How far*4distance
How old*4age
How *4( + adjective or adverb)degree or extent
NOTES (1-4):
1. WHO for subjects: without auxiliary verb
Who speaks German?He does (He speaks German)
2. WHOM for objects (formal English): with auxiliary verb
WHOM do you love?I love him(formal English and old-fashioned)
WHO do you love?I love him(informal English)
Clue: If the answer is HE = subject (Who + verb)
If the answer is HIM =object (Who + auxiliary)3. WHOSE for ownership, to ask who owns something
Be careful: Whose Whos (the pronunciation is the same but the grammar is different)
4. HOW + adjective in questions:
HOW LONG does it take to . go from here to the station?
do this exercise?
HOW FAR is it from here to the station?
HOW TALL is your brother?
HOW HEAVY is this bag?
HOW WIDE is this river?
There are six basic forms used in making information questions:
a/ 2 with verb TO BE:
1-Wh + BE + other words (the question asks about the subject or part of the subject)
Who is in the kitchen?
What is on the table?
How many books are there on the table?
2-Wh + BE + subject + other words (the question asks about the object)
Whose book is this?
Where is Bill?
b/ 2 with an auxiliary verb +main verb
1-Wh + complete verb + other words (the question asks about the subject or part of the subject)
Who is sitting next to you?
What has happened?
2-Wh + auxiliary + subject + rest of the verb + other words (the question asks about the object)
What have you found?
What is she doing now?
c/ 2 if there is only a verb (not BE and not AUXILIARY)
1-Wh + verb + other words (the question asks about the subject or part of the subject)
Who has a new car?
What happened?
2-Wh + do/does/did + subject + main verb + other words (the question asks about the object or the verb)
What does she have?
Who did you find there
CONNECTORS
AND:
My father works in a factory and comes late home
BUT:
Im tired but I cant stop working now
THEN:
Cut one apple. Then, put in on a plate
SUDDENLY:He opened the door. Suddenly, a man appeared in front of him and he shouted
FIRST/
SECOND:First, put on your shoes. Second, put on your coat
BEFORE/
AFTER:
You put on your shoes after your coat/ Put on your coat after your shoes
HOWEVER:He is very intelligent. However, he is very rudeNEVERTHELESS:He is very rich. Nevertheless, he doesnt want to change his old car
MOREOVER:She is studying French. Moreover, she speaks English, Spanish and German
SO:
He is ill, so he will not go to work todayBECAUSE:He will not go to work today because he is ill
AS:
As he is ill, he will not go to work today
ALTHOUGH:He is very intelligent, although he is very rude
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (II)Countable
Uncountable
You can count them
You cannot count them (or you need another word
to make them countable)
Singular: use the, a, an, one
You only use the singular form, with SOMEPlural: use SOME or a number
Many
much
Few
little
A few
a little
A lot of
a lot of
Lots of
lots of
Some
some
(affirmative, offers or demands)
Any
any
(negative and questions)
(A)littleand (a)feware quantifiers meaning some.
We usea littlewith singular uncountable nouns. We usea fewwith plural countable nouns:
Mary said nothing, but she drank some tea and atea littlebread.We stayeda fewdays in Florence and visited the museums.Littleandfewhave negative meanings. We use them to mean not as much as may be expected or wished for.
We uselittlewith uncountable nouns. We usefewwith plural countable nouns. They are used in formal contexts:
Im not very happy about it but I suppose I havelittlechoice.Fewcities anywhere in Europe can match the cultural richness of Berlin.CompareAll she wanted wasa fewmoments on her own.some, a small number
She hadfewmoments on her own.not many/almost none
She savesa littlemoney every month.some, a small amount
They hadlittlemoney to spend.not much/almost nothing
A:
Have you got anymoney?B:
Yes,a little.some, a small amount
A:
Have you got anymoney?B:
No, verylittle.not much/almost nothing
HOW TO FORM THE PLURAL IN ENGLISHA/ Regular plural
******* -> -S
SINGULARPLURAL
TableTables
BookBooks
CarCars
BottleBottles
B/ Regular plural with spelling changes
SINGULARPLURAL
FoxFoxes
BoxBoxes
BabyBabies
TeddyTedies
Lorrylorries
C/ Irregular plurals
*** -> EN
SINGULARPLURAL
childchildren
manmen
oxoxen
womanwomen
NO CHANGE
SINGULARPLURAL
deerdeer
fishfish
seriesseries
sheepsheep
speciesspecies
OO -> EE
SINGULARPLURAL
footfeet
goosegeese
toothteeth
OUSE -> ICE
SINGULARPLURAL
mouseMice
F -> VESSINGULARPLURAL
elfElves
wolfWolfes
shelfShelves
leafLeaves
thiefthieves
FUTURE: WILL OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS
WILL: A/ No plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking.(I think Ill go to the gym tomorrow)
B/ Prediction about the future (but without a firm plan). We say what we think will happen, but it is not sure, it is only a prediction.
(It will rain tomorrow)
C/ With verb TO BE, with planned or not planned future actions
(Ill be in London tomorrow)
(Will you be at work tomorrow?)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR GOING TO
For plans or intentions to do something.
Going to: personal plans, things you plan yourself
(Im going to study Arabic in September)
Present continuous: plans you do with other people. Arrangements or appointments.
(Im seeing an old friend on Wednesday)
(We are playing tennis next Sunday)
BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
BRITISH
AMERICAN
Have you got a pen?
Do you have a pen?
Aeroplane
airplane
Aubergine
eggplant
Bank holiday
legal holiday
Holiday
vacation
Biscuit
cookie
Blind
shade
Block of flats
apartment building
Car park
parking lot
Chemist
drugstore
Chips
French fries
Crisps
chips, potato chips
Bill
check
Cinema
the movies
Film
movie
Lift
elevator
Taxi
cab
Underground
tubeDATES IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISHBritish English
In British English the day is usually put before the month. If you wish, you can add the ending of the ordinal number. The prepositionofbefore the month is usually dropped. You can put a comma before the year, but this is not common anymore in British English.
Example: 5(th) (of) October(,) 2004DayMonthYear
You write:1stJanuary,2010
You say:thefirstofJanuarytwenty ten
Note: The two letters at the end of the number and the comma are often left out.
American English
In American English the month is usually put before the day. If you wish, you can put the definite article before the day. It is common to write a comma before the year.
Example: October (the) 5(th), 2004MonthDayYear
You write:January1st,2010
You say:January(the)*firsttwenty ten
* The definite article the can be left out.
Using digits
You can also write the date by using numbers only. The most common forms are:
Example: 5/10/04 or 5-10-04
Note, however, that 5/10/04 usually means 5 October 2004 in British English and May 10, 2004 in American English. To avoid any possible confusion, you should spell out the month or use the abbreviation.
1. We use 'many' with countable nouns and 'much' with uncountable ones in negative sentences and questions. 'Many' agrees with a plural verb, 'much' agrees with a singular verb.We haven't got much time.
How many books did you buy?
2. We use 'a lot of' and 'plenty of' with countable and uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences. Both can agree with a plural or singular verb depending on the noun after 'of' - plural for countable nouns and singular for uncountable ones.There are a lot of chairs in the room.
There are plenty of chairs in the room.
There is a lot of milk in the fridge.
There is plenty of milk in the fridge.
3. We use 'lots of' with countable and uncountable nouns. It is clear for me that I should use a plural verb with countable nous:There are lots of chairs in the room.
But which verb should I use with uncountable nouns? I can't use a plural verb because the noun in uncountable, but it seems rather awkward to use a singular verb here:Thereis lotsof milk in the fridge.
Where am I wrong?
Only with uncountable nounsWith all nounsOnly with countable nouns
a littleno, none, not anya few
a bit ofsomea number of
anyseveral
a great deal ofa lot of, lots ofa great number of
a large amount ofplenty ofa large number of
EXAMPLES
Would you likesome teaanda few cookies?
I always puta little milkandsome carrotsin my soup.
He hasseveral apples. I don't haveany fruitat all.
She hasplenty of clothesfor the winter.
I recieveda large amount of feedbackfrom my survey.
USING MUCH & MANY
Muchandmanyare often used in negative and question
Countable nounUncountable noun
How much sugardo you have?How many peoplecame to the concert?
There'snot much sugarat the store.Not many peoplecame to the concert.
I havetoo much sugarat home.There weretoo many peopleat the concert.
I don't know what to do withso much sugar.It's a problem when there areso many people.
I wish there wasnot so much sugarhere.There werenot so many peoplelast year.
There isa lot of sugarin candy.There aremany peoplewho want to come. = There area lot of peoplewho want to come.
forms. They are also used withtoo & soin both affirmative and negative statements. Note that whilemanycan be used by itself in affirmative statements,muchcannot be.Muchis replaced bya lot oforlots ofin affirmative statements (manycan be replaced as well.)
She talksso much.
She talkstoo much.
She talksa lot.
She talksvery much.
/dat/
(THERE)
/dous/
Survival English, course 2014-2015
Grammar and vocabulary, page 38