1st AllTraIn Workshop Bonn, Germany
23-10-2014
TOP Content Time Responsible
- Welcome Coffee - 10:00
1 Welcome 10:30 BASt
2 Project overview - Initial questions
10:45 BASt
3 Hazard identification and security threats to road an rail infrastructure
- What are common challenges in security for road/rail - What are the differences? - Classification of threats - Presentation of results (Q1)
11:15 CDV
4 Infrastructure categorization and susceptibility of infrastructure to specific hazards
- Important infrastructure factors - Specific vulnerabilities of road an rail infrastructures - How to categorize infrastructures – an example
11:45 CENOR
- Lunch break - 12:30
TOP Content Time Responsible
5 Assessment methodology – How to determine threats for specific infrastructures and vice versa
- Approach and purpose - Example application
13:30 ILF
6 Discussion round (Q2) 14:00 ILF
- Coffee break - 15:10
7 „All-Hazard Guide for Transport Infrastructure“ - Objectives - Layout - Presentation of results (Q3)
15:30 BASt
8 Closing remarks/2nd Workshop Preview 15:50 BASt
End of Workshop (Distribution of re-imbursement forms) 16:00 BASt
TOP 2 - Project overview 23-10-2014
Security…
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Extreme consequences large damage high costs fatalities?
AllTraIn definition
7.11.2014 6
The preparedness, prevention and preservation of a transport infrastructure
against exceptional man-made and natural hazards
• All-Hazard Guide for Transport Infrastructure • Funded by European Commission (CIPS-Program -
Prevention, Preparedness and Consequence Management of Terrorism and other Security-related Risks)
• Duration: 2013-2015 • 4 partners:
– Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (Coordinator) – ILF Consulting Engineers, Austria – CENOR Consulting Engineers, Portugal – CDV Transport Research Centre, Czech Republic
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Project „AllTraIn“
Project idea
Dual-entrance 1) What kind of
threats are relevant for my structure X?
2) What kind of structures are susceptible to threat Y?
Improving knowledge on potential risks and methodological know-how to mitigate and prevent them
Conceptualization of a comprehensive and structured all-hazard guide for transport infrastructure
Considered factors: All threats intermodal (to the largest extent) Ready for practice implementation for owners and operators
Threats considered
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Geohazards Extreme weather
Man-made unintentional
Man-made intentional
Infrastructure considered
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Cuts
Hubs
Embankments Bridges
Tunnels
Ferries
Main objectives of the project
To identify all relevant threats for transport infrastructures in Europe
To determine criteria for the identification of important transport infrastructures in Europe, based on common aspects
To develop a qualitative assessment procedure of different transport infrastructure with respect to a set of different threats
To conceptualize a comprehensive and structured all-hazard guide for critical transport infrastructures in Europe
State of the Art
Analysis of the state of the art of transport security
research
7.11.2014 12
WP1
Threats Identification and compilation of all possible threats
which might affect the
availability of transport
infrastructure in Europe
WP2 Infrastructure Development of criteria for the
identification of important
infrastructure associated to
threat vulnerability
WP3
Approach for Assessment
Development of a methodological approach for the
assessment of threats and
infrastructures
WP4
Structure
7.11.2014 13
All-Hazard Guide
Preparation and elaboration of an all-hazard guide
for transport infrastructure
WP5 Demonstration and Validation Application of the Guide on selected
examples in different
countries to give feedback to the
developed Guide
WP6
Monitoring and
Dissemination
WP7
Structure
14
0 asset X
hazard Y
hazard X1…Xn
asset Y1…Yn
HUMAN
H A Z A R D S
NATURAL
BRIDGES
A S S E T S
CUTS TUNNELS EMBANKMENTS
Initial event Local
phenomenon Impact Local consequence
Global consequence …
H A Z A R D A S S E T STAKEHOLDERS
Sequence chain
Top-level hazard events, defined as: Human actions, failure of man-made items, meteorological events, geophysical events
Lower-level hazard events evolving at the asset location
The way in which a hazard acts against a given asset (e.g. water height, applied forces)
The unwanted condition of an asset inflicted by an impact, expressed as physical damage or disruption.
Consequences from the perspective of owner, operator and society. Quantified in terms of repair cost, loss of revenues and detour cost.
Beyond SotA
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Existing research AllTraIn
Mode-specification Single modes (road, rail, waterway, etc.)
Road and rail, hubs and ferries
Threats Specific (either man-made intentional, natural hazards, climate change, etc.)
All threats Man-made Extreme weather geohazards
Infrastructure Single elements: Tunnels/bridges, ports, roads
Multiple: tunnels, bridges, embankments, cuts, hubs
Problem Problem-specific/single problems (drainage, etc.)
Multi-problem solving
Country Single countries, EU, US EU
- Q1: What are the main common security challenges for road and rail traffic infrastructure in Europe? What are the differences? - Q2: What should be the focus of and what advantages do you expect from an All-Hazard-Guide for Transport Infrastructure?
Initial questions
TOP 3 – Hazard identification and security threats to road and rail infrastructure 23-10-2014
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WP2 task: IDENTIFICATION AND COMPILATION OF
ALL POSSIBLE THREATS (HAZARDS) REGARDING THE AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORT
INFRASTRUCTURE IN EUROPE
⇒ TEN-T NETWORK ROAD, RAIL, INTERMODAL HUBS
AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
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HAZARD (WP2) within ALLTraIn project structure
AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
Hazard identification and security threats to road and rail infrastructure
• What are common challenges in security for road/rail • What are the differences? • Classification of threats
AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
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HAZARD (definition by project AllTraIn)
A potential event which can compromise the security and/or availability of traffic infrastructure assets.
AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
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SCOPE of PROJECT • TRANSPORT MODES: ROAD, RAIL excluded air, maritime, inland navigation (specific rules) except if integral part of transport chain (road/rail ferries, rail/road – air/sea terminals), urban transport (not European dimension)
• IMPORTANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE: TEN-T, core national routes with serious impact or crucial importance
• IMPACT & CONSEQUENCES: RELEVANT FOR INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC (damage on infrastructure and/or traffic disruption > half day)
AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
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What are common challenges in security for road/rail
• Common goals: - to minimize damage on health - to keep traffic going - to minimize consequences on traffic - to minimize damage on infrastructure - to restore the normal conditions as soon as possible
AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
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What are the differences between road/rail? • Network density • Traffic density – Network capacity (ability to respond to
increased traffic demand)
• Traffic management • Impact of incidents on traffic disruption/interruption –
time demand to introduce temporary alternative regime, to restore normal conditions
• Impact of incidents on infrastructure – time demand and financial requirements for temporary alternative solution, for definitive reconstruction
AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn
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What are the differences between road/rail? (II) • Network density • Traffic density – Network capacity (ability to respond to
increased traffic demand) > more dense road network, capable to accommodate increased traffic (typically several (relatively) parallel motorways + capacity national roads in major areas) vs. normative restrictions on certain rail lines (weight, length, electricity power supply) • Traffic management > more developed and efficient in rail system (signalling on all lines, communication with all vehicles, higher compliance with legislation and standards) vs. individual responsibility of road drivers
26 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
What are the differences between road/rail? (III) • Impact of incidents on traffic disruption/interruption –
time demand to introduce temporary alternative regime, to restore normal conditions > depends on actual conditions; usually easier to implement temporary traffic regime in road traffic (unless “Emergency Plan” for rail is available)
• Impact on infrastructure – time demand and financial requirements for temporary alternative solution, for definitive reconstruction > costs of maintenance after road accident lower; time: road can adopt “temporary” engineering measures, rail requires definitive repair.
Damage to rail specific infrastructure (tunnel) usually not so extensive and easier to repair.
27 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn
22+23/10/2014
What are the differences between road/rail? (IV) • Investigation of incident/accident – crucial difference
from the AllTraIn project view: • Very precise detailed investigation of all events in rail
(and even more in air) traffic regardless consequences vs. pointing of offender only in road traffic
• Binding recommendations for measures in rail & air reflected in traffic rules, vehicle and infrastructure design & construction standards etc vs. usually hardly any improvements implemented in road traffic & design
[Political question – rail & air standards declared by professionals x Highway Code adopted by Parliament under lobbyists’ pressure and own ideas of MPs]
28 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn
22+23/10/2014
EXAMPLE OF “INTENTIONAL HUMAN MAN-MADE THREAT” initial event: car insurance fraud attempt
local phenomena: derailment after car/rail accident (2 injuries) due to misunderstanding in communication Police - Railway Vraňany (19.03.2007)
29 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
EXAMPLE OF “INTENTIONAL HUMAN MAN-MADE THREAT” Vraňany-Dolní Beřkovice (19.03.2007)
Recommendations (DICR Investigation Report of Rail Accident) - to equip each level crossing with visible table with unique level
crossing ID-number and an emergency telephone number, in order to avoid misunderstandings when alerting emergency services or infrastructure manager in case of emergency.
- to provide all railway undertakings and emergency services with list of all level crossings showing their ID-numbers and emergency telephone numbers.
- to launch a media campaign informing the public about proper behaviour in case of emergency situation at a level crossing.
- to develop infrastructure manager's internal procedure responding for an emergency information from the public.
30 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
Classification of hazards
• Initial event Top-level hazard events, defined as „Human actions, failure of man-made items, meteorological events, geophysical events“ • Local phenomenon Lower-level hazard events evolving at the asset location • Impact – the way in which a hazard acts a given asset • Transport mode / specific infrastructure
31 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
Classification of threats - INITIAL EVENT • MADE MAN - Intentional – criminal act against person, assets,
traffic/transport or against external infrastructure or environment with impact on traffic/transport infra
- Unintentional - Technical failure (of infrastructure, IT, vehicle …) - Human error - External reasons (technical, environmental)
• NATURAL EVENTS
32 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
EXAMPLES of INITIAL EVENT (I) • MADE MAN - INTENTIONAL – ramming, terrorism, suicide, explosion, theft of
IT, cables, hazardous release, forest fire - UNINTENTIONAL
- Technical failure, poor maintenance (of infrastructure, IT, vehicle …), design or construction flaw
- Human error – dangerous driving, vehicle overloading, insufficient freight fixing, dangerous goods
- External reasons (technical, environmental) – forest fire, water/oil/gas leakage, electricity blackout
33 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
EXAMPLES of INITIAL EVENT (II) • NATURAL EVENTS - WEATHER – extreme freeze-heat, heavy rainfall/snowfall,
flood, (sea)storm, wind (hurricane, tornado), frost-thaw cycle
- GEOHAZARDS – landslide, rock fall, avalanche, volcanic eruption, earthquake, soil erosion, tsunami
34 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
LOCAL PHENOMENON 3.1 Explosion 3.2 Fire 3.3 Crack (growth), abrasion, corrosion, erosion 3.4 Excessive vehicle weight 3.5 Failure of M+E system 3.6 Hazardous release 3.7 Accident (collision, derailment) 3.8 Flood 3.9 Projectile 3.10 Rock fall 3.11 Tsunami
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3.12 Ground acceleration 3.13 Landslide 3.14 Avalanche 3.15 Snowdrift 3.16 Toggled trees 3.17 Bush fire 3.18 Waves 3.19 Storm surge 3.20 Sand storm 3.21 Lightning 3.22 Magma flow 3.23 Ash cloud
AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn
22+23/10/2014
IMPACT
• Obstruction • Structural deterioration • Operational deterioration • Following local consequence • out of service duration [days] • Repair costs [k€] • Traffic impact costs [k€]
36 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
TRANSPORT MODE / SPECIFIC INFRASTRUCTURE • Modes: road, rail, intermodal hubs (road-rail, road/rail-
river, road/rail-seaport, road/rail-airport) • Specific infrastructure: bridge, tunnel, cut, embankment; • Geographical location: open landscape, highland,
mountains, seaside (incl. under-/across sea), built-up area
37 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
WP 2 “DELIVERABLES”
• WP REPORT (under processing) • DATABASE OF SELECTED EVENTS – should be
representative to cover as much as “Initial events” and “Local phenomena's” for road and rail, different specific infrastructure and geographic location
38 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
EVENT DATABASE
39 AllTraIn Advisory Board meeting, Bergisch Galdbach + Workshop Bonn 22+23/10/2014
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Jan Spousta [email protected] Dr. Miroslav Vančura miroslav.vanč[email protected] CENTRUM DOPRAVNÍHO VÝZKUMU, veřejná výzkumná instituce
TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE, public research institution Head Office: CZ-636 00 Brno, Líšeňská 33a BRANCH OFFICE PRAGUE CZ-186 00 Praha 8, Thámova 7
TOP 4 – Infrastructure categorization and susceptibility of infrastructure to specific hazards 23-10-2014
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• ALLTraIn project structure (Infrastructure/asset)
The WP3 considered the most relevant infrastructures in a transport system. These infrastructure (excepting ferries) are all part of a ROAD, RAIL or MIXED transport system.
Types of Infrastructures
43
Bridges
Tunnels
Embankments
Cuts
Ferries
Transportation Physical Vulnerability Concept
44
Main Purpose
Output
identify and propose criteria for VULNERABILITY assessment of transport infrastructure
The emphasis is on built infrastructures (including existing mitigation measures)
a methodology for the classification (ranking) of potentially vulnerable transport infrastructures
45
Assumptions and Methodology
The purpose of WP3 is to develop a Consequence Matrix based on the threats and the Vulnerability concept in order to establish the Infrastructure Identification. The Infrastructure Identification is based on two factors:
Type of Impact
Obstruction
Structural Impact
Operational Impact
Type of Local Consequence
Repair and replacement costs
Out of service time
Vulnerability (definition adopted in AllTrain): The characteristics and circumstances of an asset that makes it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard (UNISDR). Vulnerability is understood as the degree of damage that the infrastructure would sustain in the event of a particular impact. Factors affecting the physical vulnerability of the transport infrastructures are grouped into three main categories.
Assumptions and Methodology
46
The three major factor categories are, in accordance with Husdal (2004) Structural factors, Natural factors and Traffic factors.
47
Infrastructure Identification for Vulnerability Assessment
Associated to the built infrastructure and its design specifications
Structural Factors
Infrastructure Characterization for Vulnerability Assessment
48
Associated with the environment of the site where the infrastructure is built
Natural Factors
Concerning traffic characteristics that may influence the non-structural effects
Traffic Factors
Categorization Tables - Factors affecting the vulnerability
49
Bridges (Roads and Railways)
Structural Factors Affecting Physical Vulnerability
System Cross-Section MaterialEx. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:
1. Beam bridge 1. Solid 1. Concrete 1. Span < l1 1. Height < h1 1. Length < L1 1. Old&Poorly Maintained2. Cable Stayed Bridge 2. Hollow 2. Steel 2. l1 < Span < l2 2. h1 < Height < h2 2. L1 < Length < L2 2. Old & Well Maintained3. Suspended 3. Truss 3. Composite 3. Span > l2 3. Height > h2 3. Length > L2 3. New4. Movable Bridge 4. Prestressed Concrete5. Earth-Covered Bridge6. Other
Natural Factors Affecting Physical Vulnerability
Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:
1. Hard Rock 1. River2. Soft Rock/Hard Soil 2. Lake/Small River3. Soft Soil 3. Sea / ocean
4. Plain ground5. Mountain valley
Traffic Factors Affecting Physical VulnerabilityTraffic Category
Ex. of categories: Traffic Type Traffic Volume
1. Highway Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:
2. Normal Road 1. Passengers 1. annual daily average3. High-Speed Railway 2. Freight (cargo) 2. rush-hour4. Normal Railway 3. Mixed Traffic
Length Structural condition
Crossing CharacteristicsGeological/Geotechnical Foundation Conditions
Construction TypeSpan Height
Bridges
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Tunnels
Tunnels (Roads and Railways)
Structural Factors Affecting Physical Vulnerability
System Cross-SectionEx. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:
1. NATM 1. Single Tube 1. Length < L1 1. Area < A1 1. Shallow tunnel 1. High Capacity 1. Existent 1. Existent 1. Existent 1. Old/ Poorly Maint.2. TBM 2. Double Tube 2. L1 <Length< L2 2. A1 < Area < A2 2. Deep tunnel 2. Low capacity 2. Non-exist. 2. Non-exist. 2. Non-exist. 2. New/ Well Maint.3. Cut&Cover 3. Length > L2 3. Area > A2
Natural Factors Affecting Physical VulnerabilityHydrological conditionsSurface Water table
Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:
1. Hard Rock 1. Submerged 1. Below tunnel invert level2. Soft Rock/Hard Soil 2. Under flood level 2. Above tunnel invert level3. Soft Soil 3. Above flood level
Traffic Factors Affecting Physical VulnerabilityTraffic Type Traffic Volume
Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:
1. Passengers 1. annual daily average2. Freight (cargo) 2. rush-hour3. Mixed Traffic
Fire Protection
Emergency /Detection
Structural condition
Traffic Category
Drainage Systems
Cover DepthCross-section
AreaVentilation
SystemsLength
Construction Type
Geological/Geotechnical Foundation Conditions
Ex. of categories:
1. Highway2. Normal Road3. High-Speed Railway4. Normal Railway
Categorization Tables - Factors affecting the vulnerability
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Embankments
Embankments (Roads and Railways)
Structural Factors Affecting Physical Vulnerability
Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:
1. Simple Embakment 1. Slope < s1 1. Height < h1 1. High Capacity2. Side-Benched Embakment 2. s1 < Slope < s2 2. h1 < Height < h2 2. Medium Capacity3. Embankment with Light Ground Improv. 3. Slope > s2 3. Height > h2 3. Low capacity4. Embankment with Extensive Ground Improv.
Natural Factors Affecting Physical VulnerabilityHydrological conditionsSurface Water table
Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:
1. Hard Rock 1. Under flood level 1. Shallow2. Soft Rock/Hard Soil 2. Above flood level 2. Deep3. Soft Soil
Traffic Factors Affecting Physical VulnerabilityTraffic Category Traffic Type Traffic Volume
Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:1. Highway 1. Passengers 1. annual daily average2. Normal Road 2. Freight (cargo) 2. rush-hour3. High-Speed Railway 3. Mixed Traffic4. Normal Railway
Geological/Geotechnical Foundation Conditions
Construction Type Lateral Slopes Height Drainage Systems
Categorization Tables - Factors affecting the vulnerability
52
Cuts
Cuts (Roads and Railways)
Structural Factors Affecting Physical Vulnerability
Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:
1. Simple Cut 1. Slope < s1 1. Depth < d1 1. High Capacity2. Side-Benched Cut 2. s1 < Slope < s2 2. d1 < Depth < d2 2. Medium Capacity3. Cut with Light Ground Improvement (GI) 3. Slope > s2 3. Depth > d2 3. Low capacity4. Cut with Extensive GI / Retaining Walls
Natural Factors Affecting Physical VulnerabilityHydrological conditionsSurface Water table
Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:
1. Hard Rock 1. Slope < ns1 1. Under flood level 1. Below excavation base2. Soft Rock/Hard Soil 2. ns1 < Slope < ns2 2. Above flood level 2. Above excavation base3. Soft Soil 3. Slope > ns2
Traffic Factors Affecting Physical VulnerabilityTraffic Category Traffic Type Traffic Volume
Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories: Ex. of categories:1. Highway 1. Passengers 1. annual daily average2. Normal Road 2. Freight (cargo) 2. rush-hour3. High-Speed Railway 3. Mixed Traffic4. Normal Railway
Drainage Systems
Geological/Geotechnical Foundation Conditions
Natural Slope
Construction Type Lateral Slopes Depth
Categorization Tables - Factors affecting the vulnerability
53
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
TOP 5 – Assessment methodology – How to assess threats for specific infrastructures and vice versa 23-10-2014
55
0 asset X
hazard Y
hazard X1…Xn
asset Y1…Yn
HUMAN
H A Z A R D S
NATURAL
BRIDGES
A S S E T S
CUTS TUNNELS EMBANKMENTS
Initial event Local
phenomenon Impact Local consequence
Global consequence …
H A Z A R D A S S E T STAKEHOLDERS
Sequence chain
Top-level hazard events, defined as: Human actions, failure of man-made items, meteorological events, geophysical events
Lower-level hazard events evolving at the asset location
The way in which a hazard acts against a given asset (e.g. water height, applied forces)
The unwanted condition of an asset inflicted by an impact, expressed as physical damage or disruption.
Consequences from the perspective of owner, operator and society. Quantified in terms of repair cost, loss of revenues and detour cost.
Initial event Local
phenomenon Impact Local consequence
Global consequence …
H A Z A R D A S S E T STAKEHOLDERS
Sequence chain
Heavy rain
Debris flow
Mechanical force against embankment
Road/railroad disrupted
Loss of revenue,
travel delays
Initial action Local phenomenon Impact
M A
N -
M A
D E
Fire
Explosion
Projectile
Ramming
Hazardous release
Flood
Landslide (slide/fall)
Avalanche
Theft
Blockade
Sabotage
Intense water front
Excessive vehicle weight / height
Ground subsidence
Liquefaction
Various inten-tional
actions
Various uninten-
tional actions
Structural impact
Obstruction
Operational impact
Additional (statical, dynamical) load on infrastructure and/or reduced structural resistance
Physical presence of volumes on the traffic cross section
Reduced functionality of traffic infrastructure equipment
Local consequence Global consequence
Initial action Local phenomenon Impact
M A
N -
M A
D E
Fire
Explosion
Projectile
Ramming
Hazardous release Out-of-
service time
Repair and replacement
costs
Local consequence
Dam
age
Disr
uptio
n
Repair and replacement
costs
Detour costs
NETWORK Level OBJECT Level
Flood
Global consequence
Landslide (slide/fall)
Avalanche
Theft
Blockade
Sabotage
Intense water front
Excessive vehicle weight / height
Ground subsidence
Liquefaction
Various inten-tional
actions
Various uninten-
tional actions
Structural impact
Obstruction
Operational impact
Landslide (slide/fall) Intense water front
Ground deformation/displ.
Flood
Landslide (flow)
Avalanche Snowdrift
Bush fire
Landslide (slide/fall)
Ice storm
Lightning
Storm surge Sand storm
Toggled trees
Magma flow Ash cloud
Landslide (slide/fall)
Extreme earthquake
Extreme rainfall
Extreme snowfall
Extr. hot weather
Various continuous processes
Hail Extreme cold
Thunderstorm
Extreme wind, storm
Vulcanic eruption
Initial event Local phenomenon
N A
T U
R A
L
Toggled trees
Structural impact
Obstruction
Operational impact
Out-of-service time
Repair and replacement
costs
Local consequence
Dam
age
Disr
uptio
n
OBJECT Level Impact
Repair and replacement
costs
Detour costs
NETWORK Level Global consequence
Liquefaction
Ground subsidence
Landslide (slide/fall)
Landslide (flow)
Approach
• For each local phenomenon, establish hazard tree – Bifurcations due to hazard characteristics (WP2) – Bifurcations due to infrastructure characteristics (WP3)
• At each branch end: – Impact (Structural impact, operational impact, obstruction) – Local consequence (repair and replacement costs, out-of-service
time)
7.11.2014 3rd AllTraIn meeting, Vienna 19+20/02/2014
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Practical examples 23-10-2014
Example 1: Landslide (flow)
Landslide (flow): Principle
How will the results be made applicable for the end user? • Event trees translated into a database
• Database incorporated in user software
• User chooses filter criteria from list
(physical environment, structural characteristics etc.)
• List of objects or list of hazards is displayed
Fire – pre-step…
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Fire - …impact for embankments/cuts
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Fire - …impact for bridges
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Fire - …impact for tunnels
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TOP 6 – Discussion round 23-10-2014
Questions What is your expectation from the assessment methodology
in terms of - threats considered, - types of infrastructure considered - level of detail of infrastructure categorization, - applicability/usability, and - the generated output
TOP 7 - All-Hazard Guide for Transport Infrastructure 23-10-2014
All-Hazard Guide for Transport
Infrastrutcture
Assessment procedure
Ready for practice
Europe-wide application
Designed for owners/operators
of multi-modal networks
Main objectives of the “Guide”
to enable owners/operators in Europe to identify relevant threats for his infrastructure
to identify the infrastructures in his network which are susceptible to a specific threat
enabling owners/operators to decide on the priorities for the allocation of funds regarding measures increasing the availability of structures
To improve the security of infrastructure in European networks of Transport (TEN-T)
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Identification and classification of hazards
Common challenges & differences of road and rail
security
Examples of hazards
Explanation of basic concepts (man-made vs.
natural; security vs. safety; intentional vs. unintentional)
Analysis of ideal types of hazards; classification system (based on hazard sheets)
Analysis of examples man-made intentional/unintentional; natural; classification system (based on event sheets)
Glossary of terms/acronyms
Chapter 2 – Hazards and security threats to road an rail
infrastructure
Chapter 3 – Infrastructure Infrastructure categorization and susceptibility to specific hazards
Vulnerabilities towards specific threats
Infrastructure types (road and rail, hubs and ferries)
Categorization
Examples
Detailed explanation of selection of infrastructure and relevant categories: crossing characteristics, hydro-geological conditions, design conditions, etc.
Basic conditions and factors (structural, natural, traffic)
Short explanation of factors influencing hazard susceptibilities; explanation of terms
Bridge
Tunnel
Embankment
Cut
Hazard scenario A… Hazard scenario B… Hazard scenario C…
Chapter 4 – Assessment methodology
How to determine threats for infrastructure and vice versa
Hazard matrix
Definition of terms and sequence chain
Impact matrix
Consequence matrix
Assessment matrix
Event trees - examples
Chapter 5 – Applying the methodology (Demo)
Introduction for owners and operators – general
Data needed (infrastructure
+ network)
Procedure (stepwise)
Test Case 1
Test Case 2
Scenario description
Scenario description
Application
Software demonstration
Results & Conclusions
Application
Results & Conclusions
Incl. 1) Corridor selection 2) Infrastructure selection 3) Hazard identification
Incl. 1) Corridor selection 2) Hazard selection 3) Infrastructure
identification
Haza
rd te
st c
ase
Infrastructure test case
Chapter 6 – Strategies for measure implementation
Example measures (Test case 1)
Possibilities for implementing measures
(Sequence chain)
Measures
Example measures (Test case 2)
Preventive Mitigative Reactive
Structural Operational Organisational
Emergency Management
Chapter 7 – Conclusions for owners and operators
User scenarios and recommendations
Further steps
Questions
• Is the „Guide“ structured in a way that may help owners/operators to identify threats/endangered infrastructure
• Is there something to be added? • What is most important/less important?
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End of Workshop Thank you for your participation!
Definitions (1/5)
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Term Definition
Asset A relevant infrastructure element or section
Hazard A potential event which can compromise the security and/or availability of traffic infrastructure assets
Initial event Top-level hazard events, defined as: Human actions, failure of man-made items, meteorological events, geophysical events
Local phenomenon Lower-level hazard events evolving at the asset location
Impact The way in which a hazard acts against a given asset (e.g. water height, applied forces)
Impact characterization Quantification of the impact
Definitions (2/5)
90
Term Definition
Exposed value Defines the value of the infrastructure, in terms of replacement cost and time, which is subject to the impacts of the local phenomenon. Depends only on the asset characteristics
Vulnerability The characteristics and circumstances of […] an asset that makes it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard (UNISDR)
Local consequence The unwanted condition of an asset inflicted by an impact, expressed as physical damage or disruption (out-of-service state). Quantified in terms of repair cost and disruption time: Local consequence = Exposed value × Vulnerability
Global consequence Consequences from the perspective of owner, operator and society. Quantified in terms of repair cost, loss of revenues and detour cost. Depends e.g. on the number of affected users and the network configuration.
Definitions (3/5)
91
Term Definition
Structural impact Additional (statical, dynamical) load on infrastructure and/or reduced structural resistance
Obstruction Physical presence of volumes on the traffic cross section
Operational impact Reduced functionality of traffic infrastructure equipment
Definitions (4/5)
92
Term Definition
Criticality The relevance of an infrastructure element or section for the availability of a traffic infrastructure network
Safety The protection of transport infrastructure against unintentional events such as accidents, covered by relevant standards (SecMan)
Security The preparedness, prevention and preservation of a transport infrastructure against exceptional man-made and natural hazards
Uncertainty Indeterminacy of some of the elements that characterize a situation or of the outcomes of a process, due to limited or lacking knowledge (epistemic reducible uncertainty) or due to the intrinsic or natural variability of a process (aleatory and irreducible uncertainty)
Definitions (5/5)
93
Term Definition
Likelihood Qualitative description of the uncertainty of the occurrence of an event. Can be quantified as frequency or probability.
Frequency The number of times a specified event occurs within a specified interval, e.g. accidents per year (PIARC)
Return period 1/Frequency, i.e. the expected number of time units between two occurrences of an event
Probability Likelihood that an event may occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1 (PIARC)
Risk The combination of the likelihood of an event and its negative consequences (based on UNISDR)