MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
Urban
Transportation
Networks
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
STTNAS Yogyakarta
Sistem Infrastruktur dan Transportasi
TPS 505 Semester V 3 sks
Pengampu : Iwan Aminto Ardi, S.T.Reference sources : Mark Zuidgeest
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Land use and transport
Urban areas are transport land use systems
Complex entities with a multitude of functions.
System where locations and spatial accumulation form land uses.
Urban land use:
Expresses the attributes of the urban space.
Attempts to interpret spatial elements and their interrelations.
This system is highly complex and includes several relationships.
Each urban area is part of a sub-system including the transport system, spatial interactions and land use.
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Land use and transport
Conceptual overview
The relationships between transport and land use have been investigated for a long time and subject to numerous approaches.
Von Thunen, concentric ring model, sector/nuclei
Formal Land Use Functional Land Use
Bungalows
Park
Factories
Shopping center
Apartments
Low density residential
Leisure
Industrial
Commercial
High density residential
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Von Thunens regional land use model
Isolated State Modified Conditions
Livestock farming
Three-field system
Crop framing, fallow
and pasture
Crop farming without
fallow
Firewood and lumber
production
Market gardening and
milk production
Navigable river
Central city
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Transport and urban form
Urban form The form of a city greatly influences and is
influenced by travel patterns, origins and destinations.
The dense urban cores of many European, Japanese and Chinese cities enable residents to make 30 to 60 percent of all trips by walking and cycling.
The dispersed urban form of Australian and American cities encourages reliance on the car.
There is a wide variety of urban forms and urban transport systems.
Impact of the private car An increasing number of cities worldwide seem to be
developing at a scale that increases reliance on the privately owned automobile.
Dispersion is taking place in many different types of cities.
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
The key
relationships
between transport
and urban form
David Banister Unsustainable Transport Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Evolution of the activity system of a city
FinancialInsuranceWarehousing
FinancialRetailingWholesaling
IndustrialTransportWarehousing
FinancialRetailing
TransportWholesaling
A
IndustrialWarehousingWholesalingTransport
B C
Core activities Central activities Peripheral activities
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Transport and urban form
Urban form, in turn, affects the demand for travel and the
efficiency/effectiveness of different forms of transport
km
passengers
1 2
3
4
5a
5b1 - non-motorized transport
2 - ind. transport (car)
3 - bus
4 - Light Rail Transit (LRT)
5a - metro
5b - urban rail
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Evolution of transport and urban form, technological
impacts
Historically, transport has shaped the size and spatial configurations of urban areas
In particular, as transport technology (modes of transport as well as the transport system) has changed, cities have been able to grow dramatically in size+
Law of Constant Travel Time
I - Walking-horsecar era (1800-1890)
II - Streetcar era (1890-1920)
III - Automobile era (1920-1945)
IV - Freeway era (1945-)
I
II III IV
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Road Highway Activity centre
Type I - completely motorised network
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Road
Highway
Activity centreTransit line
Type II - weak center
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Road Highway Activity centreTransit line
Type III - strong centre
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Road
Highway
Activity centreTransit line
Type IV - traffic restraint
Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Network Structures
Centralized Decentralized Distributed
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Transport Structures
Hub / InterfaceFeeder
Warehousing
Financial / Insurance
Retail / Wholesale
Distribution
Node
LinkFlow
Corridor
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Centrifugal and Centripetal Networks
Centrifugal Centripetal
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MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Point-to-Point and Hub-and-Spoke Networks
Point-to-Point Hub-and-Spoke
Hub
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Impacts of Integration Processes on Networks and FlowsN
etw
ork
Flo
ws
Before Integration After Integration
International border
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MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Cost, Revenue and Level of Network Coverage
5
37
4
10
Cost: 10
Revenue: 15
Benefit: 5
A
Cost: 12
Revenue: 18
Benefit: 6
B
Cost: 14
Revenue: 25
Benefit: 11
C
Cost: 19
Revenue: 29
Benefit: 10
D
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Transport Rates and Network Structure
Low Average High
Rate
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Topology of a Network
Node
Link
Unidirectional link
Bi-directional link
Entry and exit
Exit
Entry
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Types of Network Topology
Mesh Hub-and-Spoke
Linear Tree
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MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
For each node to be linked to another node
Even number of nodes Odd number of nodes
For all the nodes to be linked together
For each node to be linked to all other nodes Number of possible combinations
Network Geometry and Number of Links
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Topology and Network Connectivity
Ave
rag
e P
ath
Len
gth
Network Length
Min
imu
m N
etw
ork
Fu
lly C
on
nec
ted
Net
wo
rk
Geographic Barrier
A
B or C
D
A
B
C
D
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Typology of Transportation Networks - I
Number of edges and nodes
14
5
63
2
Orientation and extent
Abstraction level
Concrete Abstract
Relative location
7 6
5
4
3
2
1
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Typology of Transportation Networks - II
Distance, road type and control of
the vehicle
HighwaySecondary road
125 km90 km
Modes and Terminals
Road
Maritime
Volume and directionType of traffic
Continuous
Divided
PortRailyard
Rail
Depot
100
50
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Typology of Transportation Networks - III
Type of correspondence
Hierarchical
Non- hierarchical
Pattern
Random
Mesh
Linear
Change (dynamics)
Load and capacity
0.3
0.7
0.5
0.9
0.7
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Transport Networks and Space
Transport Network
Space
Accessibility
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Mode of Territorial Occupation by Transport Networks
Clearly defined Vaguely defined Without definition
Road
Rail Air corridor
Cellular coverage
Overlap
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MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
A B C
D E F
Network Strategies to Service a Set of Locations
This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Absolute and Relative Distance in a Network
10 km 30 minutes
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MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Networks and Spatial Continuity
A B
C
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MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Network Performance
While there are many issues involved in network performance, the key issue is time. How quick does your system need to be?
How long should it take to move through the network?
How frequent must the connection be?
What capacity is required?
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Poorly Adaptive Transit
For cities that are already dispersed, transit that fails to adapt to the urban form will
find it much harder to influence future growth, since it is not perceived as terribly
useful by most.
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MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Strongly Adaptive Transit
Transit services that are highly adapted to existing urban form can begin to exert a
stronger influence on future urban form. The hybrid transit metropolis develops this special kind of harmony.
Before
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Strongly Adaptive Transit
Transit services that are highly adapted to existing urban form can begin to exert a
stronger influence on future urban form. The hybrid transit metropolis develops this special kind of harmony.
After
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Dense Corridors
Dense corridors may justify an investment in fixed guideway transit, since so many
trip needs can be met with a single line.
Mile
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MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Dispersed Corridors
In cities characterized by low-density dispersal, corridor-focused systems end up
being inconvenient for most trips.
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MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Dispersed Corridors
The secret to providing urban-adaptive transit in dispersed areas is flexibility. This
can still be done with fixed infrastructure.
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota
MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Total Traffic
Generated
(Vehicle
Miles)
100% 200% 300%
Doubling Population: Impacts
Existing: Low
Density
Expand Area
at Half Density
Same Area,
2X Density
This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota