5th Grade Earth Science
Chapter 7Water on Earth
The Hydrosphere
• All water on the surface of the Earth make up the _____________.
• 97% of the hydrosphere is made up of _______ water.
• 3% comes from rivers, streams, ponds, and creeks - ________
• The hydrosphere covers approximately ___ or ____ of the Earth’s surface.
Hydrosphere
ocean
freshwater
¾
75%
Oceans from largest to smallest
• 1. __________ - and deepest• 2. __________ • 3. __________• 4. __________Oceans are all ________. They vary in _______,
___________, and _________.
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Arctic Ocean
connected salinity
temperature Sea levels
Earth Spheres
Salinity
• Oceans get salt from _____ - salt is carried to oceans from the rocks and soil in river beds.
• ________________ - common table salt makes up most of the salt in ocean water.
• _____ - a measure of how salty the water is• Salinity varies from place to place in oceans• When water is evaporated in oceans – the salt is left
behind – therefore salinity is _______ in shallow waters because the __________ rate is higher.
rivers
NaCl – sodium chloride
salinity
greaterevaporation
Salt water and density
• A liter of cold water with a high salinity is ______ than a liter of water that is either warmer or has a lower salinity.
• ______ in the oceans are caused by ________water sinking under ___________.
• Currents on the oceans surfaces are caused by _____
heavier
currents
Cold salty Warmer water
winds
Temperature
• Ocean water near the _________ is warmer than water near the ____.
• _______ can carry warm water towards the poles and cold water towards the equator
• _________is a current that carries warm water from the Caribbean sea to the North Atlantic Ocean.
• ___________ is a current that carries cold water southward along the coast
equatorpoles
currents
Gulf Stream
California current
Where is fresh water found?
• ___________ is water used for drinking, cooking, and cleaning.
• Fresh water has some dissolved _____ but much less than seawater.
• Fresh water comes from _____ or _____• Some water falling to the ground in the form of
____________ seeps into the ground and becomes _________, other water collects in rivers and lakes
Fresh water
salts
rain snow
precipitationGroundwater
Groundwater
• __________ - rain or melted snow that soaks into the ground.– Groundwater fills spaces between rocks and soil– Groundwater sinks until it reaches a layer of rock
or clay that it cannot move through._______ - the layer of rock or soil that groundwater
occupies___________ - top level of groundwater in an
aquifer.
groundwater
aquifer
Water table
Water Table
• The level of the water table ______ when water is added by rain or snow melt
• The level of the water table will ________ during a drought.
• _______ - people get their water from an aquifer.
• Wells can become dry if we pump water out of an _______ faster than it can be replaced
rises
decline
wells
aquifer
Groundwater / Water table
Assessments
• 1. How much of Earth is covered with water?• 2. What is salinity?• 3. What causes some ocean water to have a
higher salinity than other ocean waters?• 4. how is freshwater different from ocean
water?
Surface Waters
• Surface waters include:– __________– __________– __________Surface waters are formed from:_______________________________
rivers
lakesstreams
Melting snow
Rain watergroundwater
Water Flow
• Water from rain and snow melt always flows in a __________ direction.
• Water from precipitation flows downward into small ______.
• Streams flow into larger streams and _______.• ___________ also seeps into rivers.• _____ - form when water collects in a low spot• ________ - an artificial lake that forms behind a
dam.
downward
streams
riversgroundwater
lakesreservoir
Ice
• ____ of the Earth’s fresh water is frozen into ice • _________ and __________ form when each
year’s snowfall is greater than the amount that melts.
• When glaciers and ice sheets reach the ocean, large pieces of ice can break off - ________
• When ocean water freezes, the resulting ice is not salty – the salt is pushed out of the ice crystals as they form.
7/10
glaciers Ice sheets
Ice bergs
Pollution
• Some people get their water from ___________
• Some towns get their water from ___________ - surface water might have harmful bacteria
• Water can easily dissolve materials - _______ from fields, parking lots, and lawns contaminate surface and groundwater.
groundwater
Surface water
pollution
Water Treatment
• 1. water is pumped to a _____________ - pumped from wells at the bottom of lakes, reservoirs, or other collecting areas
• 2. __________ are added to the water to attract dirt particles.
• 3. _______ sink to the bottom of a tank• 4. The water passes through _____ - sand and gravel• 5. chemicals such as chlorine are added to the water
to kill _______
Treatment plant
chemicals
particlesfilters
bacteria
Pine Creek / Squaw Run Watershed
http://pinecreekwpa.org/?page_id=44
What is the Water Cycle?
• Water can take the form of a ________, ________, or _____
• __________ - water in the form of a gas• Water vapor particles are in _____________• _____________ - the pressure of the gas
particles against another object.• Air pressure __________ as you move
_______ into the atmosphere
solid
liquid gas
Water vapor
Constant motion
Air pressure
decreaseshigher
Water Cycle
• ___________ - the constant movement of water through the environment in different forms.
• Steps of the water cycle– _____________– _____________– ______________– ______________
Water cycle
evaporation
condensation
precipitation
runoff
Water cycle can be affected by…..
1. _______________2. _______________3. _______________4. _________________________ - changing of liquid to water vapor_________ - water vapor turns to liquid – water
droplets in ______ or _____
temperature
pressure
wind
Elevation of land
Evaporation
Condensationclouds dew
Water Cycle Continued
• _____________ - water falls from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
• __________ - ice changing into __________ without first melting
• ____ - forms when water vapor turns t ice crystals
• _____________ - drives the water cycle – melting, evaporation, and sublimation
Precipitation
Sublimation Water vapor
frost
Energy from the sun
Energy in the Water Cycle
• Energy is needed to raise ___________ to the clouds and move it by ____.
• Energy is __________ when water vapor _________ into liquid
• Water is used by plants during ____________ and animals need water for survival.
• Organisms produce water during __________
Water vaporwind
releasedcondenses
photosynthesis
respiration
Sequence
• Discuss two ways that water moves from precipitation through part of the water cycle and returns to precipitation.
How Do Clouds Form?
• ________-form when water vapor changes into tiny water droplets or crystals.
• ___________ - affects whether the water droplets are in the form of water droplets or ice crystals
• Temperature of air high in the clouds is usually ________ than the temperature of air close to the ground
• ____________ - affects the forming of clouds
clouds
Temperature
lower
Air pressure
Air pressure
• When air moves _________ to areas of less air pressure – clouds are formed
• When the air pressure is ________, the air expands and cools
• If the air cools enough - ___________ are formed
upward
less
Ice crystals
Types of Clouds
• Cirrus clouds –
• Thunderheads –
• Altocumulus -
Clouds Continued
• Stratus Clouds –
• Fog –
• Lenticular Clouds
Precipitation
• Clouds of __________ grow in cold air until they get large and heavy – fall to the Earth as __________ if the temperature between the cloud and the ground is less than 0 degrees Celcius.
• If the ice crystals fall and the air is warmer than 0 degrees the crystals will turn into____
• Rain that freezes again before it hits the ground is called _____.
Ice crystals
snowflakes
rain
sleet
Hail Formation
• ____ forms when very strong winds blow upward into a cloud – the winds blow the raindrops back into the freezing air at the top of the clouds – creates a small piece of ___
• As the ice is blown through the cloud, many __________ freeze on it until the ice crystals get too heavy and fall to the ground.
hail
ice
Layers of water
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