A feasible challenge…Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Tom Godefrooij > Washington DC, January 26, 2012
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Overview
> Where do we stand> Upscaling, what does it entail> The Netherlands: a reference?> Challenges> Dutch Cycling Embassy
26-01-2012pagina 2 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Growing interest in cycling but also ongoing motorisation
Where do we stand?
26-01-2012pagina 3 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Where do we stand?
> Growing recognition importance of cycling> North-west European experience
> The Netherlands: 27% cycling> Denmark: 20% > Germany: 10%
> Increasing number of cities have cycling projects
26-01-2012pagina 4 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Bicycle share in European countries
27%
19%
10%9% 9%
8%7%
5% 5%
2%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
the
Nethe
rland
s
Denm
ark
Germ
any
Austri
a
Switzer
land
Belgium
Sweden
Italy
Franc
e
Great
Brit
ain
26-01-2012pagina 5 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Promising initiatives worldwide
> Bogotá> Cape Town> Santiago de Chile> Sevilla> Eskişehir
> Public bicycles schemes
26-01-2012pagina 6 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Bogotá
> 350 km cycle routes> Increase cycling share from 0,5 to 4%> Improved quality of public space
26-01-2012pagina 7 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Cape Town
> Revised Bicycle Master Plan> Implementation cycling infrastructure in 4 regions> Most popular routes> Connected with BRT> Role of civil society
> Bicyle distribution> Training> Education
26-01-2012pagina 11 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Santiago de Chile
> Full participation in all segments of society> Adoption of ‘cycling’ law> Plan for 690 km cycling routes> 250 km implemented > Cycling a presidential priority
26-01-2012pagina 13 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Sevilla
> Implemented 120 km cycling network> Increase modal share from 0,2 to 6,6% in 4 years> Target 2015: share of 15%
26-01-2012pagina 15 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Turkish cities
Sakarya, Antalya & Eskişehir> Developing pilot projects> First step towards cycling-inclusive policies
26-01-2012pagina 18 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Public Bicycle schemes
> Decades of marginal
projects (Amsterdam 1960's)> Break through with Velib and
Bicing (Paris and Barcelona)> Now very fashionable> But how relevant?
26-01-2012pagina 20 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Beijing
> 20.000 public bicycles> 4,5 million private cars
…just to contemplate!
26-01-2012pagina 21 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
…but can contribute
> Opportunity to find out usefulness> Filling the gap between pioneers and mainstream
26-01-2012pagina 22 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
We aren’t there yet!
> In most cities bicycle use still low> Many cities didn’t even start!> Bicycle use in Asian countries threatened by
ongoing motorisation
26-01-2012pagina 23 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Upscaling the role of cycling: what does it entail?
After having made the first step
26-01-2012pagina 24 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Conditions for up scaling
> Gone through a pioneer stage> Early adapters should be there> It is time for the majority…
Up scaling = mainstreaming
26-01-2012pagina 25 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Up scaling
> From isolated projects to an integrated and
comprehensive approach> Acceptance by all segments of society> Resulting in substantial share of cycling
26-01-2012pagina 26 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
At which level are we looking?
> At a city level> Successful pilots?> Enough bicycle use for next stage?
> At a regional / global level> Enough cities to make more cities follow suit?
26-01-2012pagina 27 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
What are the challenges??
> Avoid, shift, improve> Utilising the full potential of cycling
> Substantial share of cycling (10 – 20%)> Most trips are short!!> Dutch (and Danish) cities as reference?
> Fully integrated in urban & transport planning
26-01-2012pagina 28 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Transport planning
> To meet transport needs > Accommodating social participation> Individuals & society
> Maximising contribution of transport to social & economic well being
> Minimising adverse effects> Road safety> Liveability> Environment> Climate> …
26-01-2012pagina 29 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Travel market (trips)
• Activity patterns
• Spatial distribution
• Spread in time
• …
Transport market
(transport systems)
• Availability
• Effectiveness
• Efficiency
• Status
• Costs
• …
Traffic market (flows)
• Routes
• Speeds
• Manoeuvres
• Congestion
• Safety
• …
26-01-2012pagina 30 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Role of various modes
> Analysis of strengths and weaknesses> Assess appropriateness modes /
transport systems for types of trips> i.e. utilise strengths
> Provide alternatives for problematic use> Not fit for the trip> Too many adverse effects for society
26-01-2012pagina 31 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Tactical goals
> Goals on travel market> Minimise need for (long distance) travelling
> Goals on transport market> Optimal mode choice> Short trips: Cycling and Walking> Longer trips: Public transport
> Goals on traffic market> Adequate road design to accommodate cycling
26-01-2012pagina 32 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Most trips are short
> UK:> 1/3 all trips < 1 mile> Average trip length = 7 mile> Average car trip length = 8,5 mile
> USA:> ¼ all trips < 1 mile> Almost ½ < 3 mile
> India> 56-72% urban trips < 5 km> Delhi: 45% car trips and 38% PT < 5 km
26-01-2012pagina 33 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Looking for the optimal mix
Cycling
(& walking)
> Short distances
> Inner urban trips
> Limited luggage carrying
Public transport> Longer trips> Mass transportation> Feeder trips required
Car> Longer trips
> Thinly populated areas
> Less/not suitable for dense urban areas
26-01-2012pagina 34 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Looking at the competitive position
26-01-2012pagina 35 >
Make preferred modes more
attractive
Make other
modes less
attractive
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Which arguments to use?
Distinguish between
> Society> Policy makers / politicians
> Individuals
26-01-2012pagina 36 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Politicians & policy makers
Societal goals> Road safety> Health> Air quality> Climate change mitigation> Equity> …
26-01-2012pagina 37 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Individuals
> …don't cycle for the environment!!> Practical, efficient and convenient (and fun!)> Health and fitness> (Cheap)
> Safety perception> Status perception
> Might both be an obstacle
26-01-2012pagina 38 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
What it takes…
Many good reasons for promoting cycling…
> Environment
> Health
> Equity
… but ultimately people only will do so if it is
> Safe
> Practical
> Convenient
26-01-2012pagina 39 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
A reference for upscaling?The Netherlands
26-01-2012pagina 40 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Dutch context
> Traditional high levels of cycling
> Decrease of cycling 1950 – 1975
> Revaluation of cycling from 1970’s on
> National transport strategy 1989
> Equilibrium accessibility, safety and liveability
> Bicycle Master Plan
> Cycling inclusive planning
> Integral part of local and regional transport planning
> (Re-confirmed in National transport strategy 2006)26-01-2012pagina 43 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Mobility in the Netherlands
Netherlands, high car density/km2On average 3.2 trips per day: > 1 trip car driver> 0.8 trip bicycle> 0.6 trip walking> 0.5 trip car passenger> 0.2 trip public transport> 0.1 trip other
In Top-5 most road-safe countries
26-01-2012pagina 45 >
Mobility in The Netherlands
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Car PublicTransport
Bicycle Walking
Netherlands
Delft
Amsterdam
26-01-201246 A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Modal split development in Amsterdam
26-01-2012pagina 47 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Modal split trips according to distance(km’s) < 7,5 7,5-15 > 15 overall
Car driver 35% 74% 79% 48%
DriverPassenger
23%12%
50%24%
54%25%
32%16%
Public Transport 2% 7% 14% 5%Train
Bus/tram/metro0%2%
1%6%
9%5%
2%3%
Bicycle 35% 15% 3% 27%
Walking 26% 0% 0% 18%
Other 2% 3% 4% 2%
Share distance 70% 12% 18%
26-01-2012pagina 48 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Mode choice bicycle / car (< 7,5 km)Never
carSometimes
car, sometimes
bicycle
Never bicycle
Shopping 12% 59% 30%
Transporting children
6% 70% 24%
Sports & visits 28% 41% 30%
Going out 12% 48% 39%
Commuting 29% 40% 31%
26-01-2012pagina 49 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Faqs and figures > Netherlands
Source: RWS/AVV 2005 /MON 2005
Modal split according to distances
26-01-2012pagina 50 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Safety and bicycle use
•0
•200
•400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Bic
ycle
km
pp
py
0
10
20
30
40
50
Cyc
le f
atal
itie
s p
er b
illi
on
bic
ycle
km
Bicycle use Bicycle fatalities
1950 –1975:
- Suburbanisation- Car use- Transport policy- Old fashioned
1975 - now:
- Suburbanisation- Car use+ Transport policy+ Clean & Healthy
Development in time
26-01-2012pagina 51 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Safety: fatalities and risk
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Nu
mb
er
of
fata
liti
es
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Nu
mb
er
of
fata
liti
es/b
illi
on
km
Number of cycle fatalities
Number of fatalaties/billionkm
26-01-2012pagina 52 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Safety by numbers
26-01-2012pagina 53 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Faqs and figures > Netherlands
1,11
0,830,77
0,670,63
0,500,45
0,40 0,400,34
0,18
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
Number of cycles per inhabitant
More cycles then people
Number of cycles per inhabitant
26-01-2012pagina 54 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Corner stones of Dutch cycling policies
> Cycling: full fledged mode of transport> Looking for the 'optimal mix'
> Utilising strengths of each mode of transport> Providing alternatives for 'problematic use‘
> Public spending > Continued investments in cycling> Roughly € 30 per inhabitant per year> Quality is not for free!!
26-01-2012pagina 55 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
The Dutch
26-01-2012pagina 56 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Wide variety of accessories
26-01-2012pagina 58 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Making cycling safe, practical, convenient
Challenges for upscaling
26-01-2012pagina 59 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
So the challenge is…
…to make cycling> Safe> Practical> Convenient
> The preferred mode for short trips
26-01-2012pagina 60 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Essential condition
Basic safety> High volumes and high speeds motor traffic
incompatible with safe cycling> Segregated facilities at all arterials > 50km/h> Traffic calming at other roads> Well designed intersections
26-01-2012pagina 61 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Other conditions for upscaling
> Cycling preferred mode for short distances> Competitive position (two knobs to turn!)
- Travel time- Costs- Perceived convenience and safety- Status
> Practicalities- Bicycle parking- Utility accessories
26-01-2012pagina 62 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
More quality infra, more cycling
-1,2
-1
-0,8
-0,6
-0,4
-0,2
0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
bicycle share (%)
qu
ali
ty o
f b
icy
cle
in
fra
str
uc
ture
26-01-2012pagina 63 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Relation with public transport
> More efficient option on shorter distances
> Shorter travel times door-to-door
> Cost-efficient (≠ cheap!!!)
> Feeder mode
> Enlarging catchment area PT
> Improving door-to-door travel time
> Requires transfer facilities
> PT should not compete with cycling on short distances
26-01-2012pagina 64 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Return on urban transport investments, bicycle versus PT
With Investment
0
100
200
300
400
ATH BRU HEL LYON MAD VI T&W STU ZCH MAN VAL BRA DELFT
Impa
ct (
in r
ate
units
)
Ec. Benefits
Social Benefits
Env. Improvements
metro tramS-Bahn bicycle
Source: Transecon-project
26-01-2012pagina 65 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Cycling inclusive
More than adding cycle facilities to the road system
Change of entire traffic system
> Re-allocation of road space
> Re-allocation of budgets
26-01-2012pagina 66 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Cycling planning at 3 levels
> Overall transport planning
> Integrated approach (vision!!)
> Change of traditional priorities
> Network planning & design
> Coherent network
> Connecting origins & destinations
> Road design
> Meeting needs of cyclists
> …where the cyclists are!!!26-01-2012pagina 68 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
…and
> Organise public & political support> Involve stakeholders> Create a cycling culture
> Awareness campaigns
> Promotion
> Provide services
> Bicycle parking
> Bicycle repair
> Public bicycles26-01-2012pagina 69 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
…because
> Promotion of cycling contributes to the efficiency
of the (urban) transport system> Investments in cycling have a profitable
cost/benefit ratio> Investments in cycling serve all segments of the
population
26-01-2012pagina 70 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
What can we do for you?Dutch Cycling Embassy
26-01-2012pagina 71 >
A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport
Who we are
The Dutch Cycling Embassy is a comprehensive
network of:
> private companies: traffic and infrastructure
consultants and manufacturers> NGOs, universities and research institutions> national and local governments
26-01-2012pagina 72 >
What can we do for you?
> Access to Dutch Knowledge Base> Liaising with extensive Dutch network for:
> research> planning> policy-making> product development> manufacturing> construction or building
> Help you to find the best possible partners.
26-01-2012pagina 73 > A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport