by
B~1
I. GENERAL FEATURES
A. FUNGSI UMUM
• Transpor dan hemoestasis berfungsi
untuk menyebarkan oksigen, bahan
nutrisi, antibody dan hormon ke seluruh
jaringan tubuh serta mengumpulkan
karbon dioksida dan produk limbah
metabolik lain untuk dikeluarkan melalui
organ ekskretoris.
B. 2 system sirkulasi
1. The cardiovascular system
• Pembuluh darah tertutup
• Pompa darah
• Four components : jantung,arteri,vena dan kapiler
2. The lymphatic vascular system
• Bergerak dalam 1 arah
• Aliran limfe tidak merupakan peredaran tertutup
• Three types :
• Kapiler limfaticus
• Pembuluh limfaticus
• Duktus limfaticus
C. Walls of the blood and lymphatic vessels
1. Tunica intima• Lapisan terdalam• lapisan Endothelium dan subendothelial
2. Tunica media• Lapisan tengah• terdiri atas sel-sel otot polos yang teroriantasi melingkar• Arteri tipis
3. Tunica adventitia• Lapisan terluar• Terdiri atas Serat kolagen dan elastis
Large Artery : Aorta (Transverse Section)
4. Intima
5. Internal elastic membrane
1. Adventitia
2. Elastic lamellae in media
3. Smooth muscle in media (unstaine)
B. ARTERIES
Three types :
a. Large elastic arteries, conducting arteries
exp : Aorta, pulmonary arteries, common carotid arteries, large lumen
• T. intima
- endothelium cells
- subendothelial : elastic fibers, collagen, smooth muscle cells.
• Internal elastic lamina
• T. Media
- concentric fenestrated elastic laminae
- some collagen fibers and smooth muscle cells
• Poorly defined external elastic lamina
• T. Adventitia :
- Scattered collagen fibers
- Small elastic fibers
- Vasa vasorum
- Small lymphatic
- Nerve fibers
Neurovascular Bundle (Transverse Section)
1. Sympathetic ganglion nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers
2. Nerves
3. Arteriole
4. Venule
5. Lymph node hilus and lympathetic tissue
6. Lympathic vessels
7. Veins
8. Nerves (o.s and t.s.)
9. Arterioles
10. Nerves
11. Lymph node : medulla
12. Lymph node : cortex
18. Lumen of large (elastic) artery
14. Capsule
15. Tunica Adventitia
16. Tunica Media
17. Internal elastic membrane
13. Marginal sinus
19. Endothelium and subendothelial connective tisuue
20. Adipose tissue
21. Capillaries
22. Medium-sized vein (l.s) filled with blood
23. Tunica media
24. Tunica adventitia
25. Nerve
26. Arterioled
b. Muscular arteries
Medium sized, distributing arteries
• Relatively thick wall
• More smooth muscle
• Fewer elastic fiber in t.media
• Exemple a brachialis, a mesenterica superior
• T. intima
- Endothelium
- Subendothelial connective tissue
• Internal elastic lamina : promineut
• T. media :
- Thick
- Circularly smooth muscle layer
- Elastic and reticular fibers
• External elastic lamina
• T. Adventitia
- relatively thin (smaller) than t. media
- Collagen fibers
- Elastic fibers
- Vasa vasorum
Photomicrogra
ph of a section
of muscular
artery stained
by Weigert’s
method for
elastic
structures
Internal Elastic
Lamina media
Adventitia
Diagram comparing the structure of a muscular artery (left) and accompanying vein (right). Note that the tunica lamina and tunica media the highly development in the artery but not in the vein
Endothellium Internal elastic lamina
Intima
Media
Adventitia
Endothellium
c. Arterioles
0.5 mm
• T. intima
- Endothelium
- Lack subendothelial connective tissue
- Membrana elastica interna (smaller arteriole)
• T. Media : 1-5 layer, smooth muscles
• T. adventitia, very thin collagen fibers
d. Metarteriole
• Small branches of arteriole
• Precapillaary sphincters
• T. Intima :
• Internal elastic membrane -
• T. Media : single layer smooth muscle
C. VEINS
- Thinner walls than arteries
- Thicker adventitia
- Valves
Three types :
1. Venules
2. Medim and small size
3. Large
1. Venules :
• T. Intima, endothelium
• T. Media and adventitia very thin
2. Small and medium sized
• V. saphena, hepatic portal
• T. Intima : endothelium + subendothellial connective tissue, valus +
• Internal elastic membrane -
• T. Media :
- thin smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers
• T. adventitia, relatively thick
Blood and Lymphatic Vessels
1. Arteriole
2. Nerves (t.s)
3. Venule (o.s)
4. Small (terminal) artery tunica media
5. Arteriole
6. Tunica adventitia of small artery
7. Vein (o.s)
8. Arteriole with a clot (l.s)
9. Capillary (l.s) with erythrocytes
10. Venule
11.Capillary
12. Lymphatic vessel with valve
18. Vein with blood clot
14. Nerve
15. Vasa vasorum
16. Endothelium
17. Subendothelial layer
13. Adipose tissue
19. Internal elastic membrane
20. Capillaries
21. Small (terminal) artery
22. Medium-sized vein
23. Nerves (t.s)
24. Endothelium
25. Tunica media
26. Tunica adventitia
27. Vein (o.s)
28. Adipose tissue
3. Large
e.g. superior and inferior venaecavae
• T. Intima :
- Endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue
- Value +
• T. Media : smooth muscle, reticular fibers, collagen, elastic fibers
• T. Adventitia :
- Thickest
- Prominent bundles of smooth muscle + collagen fibers
- Vasa vasorum
Photomicrograph of a section of a larger vein.
Observe the well-developed adventitia with
characteristic longitudinal smooth muscle bundles.
Intima
Media
Adventitia
Simplified schematic diagram of the vessels of the blood vascular system. Schematic cross sections of the various types of vessels are also shown. Compare the relative thickness of the 3 tunics in the cross-sections : intima (white, media (heavy stipple) and adventitia (light stipple).
Capillary bed
Muscular artery
Arteriole
Metarteriole
Blood and Lymphatic Vessels
1. Arteriole
2. Nerves (t.s)
3. Venule (o.s)
4. Small (terminal) artery tunica media
5. Arteriole
6. Tunica adventitia of small artery
7. Vein (o.s)
8. Arteriole with a clot (l.s)
9. Capillary (l.s) with erythrocytes
10. Venule
11. Capillary
12. Lymphatic vessel with valve
18. Vein with blood clot
14. Nerve
15. Vasa vasorum
16. Endothelium 17. Subendothelial layer
13. Adipose tissue
19. Internal elastic membrane
20. Capillaries
21. Small (terminal) artery
22. Medium-sized vein
23. Nerves (t.s)
24. Endothelium 25. Tunica media 26. Tunica adventitia27. Vein (o.s)
28. Adipose tissue
C. CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SMALL ARTERIES AND VEINS
1. Capillaries
2. Portal system
3. Asteriovenous anastomoser
4. Glomus
Types of microcirculation formed by small blood vessels. The usual sequence of arteriole Metarteriole capillary venule and vein is shown at (1). An arteriovenous anastomosis is shown at (2) and an arterial portal system as is present in the kidney glomerulus is shown at (3). A venous portal system such as occurs in the liver is shown at (4).
III. HEART
A. Chambers
• Two atria
• Two ventricles
B. Tunics, walls of the heart
1. Endocardium
• Endothelium
• Subendothelial connective tissue
• Subendocardium Purkinje fibers
2. Myocardium : cardiac muscles
3. Epicardum
• Visceral pericardum
• Single layer squamous
C. Cardiac Skeleton
• Annuli fibrosae
• Trigona fibrosae
• Septum membranaceum
cells
Superior vena cava
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His
Right bundle branch
Purkinje system
Posterior fascicle
Anterior fascicle
Left bundle branch
Aorta Diagram
of the heart,
showing
the impulse-
generating
and
conducting
system
HEART :LEFT ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE
(PANORAMIC VIEW, LONGITUDINAL SECTION)
2. Myocardium of atrium
1. Endocardium of atrium
3. Annulus fibrosus
4. Mitral valve :a.Endocardiumb.Connective tissue
core
5. Chorda tendina
6. Endocardium of ventricle
7. Myocardium of ventricle
8. Purkinje fibers (conduction fibers)
10. Coronary artery
9. Plate A
11. Coronary sinus
12. Coronary vein with valve13. Epicardium of
atrium14. Subepicardial
connective tissue and fat
15. Perimysial septa with blood vessels
16. Epicardium and subepicardium of ventricle
17. Columnae carneae
18. Apex of papillary muscle
1. Endocardium
2. Purkinje fibers (t.s)
3. Transitional fiber
4. Purkinje fibers (l.s)
5. Myocardial fibers (l.s and t.s)
PURKINJE FIBERS (CONDUCTION FIBERS)
D. Cardiac value
• Control the direction of blood flow through the heart
• Endocardium enclosing dense connective tissue and continuous with the anulli fibrosae
• Tricuspid value : between r atrium and R ventricle (Three cusps). Free edges of each cusp anchored to papillary muscles in the floor of each ventricle by fibrous cords called chordae tendinae.
• Bicuspid valve : between L atrium and L ventricle (2 cusps), anchored to papillary muscles by chordae tendinae.
E. The conducting system
• Sinoatrial node (pacemaker node)
• Atrioventicular (AV) node
• Atrioventicular (AV) bindle (of his)
• Purkinje fibers
F. Blood supply
• Coronary arteries
G. Lymphatic supply
• Lymphatic capillaries in myocardium
H. Innervation
• Myelinated and unmyelinated autonomic motor fiber
• Sympathetic increases heart rate
• Parasympathetic decreases
IV. LYMPHATIC VESSELS
A. Lymphatic vessels and ducts
• Walls resemble veins
• Adventitia Thin
• Lacks smooth muscle
• Media contains : longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
B. Lymphatic capillaries
• Simple squamous endothelial
• Large diameter
• Thinner basal lamina
• Lack fenestrations, lack basal lamina
Section of the thoracic duct
C. Route of the lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Blind ending lymphatic capillaries
Lymph node
Lymphatic vessels
Right Lymphatic duct Thoracic duct (left)
Junction of angular and subclavian veins in the neck
Venous systemVenous system