15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety)

05•02316 Optimization of the heterogeneous Fenton- oxidation of the model pollutant 2,4-xylidine using the optimal experimental design methodology Rios-Enr iquez, M. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 77, (5), 491 501. A m o n g advanced oxidat ion processes (AOP), the photochemical ly enhanced Fenton react ion (photo-Fenton) may be par t icular ly effective for the t rea tment of industr ia l waste water, and the possibil i ty to use solar l ight is an addi t iona l advantage of this process. In the present work, a Fe3+-exchanged zeol i te Ywas tested as a heterogeneous photo- Fenton catalyst for the degrada t ion of the model organic pol lutant , 2,4- xylidine. The performance of the catalyst was invest igated using a bench photochemica l reactor as well as solar reactors. The incident solar rad iant powers (determined by ferr ioxalate actinometry7 showed l inear correlat ions with the outputs o f a Si-photodiode and a bolometer mounted on the solar unit, and could therefore be easily est imated from the on-line observat ion of the sensor outputs . The exper imenta l design methodology was used for p lann ing the experiments under normal ized condi t ions and for model l ing the rates of 2,4-xylidine oxidat ion as a function of the concentra t ions of the addi t ives (Fe 3 +-exchanged zeolite catalyst and hydrogen peroxide). A l though a direct quant i ta t ive compar ison between bo th reactors is difficult (different geometr ies and volumes, different spectral d is t r ibut ion of the rad ia t ion sources), the performance of the solar reactor appears to compare favourably with that of the bench photochemica l reactor.

05•02317 Safety demonstration tests using high temperature engineering test reactor Nakagawa, S. et al. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2004, 233, (1 37, 301 308. Safety demons t ra t ion tests using the high t empera tu re engineer ing test reactor (HTTR) are conducted for demons t ra t ing inheren t safety features of high t empera tu re gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) as well as for providing core and plant t ransient data for va l ida t ion of H T G R safety analysis codes. The safety demons t ra t ion tests are divided to the first phase and second phase tests. In the first phase tests, s imulat ion tests of ant ic ipated opera t iona l occurrences and ant ic ipated t ransients wi thout scram (ATWS) are conducted. The second phase tests will s imulate accidents such as a depressur iza t ion accident (loss of coolant accident) . The first phase tests s imulat ing reactivity inser t ion events and coolant flow reduct ion events s tar ted in FY 2002. The first phase safety demons t ra t ion tests will cont inue unt i l FY 2005 and the second phase tests will be carr ied out from FY 2006.

05•02318 Safety evaluation of the HTTR Kunitomi, K. et al. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2004, 233, (1 3), 235 249. Japan Atomic Energy Research Ins t i tu te ( JAERI) conducted the safety evaluat ion of the high t empera tu re engineer ing test reactor (HTTR) consider ing various characteris t ics of the H T G R in order to confirm the adequacy of safety in all opera t ional states. In the depressur iza t ion accident caused by a coaxial double pr imary pipe rupture, air ingress from the rup tured pipe oxidizes graphi te blocks and fuel in the core. I t is a un ique accident only happened in HTGRs. J A E R I es tabl ished an evaluat ion procedure and developed analytical tools to evaluate the t rans ient behaviour dur ing the depressur iza t ion accident, especially, oxidat ion of the core and fission product re lease into the environment . In a regulatory review, the safety evaluat ion procedure and results of the depressur iza t ion accident were thoroughly discussed including the necessi ty of the con ta inment vessel to prevent air ingress. The regulatory author ized tha t reactor safety was ensured in all off-normal s tates including the depressur iza t ion accident. The evaluat ion pro- cedure and evaluat ion tools will be appl icable to the safety evaluat ion of future Japanese HTGRs . This paper describes the procedure and results of the safety evaluat ion especial ly focusing on the depressuriza- t ion accident together with br ief descr ipt ion of their analytical tools. Also, it presents topics in the regulatory review and R & D needs for the safety evaluat ion of future HTGRs .

05•02319 Second stage energy conservation experience with a textile industry Palanichamy, C. and Babu, N. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (5), 603 609. The Indian textile industr ia l sector is one of the oldest industr ia l sectors in the country, which is also energy intensive. I t is current ly undergo ing several s tudies to reduce its energy consumpt ion and hence energy conservat ion (EC) in this context offers an excel lent oppor tu- nity. This paper, at the beginning, addresses the experiences of the authors with a textile industry, which has a l ready carr ied out some fruitful EC measures . Then it h ighl ights the EC potent ia l availabil i ty and suggests some pract icable env i ronmenta l fr iendly EC policies sui table for the Indian context to achieve the es t imated potential , and finally it highl ights the Government ' s role in the EC endeavour .

05•02320 Selective solar photodegradation of organopollutant mixtures in water Rober t , D. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 77, (5), 553 558.

338 Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2005

Hete rogeneous photocatalysis in a water solut ion is recognized as a method of totally e l iminat ing most recalc i t rant organic pol lutants found in such solutions. The current work has t r ied to show that the he te rogeneous photocatalysis process can also be a selective el imin- at ion method in the case of the mixture: 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4- HBz) and benzamide (Bz) at semi-pi lot plant scale (190 dm 3) under condi t ions of solar i r radiat ion. The photocatalysis exper iments per- formed by us were done at the 'P la ta forma Solar de Almer ia ' and were carr ied out in the compound parabol ic collectors ' CPC system. The study invest igated in par t icular the influence of TiO2 loading, the effect of 4-HBz concentra t ion and the effect of the presence of chloride anions and pH on the selectivity of the react ion process.

05•02321 Solar photocatalysis, photodegradation of a commercial detergent in aqueous TiO2 dispersions under sunlight irradiation Oyama, T. et al. Solar Energy, 2005, 77, (57, 525 532. A commercia l de te rgent whose major components are an anionic surfactant and a f luorescent whi ten ing agent can be pho todegraded in aqueous TiO2 dispers ions under i r radia t ion with concent ra ted sunl ight in the presence of air. The degrada t ion process followed apparen t first- order kinet ics in terms of the total sunl ight energy impinging on the photoreact ive system. The effects of (a) TiO2 loading, (b) circulat ion flow rate, and (c) pH of the reac tant solut ion on the kinet ics of decomposi t ion of the de tergent were examined. Under the prevai l ing condit ions, the opt imal opera t iona l pa ramete r s for this de te rgen t were,

1 1 respectively: TiO 2 loading, 6 g 1 ; c irculat ion flow rate, 4.9 1 min ; and pH, 4.9. The rate of increase of the surface tension was greater than the rate of decrease of the concentra t ion of the detergent . This study adds to our knowledge base in the effective use of sunl ight i r radia t ion to detoxify wastewaters containing undes i rable detergents .

05•02322 Technology assessment of thermal treatment technologies using ORWARE Assefa, G. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2005, 46, (57, 797 819. A technology assessment of thermal t rea tment technologies for wastes was per formed in the form of scenarios of chains of technologies. The Swedish assessment tool, O R W A R E , was used for the assessment. The scenarios of chains of thermal technologies assessed were gasification with catalytic combust ion, gasification with f lame combust ion, incin- era t ion and landfilling. The landfi l l ing scenario was used as a reference for comparison. The technologies were assessed from ecological and economic points of view. The results are p resen ted in terms of global warming potential , acidif ication potent ial , eu t rophica t ion potent ial , consumpt ion of pr imary energy carriers and welfare costs. F rom the s imulat ions, gasification followed by catalytic combust ion with energy recovery in a combined cycle appeared to be the most compet i t ive technology from an ecological point of view. On the other hand, this a l ternat ive was more expensive than incinerat ion. A sensit ivity analysis was done regarding electrici ty prices to show which technology wins at what value of the uni t price of electr ici ty (SEK/kW h). Wi th in this study, i t was possible to make a compar ison both between a combined cycle and a Rank ine cycle (a system pair) and at the same t ime be tween f lame combust ion and catalytic combust ion (a technology pair). To use gasification jus t as a t r ea tment technology is not more appea l ing than incinerat ion, but the possibil i ty of combining gasification with a combined cycle is at tract ive in terms of electr ici ty production. This research was done in connect ion with an empir ical R & D work on both gasification of waste and catalytic combust ion of the gasified waste at the Division of Chemical Technology, Royal Ins t i tu te of Technology (KTH), Sweden.

05•02323 The Brazilian air transportation sector in the context of global climate change: CO2 emissions and mitigation alternatives Simges, A. F. and Schaeffer, R. Energy Conversion and 3lanagement, 2005, 46, (47, 501 513. The purpose of this s tudy is to discuss the par t ic ipat ion of Brazil ian air t ranspor ta t ion within the context of global cl imate change. I t first briefly presents an inventory of COz emissions caused by a i rborne activities in Brazil and then shows a t rend project ion through to 2023, indicat ing the progress of these emissions, with eight possible mit igat ion strategies. The aba tement potent ia l for each of these s trategies is also investigated. It is es t imated that jo in t implementa t ion of all these s trategies within a typical project ion of broad based sustainabil i ty (based on renewable energy sources with fair social, economic and technological development) could resul t in an annual reduct ion in CO2 emissions caused by a i rborne activities in Brazil up to 28.5% (compared to the t rend project ion for 2023). I t is also es t imated that the emissions avoided through jo in t implementa t ion of the mit igat ion al ternat ives analysed may well reach 82,000 Gg (or 109 g) of CO2 from 2003 through 2023.