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CONTENTS
S.C.R.
CHARACTERIS
TICS 2
R, R-CAND
UJT
TRIE
RINCIRCUI
TS 5
SINLE!HASE
"ULL#
C$NTR
$LLED
C$N%E
RTER 12
M$N$S
TA&LE
MULTI%
I&RAT$
R 15
STUD#$"
ASTA&L
E
MULTI%
I&RAT$
R
USIN
IC ''' 18
INTERAT$R USINIC()* $!-AM!21
STUD# $" L$IC
ATES 23
REALI+ATI$N $"&ASIC ATES USIN
UNI%ERSAL ATES 28
LIHT DIMMER 30
S!EED C$NTR$L $"
DC SHUNT M$T$R. 32
1
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S.C.R.
CHARACTERISTICS
Aim: -
To stud
te %-I
caracte
ristics
o
S.C.R.
and
deter/i
ne te
&rea0
o1er
1olta2e,
on state
resistan
ce
Holdin2
current
3
Latcin
2current.
Appara
tus
require
d: -
SCR,!o4er
Su55lies
,
6atta2eResistor
s,A//ete
r,
%olt/et
er, etc.
Circuit
Diagra
m: -
Theory:-
Te Silicon
Controlled Rectiier
7SCR8 is si/5l a
con1entional rectiier
controlled b a 2ate
si2nal. Te /ain circuit
is a rectiier9 o4e1er
te a55lication o a
or4ard 1olta2e is not
enou2 or conduction.
A 2ate si2nal controls
te rectiier conduction.
Te rectiier circuit
7anode-catode8 as a
lo4 or4ard resistance
and a i2 re1erse
resistance. It is
controlled ro/ an o
state 7i2 resistance8 to
te on state 7lo4
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resistanc
e8 b a
si2nal
a55lied
to te
tird
ter/inal
, te
2ate.
$nce it
is turned
on it
re/ains
on e1en
ater
re/o1al
o te
2ate
si2nal,
as lon2
as a
/ini/u
/
current,
te
oldin2
current,
I, is
/aintain
ed in te /ain or
rectiier circuit. To turn
o an SCR te anode-
catode current /ust be
reduced to less tan te
oldin2 current, I.
Notice te re1erse
caracteristics are te
sa/e as discussed
5re1iousl or te
rectiier or diode, a1in2
a brea0 o1er 1olta2e
4it its attendin2
a1alance current9 and a
lea0a2e current or
1olta2es less tan te
brea0 o1er 1olta2e.
Ho4e1er, in te or4ard
direction 4it o5en 2ate,
te SCR re/ains
essentiall in an o
condition 7notice tou2
tat tere is a s/all
or4ard lea0a2e8 u5
until te or4ard brea0
o1er 1olta2e is reaced.
At tat 5oint te cur1e
sna5s bac0 to a t5ical
2
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or4ard
rectiier
caracte
ristic.
Te
a55licati
on o a
s/all
or4ard
2ate
1olta2e
s4itceste SCR
onto its
standard
diode
or4ard
caracte
ristic or
1olta2esless tan
te
or4ard
brea0
o1er
1olta2e.
rocedure: -
1. Connections are /adeas so4n in te circuit
dia2ra/.
2. Te 1alue o 2ate
current I, is set to
con1enient 1alue bad:ustin2 %.
3. & 1arin2 te anode-
catode su55l 1olta2e
%AA 2raduall in ste5-
b-ste5, note do4n te
corres5ondin2 1alues o
%A; 3 IA. Note do4n
%A; 3 IAat te instant
o irin2 o SCR and
ater irin2 7b reducin2
te 1olt/eter ran2es and
increasin2 te a//eter
ran2es8 ten increase te
su55l 1olta2e %AA.
Note do4n
corres5ondin2 1alues o
%A; 3 IA.
4. Te 5oint at 4icSCR ires, 2i1es te
1alue o brea0 o1er
1olta2e %&$.
5. A 2ra5 o %A; %
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6. Te
onstate
resist
ance
canbe
calcul
atedro/
te
2ra5b
usin2
a or/ula.
7. Te 2ate su55l
1olta2e % is to be
s4itced o
8. $bser1e te a//eter
readin2 b reducin2te anode-catodesu55l 1olta2e %AA.
Te 5oint
3
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at 4ic te a//eter readin2 suddenl 2oes to =ero 2i1es te 1alue o Holdin2 Current IH.
>. Ste5s No.?, @, ), ', , (, B are re5eated or anoter 1alue o te 2ate current I.
O!ser"atio# Ta!$e:-
%or&ard Characteristics 'atchi#g Curre#t Ho$di#g Curre#t
Ig( ).. *g()). I'(). Ig( ) *g() I'()
Sr #o
*A+ IA,
Sr #o IAmA
Sr #o IAmA
*o$ts
Co#c$usio#:-
1. SCR caracteristics as been studied and te or4ard brea0 o1er 1olta2e is ound out to
be 1olts.
2. Te obser1ed 1alues o oldin2 and latcin2 currents are . And
res5ecti1el.
3. SCR caracteristics a1e been dra4n ro/ te obser1ed 1alues o %A0and IA0.
4. "ro/ te 2ra5 it is clear tat ater or4ard brea0do4n 1olta2e SCR starts conductin2
and tere is a sudden decrease in te 1olta2e across SCR.SCR re/ains in te $N state
e1en i te 2ate is re/o1ed. I anode current alls belo4 te oldin2 current SCR 2et
turned $"".
4
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R/ R-C AND
01T
TRI22ERIN
2 CIRC0ITS
Aim:-To studteo5eration oresistance,resistanceca5acitance andUJTtri22erin2circuitsoSCR .
Appara
tus
require
d: -
SCR
T#),!o4er
Su55lies
,
A//eter,
%olt/et
er, etc.,
Circuit
Diagram: R -
Tri22eri
n2CircuitF
Theory:
Resista#ce Triggeri#g:
Resistance
tri22er circuits arete si/5lest 3 /ost
econo/ical /etod.
Durin2 te 5ositi1e
al ccle o te
in5ut 1olta2e, SCR
beco/e or4ard
biased but it 4ill not
conduct until its
2ate current eGceeds
I2/in . Diode D
allo4s te lo4 o
current durin2
5ositi1e al ccle
onl. R? is te
1ariable resistance
3 R is te
stabili=in2
resistance .R* is
used to li/it te
2ate current. Durin2
te 5ositi1e al
ccle current I2
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lo
4s.
I2
incr
eas
es
and
4e
n
I2
I2/in te SCR turns
$N .Te irin2
an2le can be 1aried
ro/ > b
1arin2 te
resistance R.
5
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3ode$ 2raph: R - Tri22erin2 CircuitF
rocedure :- R "irin2 F
1. Connections are /ade as so4n in i2.
2. S4itc on te 5o4er su55l to te CR$.
3. Set te CR$ to te line tri22er /ode.
4. S4itc on 5o4er su55l to te SCR trainer.
5. $bser1e te 4a1eor/ on te CR$.
6. Stud te 4a1eor/s or 1arious irin2 an2le b 1arin2 te 5ot in R tri22er circuit.
7. $bser1e te ran2e o irin2 an2le control.
8. "or an one 5articular irin2 an2le 5lot te 4a1eor/s o te ac 1olta2e, 1olta2e across teload and te SCR.
9. Measure te a1era2e dc 1olta2e across te load and r/s 1alue o te ac in5ut 1olta2e usin2 adi2ital /ulti/eter.
10. Calculate te dc out5ut 1olta2e usin2 te eKuation.
% - %r/s 1alue o ac in5ut 1olta2e
%/ -
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6
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O!ser"atio# Ta!$e:-
Teoretical %oSr No "irin2 An2le cos Indicated %o
Circuit Diagram:- RC Tri22erin2 CircuitF
Theory :- RC Tri22erin2F
& 1arin2 te 1ariable resistance R, te irin2 an2le can be 1aried ro/ *B
.In te ne2ati1e al ccle te ca5acitance C car2es trou2 te diode D? 4it lo4er 5late
5ositi1e to, te 5ea0 su55l 1olta2e E/aG .Tis Ca5acitor 1olta2e re/ains constant at until
su55l 1olta2e attains =ero 1alue. Durin2 te 5ositi1e al ccle o te in5ut 1olta2e, C
be2ins to car2e trou2 R. 6en te ca5acitor 1olta2e reaces te /ini/u/ 2ate tri22er
1olta2e SCR 4ill turn on.
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
Modelra5F
rocedu
re:-
RC
"IRINF
*.
Connections are
/ade as
so4nin i2.
?.S4itc
on te5o4er
su55lto te
CR$ .
3. Sette
CR$
to teline
tri22er /ode.
4. S4itc on 5o4er
su55l to te SCRtrainer.
5. $bser1e te 4a1eor/
on te CR$.
6. Stud te 4a1eor/sor 1arious irin2
an2le b 1arin2 te
5ot in R tri22ercircuit.
7. $bser1e te ran2e oirin2 an2le control. t
u t e o T e c n o l o
2 !a2e '@
8. "or an one 5articularirin2 an2le 5lot te4a1eor/s o te ac1olta2e, 1olta2e acrosste load and te SCR.
9. Measure te a1era2edc 1olta2e across teload and r/s 1alue ote ac in5ut 1olta2eusin2 a di2ital/illi/eter.
10. Calculate te dcout5ut 1olta2e usin2
te eKuation.
8
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
O!ser"
atio#
Ta!$e:
In5ut
UJT
Tri22erin2
Circuit F
-
Theory:
-
A
s
n
croni=ed UJTtri22ered circuit
usin2 an UJT is
so4n in tei2ure. Diodes
D*O to D)O recti
ac to dc. Resistor R*
lo4ers %dc to a
suitable 1alue or te
=ener diode and UJT.
+ener diode +O
unctions to cli5 te
rectiied 1olta2e to a
standard le1el, %=O
4ic re/ains
constant eGce5t near
te %dc =ero. Te
1olta2e %= is a55lied
to te car2in2
circuit
RC. Current IO,
car2es ca5acitor cO
at a rate deter/ined
b RO 1olta2e across
ca5acitor is /ar0ed
b %cO as so4n.
6en %cO reaces
te
te t-&* :unction o
UJT brea0s do4n and
te ca5acitor cO
discar2es trou2
te 5ri/ar o
9
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
5ulse
transor
/ersendin2
a currentC?O asso4n.
As
te
curr
ent
i?O
is
in
te
or
/
o
5ul
se,4in
din
2s
o
te
5ul
se
tran
sor
/er
a1
e
5ul
se
1olta2es at teir
secondar
ter/inals. !ulse at
te t4o secondar
4indin2s eeds te
sa/e in 5ase 5ulse
to t4o SCRs o a
ull 4a1e circuits.
SCR 4it 5ositi1e
anode 1olta2e
4ould turn $N. As
soon as te
ca5acitor
discar2es, it starts
to recar2e as
so4n. Rate o rise
o ca5acitor 1olta2e
can be controlled b
1arin2 RO. Te
irin2 an2le can be
controlled u5 to
abo1e *'o. Tis
/etod o
controllin2 te
out5ut 5o4er b
1arin2 te
car2in2 resistor rO
is called ra/5
control, o5en loo5
control 7or8 /anual
control.
3ode$ 2raph:-
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
rocedure:-
1. Connect a 3 0 ter/inal o UJT tri22erin2 circuit to te 2ate catode ter/inals o SCR.
2. i1e a ?) % ac su55l.
3. $bser1e te 4a1eor/s and 5lot it or one 5articular irin2 an2le b ad:ustin2 te5otentio/eter and obser1e te ran2e o1er 4ic irin2 an2le is controllable.
4. $bser1e tat ca5acitor 1olta2e is set at e1er al ccle.
O!ser"atio# Ta!$e:-
Teoretical %o
Sr No "irin2 An2le cos Indicated %o
Resu$t: - Tus te o5eration o resistance, resistance ca5acitance and UJT tri22erin2 circuits oSCR as been studied.
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SIN2'
E
HASE
%0''4
CONTR
O''ED
CON*E
RTER
Aim:-Tostudteo5erati
on osin2le5aseullcontrolledcon1erter usin2R andRL loadandtoobser1eteout5ut
4a1eor/s.
Appara
tus
Require
d:
!o4er
Tristo
rs,
Reostat, CR$,
Transor
/er 7*-5ase8
?@%
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is
eit
er
5os
iti1
e or
ne2
ati1
e
but
out
5ut
curr
ent
is
al4
as
5os
iti1
e. "i2ure so4s te
Kuadrant o5eration
o ull controlled
brid2e rectiier 4it
R-load. "i2 so4s
sin2le 5ase ull
controlled rectiier
4it resisti1e load.
Tis t5e o ull
4a1e rectiier
circuit consists o
our SCRs. Durin2
te 5ositi1e al
ccle, SCRs T* and
T? are or4ard
biased. At Pt ,
SCRs T*
12
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
and
T@
are
tri2
2er
ed,
te
n
te
curr
ent
lo
4s
tro
u2
te
L -
T*-
R
loa
d -
T@ -
N.
At
Pt
Q,
su55l
1olt
a2e
all
s to
=er
o
and te current also
2oes to =ero. Hence
SCRs T* and T@
turned o. Durin2
ne2ati1e al ccle
7Q to ?Q8. SCRs T@
and T) or4ard
biased. At Pt Q
, SCRs
T? and T) are
tri22ered, ten
current lo4s
trou2 te 5at N -
T? - R load- T) - L.
At Pt ?Q, su55l
1olta2e and current
2oes to =ero, SCRs
T? and T) are
turned o. Te "i2-
@, so4s te current
and 1olta2e
4a1eor/s or tis
circuit. "or lar2e
5o4er dc loads, @-
5ase ac to dc
con1erters are
co//onl used.
Te 1arious t5es o
tree-5ase 5ase-
controlled
con1erters are @
5ase al-4a1e
con1erter, @-5ase
se/i con1erter, @-
5ase ull controlled
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and
@-
5a
se
dua
l
con
1ert
er.
Tr
ee-
5a
se
al
-
4a1
e
con
1ert
er is
rare
l
use
d in
ind
ustr
bec
aus
e it
intr
odu
ces
dc
co
/5onent in te
su55l current.
Se/i con1erters and
ull con1erters are
Kuite co//on in
industrial
a55lications. A dual
is used onl 4en
re1ersible dc dri1es
4it 5o4er ratin2s
o se1eral M6 are
reKuired. Te
ad1anta2es o tree
5ase con1erters
o1er sin2le-5ase
con1erters are as
underF In @-5ase
con1erters, te
ri55le reKuenc o
te con1erter out5ut
1olta2e is i2er
tan in sin2le-5ase
con1erter.
ConseKuentl, te
ilterin2
reKuire/ents or
s/ootin2 out te
load current are less.
Te load current is
/ostl continuous
in @-5ase
con1erters. Te load
5eror/ance, 4en
@-5ase con1erters
are used, is
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ter
eor
e
su5
erio
r as
co
/5
are
d to
4e
n
sin2
le-
5a
se
con
1ert
ers
are
use
d.
Edc7?E/87Cos8
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readin2 o te /ulti/eter. Also note te 1alue o /aGi/u/ a/5litude %/ ro/ te 4a1eor/.
8. Set te 5otentio/eter at dierent 5ositions and ollo4 te ste5 2i1en in 78 or e1er 5osition.
9. Tabulate te readin2s in obser1ation colu/n.
10. Dra4 te 4a1eor/s obser1ed on CR$.
O!ser"atio# Ta!$e: -
Teoretical %o
Sr No "irin2 An2le cos Indicated %o
Resu$t:
Tus te o5eration o sin2le 5ase ull controlled con1erter usin2 R load as been studied
and te out5ut 4a1eor/s as been obser1ed.
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
3ONOSTA5'E
30'TI*I5RATO
R
Aim:-To stud
anddesi2n
/onosta
ble
/ulti1ibrator.
Appara
tus:-
CR$,connecti
n2
4ires,unction
2enerato
r,5robesetc.
Circuit
diagra
m:-
THEO
R4:-
A monostable
multivibrator (MMV)
often called a one-shot
multivibrator, is a 5ulse
2enerator circuit in4ic te duration o te
5ulse is deter/ined b
te R-C net4or0,
connected eGternall to
te ''' ti/er. In suc a
1ibrator, one state o
out5ut is stable 4ile te
oter is Kuasi-stable
7unstable8. "or auto-
tri22erin2 o out5ut ro/Kuasi-stable state to
stable state ener2 is
stored b an eGternall
connected ca5acitor C to
a reerence le1el. Te
ti/e ta0en in stora2e
deter/ines te 5ulse
4idt. Te transition o
out5ut ro/ stable state
to Kuasi-stable state isacco/5lised b
eGternal tri22erin2. Te
sce/atic o a ''' ti/er
in /onostable /ode o
o5eration is so4n in
i2ure.
15
http://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-introductionhttp://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-introductionhttp://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-block-diagramhttp://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-introductionhttp://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-block-diagramhttp://www.circuitstoday.com/555-timer-ic-block-diagram7/18/2019 237436528 Final Ie Lab Manual
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
In te/onostable/ode,te '''ti/eracts as aone-sot5ulse2enerator. Te5ulsebe2ins
4ente '''ti/errecei1esa si2nalat tetri22erin5uttat allsbelo4 atird o
te 1olta2e su55l. Te4idt o te out5ut 5ulseis deter/ined b teti/e constant o an RCnet4or0, 4ic consistso a ca5acitor 7C8 and aresistor 7R8. Te out5ut5ulse ends 4en tecar2e on te C eKuals?
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16
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4. Teoreticall calculate te 5ulse duration as Ti2*.*. RAC
5. Co/5are it 4it eG5eri/ental 1alues
O!ser"atio# Ta!$e :-
Ton To "reKuenc Du
THE$R$TICAL
!RACTICAL
Resu$t:- Tus te /onostable /ulti1ibrator as been desi2ned and studied successull.
17
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
ST0D4
O%
ASTA5
'E
30'TI
*I5RA
TOR
0SIN2
IC 666
Aim:-
Stud o
Astable/ulti1ibrator
usin2 IC
''' orreKuenc
* 0=
and dutccle
('.
Appara
tus
require
d :- IC
()*,&read-
board,du
al 5o4er
su55l,unctio
n
2enerato
rresistors
and
connect
in2
4ire.
Circuit
diagra
m:-
Theory:-
Te circuit
dia2ra/ or te astable
/ulti1ibrator usin2 IC
''' is so4n ere. Teastable /ulti1ibrator
2enerates a sKuare 4a1e,
te 5eriod o 4ic is
deter/ined b te circuit
eGternal to IC '''. Te
astable /ulti1ibrator
does not reKuire an
eGternal tri22er to
can2e te state o te
out5ut. Hence te na/e
ree runnin2 oscillator.Te ti/e durin2 4ic
te out5ut is eiter i2
or lo4 is deter/ined b
te t4o resistors and a
ca5acitor 4ic are
eGternall connected to
te ''' ti/er Te abo1e
i2ure so4s te '''
ti/er connected as an
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astable
/ulti1ib
rator.
Initiall
4en
te
out5ut
is i2 ca5acitor C starts
car2in2 to4ards Vcc
trou2RAandRB.
18
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
5$oc, diagram o7 IC 666
Ho4e1er as
soon aste
1olta2e
acrossteca5acitor eKuals
?
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
rocedure:-
1. Ma0e te connectins as so4n in te i2 4it te desi2ned 1alues.
2. %ar te 5reset and obser1e te out5ut on CR$.
3. $bser1e te out5ut across ca5acitor
4. %eri te 5ractical 1alues o Ton and To 4it teoretical 1alues.
O!ser"atio#s:-
Ton To Dut Ccle
THE$RI$TICAL
!RACTILAC
2raph:-
1) $
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
INTE2RATOR
0SIN2 IC89
O-A3
Aim:-
Tostud teo5erationoteInte2ratorusin
2 o5-a/5andtraceteout5ut4a1eor/s orsineandsKuare4a1ein5uts.
Appara
tus
Require
d:-
&read
&oardIC()*,
Resistors,
Ca5acit
ors"unctio
n
enerat
or CR$!robes
Connectin2 4ires
Circuit Diagram :- 7To
be Dra4n8
Theory:-
I#tegrator:
A circuit in4ic te out5ut1olta2e is teinte2ration o tein5ut 1olta2e iscalled an inte2rator.
In te 5ractical
inte2rator to reduce te
error 1olta2e at te
out5ut, a resistor R" is
connected across te
eedbac0 ca5acitor C".
Tus, R" li/its te lo4-
reKuenc 2ain and
ence /ini/i=es te
1ariations in te out5ut1olta2e.
Te reKuencres5onse o teinte2rator is so4n in
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te i2.b is tereKuenc at4icte 2ainis d&and is2i1en b
b *
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
teabo1eeKuation, 4e cancalculat
e R bassu/in2 a 3C.Tisis 1eri/5ortantreKuenc. Ittells us4ereteuseulinte2rationran2estarts.Inte2rator as
4ide
a55lications in
1. Anal
o2co/5utersu
sedorsol1i
n2 dierentialeKuations insi/ulationarran2e/ents.
2. A
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Resu$t: Tus,
Inte2rator circuit
as been studiedand te
4a1eor/s as
been obser1ed.
22
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
ST0D4 O% 'O2IC
2ATES
Aim FTo
studabout
lo2ic
2atesand
1eri
teir
truttables.
Apparatus
require
dFICs
,Connectin2
6ires
and&read
&oard.
Circuit
Diagra
m F-
AND
OR
23
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
NAND
NOT
24
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
NOR
25
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
E;-OR
Theory :-
Circuit tat ta0es te lo2ical decision and te 5rocess are called lo2ic 2ates.
Eac 2ate as one or /ore in5ut and onl one out5ut. $R, AND and N$T are
basic 2ates. NAND, N$R and X-$R are 0no4n as uni1ersal 2ates. &asic 2ates
or/ tese 2ates.
AND 2ATE:
Te AND 2ate 5eror/s a lo2ical /ulti5lication co//onl 0no4n as
AND unction. Te out5ut is i2 4en bot te in5uts are i2. Te out5ut is
lo4 le1el 4en an one o te in5uts is lo4.
OR 2ATE:
Te $R 2ate 5eror/s a lo2ical addition co//onl 0no4n as $R unction.
Te out5ut is i2 4en an one o te in5uts is i2. Te out5ut is lo4 le1el
4en bot te in5uts are lo4.
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
NOT
2ATE:
Te
N$T2at
e is
called
an
in1erte
r.
Te
out5ut
is
i2
4
ente
in5
utis
lo4.Te
out5ut
is lo44en
te
in5ut isi2.
NAND
2ATE:
Te
NAND2ate is a
contracti
on o
AND-N$T.
Te
out5ut is i2 4en bot
in5uts are lo4 and an
one o te in5ut is lo4
.Te out5ut is lo4 le1el
4en bot
in5uts are i2.
NOR 2ATE:
Te N$R 2ate is a
contraction o $R-N$T.
Te out5ut is i2 4enbot in5uts
are lo4. Te out5ut is
lo4 4en one or bot
in5uts are i2.
;-OR 2ATE:
Te out5ut is i2 4enan one o te in5uts is
i2. Te out5ut is lo4
4en bot te in5uts
are lo4 and bot te
in5uts are i2.
rocedure: -
1. Connections are
2i1en as 5er
circuit dia2ra/.
2. Lo2ical in5utsare 2i1en as 5er
circuit dia2ra/.
3. $bser1e teout5ut and 1eri
te trut table
.
Resu$t :- All te
basics 2ates are
studied and te trut
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tables
are1eriie
d.
27
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Industrial Electronics Lab Manual
RE
A'
I
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