CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Wastes can be produced by natural occurrence such as whirlwind, erosion, storm,
volcanoes, flooding, among others and majorly by anthropogenic activities such as
household; business, manufacturing and agricultural system. Among the elements
contributing to wastes production are; high population growth and urbanization,
industrialization, changes in consumption pattern, and the general use of disposable
containers and packages leading to large amounts of waste (Ladu, Lu, & Osman, 2011;
Giusti, 2009; Ngoc and Schnitzer 2009). This was not a major challenge when the human
population was relatively small and nomadic, but became a serious problem with
urbanization and the growth of large conurbations.
UN-HABITAT (2010) reported that Africa is the fastest urbanizing continent in the world
having urban centres such as Cairo, Lagos, Nairobi, among others growing at exponential
pace that make them triple their size by the year 2050 (UN-HABITAT 2010).
Municipalities are a main focus when it comes to the issue of waste management.
Municipal solid waste management is one notable environmental problem that has
bedevilled Nigeria far back 1970s; although municipal solid waste problem affect the
environment in different parts of the world.
In developing countries, improper management of waste is one of cause of environment
pollution and degradation of urban centres. About 20% to 50% of the recurrent budget is
expended on solid waste management, still 30% to 60% of all municipal waste is not
collected and less than 50% of the masses is served (Lade, Agbede, & Ilori, 2012). Waste
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management in Nigeria like every other developing country is typified by ineffectual
collection practices, inadequate coverage of the collection services as well as
inappropriate waste disposal (Joshua 2013). It is estimated that about 87% of Nigerian
population practice unhygienic method of waste disposal with dumpsite site located
within and outskirt urban areas. Commercial activities are considered as one of the factors
contributing to the generation of waste in the market (Adebyo, Bamisaye, Akintan,
&Ogunleye, 2006).
Markets are generally more than economic establishments, they represent social entities.
They attract influx of buyers and sellers including toddlers who are brought to the market
by their mothers (Adekunle 2012). Indiscriminate disposal of waste and unhygienic
market cleaning is identified as an uncontrollable problem in Nigeria which has
contributed to the outbreak of contagious diseases and environmental degradation. The
gathering of people in the markets provides an avenue for spread of communicable
diseases with considerable risk of resulting into epidemic (Abejegah, Abah, Awunor,
Duru, Eluromma, Aigbiremolen, & Okoh, 2013).
It is observed that most of the diseases Nigerians suffer from like fever; tuberculosis and
typhoid are as a result of unhealthy surroundings conditions. A common feature in
Nigerian market is mountainous heaps of waste on open space, roadside, waterways,
drainages and gutter, which provides breeding ground for flies, rodents and reptiles which
are carriers of diseases with bad smell and unsightliness. Illness transmission by
houseflies is highest where there is insufficient waste depository, collection and ejection
as well as inadequate hygiene (Olukanni & Akinyinka, 2012). There are potential dangers
to the vicinity and human well being from improper disposal of solid wastes. Other
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hazards caused by improper disposal of waste aside health hazards include fire hazards,
air pollution, contamination of surface water and ground water, flooding/erosion due to
blockage of drainages and water channel, vegetation damage and poisoning effect (El-
Fadel Findikakis & Leckie 1997; De and Debnath 2016).
A study conducted in Ibadan identify socio-economic factor that influence the choice of
waste disposal method in urban areas to include age, income, education, occupation and
building types (Omole and Alakinde 2013). Other factors militating against effective
waste management includes waste disposal habit of the people, corruption, work attitude,
inadequate plants and equipments among others (Taiwo 2009).
In developed region, hazardous waste sites have been properly investigated and
documented. For instance the United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
evaluated thousands of hazardous sites through the superfund mechanism over the past
decades, evaluating these sites for potential human threats. A case study is the Love canal
community level exposure to toxicants in Nigara falls, New York. Nigeria and many
other Third world countries lack updated records on hazards associated with waste site
unlike developed regions, where every waste site have been properly investigated and
documented (Ericson, Caravanos, Chatham-Stephens, Landrigan, & Fuller 2013).
Therefore it is important to investigate hazards associated with waste and its impact on
population at risk and its immediate environment.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
The current system of waste management has been unable to meet the society needs for
healthy environment including reduction of environmental and health effect of waste.
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There is evidence of persistent heaps of waste in different location of urban areas
including markets. The problem of waste management is as a result of inadequate
physical infrastructure, improper management structure, poor maintenance practice, weak
institutional capacity as well as lack of public enlightenment on the waste hazards and its
effect on human and environmental well-being.
Like every other markets in Nigeria, waste is seen littered everywhere in Minna major
markets such as roadside, drainages, gutter and open space with its inherent problems on
the environment and possible health effect on the traders. Open dump practice in the
market provides Breeding Avenue for pathogenic microorganism and vectors of diseases
such as cholera, typhoid, malaria, dysentery, diarrheal among others, it also causes public
nuisance as a result of unsightliness and offensive odor oozing from the dump site
especially during raining season. It can also pollute ground water and surface water and
cause environmental degradation. This improper waste management practice can further
result into blockage of water ways when waste are blown around by the wind, resulting
into flooding/erosion. Open burning is another improper waste management practice by
the traders, which can cause air pollution, water pollution, breathing problem, eye
irritation, cough and possibly fire hazards.
To promote clean and safe environment that improve human health and environmental
quality, the state government established Niger state Environmental protection Authority
(NISEPA) which is saddle with the responsibility of collection and disposal of waste from
minna and its environs including the markets. However, the traders seem to be unaware
of the adverse effect of unhygienic waste management on their health and environment,
they seem clueless of the complementary relationship between unhealthy environment
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and diseases. The government authority (NISEPA) also suffer weak institutional capacity
in the area of waste trucks, man-power and regular and timely waste collection.
Awareness and Public enlightenment programs on the health risk of improper disposal are
not sufficient enough.
Hazards assessment is a crucial exercise in the field of disaster management. They are the
main aspect of disaster mitigation and preparedness measure, which are carry-out by
nations to lessen disaster risk and boost community resilience. It was on this premise that
the researcher undertakes this study to assess the waste hazards in major markets in minna
Niger State; which health effect can be caused by waste hazards, are traders aware of
hazards caused by waste, which factor influence improper waste disposal
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The aim of the study is to assess hazards associated with waste in major markets in Minna
with a view of determining their potential risk on traders health in the study area.
The major objectives of the study are;
a. To identify waste hazards types and location in the study area
b. To examine the factors responsible for the improper disposal of waste in the study
area
c. To assess the effect of waste hazards on trader’s health
d. To assess trader’s level of awareness of waste hazards in the market
1.4. Research Questions
The research was designed to address the following question regarding the assessment of
waste hazards in major markets, Minna Niger State with the aim of suggesting suitable
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recommendation on how the research outcome can be utilized in an attempt to lessen the
effect of hazards associated with waste in the market.
In line with the aim and objectives of the research, the research questions are the
following.
1. What are the types of waste hazards available in the study area?
2. Which factor influences improper waste disposal in the study area?
3. Which health effect does improper disposal of waste have on traders?
4. Are the traders aware of hazards associated with improper waste disposal on their
health?
1.5 Research Justification
Nigeria like most developing world suffer serious solid waste management problem.
Inadequate market cleanliness is a tough challenge in Nigeria and has augmented the
spread of communicable diseases and environmental disaster (Abejegah et al., 2013).
Improper disposal of solid waste is associated with a lot of problems such as providing
breeding space for vector of diseases, unsightliness, emission of offensive smell, blockage
of water channels, air, land and water pollution, contamination of water use for cooking
in markets food canteen and drinking, contamination of soil, vegetation, surface and
ground water, fire hazards, flooding and health hazards (De, & Debnath, 2016; Taiwo
(2009).
Common diseases associated with improper waste management (Open dump &burning)
includes eyes irritation, skin irritation, malaria, typhoid, diahoel, cholera, dysentery,
throat and breathing problem as well as long term diseases such as nervous system
problem, body paralysis, birth defect and cancer (AkhtarI, 2000; Elliott et al. 2001). Some
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factors are attributed to improper waste disposal they include illiteracy, ignorance,
negligence, laziness among others (Taiwo 2009). Research showed that most people are
cognizant of hazards associated with improper waste disposal, yet indiscriminate disposal
of refuse is rampant (Abejegah et al., 2013).
This research work set out to answer some question in market research in the area of
waste hazards in major markets in Minna Niger State, Nigeria. The research identifies
gaps in knowledge from review of relevant studies. Most research work reviewed
emphasized more on human health and less on the environment forgetting that the
environment equally affects the trader’s health. Fakere 2012 asserted that the well being
of individual cannot be considered in seclusion of the environment in which they live.
Similarly relatively few comprehensive studies have been carried out on hazards
associated with waste in major market in Minna Niger state. Furthermore there is limited
study on other hazards of waste aside health hazards such as Fire and explosion hazards,
Flood &erosion hazards. The result of this research work will provide an experimental
data, on the type, effect, factors and level of awareness of population at risk (traders) in
the study area. It will also provide necessary information for policy design, framework for
solving the problem and mitigation measures to be undertaken in other to promote the
health of the people in the study area. The study will also constitute cogent contribution to
disaster risk management efforts by serving as proactive measure particularly in Niger
State and Nigeria as a whole.
1.6 Scope of the Study
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This research assesses waste hazards in major markets in Minna, it focused on impact of
waste hazards on human health and its environment. It assesses the hazards associated
with waste and its related health risk on the traders, and to assess the trader’s inability to
maintain clean and healthy environment as well as their level of awareness of the hazards
associated with indiscriminate waste disposal.
The geographical scope of the research is late Abdulkadir Kure Ultra modern market,
Chachanga Local government and Gwari market also in chachanga local government. The
choice of these two markets is based on the fact these are the biggest and the most daily
patronized markets in Minna Niger state.
1.7 Study Area
1.7.1 Location of the Study Area
Minna, Niger State capital is located at longitude 6ᶿ 29’ and 6ᶿ 35’ East and latitude 9ᶿ 33’
and 9ᶿ 40’ North, as seen in Figure 1.1. Minna lies within the North Central Zone of the
geopolitical zoning of Nigeria and occupies a total area of 74,344km wide. Figure
1.1 shows the Local Government in Niger State and Figure 1.2 show the study area within
the map of Niger State. The town Minna is nearly a simple settlement with main road
running through it. The major road is like 16km long and other road network find their
origin from it.
Township predominantly occupied by diverse ethnic group of this nation such as Nupe,
Gwari, Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Edos, Kanuris, Igbos and other minor groups. The
indigenous way of life of these people have influenced the type and materials used for
construction of houses. The major religions practice by the people is Christianity, Islam,
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few traditional and pagans. The wards in minna include Nassarawa ‘A’, Nassarawa ‘B’,
Nassarawa ‘C’, Tudunwada South Makera, Sabongari, Minna Central, Minna South,
Tudunwada North, Limawa ‘A’, Limawa ‘B’
The Gwari market and Late Engineer A. A Kure’s markets (Central market) are the two
major markets in Minna(see Figure 1.2). The central market is the most significant in
minna. It was constructed in 1991, commissioned and open for public use on the 10 th of
October, 2007 with handful of people patronizing not until the old central market was
shut down in 2010 that late kure’s market began full trading activities. Minna central
market is situated along Western bye-pass in Minna (see figure 1.2). The Minna Central
market was constructed in 1991. The new market was built in conformity with what is
obtains in any civilized cities of the world. Modern open-stalls, locked up shops,
compartmentalized stalls for special sets of traders and park for patrons to park their cars
as well as a fire fighting station, massive water head tank.
The new market has over 2000 stalls and shops of different types, banking halls, Police
and fire service posts, restaurants and a clinic. Other facilities in the Engineer Abdulkadir
Kure Market and Parks include, administrative block, market union office, wider space
for expansion, for vehicular park for traders to off load their wares and for customers to
the market and good road network within and outside it. The market is managed by Urban
Shelter in conjunction with Chanchaga Local Government Area of Niger State. The
Gwari market designed by Niger state Housing Corporation and was built by the then
military administration two years prior to the construction of the old central market. The
market was sited between PZ from the north and bounded by road to the south and
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railway track to the east. The market was designed and constructed majorly for trading of
foodstuffs such as beans, yam, Grains, livestock among others.
There is an accessible road for driving in and out, no parking lot except for illegal
roadside parking; police out post management office, mosque, and place of convenience
were all available in the market. The market is managed by a supervisor representing
Chanchaga Local government to oversee the activities of the market (Niger State
Statistical Year Book 2011).
1.7.2 Topography
The Minna Topography entails of mountains and hills especially towards the western and
eastern part of the city. Due to these huge rocks, city expansion has been constrained
towards those parts. All developments were halted by flat rock outcrop at the extreme
north. The geology of the area is a blend of granites. In predominant part of the areas,
decomposed lateritic soil form the surface, minute streams and erosions, cut deep gullies,
leaving the remnant crops washing away by weathering agent (Niger State Government
2013).
1.7.3 Climate
The climate of Minna is dominantly affected by two air masses. They consist of dry and
dusty tropical continental air masses and the warm moist tropical air masses. There is
change I the climate, which determines the nature of rainfall, the temperature and the
wind in the study area. The total annual rainfall amount differs from place to place. The
active rainfall season is between the month of May and October. Average monthly
rainfall is within 103mm and 250mm. It is to be noted that soil moisture condition are
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more favorable apart from relatively uninterrupted rainfall from July to October (NIMET,
2013).
Figure 1.1: Minna, Niger State showing Local Government AreaSource: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, FUT Minna (2016)
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Figure 1.2: Map of Chanchaga Local Government Area, Minna Niger State Source: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, FUT Minna, (2016)
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1.7.4 Vegetation
The Natural Vegetation in Chanchaga Local Government is that of Guinea Savanna
Vegetation. Tall grasses like elephant grass with scattered trees characterized by
numerous years of continuous cultivation and the effect of urbanization have rendered the
land virtually bare. Instead of tall fresh grasses, what we have now are short grasses with
almost all trees cut down as a result of urbanization and fuel wood demand. Vegetation in
the study area has been greatly affected (C-GIDD, 20012).
1.7.5 Land use
The prevailing land use of the study area includes recreational, business, Industrial,
residential, Agricultural and educational land uses. The mode of land use creates spatial
inequality, as want exist in one place and fulfillment in another. The spatial expansion of
the study area is restraint by mountainous ridges. There are various institutional land uses
in the study area; they include the public and private institution. These are primary
schools, secondary and tertiary institutions. Some of the primary and secondary schools
includes: Bosso primary school, Hill-Top model school, Day Secondary school among
others. Also, among the public institutions are government administrative centers, which
include: Government House Barracks. Health institutions like the General hospital, IBB
Specialist hospital, fire station among others. It also includes different churches, mosque
and so on. The commercial land uses is spread across the town.
The main commercial area of the town is located at the center of the town popularly
known as Mobil area. There, we have the Central Motor garage which serves as a
terminal for most vehicles. Other commercial areas include; Tunga market, Gwari market,
retail stores and super markets. There are also filling stations, they include: Total, African
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Petroleum, Conoil among others. There are also some commercial banks like union,
keystone, GT Bank, Zenith, Diamond, among others.. Minna transportation system relies
on its road network. The road connection is characterized by a typical linear pattern until
lately that the two by- pass are experiencing heavy traffic as development now facing
eastern and western bye-pass (Niger State Government 2013).
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Waste Materials
The United Kingdom Environmental Protection Act 1990, defined waste to include any
substance which constitute a scrap material or an effluent or other unwanted surplus
substance resulting from any application process; and any substance or article which
requires to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated, or otherwise
spoiled(UK EPA, 1990). Lagos State Environmental Edict 1985, section 32 defined the
term waste in a similar manner to include; waste of all description, any substance, which
constitutes scrap materials or an effluent or other unwanted surplus substances resulting
from application of any process (Taiwo, 2009). Butu & Mshelia (2014) defined waste as
substance and materials which are discarded or needed to be disposed of in accordance to
the provision of national law. Although, particular wastes may eventually become
materials prized to others once they are removed from the dump site, these materials can
be valuable raw materials located at a wrong place. Waste content is also influenced by
external determinants, such as geographical area, the people’s standard of living, source
of energy, and weather (Oyelola & Babatunde, 2008). The term waste could be liquid,
solid or gaseous substances or materials (Taiwo, 2009). Solid waste result from different
operational activities taken place on land and there are three main sources of municipal
solid waste which include;
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1. Domestic or Residential waste: These are household garbage and refuse collected
from residents on a regular basis such waste include organic matter from
preparation and
Consummation of food, unused clothes, nylon and ashes are the bye-product of
various cooking and heating process.
2. Commercial or Business waste: These are waste from trading activity such as
shops, supermarkets, market and others. They include paper, carton, nylon bags,
plastic, wood, glass and so on. According to United Kingdom Environmental
protection Ethic Commercial Waste means waste from premises used wholly or
mainly for the purposes of a trade or business, or the purposes of sport, recreation
or entertainment excluding household waste, industrial waste, waste from any
mine or quarry and waste from premises used for agriculture
3. Industrial waste: This kind of waste could be solid, liquid and sludge as well as
emotive title attached to them like toxic, hazardous and special waste. They are
not limited to metals, scraps, chips and grits from machine, shops, sawdust, paper
and glass (Omole & Alakinde, 2009; Butu, 2014).
2.2 Indiscriminate Solid Waste Disposal and Associated Waste Hazards in
Metropolis
In developing countries, solid waste management is one of the greatest problems facing
the Environmental Protection Agencies. Solid waste management is characterized by
inefficient collection method, insufficient coverage of the collection system and improper
disposal. The common challenge faced by the environmental agencies include lack of
institutional capacity, limited funds, non-availability of trained manpower, absence of
bye-laws and standards, inappropriate technology among others (Laner, Fellner, &
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Brunner, 2009). Municipal solid waste management is the responsibility of both the state
and the local government environmental protection agencies. Zurbrugg (2003) stressed
that 2/3 of the solid waste generated in developing countries is not collected as a result of
irregular waste collection. Solid waste generation exceeds collection capacity.
Improper land planning is another factor responsible for improper waste disposal, this
problem affect the positioning of public waste container in a populated area for the use of
the masses. As a result of this, urban dwellers have to trek a distance before getting access
to this facility. Majority have to indiscriminately dispose their waste in close by open
spaces, drains and streams and vacant land. Other factors responsible for indiscriminate
waste disposal include population growth, Government failure, and insufficient
knowledge of urban dwellers, high rate illiteracy / religious/inclination, commercial
activities and the ideology of common ownership of space
( Butu and Mshelia, 2013).
In Nigeria like most developing countries, open waste dump is the common waste
management practice. Dumps are located along or by-roadsides, most cities in Nigeria are
littered with refuse spreading into residential areas, markets, villages and towns. Little
quantity of waste are disposed in sanitary landfills, majority are disposed in open dumps,
vacant land and water bodies and burn in open space thereby polluting the air. They serve
as breeding ground for rodents, flies, mosquitoes and other vector diseases organisms
(AkhtarI, 2000). This type of waste disposal adopted is an environmental hazard which
can threaten human health and wellbeing and cannot be considered as a long-term
environmental method of disposal.
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The associated risk with open dump practice are many ; health hazards, pollution to
ground and surface water, spread of contagious diseases, unsightliness, contamination of
soil, fire hazards and physical hazards, highly poisonous smoke from burning, offensive
smell from decomposing refuse among others. Indiscriminate disposal of waste affect all
component of the environment and human health negatively (De and Debnath, 2016; Ali,
Pervaiz, Afzal, Hamid, & Yasmin, 2014; Akhtarl, 2000).
There are immediate and long-term health effects from hazardous wastes, the immediate
health effect ranges from offensive smell, eye and skin irritation, headache, throat and
breathing problems to serious health effects that affect the nervous system and could
cause paralysis of functional body parts, some have teratogenic and carcinogenic effect,
congenital anomalies, among others (Akhtarl, 2000 ; Vrijheid, 2000; Dolka et al; 1998;
Rushton, 2003)
2.3. Problems of Indiscriminate Waste Disposal in Nigerian Markets
Improper management of solid waste in market is a noticeable problem in Nigeria and has
contributed to the spread of contagious diseases and environmental degradation as a result
of contamination by vermin (Lade, Agbede & Ilori, 2012)). The problem faced in
markets and abattoirs includes improper waste disposal, inadequate water supply, and
absence of sanitary facilities which result into open defecation and urination, including
overcrowding and exposure of food stuff and other items to flies and other pollutants.
Most of these problems faced in the markets are attributed to improper planning of the
market; rising up of illegal sales point; lack of adequate amenities like pipe borne-hole
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water, inadequate road networks, institutional regulations, and inefficiency of market
supervisors (Abejegah et al., 2013).
Adekunle (2012) carried out a study in Oje market in Ibadan, expressed that open waste
dump is the adopted waste management method in the study area. It further revealed that
the physical environment is littered with solid waste as a result of insufficient waste bin in
the market. The study also noted the habit of open dumping into drains, water bodies
which contributed to the pollution of the market physical environment
Taiwo (2009) stressed that open dumps remain part of the surroundings of sellers for a
long time, decomposing with offensive smell, blocking roads and hindering free
movement in and out of the market. The heaps of waste further prevent the flow of water
into the well thus discourage the digging of additional well and making available water
unsafe for consumption. The result showed that the health of women and their children
are at risk by pollution of urban market. The researcher identified women particularly to
be at the receiving end of the environmental problems for reason they cannot control.
Improper dumping of waste is not only unhygienic for individual but creates a very filthy
scenario for dwelling and trading activities especially food items. For example a study
carried out in Bodija market showed that about three restaurants where traders buy food
and drinks were located in close proximity to waste sites (Taiwo, 2009). It may also pose
fire hazards aside from being nuisance and source of offensive smell. It is believed that
majority of ailment that affects Nigerians like malaria; tuberculosis and diarrhea are as a
result of unhealthy environmental condition (Abejegah et al., 2013). Urban market, which
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is the major employment opportunity for teeming urban poor, suffers from the problem of
environmental pollution which results from indiscriminate waste dump with its enormous
health effects.
2.4 Environmental Pollution
Environmental challenges have attracted people’s attention across the globe. The world is
becoming more conscious of variety of issues such as global warming, air, water and land
pollution (Desa et al., 2011). Pollutants are discharged from waste sites in gaseous, liquid
and solid form into the environment. One of the effect of waste in the environment
include air pollution which include foul smell smoke, noise, dust, and so on. Waste
Pollution from dump site result to flooding due to drainage blockage and land degradation
(Taiwo, 2009). Many areas have heaps of municipal solid waste unattended to; and many
of the objects that are thrown away contain toxic substances which leach into soil and
water as well affecting the health of plants, animal and humans (Ali, Pervaiz, Afzal,
Hamid, & Yasmin, 2014).
The high rate of municipal solid waste has tremendously contributed to land, water and
air pollutions in the city. The huge mountain of refuse dumps that are commonly seen on
open spaces and shoulders of the major streets in metropolis are washed by rainstorm
scattering all over most of the environment (Butu& Mshelia, 2014). Indiscriminate
disposal of waste according to Fakare et al., (2012) is a severe threat to the immediate
environment because it leaves the environment filthy and polluted therefore posing
danger to the health of the people and contributes to the degradation of the environment.
Some of the substance responsible for pollution of land, water and air are heavy metals,
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green house gases (carbon dioxide, sulphur,), pesticides, asbestos, organic chemical, lead
Microorganism, vermin, and pharmaceuticals, inorganic compounds, fire and explosion,
among others(Pheby et al., 2002).
1. Water Pollution
Water is significant to human health and wellbeing. Water pollution especially from
industrial effluents is a global challenge and its potential to influence human health is
huge. Polluted water consist industrial discharge effluents, sewage water, rain water
pollution and industrial pollution (Vivien et al., 2012). The most common way of
discharging liquid effluent from sewage treatment plants is by disposing into water
bides such as sea and rivers. Therefore the quality of water is unavoidably affected by
the amount of sewage treatment. For instance, most companies in south west Europe
are investing in programs like treatment improvement for the purpose of ensuring
compliance with the minimum standard of sewage treatment as laid down by EU
legislation. The hazards involve is the faecal pathogens which could threaten human
health particularly users of surface water, consumers of shellfish and supplies as
drinking water (Pheby et al., 2002). The pollution of water affects the human health
and quality of soil and vegetation.
Vivien et al., (2012) examined the public health effects of effluent discharge of
Kaduna refinery on River Romi. The finding showed that the parameter measured
were above the permissible limit of World Health Organization, the study identified
potential health effects of the presence of these parameters in the water. It further
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stressed that it is evident that excessive levels of pollution are causing alot damage to
human and animal health. About 80% of all diseases and above one-third of deaths in
developing nations are caused by the consumption of contaminated water and on
average as much as one-tenth of each person’s productive time is sacrificed to water
related illness (Vivien et al., 2012).
A study carried out on effects of polluted water irrigation on environment and health
of people in Pakistan showed that the use of polluted water not only degraded the
ground water quality but also have serious health hazards on the resident in the area.
The health hazards of regular consumption of polluted water include heart and
kidneys problem, poor blood circulation, skin infection, vomiting and damage of
nervous system and in some cases the effects of water pollution might cause death for
human worldwide (bin Hamad & Al-Mekhlafi, 2009).
2. Land pollution
One of the major causes of environment pollution is improper disposal of waste. Land
pollution is one of the major forms of environmental problems facing the world today.
Open urination and defecation are widely common which contribute to environment
contamination and degradation (Abejegah et al., 2013)
3. Air Pollution
The air we breathe is one of the important ingredients of human wellbeing and healthy
life. Unfortunately, air pollution is prevalent across the globe. The major pollutants
found in the air we breathe include carbon monoxide, surphur, metal, nitrogen dioxide
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among others. Air pollution in urban centers reduces the lifespan of urban dwellers
(Khan& Ghouri, 2011). Afroz et al., (2003) posits that air pollution majorly comes
from land transportation, industrial emissions, and open burning practice. The
decomposition of biodegradable waste in urban waste centers may cause emission of
unpleasant smell, therefore affecting the quality of air in the environment (Aatamila et
al., 2010). Solid wastes evolved in many combustion processes, heavy source of
particulate is the burning of coal. Incineration of solid waste creates solid particles
which enters the air. It is believed that pathogenic soil fungi, multiplying through the
nutritive effect on soil of some of the waste constituents, can release spores.
2.5 Health Hazards
Health risks are related with every step of the waste disposal management both directly
(which is through recycling and recovery activities or occupations in waste management
industry, by exposure to toxic residue in the waste site or by emission from incinerator
and landfill sites, parasitic insect, bad smell and noise) or indirectly through ingestion and
uptake of polluted water, food and soil. Risk to human health caused by exposure to toxic
discharged at waste management plant can be (1)critical in event of a serious accident
causing short term exposure to increase levels of potentially hazardous substance and gas
and(2) persistent, when it involves long term exposure to low dosage of these substances
or heat. (pheby et al., 2002).
The five major waste management methods adopted across the world have some level of
adverse effect on human health especially waste workers and residents living near waste
site. The following are waste management method and their health impacts.
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2.5.1 Open Dump/Open Burning
It was observed that the people living close to open dump site have poor health like
allergy, asthma, skin irritation and other gastro intestinal diseases (De &Debnath, 2016).
Fakare (2012) identified malaria fever, typhoid, measles, diarrhea, cholera, dysentery and
some communicable diseases as the most prevalent diseases and ecology problem. The
identified causative factors include filthy environment, inadequate sanitary services, and
poor drainages among others.
Waste problems have great effects on the quality of the environment as well as human
life. This can lead to human diseases such as cholera, malaria, and typhoid fever. Health
effect of indiscriminate waste disposal include the presence of flies which carry germs
and bacteria, breeding of mosquitoes in blocked gutter causing malaria and fever,
presence of rats which spread diseases such as typlius, salmonella and other related
diseases, parasite infection, infected cut among other hazards on dump sites (Taiwo,
2009). Environmental sanitation is of great concern to governments and policy makers in
a bid to prevent disease occurrence (Addo, 2013).
Open burning as one of the waste management method has many adverse effects on both
human health and environment. This unmanaged burning of refuse emits a lot of
pollutants in the air which threaten human health, affect reproduction, development,
disrupt the hormonal system and cause cancer (Addo 2013). ). Health problem related
with waste disposal are mounting in continent such as Asia among others. (Pheby et al.,
2002).
24
2.5.2 Landfills Method
Numerous review suggested linkages between proximity to Landfill site and poor health.
For instance Elliott et al.,(2001); Porta et al.,(2009) and Rushton, (2013) highlighted risk
of neutral tube defects, abdominal wall defects, surgical correction of gastro schisis and
examphalos, low birth weight, congenital anomalies and cancers. But the scientific
record of adverse health effect from landfill was described as limited/ insufficient.
Ericson et al., (2013) included that contaminant at landfill sites have a wide range of
human effects, including decrements in IQs, respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and
mortality and carcinogens which affect vulnerable group disproportionately such as
children and pregnant women.
However, the study of Jarup et al., (2007) found no excessive risk of Down syndrome in
population living close to landfill in England out of 4640 cases of Down syndrome within
2km of landfill site.
2.5.3 Compost Method
Bioaerosol Pollution occurs as inhalable combination of air and microorganisms. The
contaminant present at composite may expose different population to health hazards from
composting plant workers to the consumers of farm produce planted in soil treated with
compost. The potential health hazards of inhalable air and microorganism released during
composting include inflammatory responses of the upper airways such as congested nose,
sore throat and dry cough, Toxicoses- Toxic pneumonitis due to endotoxins, respiratory
and skin infection, allergies such as asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolities (Herr et al.,2003;
25
Domingo & Nadal, 2009) . In a survey conducted by Bunger et al., (2007), findings
showed that the exposure to organic dust at workplace and composting sites have adverse
acute and chronic respiratory health effect, throat and eye irritation. The disadvantage of
compost industrial scale is not limited to compost workers but also a direct applicability
on Agriculture (Damingo & Nadal, 2009).
2.5.4 Incinerator method
The main problem about incinerators is the emission of toxicants. Guisti (2009) expressed
that these toxic substances are resistant to biodegradation, and they accumulate in food
and are considered to be toxic. The health related hazards to municipal solid waste
incinerators are cancer, allergy disorders, respiratory and skin infection, fatigue,
headache, diarrhea, birth and developmental defect (Franchin et al., 2013; poulsen et al.,
1995).
2.6 Routes of Exposure to Hazardous Waste
Part of the purpose of the WHO meeting was to recommend method of assessing
exposure to hazard released by waste site (WHO European Centre for Environment and
Health 2000). Review of epidemiology both in developed nations and developing world
shows that exposure to emission from waste site threaten the quality of life of residence
near waste site and waste workers. Exposure to waste has been linked to the following;
Fire hazards and Flooding, environmental degradation, health hazards such as respiratory
illness, malaria, skin disease , typhoid, diarrhea, dysentery, birth defect& reproductive
disorder, low birth weight, stillbirth, and abortion, Morbidity, mortality, carcinogenesis,
26
Organic dust toxic syndrome, pulmonary disease, Hepatitis, tetanus infection among
others(De & Debnath, 2016;Ladu et al., 2011; Aderogba& afelumo, 2012; poulson et al.,
1995; Franchini et al., 2003; Fakare et al., 2012; Vrijheid 2000;, pheby et al., 2002;,
Rushton 2003;, Bunger et al.,)
The crucial nexus between a health hazard and a health outcome is exposure. The risk to
health depends not only on how much is present but also on whether there is a route by
which people may be exposed. A complete exposure pathway is a pathway which starts at
the source of contamination and travels through environmental media to the point of
exposure and by some route of exposure to an exposed population (pheby et al., 2002).
Exposure to toxicants from different waste management practices could find their way
into the human body through(Selin, 2013).
Uptake
Pollutants may be released from the waste site and may remain toxic after passing
through various environmental media but will only pose a risk to health if they are taken
up by people in sufficient quantities and over a sufficient length of time. Exposure may
be through food chain by consumption of product planted on contaminated soil
(Domingo& Nadal2009). Potentially exposed populations are waste site workers,
construction workers involved in development of operational or closed site, on-site
trespassers, neighbouring residents and those using the site and surrounding area for
recreation
Inhalation
Contaminants released into the air from incinerators, composting facilities, and landfill
sites may be inhaled by people living in the vicinity or working at the sites which may
27
contain microorganisms and toxicants. Many particles from incinerator smoke and fly ash
are of respirable quantity and can be directly inhaled. Volatile organic chemicals may
evaporate into the atmosphere from landfill sites and be inhaled (Pheby et al.,2002;
Domingo& Nadal, 2009).
Ingestion
The usual disease pathways include placing contaminated hands in the mouth or eating
food, ingestion of soil treated with compost especially children, through vector insects
such as cockroaches or mosquitoes, or by directly inhaling air borne particles
contaminated with pollutants.(Butu& Mshelia 2014). Potential health risk can be
assessed through sources of drinking water especially well and stream, through food such
as local vegetables and animal products, surface water and sediments(WHO meeting).
Geschwind et al., (1992) identified air, ground water, surface water and soil as the main
environmental exposure routes.
2.7 Waste Disposal Management Methods and Their Impact
Solid waste management refers to source separation, storage, collection, transportation
and final disposal of waste in an environmentally sustainable manner. Solid waste
management is an important environmental health service, and an integral part of basic
urban services (Puopiel 2010).
Waste management is a wider than mere disposal of waste. It involves the generation,
collection, processing and transport of waste including the minimization of the production
of waste and the re-conceptualizing of waste as a resource. The health of the people is
influenced by the overall waste management strategy adopted locally, regionally and
28
nationally. The waste management choice made by decision makers could have negative
impact on health both directly and indirectly. The collection, transfer and disposal of
waste have been generally assumed to be the function of city authorities both in Advance
and developing nations. Despite the fact that urban authority allocated 20%-40% of urban
revenue to the management of waste, they are unable to step up with the scope of the
problem (Addo, 2013). Yongsi et al., (2008) examined environmental sanitation and
health risk in Tropical urban setting in Yaounde Cameroon. The study shows that the
presence of waste and proximity to residents has been linked to numerous cases of
diagnosed diarrheas. They concluded their findings by associating diarrheal prevalence in
the study area to mismanagement of household refuse. Pheby et al., (202) examined
Waste management practices and their impact on human health. Findings show incidence
of a wide range of possible illness on employees of waste facilities and on resident
population in all waste management methods.
2.7.1 Composting Waste
Composting is an aerobic, biological process of degradation of biodegradable organic
matter which can be used as to improve chemical properties of soil (Rushton 2003; Pheby
2002). Bünger, et al.,(2000) carried out research on work related health complaints and
diseases of compost workers taking sample from waste workers and control subjects.
Findings show that waste workers had significantly more symptoms of diseases of the
airways and skin than the control subject. It was concluded that high exposure of waste
workers is significantly associated with higher frequency of health complaints and
diseases. However, the work of Goldman et al., (1985) on Health and safety in the solid
waste industry shows no evidence of increased amount of chronic pulmonary diseases in
29
waste workers when compared to other occupation. Damingo &Nadal, (2009) posit that
pollutants from compost plant may expose different population to health hazards ranging
from waste workers to consumers of vegetables planted in soil treated with compost.
2.7.2 Landfills
Landfill implies a localized site, which include placement or burial of waste in the waste
site. It also includes sites with both controlled and uncontrolled placement, underground
storage and injection (World Health Organization 2001). According to De& Debnath
(2016), landfilling is cheapest and simplest waste disposal practice. He further revealed
that land fillings are breeding ground for microorganism and vectors of disease,
unpleasant smell and unsightliness. It also cause pollution of water bodies, fire hazards,
physical hazards and have toxic effect. Elliot et al., (2001) asserted that above 80% of
British population practice landfill waste disposal.
In Developed country, diverse studies have been carried out on hazards caused by waste.
Vrijheid, (2000) took a study on health effects of residence close to hazardous waste
landfills sites. The study reviewed diverse publication and the findings shows that there
is increased risk of negative health effect such as low birth weight, birth defects, and
certain types of cancers among individuals residing close to landfills. It also show a high
number of consistent self reported health effect like drowsiness, headache, tiredness
among dwellers in hazardous waste sites.
Elliott et al.,(2001) contributed to this in their research on the risk of adverse birth
outcomes in population residing near landfill sites compared with those living afar off in
united Kingdom. The study examined data for special waste sites as a proxy for potential
30
hazards. People living more than 2km from all known landfill sites during the study
period comprised the reference population. Findings shows small excess risk of neutral
tube defects, abdominal wall defects, surgical correction of gastro schisis and exomphalos
and low and very low birth weight in population living near landfill sites.
Another study carried out on landfill is Dolka et al., (1998) study on risk of congenitial
anomalies associated with residence near hazardous waste in Europe. A zone of 3km
radius of each site was defined as the proximate zone of most likely exposure to
teratogens. It was discovered that residence within 3km of a landfill have increased risk
of congenital anomaly in babies whose mother live close to landfill site. However, in
contrast to the above works is Jarup, et al.,(2008) research on Down syndrome in births
near landfills sites. People living at 2km zone were classifies and exposed and people
living beyond 2km comprised the reference. Findings from the study shows no excessive
risk of Down syndrome related to landfill sites.
Furthermore, Pheby et al., (2002) studied waste management and public health. The
study reviewed epidemiology on two sites. The first landfill site was Nant-y-
Gwwydddon, a wales which revealed congenital abnormalities such as congenital
malfunctions, spontaneous abortions and stillbirths among residence within 3km of waste
sites. Majority of this resident complained of stress, fatigue, headaches, eye infections,
cough, stuffy nose, respiratory diseases and asthma, dry throat and nausea while the
second landfill site on love canal, United State revealed cases of fire and explosion as
hazards caused by combustible materials like rubbers, plastic, oil, coal and household
waste may ignite in landfill (Fire Hazards). Cases of low birth weight, prematurity and
birth defects in children living near the hazardous waste site were also reported.
31
Related to the above works is Goldman et al., (1985) study on low birth weight,
prematurity and birth defect in children living near the hazardous waste site. Findings
shows no significant difference in prematurity but the prevalence of low birth weight
babies was increased in exposed compared to control children. In another study by El-
Fadel et al., (1997) Environmental impacts of solid waste landfilling. The study identified
fire and explosion hazards, vegetation damage, unpleasant odors, underground water
pollution, Air pollution and global warming as environmental impact of landfill site.
At the regional level particularly in developing world, is the work of Ericson et al., (2013)
assessment of environmental exposures posed at hazardous refuse sites in developing
nations. The study investigated 2095 polluted site within 47 countries (which include
Asia, Africa, China, South America, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Central America
and The Caribbean). The research shows that the contaminants have a wide range of
human effects, including decrements in IQs, respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and
mortality and carcinogenesis which affect vulnerable group disproportionately such
children and pregnant women. They concluded that quite a number of hazardous waste
sites in the developing nation pose significant hazards to the health of the majority of the
populace. Majority of the reviews asserted that there exist a relation between proximity
and ill health (Guisti 2009)
2.7.3 Incineration
Incineration is defined as the controlled combustion process for burning combustible
waste to gases and minimizing it to residue of non-combustible substance. It is the most
common thermal treatment process and known to emit numerous hazardous chemicals
into the environment and to produce such as carbon dioxide, water vapour, ash and other
32
solid waste residues. The people residing close to incinerator are liken to those dwelling
close to landfill site this is because they are at risk of chemical exposure by way of
inhalation of polluted air, consumption of polluted foods, water, skin contact with
contaminated soil (Addo 2013; Franchin et al., 2003).
Rushton,(2003) &. Franchini, et al., (2003) studies on health hazards and exposure to
incinerator. The reviewed work shows that little evidence of congenital anomalies on
residence living in close proximity to waste site including increased prevalence of
respiratory illness, there was no evidence of an increasing risk of lung or laryngeal cancer
with close proximity to incinerators. One of the study reviewed shows statistically
increasing risk with increasing proximity for all cancers and for colorectal, lung, liver and
stomach cancers. Porta et al., (2009) conducted a study on health effects associated with
waste management. Findings show insufficient evidence to establish a relation between
specific waste process and health effect as a result of limited evidence of casual
relationship between waste site and public health.
Poulsen, et al., (1995) carried out a review of occupational health problems and their
possible causes. The study revealed that waste workers experience more or less frequent
symptoms of organic dust toxic syndrome(Cough, chest-tightness, fever, muscle ache,
joint pain, fatigue and headache) gastrointestinal problems such as nausea and diarrhea,
irritation of the skin eye and mucous membrane problem, pulmonary diseases(Asthma,
alveolitis, bronchitis) have been reported.
33
2.7.4 Open dump/burning
Open burning is the burning of unwanted materials in a manner that causes smoke and
other emissions to be released directly into the air without passing through a chimney or
stack. Open burning has been practiced by a number of urban centers because it reduces
the volume of refuse received at the dump and therefore extends the life of their dumpsite
(Addo 2013). A study conducted in Ado-Akiti in Nigeria by Momoh and Oladebeye
(2010) showed that, improper disposal of waste included dumping of waste in streets,
drains, waterways which has resulted into flooding, by roadside, unauthorized dumping
sites and the spread of foul odor and diseases. Report confirmed that open dump waste
disposal has been in existence as far back 1950s.
Ladu et al., (2011) conducted a research on Solid waste management and its
Environmental impacts on human health in Juba town - South Sudan. The result shows
that sources of waste were mainly from the markets, abattoir, homes and public building,
that the common method of solid waste management in the study area was open dump
and burn in open area. Common environmental diseases reported include Respiratory
illness, infection, puncture wounds leading to tetanus, hepatitis and HIV infection,
headache and nausea from anoxic condition. It further reveals observable environmental
disease vector like flies, rats, mosquitoes, cockroaches, scorpions and others. They
concluded in their study that the more waste an area produces and the more insanitary that
area was, the more prevalent the disease and disease vectors were and consequently the
higher the incidence of environmental diseases. In Asia, De, & Debnath, (2016)
conducted research on prevalence of health hazards associated with solid waste disposal –
A case study of Lolkata, India. The study indicated that majority of the people lack
34
knowledge of the harmful effects of waste heaps including that they are breeding grounds
for fillies, cockroaches and mosquitoes, rodents and so on which are responsible for
transmission of germs and zonotics infections to the people living nearby.
Aderogba & Afelumo, (2012) examined the health status of households living around the
olubosun and Oke- Afa dumpsites in Lagos Nigeria. Findings show evidence of self
reported illness, which is linked with pollution from the dumpsites around where they
reside. It was concluded that distance between dumpsite and residential apartment varies
inversely with frequency and type of illness reported.
Ezeoha & Ugwuishiwu, (2011) reviewed literature to investigate the potential of abattoir
wastes to befoul the environment, or cause hazards to human health and harm to living
resources and ecological systems. The result shows that abattoir wastes have the potential
to pollute surface waters, underground waters, abattoir/ market environment and
consumables around the abattoir, especially when abattoir wastes are not properly treated
and dispose off. Fakere et al., (2012) research on Domestic waste management and urban
residential environment. The study identified most prevalent diseases and ecological
problem in the area to include malaria fever, typhoid fever, measles, diarrhea, cholera,
dysentery and some communicable diseases prevalent in the tropics. Butu & Mshelia,
(2014) studied Municipal solid waste disposal and environmental issues in Kano
metropolis, Nigeria. The study shows that improper disposal and poor management of
waste sometimes block drainages channels during rainstorm causing flooding (Hazards)
in the metropolis. Furthermore, heaps of solid waste serves as hideout for reptiles, rodents
and other dangerous insects.
35
2.7.5 Waste Recycling
Recycling has been considered as a useful means of reducing the quantity of residential
waste that enter the waste sites. It also supplies industries with the needed raw materials
and was considered as the most efficient and effective method of solid waste management
method (Momoh and Oladebeye, 2010). Addo (2013) defined recycling as the sorting of
materials from the waste site to be used as raw materials in the production of new items.
Therefore the word recycling involves three stages. Firstly, the waste is sorted;
recyclables are removed and used to form raw materials which are then used in
manufacturing of new items.
Chen et al., (2011) conducted a study on Developmental Neurotoxicants in E-Waste in
developing nations. The result gathered from epidemiology shows prevalent of toxins at
high concentration and that pregnant women and young children residing near informal e-
waste recycling sites are at risk of possible perturbations of fetus and neurodevelopment.
2.8 Environmental Health Challenges
Nexus between human activities and health including the state of the environment are
considered vital to the evaluation of general environmental health (carins et al., 1993).
Fakere et al., (2012) in a study conducted in Akure explain that when people dump waste
near their environment as in case of some dwellers in study area, the organism that
naturally accompanies such waste can act as agent of degradation and can negatively
affect the residential environment and also act as agents of disease outbreak. Therefore
the essence of environment as a place where people live and maintain healthy lifestyle is
crushed when the unpleasant smell from close-by dump sites is a constant threat. Waste
disposal practice adopted across the globe posed a level of threat on our environment. The
36
following are some of the waste management practice and their impact on the
environment where human live.(Addo 2013, Pheby et al., 2002; Rushton 2003; Poulsen et
al., 1995).
1. Open Burning: The negative effect of this type of waste disposal method on the
environment includes emission of carbon and nitrogen dioxide which contribute to
acid rain, Ozone depletion, unsightliness, smog, reduction of air quality and
contribution to global warming.
2. Landfills: The environmental impact of this type of waste disposal practice
include soil degradation, air pollution, contamination of ground water and serve as
breeding ground for flies and other harmful animal.
3. Roadside/ drainage; The negative impact of this practice on the environment
includes blockage of drainage channels, flooding, breeding ground for reptiles and
other harmful animals, air pollution and also contribute to disease outbreak such
as cholera, dysentery and so on.
4. Composting: The negative effect of this practice include release of organic dust
containing bacteria or fungal spores, emission of volatile organic substance
5. Incineration: The effect includes unpleasant smell, unsightliness, hazardous solid
waste, discharge of contaminated waste water, emission of toxic air pollution,
release of green house gases, emission from transport of waste to and from into
the environment, release of heavy metals, and combustible materials
6. Landfills: The negative impact of this practice to the environment includes water
pollution from leachate, erosion, air pollution, release of known and unknown
carcinogens, offensive smell, and dust and road traffic problems.
37
2.9 Public Perception &Education and Sensitization
Majority of Nigerians consider waste as merely a nuisance and nothing else. They do not
consider the negative effect of waste on human and environment (Taiwo, 2009). A study
carried out by De & Debnath, (2016) in India showed that majority of the people in the
study area are not aware of negative impact of waste dump including that they serve as
breeding space for flies, cockroaches, rats and mosquitoes which are known to be
transmitter of bacteria and germs to the people.
Public awareness and behaviors to waste can affect the people’s willingness to cooperate
and participate in proper waste management methods. Abejegah et al., (2013) also
conducted a research in oregbeni market in Benin City, Nigeria, the study showed that the
people are aware of the health hazards associated with waste but the practice of improper
waste disposal is prevalent in the study area.
General environmental awareness and education on health risks as a result to deficient
solid waste management are important factors which need to be continuously
communicated to all sectors of the population (Desa et al., 2011)
38
CHAPTER THREE
3.1RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter is on the methodology employed in carrying out this research. It described the type
of data used the procedure for the collection, compilation, analysis and integration. It also show
research design which is the summary of the entire research and also described the procedure for
the research activities.
3.2 Research Design
This is based on the various processes in which data was collected for the research, the sample
size, sampling techniques, instrumentation, techniques for analysis and method of data
presentation. The research covered the two major markets in Chanchaga local government, Minna
Niger State.
3.3 Type and Source of Data
The set of data used in this research was divided into two, namely primary and secondary data.
3.3.1 Primary Data- This comprises of first-hand information collected from the field by the
researcher and it is regarded as direct contact with the element of the project.
i. Physical Observation: This comprises of information derived from personal
observation of the study area in terms of identification of waste hazards and factors
responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal.
ii. Administration of Questionnaire: Structured questionnaire was used to gather
information on socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, level of awareness
39
of waste hazards and factors responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal in the
study area.
iii. Oral Interview: Oral interview was conducted involving markets officials, market
clinic staff, Environmental Agency, Local government officials as well as traders
on issues related to indiscriminate waste disposal, waste facilities, sanitation and
other necessary information.
iv. Electronic and photographic equipment: Electronic camera was used to capture waste
disposal sites in and out of the market including open burning and indiscriminate
disposal within the study area and waste facility available in the market.
3.3.2 Secondary Data-This consists of information derived from existing literature; which
include published and unpublished materials (such as textbooks, journals, newspapers computer
software’s or electronic library source, internet materials, student project, undergraduate,
postgraduate dissertation of term and health records from the market clinic.
3.4 Procedure for Data Collection
The following instruments were used for gathering data:
Questionnaire Administration- Questionnaire was administered to respondents within the study
area to acquire relevant information.
Physical observation- This includes visit to the study area to identify some of the hazards
associated with waste in the market.
Oral interview: Direct interview was used to get information’s on face to face bases concerning
the hazards faced by the respondents and indiscriminate waste disposal.
Photographs of some features: pictures showing the existing hazard condition and waste facility
of the study area were taken.
40
Table 3.1 Method of data collection
S/N Objectives Methodology of data collection
1 Socio-Economic
characteristics of the
respondents
Questionnaire administration
2. Identification of waste hazards
in the study area
- Physical Observation
- Questionnaire
- Photography
3. Examine the factors
responsible for the improper
disposal of waste in the study
area
- Questionnaire
- Oral Interview
4. Assessing the effect of waste
hazards on human health
- Questionnaire
- Secondary data from
market clinic
5. Assessment of level of
awareness of waste hazards in
the study area
- Questionnaire
- Secondary data from
primary health care
Source: Author’s work
41
3.5 Method of Data Analysis
Data collected were analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences V19, Microsoft excel
package was used to produce graphs and charts. Analyses of data included waste socio- economic
characteristics, hazards identification, factors responsible for improper waste disposal, effect of
waste hazards on human health and level of awareness of waste hazards. Descriptive statistical
method was employed for research finding presentation. This involves the use of simple tables
and charts for data presentation. Data analyzed in tables give precise information and facilitate
understanding and easy assessment of data
Table 3.2 Data Analysis Method
S/N Objectives Methodology of Data
Analysis
1 Socio-Economic characteristics
of the respondents
Description Statistics from
SPSS Statistics Data Editor,
pie chart and Bar chart from
Microsoft Excel 2017 version
with Analyse-it add-in
2. Identification of waste hazards
in the study area
Descriptive statistics from
SPSS statistics Data Editor, pie
chart and Bar chart from
Microsoft Excel 2017 version
with Analyse-it add-in
42
3. Examine the factors
responsible for the improper
disposal of waste in the study
area
Descriptive statistics from
SPSS statistics Data Editor, pie
chart and Bar chart from
Microsoft Excel 2007 version
4. Assessing the effect of waste
hazards on human health
Descriptive statistics from
SPSS statistics Data Editor, pie
chart and Bar chart from
Microsoft Excel 2017 version
5. Assessment of level of
awareness of waste hazards in
the study area
Descriptive statistics from
SPSS statistics Data Editor, pie
chart and Bar chart from
Microsoft Excel 2017 version
3.6 Population study
The study population included sellers in Kure Ultra Modern and Gwari market, men and women
and people who sell frequently in the market. Due to time and resources constraints, it is not
possible to cover all elements in the study area.
3.7 Sampling Technique
The sample technique adopted in this research work was quota sampling. In quota sampling, the
population is divided into different subpopulations just as in stratified random sampling, except
that probability sampling is not used to choose individuals in the subpopulation for the sample.
43
Choice of units in the sample is entirely at the discretion of the interviewer, so that a sample of
convenience is chosen within each subpopulation. In quota sampling, specified numbers (quotas)
of particular types of population units are required in the final sample.
The quota used was based on the grouping of shops according to the market areas, market size,
shop sizes and easy accessibility. The instrument in the research study is therefore designed
towards a close-ended questionnaire to gather necessary information.
According to Godden (2004), when population estimate is known, the representative number of
respondents of a finite population can be obtain using:
s = ____X 2 NP (1 – P) ………………..Equation 1
d2(N-1) + X2P (1-P)
Where s = Required sample size,
N = Population size
X = Z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level)
P = population proportion i.e. 10%
d = Margin of error at 5% (0.05)
However, there is no need of using sample size determination formular for known population
since the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table has all the provisions one requires to arrive at the
required sample size, Godden (2004).
Table 3.4 shows that the required sample size for the population is equal to 338.
Table 3.4: Table for determining sample size from a given population
44
Source: Krejcie and Morgan (1970)
Table 3.5 Sampling Size and Number of Questionnaire Administered
S/N Major Market Number of Stores Population proportion (%) Sample size
1 Kure 2000 72 243
2 Gwari 750 28 95
Total 2750 100 338
Reference: Godden, B (2004), Sample size formulars: Journal of statistics 3, 66.
45
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents
The socio-economic data of the respondents comprises of gender, age group, educational
background, marital status, and years of stay in the market were assessed so as to project
the socio-economic background of people associated with waste.
4.1.1 Gender composition of the population in the study Area
Table 4.1 shows the gender composition in the study area. 51.1% of the populations
sampled were male while 48.9% were female. The male gender formed the highest
proportion of traders in both the Kure and Gwari markets due to the cultural practice of
making woman housewife in the Northern part of the Nigeria.
Table 4.1 Gender composition of the respondents
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 179 51.1
Female 171 48.9
Total 350 100
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2017
4.1.2 Age group of the respondents
Table 4.2 Highlight the age bracket of the Respondents. About 50% are between ages of
21-45, 35% are between the ages of 46- 65, 12% are below twenty while 3% are above 65
years. This shows that majority of the respondents are adult.
46
Table 4.2 Age group of the respondents
S/N Respondents Age Percentage
1 Less than 20 years 12
2 21 – 45 years 50
3 46 – 65 years 35
4 66 years and above 3
Total 100
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2017
4.1.3 Education background of the respondents
Figure 4.1.; highlight the educational qualification of respondents. It shows that 35% had
secondary school education, 34% had Basic education, 19% had Arabic education and
12% had tertiary. This depicts the level of literacy in the study area with more than
proportion attained only basic education level and this would affect their attitude towards
waste disposal.
19%
34%
35%
12%
Arabic education Basic education Secondary Tertairy
Figure 4.1: Educational Status of Respondents
47
4.1.4 Marital status of the respondents
Table 4.3 shows the marital status of the respondents. More than halves proportion of the
respondents were married while only 39.7% were single, 3.4 were separated and 3.4 were
widow.
Table 4.3 Respondents marital status
S/N Marital Status Frequency Percentage
1 Single 139 39.7
2 Married 187 53.4
3 Separated 12 3.4
4 Widow 12 3.4
Total 350 100
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2017
4.1.5 Respondents years of stay in the market
Figure 4.2 highlight the numbers of years the respondents have been carrying out their
business activities in the market. Study revealed that about 38% of the total respondents
have been in the business between 2 – 4 years, 31% have been operating between 5 – 6
years, 20% and 11% started less than 2 years and above 6 years respectively. The
implication of this is that, the traders have gained ample experience in relation to the solid
waste management in the market to be able to share experience.
48
19%
38%
31%
11%
Less than 2 years2-4 years5-6 years6 and above
Figure 4.2: Years of stay in the market
4.2 Identification of Waste Hazards within the Markets
Waste hazards in the two markets were identified independently due to the different
design nature of the market. Waste hazard identification were based on the following
indicators; location of waste collection points, distance of stall from waste collection
points, and time interval waste were evacuated from waste collection points.
4.2.1. Location of waste disposal points in Kure and Gwari market
The location of waste points contributes to waste hazards which have greater influence on
the susceptibility of the traders to waste hazard in term of health implication. Table 4.4
shows that 16.6% of the respondents dispose their waste by the roadside, 25.1% vacant
land Local Government drum 24.6%, water bodies 4.1% in Kure market while drainage
has the highest proportion 29.6% in Kure market while in Gwari market 8.1% dispose
their waste on vacant land, 18.2% dispose by the road-side, 20.0% dispose in water
bodies, 31.4% dispose in drainages. Although there is no local government drum or any
legal collection point in Gwari market as it is in Kure market. Despite the waste facility
49
provided by the Local Government in Kure market majority of the respondents adopted
indiscriminate waste disposal. The result shows that most of the respondents in both
markets are of the habit of disposing waste into drainages, which can result to blockage of
drainage thereby preventing easy flow of water there making the study area prone to
Erosion and flooding. Other susceptible hazards include unsightliness and offensive
smell, the reasons for the incessant waste dump was as a result of inadequate sites, as at
the time of this research only six waste dump site were left in Kure market, see Figure
4.3.
Figure 4.3 Locations of Waste dump sites
50
Table 4.4: Location of waste disposal points in Kure and Gwari market
S/N Waste disposal points Frequency Percentage
1 Road side 56 16.6
2 Vacant Land 85 25.1
3 Close to water source 14 4.1
4 Drainages 100 29.6
5 LG drum 115 24.6
Total 338 100
Source: Field Work (2017)
51
PLATE I: Dumping of refuse on vacant land in Kure Market
52
PLATE III: Main Dumpsite in Gwari Market
PLATE IV: Dumping of refuse burning of in drainage in Gwari market
4.2.2 Distance of stall from waste collection points in Kure and Gwari market
Table 4.5 shows the proximity of various disposal points in meters (m). About 22.2% and
2.1% of the respondents in Kure and Gwari market said waste points is located at 20m
and below distance from their stall. Also at 21m-40metres, Kure 22% and Gwari 5.3%,
then at 41-60meters Kure 19.8% and Gwari 7.4%, while at 61-80meters 19.8% for Kure
and 26.3% for Gwari market and lastly at 81 and above 16% and 9% respectively for
Kure and Gwari market. This trend shows the proximity of waste dump to traders’ stall.
At distance 81meter and above the dumpsite pose less health hazard to traders while
dumpsite below 20 and40 meters b to stall or sale stand threaten the health of the traders
as the dumpsite serve as breeding ground for flies, rodents and other disease causing
organism. Finding shows that respondents usually dispose waste at 40meter and below in
both markets from their stall as seen in Table 4.5. Therefore, the higher the number of
stalls’ in close proximity to waste dump points in the study area, the higher the
susceptibility of the traders to health hazards such as Typhoid fever, malaria fever,
cholera, dysentery and offensive smell. This is as a result of diseases vectors found in
such environment.
Plate V and VI shows traders’ stand beside waste dump site. The distance of the waste
point to consumable goods such as seen in plates can result into contamination of food
and drinks display in the environment which ultimately can result into health hazards.
53
Table 4.5: Distance of stall from waste collection points in Kure and Gwari market
S/N Stall/shop distance from waste
collection points
Frequency Percentage (%)
1 20m and below 54 22.2
2 21m – 40m 56 23.0
3 41m – 60m 48 19.8
4 61m - 80m 45 18.0
5 81m and above 40 16.0
Total 243 100
Source: Field work (2017)
54
PLATE V: Refuse dump in close proximity to traders’ stall
PLATE VI: Refuse dump in close proximity to
fruits and drink stand
4.2.3: Evacuation of dump sites
Time interval for waste evacuation from dump sites has a tendency of breeding of
pathogenic vectors and spread of diseases. As presented in table 4.6, about 45% of the
respondents in Kure market affirmed that the dump site is evacuated after some time.
Most of these respondents are those that dispose their generated waste in the provided
waste drums by the local government. It was observed that the waste drum station in Kure
market are evacuated on daily basis within the period 7am- 9am before the market get
busy. While over 50% of the respondents said the other waste dump sites were not
evacuated at regular interval.
From the assessment evacuation of waste dump, it is obvious that illegal dump site were
the site not frequently evacuated as often as the waste drum provided by the local
government. This might be a strategy to by the environmental agency to dissuade traders
from practicing indiscriminate waste disposal.
In Gwari market evacuation is irregular, about 70% of the respondents ticked others and
when asked to specify the respondents they simply stated they cannot remember the last
time the waste dump site was evacuated.
55
Table 4.6: Provision and Location of dump site in the locations
Waste Point Kure Market Gwari MarketNumber of Waste Points
Period of Evacuation
Number of Waste Point
Period of Evacuation
Local Government Drums 3 Daily Nil NilMain Dump Site 1 Nil 1 NilWater Body 0 Nil 1 NillOpen Drainage 2 At Will 1 At Will
Source: Field work (2017)
Table 4.7: Time interval of evacuation of dump site
S/N Evacuation after time interval Frequency Percentage (%)
1 Daily 110 45.3
2 weekly 45 18.5
3 monthly 53 21.8
4 quarterly 20 8.2
5 Others 15 4.4
Total 243 100.0
Source: Field work (2017)
Plate VII:
56
4.3 Factors Responsible for Indiscriminate Disposal of Waste
Indiscriminate waste disposal is a common practice in the study area, Table 4.3.1 and Figure 4.3.1
shows some factors responsible for this unhygienic practice. The dominant factor identified in
Gwari market by the respondents was insufficient waste facilities. It was observed that Gwari
market lack waste facility as there is no single waste drum provided by government in the market.
The next factor identified to be responsible for indiscriminate waste was lawlessness, while
distance, attitude of environmental agencies, norms and poverty were identified as the least factor
responsible for such improper practice.
While In kure market the dominant factor identified was lawlessness. Over 45% of the
respondents observed that lawlessness is a major factor responsible for indiscriminate disposal of
refuse, l27.6% of the respondent identified insufficient waste facilities considering the population
of the market users and the quantity of waste generated on daily basis. 17.7% of the respondents
identified norms as the factor responsible for indiscriminate disposal, while distance, attitude of
environmental agencies and poverty were the least factors identified by respondents in Kure
market. Table 4.8 shows the responses of traders in an oral interview with both the traders and
local government officials on factors responsible for indiscriminate disposal. Their responses
collaborated with those gotten from the administered questionnaires. The respondents identified
factors responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal to include insufficient facilities, norms,
lawlessness, low education, negligence and laziness.
Table 4.7: Factors Responsible for Indiscriminate Disposal of Waste in Kure and
Gwari
57
Factors Identified Kure Market Gwari Market
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Insufficient facilities 67 27.6 43 45.3
Lawlessness 120 49.4 36 37.9
Distance 7 2.8 7 2.9
Norms 43 17.7 7 2.9
Poverty 2 0.8 0 0
Attitude of environmental agencies
4 1.6 2 2.1
Total 243 100 95 100
Source: Field work, 2017
Insufficient fa
cilities
Lawles
sness
Distance
Norms
Poverty
Attitude of E
nvironmen
tal Agen
cies
020406080
100120140160
GWARI MARKETKURE MARKETAxis Title
Figure 4.3: Factors responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal in Kure and Gwari market
58
Table 4.8: Responses of Local Governemnt Officials and the Traders on some issues on
causes of indiscriminate waste disposal in Kure and Gwari Market.
Issues raised Traders response Local government officers
Insufficient
facility
Insufficient facilities in Gwari
market is one of the major
reasons for indiscriminate
dumping
Gwari market is an old market and that there
plans to renovate the market so as to
accommodate modern facilities available in
modern market such as Kure market.
lawlessness There is no law prohibiting
traders from indiscriminate
dumping of waste in Gwari
and Kure market.
There is a bill local government in respect of
indiscriminate dumping in the market. When
it becomes law there will be sanction and
fines.
Norms
Low level of
education
Laziness
Negligence
Indiscriminate dumping of
waste is a normal thing in all
markets, therefore Kure and
Gwari market are not
exempted from the Practice
This is one of the major challenges faced in
kure and Gwari market by our officials
because there is no law against
indiscriminate dumping of waste.
Majority of the traders are not
educated and expose this affect
their attitude towards waste
disposal. They feel comfortable
with indiscriminate waste disposal
Indiscriminate disposal of refuse
is caused by laziness, most times
traders are too lazy to dispose
their refuse in the provided drums
instead some prefer to dispose it
in nearby drainage or empty land.
Most traders are less concern
about the well-being of the market
environment. Negligence is the
This is a big problem in both markets
because majority of the traders are not well
educated and are carefree with their
immediate environment.
Most of the traders in Kure market are very
lazy; they find it difficult to walk to the
nearest waste collection point to dispose
their refuse.
Some traders in Gwari market are so lazy,
to walk down to the main dumpsite to
dispose their waste in a task for them. They
rather dispose their refuse in available
space be it drainage, water bodies or road
side.
Negligence is a major factor responsible for
indiscriminate refuse disposal. Traders are
59
major cause of indiscriminate
waste disposal.
not conscious of the market vicinity, they
even display goods in a dirty environment,
eat and drink in same environment.
Source: Field survey 2017
4.4 Effect of Waste Hazard on Human Health
4.4.1 Health Hazards associated with indiscriminate
Table 4.8 showed the health records of Gwari market traders obtained from the market
clinic for the period of one year ranging from August 2016 to July 2017. The health
records in table 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 shows malaria fever as the most prevalence diseases
among the traders in study area, followed by typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, cough,
and vomiting. The markets clinics were provided by the chachanga local government,
which ensure the running of the clinics for the well-being of the traders.. The clinics open
from 9am-6pm from Monday to Saturday. Records of accidents victims and physical
injury were not collected as they are not relevant to this study.
Table 4.9: Health Records of Gwari market Clinic for August 2016 to July 2017
Month TYPHOID
FEVER
MALARIA
FEVER
DYSENTERY CHOLERA VOMITING COUGH
August 1 4 1 0 2 1
September 3 5 0 2 1 0
October 2 6 0 1 4 2
November 2 5 2 0 3 2
December 3 6 1 0 2 2
January 3 6 0 1 2 4
February 2 5 1 2 4 2
March 3 5 0 2 2 1
APRIL 2 7 2 1 2 0
60
MAY 2 8 1 3 2 1
JUNE 4 7 2 3 1 0
JULY 1 6 4 3 2 0
Source: Gwari Market health clinic, for August 2016 to July 2017
Table 4.10: Health Records of Gwari market Clinic for August 2016 to July 2017
Month TYPHOID
FEVER
MALARIA
FEVER
DYSENTERY CHOLERA VOMITING COUGH
AUGUST 11 14 1 0 3 4
September 13 24 0 7 2 6
October 7 19 3 2 4 2
November 9 15 2 0 5 6
December 8 14 2 2 3 4
January 10 20 5 1 2 4
February 9 16 1 2 4 2
MARCH 6 15 2 3 1 8
APRIL 11 17 6 3 0 7
MAY 13 24 9 3 0 5
JUNE 14 17 2 3 1 0
JULY 11 26 4 3 2 0
Source: Gwari Market health clinic, for August 2016 to July 2017
4.4.2 Type of disease Experienced by the traders as prevalent in the study area
Table 4.9 shows the type of diseases as prevalent in both Kure and Gwari Market.
As observed in table 4.9, 28.6% of the respondents revealed that malaria is more
prevalent in both Gwari and Kure market, 22.7% and 21.7% of the respondents said
typhoid and cholera respectively, while cough, vomiting and dysentery were the least
prevalent diseases accounting for 10.4%, 8.5% and 8.1% .
61
Furthermore, the analyzed result shows that the most prevalent diseases as identified by
respondents in both market are malaria fever, typhoid fever and cholera. This result
buttresses the diseases that were observed from the health records of traders as provided
by the clinics. Therefore, the most prominent effect of waste hazards on traders’ health in
Kure and Gwari were Malaria fever, Typhoid fever and Cholera while cough, vomiting
and dysentery were the least the effect of waste hazards on traders’ health.
typhoid malaria Dysentery cholera Vomiting cough0
20
40
60
80
100
120
kureGwari
Figure 4.4: Types of diseases prevalent in Kure and Gwari market
4.4.1. Noticeable disease vectors associated with waste dump site in the study area
Figure 4.5 shows the noticeable disease vector as identified by the respondents in both
market. 43.6% of the respondents identified mosquitoes as the most noticeable disease
vector in the study area, 40% identified flies, 12.3% Rodents, while 8% and 2% were
germs and others respectively. While in Gwari market 40% of the respondents identified
Mosquitoes, 42.1% identified flies, followed by Rodents, Germs and others. The most
noticeable disease vector in indiscriminate waste point in Kure market is mosquitoes
while Flies is identified as the most noticeable disease vector at indiscriminate dumpsite
62
in the study area. The respondents are in a better position to identified the diseases
causing organism present at indiscriminate waste points because they have the first hand
experience of the happenings in the markets. The identified disease vectors are the
organism causing health hazards such as Malaria Fever, Tyhoid fever, cholera, dysentery,
vomiting and cough among traders in the study area.
Table 4.12 Noticeable disease vectors associated with waste dump site in the study
area
Disease Vector
Kure Market Gwari Market Cumulative FrequencyFrequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
MosquitoeFliesRodentsGermsOthersTotal
106973082243
43.640.012.33.30.8100
3840124195
4042.112.64.21.1100
14613742123338
41.841.012.53.71100
Source: Field work, 2017
4.5 Level of Awareness of Waste Hazards
4.5.1 Perception of the traders on the awareness level of health hazards
As shown in Figure 6, over 60% of the respondents are aware that indiscriminate waste
point can affect their health and that it can cause health hazards such as malaria fever,
typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, cough and vomiting. While 34.6% of the respondent
are not aware that health hazards is associated is associated with improper refuse disposal.
This might be due to negligence, norms and attitude. Although the proportion respondents
who affirmed to be aware of health hazards associated with indiscriminate waste still
practice the unhygienic practice, this might be due to lawlessness, distance and
insufficient facility available in the study area.
Are you aware that indiscriminate waste disposal can cause diseases such as
63
Malaria, Typhoid, cholera, dysentery, cough and vomitting
Frequency PercentValid
Percent Cumulative PercentYes 221 65.4 34.6 34.6No 117 34.6 65.4 100.0Total 338 100.0 100.0
4.5.2 Perception of the traders on the awareness level of Fire hazards
From figure 7 shows that majority of the respondents seem not to be aware that
indiscriminate waste disposal can result into fire and explosion. Fire and explosion only
require three elements which are combustible material, heat and oxygen. These three
elements are available at improper waste disposal point. For instance in Kure market,
local government waste drums are majorly concreted at the market car park, Fuel linkage
from a vehicle parked in car park with fire from a road side food vendor and waste as
paper, carton and nylon can all trigger a fire.
Are you aware that indiscriminate waste disposal can cause fire hazards ?since fire only require combustible material, heat and oxygen
Frequency PercentValid Yes 145 42.9
No 193 57.1
Total 350 100.0
4.5.3 Perception of the traders on the awareness level of environmental hazards
Figure 8 shows that 58.2% of the respondents are aware that improper waste disposal can
result into flooding, erosion and contamination of surface water while 41.8 of the
respondents are aware of the negative impact that indiscriminate waste disposal cause
64
have on the environment as well as water source. Finding shows that respondents are
aware the environment implication of improper disposal of waste can caused to the
environment. When water-way or drainage is blocked with refuse, this can prevent free
movement of water there resulting to flooding of the immediate environment
Are you aware that indiscriminate waste disposal can result into environmental hazards such as Erosion, Flooding and pollution of surface water
Frequency PercentValid Yes 197 58.2
No 141 41.8
Total 338 100.0
Summary of the findings
The following are the summary of the findings as deduced from the research.
1. Hazards identified based on location of waste point, proximity of waste point to
stall and frequency of waste evacuation are unsightliness, offensive smell
breeding ground for diseases causing vectors.
2 Most respondents (45%) in Kure market identified lawlessness as the major factor
responsible for indiscriminate waste disposal while most respondents Gwari
market identified insufficient waste facility as the prominent factor responsible for
improper waste disposal.
3 Most prevailing health effect of indiscriminate waste disposal as identified by
respondents are Malaria, Typhoid and cholera with flies and mosquitoes as the
most noticeable disease vectors.
65
4 Majority of the respondents (50%) are aware that health hazards and
environmental hazards as hazards associated with indiscriminate waste disposal
while majority of the respondents are not aware of fire hazards as a hazard
associated with waste.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
The rapid growth of Minna and it periphery has shown both positive and negative impact
on the study area. The negative part created amongst others socioeconomic as well as
environmental problems especially pollution. These problems now threaten the livability
and manageability of users of both markets. The initial design of both markets provided
dump areas in the study areas but as population grows the dump areas vanishes in the
quest for expansion of market and competition on the available spaces. This work has
critically looked into those factors responsible for improper dumping of refuse and it
impact on the users health. The recommended solution proffered if thoroughly adhered to
will go a long way to reduce to the hazards to the bearest minimum.
5.2 Recommendations
66
Based on the findings of this research, it becomes necessary to make the following
recommendations, which hopefully, will be useful for policy makers in environmental
and health issues:
I. Management of the markets should endeavour to provide waste facility such as waste
bins and waste handlers in Gwari market and increase the waste facility provided in Kure
market so as to curb indiscriminate and Strategic positioning of the waste bin so as to
ensure effective use of the provided facility.
II. There is need for local government to embark on environmental and health
education as well as general enlightenment of traders and general public. Traders in the
study area should be sensitize on the effect of improper disposal of refuse through jingles
on radio and television, awareness campaigns in different dialect of the people.
III. Government should ensure that bodies saddled with the responsibility of proper
waste management are effective. There is need for government to mandate waste handlers
to carry-out day-to-day sweeping of the market environment like street sweepers and also
ensure evacuation of blocked drainages to prevent the danger of flooding and epidemic
and also enable free flow of water.
IV. Government and Non-governmental organisation should embark on project aimed
at improving the environment and health of traders and such project should be funded and
implemented. The people should be made to see public properties as belonging to them
and not to the government. And as such protect it from damage.
V. Government should ensure that bills and regulations guiding environmental
sanitation be reviewed and enforced with stiffer actions in order to make them more
effective and to ensure compliance.
67