九州大学学術情報リポジトリKyushu University Institutional Repository
A Deliberation of the Body Composition Index ofJapanese children from 3 to 11 years old
中尾, 武平九州大学大学院人間環境学府
大柿, 哲朗九州大学健康科学センター
齊藤, 篤司九州大学健康科学センター
小宮, 秀一九州共立大学スポーツ学部
https://doi.org/10.15017/10778
出版情報:健康科学. 30, pp.19-25, 2008-04-15. Institute of Health Science, Kyushu Universityバージョン:権利関係:
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1) ������������ ������� Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University
2) ������������� Institute of Health Science, Kyushu University
3) ������������� Faculty of Sports Science, Kyushu Kyoritsu University
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Correspondence to: Institute of Health Science, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen 6-1, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
Tel/fax: +81-92-583-7853� E-mail: [email protected]
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A Deliberation of the Body Composition Index of Japanese Children�
from 3 to 11 Years Old
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Takehira NAKAO
1)
�Tetsuro OGAKI
2)
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Atsushi SAITO
2)
and Shuichi KOMIYA
3)
Abstract
Recently, a dramatic increase in the obesity of children has been reported in both developed and
under-developed countries. Body Mass Index (BMI) is widely used to assess childhood weight gain and
loss. However, the BMI has a few limitations to its assessment of the development of children. The
Fat-free mass index (FFMI) and Fat mass index (FMI) are known to redeem the faulty results of the
BMI. The aims of this study were to determine the FFMI and FMI of healthy children from 3 to 11 years
old in Japan. Five hundred and ninety-nine boys and seven hundred and forty-seven girls with wide
spectrums of stature, body mass and body composition underwent bioelectrical impedance analysis
(BIA) for the determination of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). Both FFM and FM were divided
by stature2
to give accurate results, as described previously. The FFMI (in children 3-11 yrs) was
12.6-14.4 kg/m2
in boys and 11.8-13.7 kg/m2
in girls. The FMI was 2.8-4.0kg/m2
in boys and
3.2-4.5kg/m2
in girls. The FFMI of boys was consistently higher than that of girls throughout childhood.
The FMI of girls was higher than that of boys. The body composition indices provide more detailed
information on body composition that is not necessarily clear in traditional analytical procedures. The
development of the body composition chart makes it possible to evaluate the details of the body
composition of the children.
Key words: Body composition, Fat-free mass index, Fat mass index, BMI
(Journal of Health Science, Kyushu University, 30: 19-25 , 2008)
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ANOVA
Boys
n 599
Stature, cm 98.1 ± 3.4 102.9 ± 5.1 108.9 ± 4.9 114.3 ± 5.0 121.5 ± 4.1 128.7 ± 5.5 134.5 ± 5.7 140.2 ± 6.7 148.0 ± 7.2 p<0.001
Body mass, kg 15.23 ± 1.6 16.70 ± 2.3 18.47 ± 2.9 20.41 ± 3.1 23.79 ± 2.9 28.19 ± 5.6 31.29 ± 5.8 34.81 ± 6.2 40.35 ± 7.0 p<0.001
BMI, kg/m2
15.8 ± 1.3 15.7 ± 1.3 15.5 ± 1.5 15.6 ± 1.5 16.1 ± 1.6 16.9 ± 2.3 17.2 ± 2.3 17.6 ± 2.4 18.4 ± 2.9 p<0.001
Fat-Free Mass, kg 12.2 ± 1.4 13.6 ± 1.9 15.0 ± 2.1 16.7 ± 2.4 19.3 ± 2.3 22.1 ± 3.3 24.0 ± 3.4 27.1 ± 4.4 31.7 ± 5.3 p<0.001
Fat Mass, kg 3.1 ± 1.0 3.1 ± 1.0 3.5 ± 1.4 3.7 ± 1.4 4.5 ± 1.4 6.1 ± 2.9 7.3 ± 3.4 7.8 ± 3.3 8.6 ± 3.9 p<0.001
%Fat Mass 19.9 ± 5.7 18.7 ± 5.2 18.6 ± 4.9 17.9 ± 4.8 18.6 ± 4.5 20.7 ± 5.9 22.5 ± 6.8 21.8 ± 6.4 21.0 ± 7.2 p<0.001
Girls
n 747
Stature, cm 97.3 ± 4.5 102.6 ± 4.8 109.2 ± 4.0 114.8 ± 4.8 122.1 ± 4.7 128.1 ± 5.6 134.0 ± 6.3 140.9 ± 6.2 147.4 ± 6.2 p<0.001
Body mass, kg 14.88 ± 1.5 16.36 ± 1.8 18.01 ± 2.1 20.14 ± 3.5 23.46 ± 3.7 27.28 ± 5.8 30.37 ± 6.1 34.39 ± 6.8 39.8 ± 6.4 p<0.001
BMI, kg/m2
15.7 ± 1.1 15.5 ± 1.3 15.1 ± 1.2* 15.2 ± 1.7 15.7 ± 1.8 16.5 ± 2.6 16.8 ± 2.4 17.2 ± 2.6 18.2 ± 2.2 p<0.001
Fat-Free Mass, kg 11.4 ± 1.4* 12.9 ± 1.5* 14.2 ± 1.6* 15.6 ± 2.2* 18.0 ± 2.4* 20.4 ± 2.9* 22.7 ± 3.4* 25.9 ± 3.8 30.0 ± 4.1 p<0.001
Fat Mass, kg 3.5 ± 1.0 3.5 ± 1.0* 3.8 ± 1.2 4.5 ± 2.0* 5.5 ± 1.9* 6.9 ± 3.6 7.7 ± 3.5 8.5 ± 3.9 9.8 ± 3.4 p<0.001
%Fat Mass 23.2 ± 6.2* 21.3 ± 5.4** 20.9 ± 5.2***
22.0 ± 5.5***
22.9 ± 4.7***
24.2 ± 7.1** 24.4 ± 6.3* 24.0 ± 6.2* 24.2 ± 5.9* p<0.001
5659 72 124 9232 93 128 91
11yr
38 86 109 91 35 61 87 62 30
Gender difference *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001
Table 1. Anthropometric and body composition characteristics of Japanese children by age and gender.
3yr 4yr 5yr 6yr 7yr 8yr 9yr 10yr
ANOVA
Boys
Cheek, mm 15.0 ± 2.7 14.4 ± 2.5 13.6 ± 2.1 13.8 ± 2.4 13.5 ± 1.6 14.6 ± 2.6 14.5 ± 2.6 14.7 ± 2.7 15.3 ± 2.8 p<0.001
Chin, mm 6.0 ± 1.6 6.0 ± 2.6 5.3 ± 1.6 5.3 ± 1.8 5.6 ± 1.9 7.0 ± 2.8 6.8 ± 2.8 6.7 ± 3.2 7.5 ± 2.7 p<0.001
Chest 1, mm 6.1 ± 1.6 6.5 ± 2.1 6.6 ± 2.8 6.6 ± 3.2 6.9 ± 3.7 9.5 ± 5.9 10.3 ± 6.1 10.4 ± 5.7 11.8 ± 6.7 p<0.001
Chest 2, mm 4.9 ± 1.0 5.0 ± 1.5 5.0 ± 1.9 5.1 ± 2.3 5.0 ± 1.7 7.1 ± 4.6 7.3 ± 3.7 7.7 ± 4.5 9.1 ± 5.6 p<0.001
Suprailiac, mm 6.6 ± 1.9 6.9 ± 3.0 7.0 ± 3.9 7.5 ± 4.8 8.1 ± 4.3 12.7 ± 9.0 13.4 ± 8.3 14.2 ± 9.5 16.4 ± 9.7 p<0.001
Abdomen, mm 7.0 ± 1.5 7.1 ± 2.6 7.0 ± 3.4 7.4 ± 4.3 7.8 ± 3.8 11.2 ± 7.5 12.5 ± 8.0 12.2 ± 7.9 14.5 ± 8.2 p<0.001
T riceps, mm 11.6 ± 2.5 11.1 ± 2.3 10.8 ± 2.8 10.9 ± 3.0 11.2 ± 3.6 12.8 ± 4.8 12.8 ± 4.9 12.5 ± 4.8 13.2 ± 5.3 p<0.001
Subscapular, mm 6.7 ± 1.4 6.6 ± 1.9 6.7 ± 2.6 7.0 ± 3.1 7.2 ± 2.6 9.6 ± 5.4 10.2 ± 5.9 9.8 ± 5.8 12.0 ± 8.5 p<0.001
Back 1, mm 7.9 ± 1.5 8.3 ± 1.9 8.0 ± 2.2 7.7 ± 2.9 7.4 ± 2.4 10.3 ± 4.8 10.6 ± 4.9 10.7 ± 4.8 11.9 ± 5.9 p<0.001
Back 2, mm 6.1 ± 1.3 6.3 ± 1.8 6.0 ± 2 6.2 ± 2.5 6.2 ± 1.8 8.0 ± 4.0 8.5 ± 3.8 8.3 ± 3.6 9.3 ± 5.5 p<0.001
Knee, mm 11.0 ± 2.7 10.5 ± 2.8 9.5 ± 2.9 9.6 ± 3.5 9.9 ± 3.3 12.6 ± 4.7 13.0 ± 4.5 12.5 ± 5.3 13.1 ± 5.5 p<0.001
Thigh 1, mm 12.7 ± 2.9 12.9 ± 3.7 12.9 ± 4 13.1 ± 4.3 14.3 ± 5.0 17.4 ± 6.4 17.8 ± 6.6 17.5 ± 7.3 18.5 ± 7.6 p<0.001
Thigh 2, mm 13.1 ± 4.1 13.5 ± 4.1 13.1 ± 4.1 12.8 ± 5.2 12.9 ± 4.8 15.9 ± 7.4 18.6 ± 7.8 19.9 ± 8.5 22.6 ± 8.7 p<0.001
Calf, mm 12.0 ± 2.7 13.3 ± 3.5 13.9 ± 3.6 13.2 ± 3.9 14.6 ± 4.3 17.5 ± 5.7 18.0 ± 5.4 18.5 ± 6.5 18.3 ± 5.8 p<0.001
Girls
Cheek, mm 14.3 ± 1.8 14.3 ± 2.1 13.7 ± 1.7 13.8 ± 2.3 13.7 ± 2.6 13.5 ± 2.6* 13.8 ± 2.4* 13.7 ± 2.8* 14.8 ± 2.2 ns
Chin, mm 6.3 ± 1.9 5.7 ± 1.8 5.4 ± 1.6 5.8 ± 1.7 6.2 ± 1.8 6.8 ± 2.6 6.7 ± 2.6 6.9 ± 2.4 7.0 ± 2.3 p<0.001
Chest 1, mm 6.4 ± 1.6 7.0 ± 2.7 7.1 ± 3 7.1 ± 3.5 7.5 ± 3.9 9.6 ± 5.9 10.4 ± 5.8 11.4 ± 6.1 13.4 ± 5.3 p<0.001
Chest 2, mm 5.0 ± 0.8 5.4 ± 1.5 5.4 ± 1.9 5.6 ± 2.9 5.6 ± 2.6 7.6 ± 4.9 7.5 ± 5.2 7.5 ± 4.2 8.2 ± 3.0 p<0.001
Suprailiac, mm 8.1 ± 2.7** 8.0 ± 2.9* 8.3 ± 3.8* 9.0 ± 4.1* 9.7 ± 5.6 13.0 ± 7.8 12.7 ± 7.5 13.3 ± 7.6 15.2 ± 6.5 p<0.001
Abdomen, mm 7.9 ± 1.5* 7.9 ± 2.2* 7.8 ± 2.9 8.4 ± 3.8 8.9 ± 4.9 11.3 ± 6.7 12.0 ± 7.1 12.9 ± 7.6 15.5 ± 6.5 p<0.001
T riceps, mm 12.3 ± 1.9 11.8 ± 2.2* 11.5 ± 2.3 11.6 ± 3.2 11.7 ± 3.7 13.0 ± 5.1 12.8 ± 4.7 12.9 ± 5.1 13.8 ± 4.0 p<0.001
Subscapular, mm 7.2 ± 1.6 7.3 ± 2.5* 7.3 ± 2.5 7.8 ± 4.5 8.0 ± 3.9 10.2 ± 6.8 9.8 ± 6.3 10.0 ± 5.6 11.5 ± 4.8 p<0.001
Back 1, mm 8.8 ± 2.2 8.5 ± 2.0 8.3 ± 2.3 8.3 ± 2.9 8.4 ± 3.4 10.4 ± 4.8 10.3 ± 4.6 10.4 ± 4.3 11.9 ± 4.2 p<0.001
Back 2, mm 7.2 ± 1.7** 6.8 ± 2.1 6.8 ± 2.2** 7.2 ± 4.1* 7.2 ± 3.3 8.9 ± 5.0 9.7 ± 5.4 10.0 ± 4.8* 11.8 ± 3.9* p<0.001
Knee, mm 11.7 ± 2.7 11.4 ± 3.4 10.5 ± 3.4* 11.0 ± 4.6* 11.8 ± 3.8* 13.4 ± 4.7 12.8 ± 4.6 13.1 ± 5.1 13.9 ± 4.5 p<0.001
Thigh 1, mm 14.2 ± 2.5* 14.7 ± 3.0*** 14.7 ± 3.4*** 15.5 ± 4.8*** 16.7 ± 5.1* 19.3 ± 7.3 19.6 ± 6.9 20.9 ± 7.2** 23.1 ± 6.3** p<0.001
Thigh 2, mm 13.2 ± 3.5 13.4 ± 4.0 13.7 ± 3.8 14.1 ± 5.2 15.1 ± 5.4* 16.3 ± 6.0 19.0 ± 7.5 21.5 ± 8.8 27.0 ± 8.3* p<0.001
Calf, mm 13.3 ± 3.3 13.2 ± 3.0 13.6 ± 3.1 13.8 ± 3.6 14.8 ± 4.8 17.7 ± 5.9 18.3 ± 5.7 19.9 ± 6.2 22.9 ± 5.2*** p<0.001
Gender difference *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001
10yr 11yr
Chest 1; Diagonal fold just superior and lateral to the nipple�Chest 2; Vertical fold on the midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process�Back 1; Vertical fold just adjacent to and level
with the vertebra prominens�Back 2; Vertical fold just adjacent to the spinal column and level with and just below the arcus costalis�Thight 1; Vertical fold on the anterior aspect of the
thigh midway between the superior aspect of the patella and anterior superior iliac spine�Thight 2; Vertical fold on the posterior aspect of the thigh.
Table 2. Descriptive statistics for skinfold thickness by age and gender.
3yr 4yr 5yr 6yr 7yr 8yr 9yr
2QFFMIC FMI
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, 7�b= 13.2±1.3 kg/m2
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13.7±1.5 kg/m2
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3�b= 12.0±1.0 kg/m2
, 4�b 12.2±0.9 kg/m2
, 5�b
11.9±0.9 kg/m2
, 6�b 11.8±1.1 kg/m2
, 7�b 12.0±1.1
kg/m2
, 8�b 12.4±1.1 kg/m2
, 9�b 12.6±1.2 kg/m2
, 10
�b 13.0±1.4 kg/m2
, 11�b 13.7±1.2 kg/m2 �W&H
]R, FMI �, ��T 3 �b= 3.2±1.0 kg/m2
, 4 �b
3.0±1.0 kg/m2
, 5�b 2.9±1.0 kg/m2
, 6�b 2.8±0.9 kg/m2
,
7 �b 3.1±1.0 kg/m2
, 8 �b 3.7±1.6 kg/m2
, 9 �b
22
2345673-1189�:;<=>�?@
4.0±1.7 kg/m2
, 10 �b 3.9±1.6 kg/m2
, 11 �b 4.0±1.9
kg/m2 �W&H��T 3 �b= 3.7±1.1 kg/m
2
, 4 �b
3.3±1.0 kg/m2
, 5�b 3.2±1.0 kg/m2
, 6�b 3.4±1.2 kg/m2
,
Fig��Changes in BMI, FFMI and FMI of boys and girls.
7 �b 3.6±1.2 kg/m2
, 8 �b 4.1±1.9 kg/m2
, 9 �b
4.2±1.7 kg/m2
, 10 �b 4.2±1.8 kg/m2
, 11 �b 4.5±1.5
kg/m2 �W&HFFMI �X:¹ G�6R��=ot�
Vb, FMI� 4� p 7�� ��=ot�VG÷Eã�
&H�&, BMI �, 5 �bE9�ö3%� Adiposity
rebound3�µ6�§ER('p6&H
� ` 3�, >°3 BMI, FFMI, FMI3T~6À6T¦UU
kE�K:¹Â�ã�&H>°3q8 3§¨3T¦Uk¨
E��3, 3�b���3R>°3BMI, FFMI, FMIï��
ot�¦U�('p6� W&H4�b ���T>°3
FFMIï, ��T>°3BMI7y` FMIï�ot�¦U=
('p6&H5 �b ���T>°3 BMI, FFMI 7y`
FMI ï�ot�¦U=('p6&=, �� �('p6
� W&H 6 �b �, ��T>°3 BMI 7y` FFMI,
��T>°3 BMI7y` FMIï�ot�¦U=('p6
&H7�b ���T>°3 BMI7y` FFMIï�ot�
¦U=('p6&=, �� �('p6� W&H8 �b
���3RX�TÀD�7G�¦U=('p6&H9�b
���T>°3 BMI7y` FMI, �� � BMI, FFMI7
y` FMI�ot�¦U=('p6&H10�b���T>
°3 FFMI, ��T>°3BMI7y` FMIï�ot�¦U
=('p6&H11�b���T FFMIE�G�ot�¦U
�('p6� W&H
Boys
3yr 0.012 0.164 -0.15
4yr 0.174 0.317 * -0.119
5yr 0.344 ** 0.319 ** 0.197 *
6yr 0.368 ** 0.354 ** 0.159
7yr 0.064 0.146 -0.197
8yr 0.462 ** 0.425 ** 0.345 *
9yr 0.315 * 0.074 0.266 *
10yr 0.112 0.254 * -0.064
11yr -0.114 0.198 -0.336
Girls
3yr -0.276 -0.042 -0.233
4yr -0.24 * -0.035 -0.26 *
5yr 0.138 0.064 0.118
6yr 0.33 * 0.204 0.271 *
7yr 0.279 * 0.272 * 0.201
8yr 0.408 ** 0.251 * 0.406 *
9yr 0.321 ** 0.237 * 0.292 **
10yr 0.248 * 0.174 0.235 *
11yr 0.259 0.361 * 0.105
Gender difference *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001
Stature vs BMI Stature vs FFMI Stature vs FMI
Table 3. Coefficient of correlation (r) between stature and BMI, FFMI and FMI by age and gender.
23
� � � �� � 30 �
]� � ^�
�
� >IÚ¯T 2 ¯íÀÁ� �, I³� FFM 3 FM p
ó¯�6�G�H���� , FM �I³��%�Àv
)%FM., FFM �Ø�¸)kg. `r�6�°v=ûG
11,12)H%FM 3%FFM �y3��I³(100%)Eó¯%�&
', ]R=K*%6µÐR��<%�S3���H!�
8, %FM3GW&¦���sö�, ����7?� FMT
Ø�¸E��sö�, FFM �7?�Ø�¸T§EE1·
��G�/�=��H]R, BMI�, I³E>°THõ
��&I³T»¨ �8, �I³���T�4�QbÎ
Gp6�G�H� �, BMIEó¯%�>°3I³T¦�
��³�Î?�yW�sö=ú�� 2)H
� BMI �%FM �U%�n¢T��öE��%�&'�,
FFMI3 FMI3Gx¡r=�Æ�6& 5)HS6� , LM
�¯T FFMI � FMI �¡÷���ðX�p ��6�
�G�=, �bT>IÚ¯=¼a��4 A�G3Gx
+É p, �b�U%� FFMI� FMI�U%�·¸�<�
GH_JT«Ä��b5S~ FFMI 3 FMI 3GW&»¨
EÎG&>IÚ¯T=>�·¸=³�3G��HY«¬�,
3-11�T�� 599S3�� 747ST� 1346SE�ù3�
�Y�bT>IÚ¯»¨E�p ���G�H
� Y«¬T¥j��, >°, I³, BMI �2T_J�´=
�ÂK:¹ÂTY�¡÷ 13,14)39Ù��G&H�W�,
¥j��Íú�F� �brÌTY�bEÌ`%�
3"���G3"�p6�H
� YTI0�¡÷ 200014)�y�3, FFMI3 FMITv
¯§¸ �� BMI �, ×�}T 1 :ï �� 17.1 kg/m2
,
�� 16.3 kg/m2� ���\Ab�8, 5� 9�÷)��
15.9 kg/m2
, �� 15.3 kg/m2.�º�, ~T}ÚÕ�K*�
�=p¯T 20-25 kg/m2�º%�HBMI= 1��} 5�
� ���, 5 � pn����§E�, JKÛ�Ç
kiç)Adiposity rebound.3�µ6�G� 15)H� �, S
Tî5T BMIT§E=, FFMT§E��r%�T , FM
T§E��r%�T ��ô A�GHFFMI � FMI �,
>°THõ FFM 3 FM E��&»¨ ��&' ,
BMI=FFMI+FMI3Gx7=¯8Û! 5)H�&=W�, S6
pT»¨E�'�S3�yW�, y]È£(kg/m2
) BMI
T§EE FFM3 FMT 2¯í p·¸%�S3= A�H
Y«¬ �, 3-11�� T�ÂK:¹ÂT FFMI3 FMI
T÷E�p ��, Y�bT>IÚ¯E·¸�&H~
T&#, FFMIT 3-11�� T�Z÷�, �b= 12.6-14.4
kg/m2
, �b= 11.8-13.7 kg/m2T�ù��W&H]R, FMI
T�Z÷T�ù� , �b 2.8-4.0 kg/m2
, �b= 3.2-4.5
kg/m2 �W&HFFMI ÷3 FMI ÷�, LM��bT§¨
s�=sö A, `aO�����o"�B:E�Ü
A� 16)H� �, &3� FFMI3 FMI=§¨s�To"�
sö»¨ �W�R, BMI3yÔ�, S6pT»¨�¡r
n>°3D¦U �?6µ�p�G&', BMI 3yÔ�,
FFMI3FMITÅÎR��:¹�ù�Á4�6��/�=
��H%�w�, FFMI3 FMI=o"�»¨ ��&'�
�, ~6À6=>°3VG¦UEã��GS3=³�
��H� �, Y«¬T&#, >°3 BMI��G�>IÚ
¯»¨ïT¦U ot�¦U=û¨('p6&H�W�,
S6pT>IÚ¯»¨E�b�ÚÎ%�Ì�Ct=(�
3��H�&, :¹ÂT�`E��3, FFMIT�Z÷�X
:¹ �b=V÷Eã�, X�T:¹ ot��`=(
'p6&H]R, FMIT�Z÷�X:¹ �b=V÷Eã
�, 4� p 7�T:¹�7G�ot��`=('p6&H
STS3�, FFM TØ�¸=���ûb, FM TØ�¸=
���ûG3Gx]^��Y�=Y«¬Tyx�>°
ÊÉ��RG��S3���H
� Schutzp17)�, 18-98�TϯE�ù3�� FFMI3
FMI�U%��¡÷E:;��G�H18-34��7?��
¡÷�, ��T FFMI= 18.9kg/m2
, ��= 15.5kg/m2
, ��
T FMI = 4.2kg/m2
, ��= 5.8kg/m2
, 35-54 ��, ��T
FFMI = 19.3kg/m2
, ��= 16.1kg/m2
, ��T FMI =
4.9kg/m2
, ��= 6.2kg/m23:;��G�HY«¬�7?
��bT FFMI3 FMI3 Schutzp 17)T FFMI3 FMIT*
¹§EE¦¼%�3, Y«¬T�bT FMI TK\���
b, FFMITK\=\AGHSTS3 p, �b5�7?�
FFMT*¹§E�>° ÊÉ��R �8\Ab, FMT
*¹§E�>° ÊÉ%�3¦¼���GS3=w �H
� Y«¬ �, FFMI� FMI�U%�LM�Y�bT
÷E�p �%�S3= A&H]R, S6pT»¨Eo
"�qÎ%�&'��, FFMI3 FMI3Gx¡EÎG&
sömE·¸��Gb(�=��HSTç�GsömT�
ü�=('p66µ, FFMI3 FMITÚ�vwõ�y�>
IÚ¯«MÜLTÖ¯�yW��bT>IÚ¯E�d
ÇMåi %�S3=�/3��3!w6� 18),19)H
24
2345673-1189�:;<=>�?@
_�`�&�'�
�
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25