How has the 14th Amendment been interpreted?
Life Before the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
State of North Carolina v. Mann
Mann is a slave owner in the South who is accused of assaulting his slave
His lawyer argues that the North Carolina Constitution protects property, so as property slaves can be beaten or killed
The case UPHOLDS the Supremacy of the N.C. Constitution by protecting a person’s right to own property
14th Amendment is passed
All people born in the United States are citizens
All citizens have equal protection under the law
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy is a light skinned black man (1/8 black)
He was told that he can ride on the train in the white car because all seats on the colored train car were full
People complained on the white car, and he lost his seat
Supreme court ruled that segregation is allowed
The “separate but equal” doctrine is established.
Separate facilities are legal as long as they are equal
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor to damage U.S. Naval fleet
U.S. government fears people of Japanese descent
U.S. government sends all Japanese Americans to internment camps
Harry Truman integrates the U.S. Military
Black units such as the Tuskegee Airman and the 555th Infantry Unit were very successful in WWII
After World War II, President Truman states blacks and whites will serve in the same military unit
Oliver Brown v. Board of Education
Thurgood Marshall a lawyer for the NAACP is asked to sue on behalf of Oliver Brown who wants his daughter to attend the white school by his home
The case overturns the Plessy decision
Schools are integratedSupreme Court decides
that “separate facilities are inherently unequal”
President Eisenhower issues executive order integrated Central High SchoolArkansas, Louisiana,
Georgia, and South Carolina refuse to integrate their schools
President Eisenhower sends 1000 soldiers from the 101st Abn Division to integrate ONE high school
This shows that the federal government is SUPREME to the states
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A public place cannot discriminate based on race, gender, religion, or nationality
Heart of Atlanta Hotel vs United States
The hotel is a private business that wants to choose to its customers
The hotel only wishes to allow white guests at their hotel
The US Supreme Court says it is public and must serve everyone regardless of race
24th amendment is passed
Forbids poll taxesCannot charge a
person a fee to vote
Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg
Requires students to be bused from their neighborhood school to other areas of town to integrate schools
Title IX- Equal Opportunity in Education Act
School programs must be open to all students and cannot discriminate based on gender
All sports and scholarships must be equally distributed between boys and girls
Can a boy play volleyball?Can a girl play football?
Regents of California v Bakke
A white guy wants to attend medical school
He is denied admission The school sets aside a certain
amount of slots for minority students
Bakke feels that this is unfair. He is more qualified.
The Supreme Court agrees and states that race can only be one factor considered and that qualifications must be given highest priority
Americans with Disabilities Act
People who are physically or mentally challenged must be given same opportunities as those who are not
Wheel chair accessBrailleHearing impaired on
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