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Page 1: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

1

Gregor Mendel1822 – 1884 C.E.

Page 2: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

StamensCarpel

Parentalgeneration(P)

TECHNIQUE

1

2

3

4

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Page 3: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

Firstfilialgener-ationoffspring(F1)

RESULTS

5

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Page 4: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

EXPERIMENT

P Generation

(true-breeding parents) Purple

flowers Whiteflowers

F1 Generation

(hybrids) All plants hadpurple flowers

F2 Generation

705 purple-floweredplants

224 white-floweredplants

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Page 5: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

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Page 6: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

Allele for purple flowers

Homologouspair ofchromosomes

Locus for flower-color gene

Allele for white flowers

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Page 7: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

P Generation

Appearance:Genetic makeup:

Gametes:

Purple flowers White flowersPP

P

pp

p

F1 Generation

Gametes:

Genetic makeup:Appearance: Purple flowers

Pp

P p1/21/2

F2 Generation

Sperm

Eggs

P

PPP Pp

p

pPp pp

3 1

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Page 8: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

Phenotype

Purple

Purple3

Purple

Genotype

1 White

Ratio 3:1

(homozygous)

(homozygous)

(heterozygous)

(heterozygous)

PP

Pp

Pp

pp

Ratio 1:2:1

1

1

2

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Page 9: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

TECHNIQUE

RESULTS

Dominant phenotype, unknown genotype:

PP or Pp?

Predictions

Recessive phenotype, known genotype: pp

If PP If Ppor

Sperm Spermp p p p

P

P

P

p

Eggs Eggs

Pp

Pp Pp

Pp

Pp Pp

pp pp

or

All offspring purple 1/2 offspring purple and1/2 offspring white

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Page 10: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

EXPERIMENT

RESULTS

P Generation

F1 Generation

Predictions

Gametes

Hypothesis ofdependentassortment

YYRR yyrr

YR yr

YyRr

Hypothesis ofindependentassortment

orPredictedoffspring ofF2 generation

Sperm

Sperm

YR

YR

yr

yr

Yr

YR

yR

Yr

yR

yr

YRYYRR

YYRR YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YYRr

YYRr

YyRR

YyRR

YYrr Yyrr

Yyrr

yyRR yyRr

yyRr yyrr

yyrr

Phenotypic ratio 3:1

EggsEggs

Phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1

1/21/2

1/2

1/2

1/4

yr

1/41/4

1/41/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

1/43/4

9/163/16

3/161/16

Phenotypic ratio approximately 9:3:3:1315 108 101 32

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Page 11: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

Rr RrSegregation of

alleles into eggs

Sperm

R

R

R RR

R rrr

r

r

r1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

Segregation ofalleles into sperm

Eggs1/4

1/4

1/41/4

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Page 12: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

Red

P Generation

Gametes

WhiteCRCR CWCW

CR CW

F1 GenerationPinkCRCW

CR CWGametes 1/21/2

F2 Generation

Sperm

Eggs

CR

CR

CW

CW

CRCR CRCW

CRCW CWCW

1/21/2

1/2

1/2

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Page 13: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

IA

IB

i

A

B

none(a) The three alleles for the ABO blood groups and their associated carbohydrates

Allele Carbohydrate

GenotypeRed blood cell

appearancePhenotype

(blood group)

IAIA or IA i A

BIBIB or IB i

IAIB AB

ii O

(b) Blood group genotypes and phenotypes

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Page 14: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

BbCc BbCc

Sperm

EggsBC bC Bc bc

BC

bC

Bc

bc

BBCC

1/41/4

1/41/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

BbCC BBCc BbCc

BbCC bbCC BbCc bbCc

BBCc BbCc

BbCc bbCc

BBcc Bbcc

Bbcc bbcc

9 : 3 : 4

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Page 15: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

Eggs

Sperm

Phenotypes:

Number ofdark-skin alleles: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1/646/64

15/6420/64

15/646/64

1/64

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/81/8

1/81/8

1/81/8

1/81/8

AaBbCc AaBbCc

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Page 16: 1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.. Stamens Carpel Parental generation (P) TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4 2

Amniotic fluidwithdrawn

Fetus

Placenta

Uterus Cervix

Centrifugation

Fluid

Fetalcells

Severalhours

Severalweeks

Severalweeks

(a) Amniocentesis (b) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Severalhours

Severalhours

Fetalcells

Bio-chemical

tests

Karyotyping

Placenta Chorionicvilli

Fetus

Suction tubeinsertedthroughcervix

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