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INTRODUCTION
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What is Air Pollution?
Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygenwhich is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9%nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Humanactivities can release substances into the air, some of whichcan cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.
One type of air pollution is the release ofparticles into theair from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a goodexample of this particulate matter. The particles are verysmall pieces of matter measuring about 2.5 microns or about
.0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred toas "black carbon" pollution. The exhaust from burning fuelsin automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source ofpollution in the air.
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Another type of pollution is the release ofnoxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide,carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, andchemical vapors. These can take part in
further chemical reactions once they are inthe atmosphere, forming smog and acidrain.
Pollution also needs to be considered insideour homes, offices, and schools. Some ofthese pollutants can be created by indooractivities such as smoking and cooking.
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Definition One of the formal
definitions of airpollution is asfollows The
presence in theatmosphere of one
or morecontaminants insuch quality and forsuch duration as isinjurious, or tends
to be injurious, tohuman health orwelfare, animal or
plant life.
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Also defined asany
atmosphericcondition inwhich certainsubstances arepresent in suchconcentrationsthat they canproduceundesirable
effects on manand hisenvironment
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Also defined aspollution
referred totroposphere,within whichmost of the
pollutants have afairly limited lifespan before theyget washed outby rain, removedby reaction ordeposited on theground
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UNPOLLUTED AIRThe gaseous composition of unpolluted air
The Gases Parts per million (vol) Nitrogen 756,500
Oxygen 202,900
Water 31,200
Argon 9,000
Carbon Dioxide 305
Neon 17.4
Helium 5.0
Methane 0.97-1.16 Krypton 0.97
Nitrous oxide 0.49
Hydrogen 0.49
Xenon 0.08
Organic vapours ca.0.02
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History of Air Pollution
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1272 - King Edward I of England bans use of sea coal
1377 1399 - Richard II restricts use of coal
1413 1422 - Henry V regulates/restricts use of coal
1661 - By royal command of Charles II, John Evelyn of theRoyal Society publishes Fumifugium; or theInconvenience of the Air and Smoke dissipated; togetherwith Some Remedies Humbly Proposed
1784Watts steam engine; boilers to burn fossil fuels(coal) to make steam to pump water and move machinery
Smoke and ash from fossil fuels by power plants, trains,ships: coal (and oil) burning = smoke, ash
1907 - Formation of the predecessor to the Air & WasteManagement Association
1930 - 1950s - Air Pollution Episodes
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1955 First Federal Air Pollution Control Act - funds forresearch (USA)
1960 Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act - funds for research
(USA) 1963 Clean Air Act (USA)
-Three stage enforcement-Funds for state and local agencies
1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act (USA)-Emission regulations for cars to begin in 1968
1967 Air Quality Act (USA)-Criteria documents-Control technique documents
1970 Clean Air Act Amendments (USA)-National Ambient Air Quality Standards-New Source Performance Standards
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Air Pollution Episodes Period of poor air quality, up to several
days, often extending over largegeographical area.
Winter: cold, stable weather conditionstrap pollutants close to sources and
prevent dispersion. Elevated
concentrations of range of pollutantsbuild up over several days
Summer: hot and sunny weather.Pollutants emitted within the U.K. orEurope transported long distances,reacting with each other in sunlight to
produce high levels of ozone, & otherphotochemical pollutants.
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Meuse Valley-Belgium, 1930
63 died (mostly elderly) Sore throats, shortness of breath, cough, phlegm, nausea,
vomiting
SO2, sulfur dioxide
H2O
SO4 sulfuric acid mist
Cattle, birds and rats died
Got little news coverage
Fumigation of a valley floor caused by an inversion layer
that restricts diffusion from a stack
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Donora, PennsylvaniaOct. 1948 Monongahela River Valley
Industrial townsteel mill, sulfuric acid plant, freight yard,etc.
Population14,000
Steep hills surrounding the valley
Oct 26temperature inversion (warm air trapping cold airnear the ground)
Stable air, fog, lasted 4.5 days
Environs of Donora, Pennsylvania. Horseshoe curve of
Monongahela River is surrounded by mountains. Railroadtracks are located on both sides of the river. Low-lyingstretch of Monongahela valley between railroad and river isnatural trap for pollutants.
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Poza Rico, Mexico 1950
Single source high sulfur crude oil Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Flare went out
Inversion in valley
22 sudden deaths, 320 hospitalized All ages
Forerunner of Bhopal
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December 1952 Great London Smog Cold front, Londoners burned soft coal
Factories, power plants
Temperature inversion
5 days of worst smog city had ever seen Publictransportation stopped
Indoor concerts had to be cancelled because no one couldsee the stage, etc
Weekly death registered from diseases of the lungs andheart in the London Administrative County around the time
of the severe fog in December, 1952. Total death in Greater London and air pollutants levels
measured during the fog of December 1952
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Seveso, Italy --Dioxin
July 10, 1976, north of Milan
A valve broke at the Industrie Chimiche
Meda Societa Azionaria chemical plant
Cloud of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-para-
dioxin (TCDD) traveled southwest through
Seveso toward Milan
Contaminant of herbicide
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Bhopal, India Dec. 3, 1984 Union Carbide pesticide plant leak kills up to 2,000 with
up to 350,000 injured and 100,000 with permanentdisabilities
Methyl isocyanate (MIC)used as an intermediary inmanufacture of Sevin (Carbaryl)
CO + Cl = phosgene
Phosgene + methylamine = MIC
MICirritant to the lungs---edema, fluid (cause of death,
bronchospasms, corneal opacity Hydrogen cyanide?
Sabotage or industrial accident?
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World-wide Air Pollution Episode
November 27-December 10, 1962 Thousands of excess deaths in many cities including
NYC, London, Boston, Paris
New Orleans Oct-Nov 1958 asthma deaths.
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Hundreds Troubled by 'World Trade Center Cough NYC fire fighters,
school workers have 9/11 breathing problems, new studies say
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Types of Air Pollution Personal air exposure
-It refers to exposure to dust, fumes and gases to
which an individual exposes himself when he
indulge himself in smoking
Occupational air exposure
-It represents the type of exposure of individuals to
potentially harmful concentration of aerosols,
vapors, and gases in their working environment.
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Community air exposure
-This is most serious, complex, consists of varieties
of assortment of pollution sources, meteorologicalfactors, and wide variety of adverse social,
economical, and health effects.
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Sources of Air PollutionA. Natural: From natural sources Ex:
Volcanoes, Storms etc
B. Anthropogenic: From Manmade sources
Ex: Industrial, Mobile etc.
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Classification of Air Pollutants
A. Based origin
1.Primary Pollutants: Pollutants which are directlyemitted in to the atmosphere and found there in the form
in which they were emitted. Ex. Sulfur oxides (SOX),Nitrogen oxides (NOX), Hydrogen Carbon (HC) etc.
2.Secondary Pollutants: Pollutants which are formed inthe atmosphere by chemical or photochemical reactions
involving primary pollutants. Ex. Ozone (O3
), Peroxy
acetyl nitrate (PAN) etc.
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Primary Air Pollutants
y
Five major materials released directly intothe atmosphere in unmodified forms.
-Carbon monoxide
-Sulfur dioxide
-Nitrogen oxides
-Hydrocarbons
-Particulate matter
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Carbon Monoxide Produced by burning of organic material
(coal, gas, wood, trash, etc.)
Automobiles biggest source (80%)
Cigarette smoke another major source
Toxic because binds to hemoglobin,reduces oxygen in blood
Not a persistent pollutant, combines withoxygen to form CO2
Most communities now meet EPAstandards, but rush hour traffic canproduce high CO levels
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Sulphur Dioxide Produced by burning sulfur containing fossil fuels
(coal, oil)
Coal-burning power plants major source
Reacts in atmosphere to produce acids
One of the major components of acid rain
When inhaled, can be very corrosive to lung tissue
London-1306 banned burning of sea coal
-1952 killer fog: 4,000 people died in 4 weeks tied to sulfur compounds in smog
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Nitrogen Oxides Produced from burning of
fossil fuels
Contributes to acid rain,smog
Automobile engine mainsource
New engine technologyhas helped reduce, butmany more cars
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Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons - organic compounds with
hydrogen, carbon
From incomplete burning or evaporatedfrom fuel supplies
Major source is automobiles, but somefrom industry
Contribute to smog
Improvements in engine design havehelped reduce
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Particulates Particulates - small pieces of solid materials
and liquid droplets (2.5 mm and 10 mm)
Examples: ash from fires, asbestos frombrakes and insulation, dust
Easily noticed: e.g. smokestacks
Can accumulate in lungs and interfere withthe ability of lungs to exchange gases.
S me ti l tes e k
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Some particulates are knowncarcinogens
Those working in dustyconditions at highest risk (e.g.,miners)
Respirable SuspendedParticulate Matter (RSPM) -PM1 having size
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Secondary Pollutants
Ozone
PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate)
Photochemical smog
Aerosols and mists (H2SO4)
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Ozone Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive gas
composed of three oxygen atoms.
It is both a natural and a man-madeproduct that occurs in the Earth'supper atmosphere (the stratosphere)and lower atmosphere (thetroposphere).
Tropospheric ozone what webreathe -- is formed primarily fromphotochemical reactions betweentwo major classes of air pollutants,
volatile organic compounds (VOC)and nitrogen oxides (NOX).
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PAN Smog is caused by the interaction of some hydrocarbons and oxidants
under the influence of sunlight giving rise to dangerous peroxy acetylnitrate (PAN).
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Photochemical smog Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants which includes particulates, nitrogen
oxides, ozone, aldehydes, peroxyethanoyl nitrate (PAN), unreacted hydrocarbons,
etc. The smog often has a brown haze due to the presence of nitrogen dioxide. Itcauses painful eyes.
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Aerosols and mists (H2SO4) Aerosols and mists are very fine liquid droplets that cannot be
effectively removed using traditional packed scrubbers. Thesedroplets can be formed from gas phase hydrolysis of halogenatedacids (HCl, HF, HBr), metal halides, organohalides, sulfur trioxide(SO3), and phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5).
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B. Based on ChemicalComposition
1.Organic Pollutants:Pollutants which are organic bynature Ex. Carbolic Acids,Alcohols, Ethers, Amines,
Hydrogen Carbon (HC) etc.2.Inorganic: Pollutants whichare inorganic by nature. Ex.Carbon monoxide(CO),Sulphur Oxides, Nitrogen
Oxides, Hydrogen Fluoride,Hydrogen Chloride, Metal,Metalloids, Ozone (O3) etc.
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C. Based on State of Matter
1.Particulates: Pollutants which are finely divided solidsand liquids Ex. Dust, Smoke, Fly ash, Mist, Spray etc.
2.Gases: Pollutants which are gases by nature. Ex.Carbon monoxide(CO), Sulphur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides,
Hydrogen Fluoride, Hydrogen Chloride, Ozone (O3) etc.
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Regional air pollution
Urban air pollution
Indoor air pollution
Health impacts of air pollution
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Asia1
An estimated 487,000
premature deaths
occur eachyear due to outdoor airpollution.
China2
Environmental and healthcosts of air pollution in China
is
about 7 % of GDP [budgetdeficit in 2003 = 3.3% of GDP]5
Estimatesshows that thesecosts could rise to 13% ofChinas GDP by 2020
Bangkok
Health cost of air pollution $640 million $800 million by 2020
0
50
100
150
200
Mumbai Metro Manila Jakarta Kathmandu
Valley
S$millions(
p.a.
Mortality
Morbidity
Exposed to diesel exhaust6
Exposed to clean air6
Economic Implications of Health Impacts4
Health Costs of Air Pollution
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An estimated 487,000
premature deaths in Asia occureach year due to outdoor air pollution1
A total of 3,547 persons werekilled in international terrorist
attacks in 20012
Costs of Air Pollution
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9,979 Kg of CO2/year4,535 Kg of CO2/ year
Average home emit more than twice as much carbon dioxide as the average car1
Emissions from residential areas
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S A O
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RESPIRATORY
SYSTEMModern concernsrelate more to the
lung than the
respiratory tract
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Size matters particles need to be
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