GEER POST-EARTHQUAKE RECONNAISSANCE
www.geerassociation.org
Jonathan D. Bray, Ph.D., P.E. Faculty Chair in Earthquake Engineering Excellence
University of California, Berkeley
IMPORTANCE OF FIELD STUDIES
Geotechnical Engineering is an experience-driven field
Response of natural soil deposits cannot be replicated in lab
Field observations shape our understanding
Provide the data of the well-documented case histories that form the empirical procedures used in practice
My Commute in 1989 - Berkeley to Oakland
UC Berkeley
Apartment Cypress Structure
Cypress Structure Collapse – 1989 Loma Prieta, SF EQ
Deanne Fitzmaurice / The Chronicle/1989
Bay Bridge Partial Collapse – 1989 Loma Prieta, SF EQ
Struve Slough Bridge Collapse – 1989 Loma Prieta, SF EQ
Damage in San Francisco – 1989 Loma Prieta EQ
1906 SF EQ (Lawson et al. 1908)
Geotechnical Investigations Are Critical
1994 Northridge, LA EQ
Santa Monica Freeway – America’s Busiest Freeway
Liquefaction Led to Fires & Loss of Fire Suppression Capabilities
LA Times
1995 Kobe, Japan EQ
Intense Ground Shaking Near Fault
Video in 2-Story Building in Kobe, Japan
NHK Television
Earthquake Damage to Subway
Dakai Subway Station, Kobe, Japan
Liquefaction-Induced Damage to Ports
Liquefaction-Induced Fires
Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance
OBJECTIVES
Collect perishable data Develop and implement new technologies Document the geotechnical effects of extreme events to advance the profession’s understanding
IMPORTANCE OF FIELD STUDIES
Geotechnical Engineering is an experience-driven field
Response of natural soil deposits cannot be replicated in lab
Field observations shape our understanding
Provide the data of the well-documented case histories that form the empirical procedures used in practice
GEER Steering Committee
J. Bray D. Frost E. Rathje S. Anderson R. Gilbert L. Johnson R. Kayen J. Keaton N. Sitar UCB GaTech UT FHWA UT LJC USGS MACTEC UCB
GEER Advisory Panel
J.P. Bardet (UT-Arlington), R. Boulanger (UCD), M. Comerio (UCB; architect), M. Crawford (Purdue; satellite imaging), C. Davis (LADWP, lifelines), R. DesRoches (GT, structural engineer), C. Edwards (TCLEE), E. Fielding (NASA remote sensing), R. Green (VT), L. Harder (HDR), T. Holzer (USGS), A. Kammerer (NRC), E. Kavazanjian (ASU), S. Kramer (UW), W. Lettis (Lettis, geologist), S. Mahin (UCB, structural engineer), J. Martin (Clemson), S. Nikolaou (MRCE), R. Olsen (U.S. Corps of Engineers), T. O’Rourke (Cornell), A. Rosinski (CEC, geologist), P. Somerville (URS; SCEC), K. Tierney (UC; Social Scientist), H. Yeh (OSU; Tsunami Researcher) , L. Youd (BYU) & Y. Wang (OR Dept. of Geol. & Mining, geohazards) GEER RECORDER: Christine Beyzaei, UCB
> 250 GEER Members: http://www.geerassociation.org/index.html
Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Turning Disaster into Knowledge
Reports over the Last 5 Years
2009 L’Aquila, Italy (Stewart et al. 2009) 2009 Honduras EQ (Luna et al. 2009) 2009 Typhoon Morakot, Taiwan (Ling et al. 2009) 2009 American Somoa Tsunami (Donahue et al. 2009) 2010 Northern California EQ (Storesund et al. 2010) 2010 Haiti EQ (Rathje et al. 2010) 2010 Chile EQ (Bray & Frost et al. 2010) 2010 Baja, California, Mexico EQ (Stewart et al. 2010) 2010 Darfield, New Zealand EQ (Green et al. 2010) 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand EQ (Cubrinovski et al. 2011) 2011 Tohoku, Japan EQ (Boulanger & Sitar et al. 2011) 2011 Central Virginia EQ (Martin et al. 2011) 2012 Costa Rica EQ (Rollins et al. 2013) 2012 Hurricane Sandy (Hashash & Nikolaou et al. 2013) 2014 Cephalonia, Greece EQ (Nikolaou et al. 2014) 2014 Christchurch, New Zealand Flood (Allen et al. 2014) 2014 Oso, Washington Landslide (Wartman et al. 2014) 2014 South Napa EQ (Bray et al. 2014) 2014 Iquique, Chile EQ (Rollins et al. 2014)
NSF-Sponsored Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance
www.geerassociation.org
PRINCIPLES OF RECONNAISSANCE
• Assess overall damage & identify key opportunities
• Will the documentation of effects advance profession?
• One well-documented case history > many photos of damage
• Team approach & systematic collection of perishable data
• Geocoded observations/measurements
• Employ remote sensing & digital data
• “Just the facts” - there is time later to figure out “why”
Aerial Reconnaissance
1999 Kocaeli, Turkey EQ 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan EQ
‘Best Ride’ – 1999 Kocaeli EQ
US Marine CH-53E “Super Stallion” from USS Kearsarge used to rescue CPT Scott O’Grady in Bosnia in 1995
‘Recent Ride’ – 2014 S Napa EQ
California Highway Patrol
‘Future Ride’ – UAVs
Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems: C-UAS (Franke, Hedengren & Farrell, BYU)
Resolution: 6,919 pixels/m2 (1.2 cm)
Heavy Lift Hexrotor + Nikon 7100
Drone Imaging of Surface Rupture - 2014 S Napa EQ (UMKC team led by Dr. ZhiQiang Chen with Graduate Student Max Chen)
80 high-resolution 4000 x 3000 pixel images Stitched into one image with photogrammetric rectification 2.4 cm/pixel
REMOTE SENSING
Pre- and post-satellite images of tailings dam failure (2010 Maule, Chile EQ; Bray & Frost et al. 2010)
Airborne LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging
Earthquake Commission, New Zealand
CHRISTCHURCH Central Business District
Google EarthTM
Central Business District, Christchurch, New Zealand
26 FEB 2011
Google EarthTM
Central Business District, Christchurch, New Zealand
26 FEB 2011 15 FEB 2011
26 APR 2012 22 MAR 2013
1999 Chi-Chi EQ: N. Abrahamson, J. P. Bardet, R. Boulanger, J.D. Bray, Y.-W. Chan, C.-Y. Chang, S. Chang, C.-H. Chen, L. Cluff, L. Harder, A-B. Huang, S. Huang, J.W. Ju, K. Kelson, S. Kieffer, S. Kramer, M.-J. Kuo, W. F. Lee, H-L. Lin, C-H. Loh, M. McRae, C-Y. Ou, W. Perkins, G. Rix, C. Roblee, R.B. Seed, J.-D. Shen, N. Sitar, J. Stewart, L. Teng, J. I. Sun, D. Wells, R. Wright and M. Yashinsky
Mapped by Kelson et al.
GROUND SURVEYING
Ground-Based LIDAR
Optical & LIDAR Images: failed embankment on Ruta 5 (2010 Chile EQ - Kayen in Bray & Frost 2010)
MULTIPLE APPROACHES
Geologic & Damage Mapping, Vs testing, and DCPT testing
2010 Haiti EQ (Rathje et al. 2010)
INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGIC, TOPOGRAPHIC & DAMAGE DATA
Port-au-Prince, Haiti (Rathje et al. 2011)
Systematic Documentation of Observations & Data
Index Description Interpretation GF0 No observable ground failure No settlement, tilt, lateral movement, or boils GF1 Minor ground failure Settlement, Δ < 10 cm; tilt of > 3-story buildings < 1 deg; no
lateral movements GF2 Moderate Ground Failure 10 < Δ < 25 cm; tilts of 1–3 deg; lateral movements < 10 cm GF3 Significant Ground Failure Δ > 25 cm; tilts of > 3 degrees; lateral movements > 25 cm.
Ground Failure Index (Bray & Stewart 2000)
Geo-referen Create HTM Create GIS f
GPS tracksPhotos
Video clips
PC with Google Earth
Kayen et al. 2007
1999 Kocaeli Earthquake: A. Ansal, N. Abrahamson, J. Bachuber, J. P. Bardet, A. Barka, M. Baturay, M. Berilgen, R. Boulanger, J. Bray, O. Cetin, L. Cluff, T. Durgunoglu, D. Erten, M. Erdik, D. Frost, I. M. Idriss, T. Karadayilar, A. Kaya, W. Lettis, J. Martin, J. Mitchell, G. Olgun, A. Onalp, T. O’Rourke, W. Paige, E. Rathje, C. Roblee, R. Sancio, W. Savage, R. Seed, P. Somerville, J. Stewart, B. Sunman, B. Swan, C. Synolakis, S.
Toprak, D. Ural, R. Witter, M. Yashinski, T. Yilmaz, L. Youd
Adapazari, Turkey
Adapazari
0
1
2
3
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2Distance (km)
Gro
und
Failu
re In
dex
West East
0
1
2
3
4
5
Stru
ctur
al D
amag
e In
dex
West East
1 Story
2 Stories
3 Stories
4 Stories
5 Stories
6 Stories
Damage Distribution along Line 1 (60 Structures)
Bray & Stewart 2000
166 CPT/SCPTu & 61 BORINGS with SPT
< http://peer.berkeley.edu/turkey/adapazari >
Fieldwork in Adapazari (Bray et al. 2004)
Fill ML
CH/CL with some ML/SM layers
SM/ML
CL ML CH CH
Fill Fill Fill
CH/CL with some ML/SM layers
CH/CL with some ML/SM layers
Dense SP Dense SP
Dense SP
CL/ML
ML/CL
Generalized Soil Profiles of Adapazari Type 1
Liq / Liq Type 2
Liq / No Liq Type 3
No Liq / Liq Type 4 No Liq
Sancio et al. 2002
0
1
2
3
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2Distance (km)
Gro
und
Failu
re In
dex
West East
0
1
2
3
4
5
Stru
ctur
al D
amag
e In
dex
West East
1 Story
2 Stories
3 Stories
4 Stories
5 Stories
6 Stories
Damage Distribution along Line 1 (60 Structures)
Type 3 Type 4 Type 1 (Not Liq. / Liquefiable) (Not Liquefiable) (Liquefiable / Liq.)
Sancio et al. 2002
SITE C - Generalized Subsurface Profile D
epth
(m)
“Ground Failure” “No Ground Failure”
Photos by Idriss
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Percent weight corresponding to 5µm
Liqu
id L
imit
SusceptibleModerate SusceptibilityNot Susceptible
Susceptible if wc > 0.9LL
Not SusceptibleChinese Criteria
(Seed and Idriss 1982
in Youd et al. 2001)
New Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria
PI & wc/LL Criteria (Bray & Sancio 2006)
Susceptible:
PI ≤ 12 & wc/LL ≥ 0.85
Moderate Susceptibility:
wc/LL > 0.8 & 12 < PI ≤ 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4wc/LL
Pla
stic
ity In
dex
Susceptible to LiquefactionModerate SusceptibilityNot Susceptible
Kocaeli EQ Findings • Liquefaction severely damaged buildings in
Adapazari which led to thousands of deaths
• Site investigation tools can effectively discern bad ground from good ground
• New criteria was developed to capture the liquefaction of silts
Geotechnical Effects of the 2010 Chile Earthquake
Jonathan Bray, UC Berkeley; David Frost, Georgia Tech; Ramon Verdugo, Universidad de Chile;
Christian Ledezma, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Terry Eldridge, Golder Assoc.
Pedro Arduino, Univ. of Washington; Scott Ashford, Oregon State Univ.; Dominic Assimaki, Georgia Tech; David Baska, Terracon; Jim Bay, Utah State Univ.; R. Boroschek, Universidad de Chile; Gabriel
Candia, UC Berkeley; Leonardo Dorador, Univ. de Chile; Aldo Faúndez, Servicio de Salud Arauco; Gabriel Ferrer, Pontificia Univ. Catolica de Chile; Lenart Gonzalez, Golder Assoc.; Youssef Hashash,
Univ. of Illinois; Tara Hutchinson, UC San Diego; Laurie Johnson, Laurie Johnson Consulting; Katherine Jones, UC Berkeley; Keith Kelson, Fugro William Lettis & Assoc.; Rob Kayen, US
Geological Survey; Gonzalo Montalva, Universidad de Concepcion; Robb Moss, Calif. Polytechnic Univ. SLO; Sebastian Maureira, Universidad de Chile; George Mylonakis, Univ. of Patras; Scott
Olson, Univ. of Illinois; Kyle Rollins, Brigham Young Univ.; Nicholas Sitar, UC Berkeley; Jonathan Stewart, UC Los Angeles; Mesut Turel, Georgia Tech; Alfredo Urzúa, Prototype Engineering; Claudia
Welker, Golder Assoc.; Rob Witter, DOGAMI; & Chilean Air Force
www.geerassociation.org
M = 8.8 Chile Earthquake
Santiago
Temuco
NSF-Sponsored GEER Reconnaissance
Ground Recon
Aerial Recon
Chile-US Partners
2010 Chile EQ Reconnaissance Organization
www.geerassociation.org
US GEER Chile Team Members Timeline X denotes anticipated "on the ground" days
Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs5-Mar 6-Mar 7-Mar 8-Mar 9-Mar 10-Mar 11-Mar 12-Mar 13-Mar 14-Mar 15-Mar 16-Mar 17-Mar 18-Mar 19-Mar 20-Mar 21-Mar 22-Mar 23-Mar 24-Mar 25-Mar
David Frost A Lead x x x x x x xRob Moss (S) A x x x x x x Alfredo Urzua (S) A x x x x x xGonzalo Montalva (S) A x x x x x x x x x Keith Kelson (~s) A x x x x x x xNick Sitar A x x x x xJon Bray B Lead x x x x x xRob Witter (~s) B x x x x x xJon Stewart B x x x x x xKyle Rollins B x x x x x xPedro Arduino (S) B x x x x x xTara Hutchinson B x x x x x xDominic Assimaki B x x x x x xGeorge Mylonakis B x x x x x xLaurie Johnson B x x x x x x
Scott Ashford EERI x x x x x x
Rob Kayen C x x xScott Olson (~s) C x x x
Youssef Hashash DJim Bay D
Others
Tectonic Subsidence and Uplift
- 0.5 m
+ 2.5 m
Iloca
Arauco Peninsula
Tsunami Effects
Damage to Ports: Coronel
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance from Sheetpile Wall Face (m)
Cum
ulat
ive
Horiz
onta
l Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Line 1Line 2
Piers # 113-116 Piers # 113-116
Seismic Performance of Infrastructure Juan Pablo II Bridge: Liquefaction-induced pier settlements along bridge span
0.5m-0.7m
Modes of deformation Liquefaction-induced pier settlement
Effects of Ground Failure on Buildings – 2010 Chile EQ (Mw= 8.8)
Hospital in Curanilahue
Building Displacement Measurements
Bray, Arduino, Hutchinson, & Maureira
Effects of Ground Failure on Buildings – 2010 Chile EQ Four 8-Story Condominiums, Concepcion
Foundation Settlement and Building Damage
1o
Bray, Arduino, Hutchinson, & Maureira
Kayen
2010 Chile Earthquake
• M ≥ 8 EQ occurs every 20 to 30 years in Chile
•Ground motions characteristics (duration and site effects) were important
•Geology and coseismic tectonic deformation played key roles in damage and loss of life
•Liquefaction-induced damage was negligible-to-severe
www.geerassociation.org
Well-documented case histories advance our understanding of earthquakes
Reconnaissance is no longer about taking photos and handwritten notes
Geo-coded digital observations enable effective documentation and sharing
Remote sensing and ground-based LiDARcapture post-event conditions
Google EarthTM enables us to see the world
TURNING DISASTER INTO KNOWLEDGE