陆面水文模型发展、参数标定与移植陆面水文模型发展、参数标定与移植
及其模拟研究及其模拟研究
ECCE Summer School for Advanced Study in Climate and Environment
2006 年 7月 30-8 月 12, 北京
谢正辉，及其研究小组
中国科学院大气物理研究所http://web.lasg.ac.cn/staff/xie/xie.htm
相关研究小组人员• 田向军 , 梁妙玲 , 张生雷 , 袁 飞 , 师春
香• 郑 婧 , 宋丽叶• 袁 星 , 陈 锋• 苏凤阁 , 杨宏伟 (USA)
陆面过程 陆面过程是能够影响气候变化的发生在陆地表面的土壤中控制陆地与大气之间动量、热量及水分交换的那些过程；
• 陆面水文模型发展、参数标定与移植陆面水文模型发展、参数标定与移植
及其耦合、模拟研究及其耦合、模拟研究；；• 基于全国基于全国 50 kmX50 km50 kmX50 km 大尺度陆面水文模大尺度陆面水文模型；型；• 陆面模型的参数标定、移植与模拟；陆面模型的参数标定、移植与模拟；• 讨论讨论
提 纲
陆面过程中地下水位的动态表示及其与气候模式的耦合 .– Xie Zhenghui, Zeng Qingcun, Dai Yongjiu, and Wang Bin, Numerical simula
tion of an unsaturated flow equation, Sciences in China(Series D), 4(14),429-436, 1998.
– Xie Zhenghui, Zeng Qingcun, Dai Yongjiu, An unsaturated soil flow problem and its numerical simulation, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 16(2), 183-198,1999
– Xie Zhenghui, Liang Xu, Zeng qingcun, A parameterization of groundwater table in a land surfacee model and its applications, Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 28(4),331-342, 2004.
– Liang Xu, Xie Zhenghui, A new parameterization for surface and groundwater interac -tions and its impact on water budgets with the variable infiltration capacity(VIC) land surface model, Journal of Geophysics Research,108(D16), 8613,doi:10.1029/2002-JD003090, 2003.
– Yang Hongwei, Xie Zhenghui, A new method to dynamically simulate groundwater table in land surface model VIC, Progress in Natural Progress,13(11), 819-825, 2003.
– Yeh et al 2005 JC.– Maxwell et al 2005, JHM.– Xie Zhenghui, Xiangjun Tian, Hongwei Yang, A land surface parameterizati
on scheme with a groundwater model for climate models and its applications,2006.
– Tian xiangjun, Xie Zhenghui, Coupling a Groundwater Component to the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model,2006.
地表地下陆面水文机制– Liang Xu, Xie Zhenghui, 2001, A New Surface Runoff Parameteriza
tion with Subgrid -Scale Soil Heterogeneity for Land Surface Models, Advances in Water Resources, 24(9-10), 1173-1193, 2001.
– Xie Zhenghui, Su Fengge, Liang Xu, Zeng Qingcun, et al,Applications of a surface runoff model with Horton and Dunne runoff for VIC, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 20(2), 165-172, 2003.
– Liang Xu, Xie Zhenghui, Important factors in land-atmosphere interactions: surface runoff generactions and interactions between surface and groundwater, Global Planetary Change, 38,101-114,2003.
– Tian Xiangjun, Xie Zhenghui, Zhang Shengle, Liang Miaoling, A subsurface ruoff parameterization with water storage and recharge based on the Boussinesq-Storage Equation for a Land Surface Model,
Science in China (Series D), 2006.
陆面水文生态模拟– Xie Zhenghui, Liu Qian, Su Fengge, An application of the VIC-3L la
nd surface model with the new surface runoff model in simulating streamflow for the Yellow River basin, IAHS Publiction No.289, 241-248, 2004.
– 谢正辉，刘谦，袁飞，杨宏伟，基于全国 50km×50km网格的大尺度陆面水文模型框架 ,水利学报， (5),76-82,2004.
– Yuan Fei, Xie Zhenghui, Liu Qian, Yang Hongwei, Su Fengge,et al, An application of the VIC-3L land surface model and remote sensing data in simulating streamflow for the Hanjiang River Basin, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(5), 680-690,2004.
– Su Fengge, Xie Zhenghui, A model for assessing effects of climate change on runoff in China, Progress in Natural Progress, 13(9), 701-707,2003.
– 梁妙玲 ,谢正辉 ,我国气候对植被分布和净初级生产力影响的数值模拟 ,气候与环境研究 , 已接受 ,2006.
– Yuan Fei, Xie Zhenghui, Liu Qian, Xia Jun, Simulating Hydrologic Changes with Climate Change Scenarios in the Haihe River Basin, Pedosphere, 15(5): 595-600, 2005.
• 水文过程研究需要深入；• 生态过程机制（ C,N 循环）需要发展，植被动态演替；
• 各种非均匀性问题；• 陆面模型的参数标定与移植；• 陆面数据同化问题，全球土壤湿度等陆面分量的时空分布；
• 与区域与全球气候模式的耦合；• 各种应用问题；• 雪盖、冻土和旱土、大面积水面作用的描述简单，冻土、雪盖占陆面面积都远大于 1/4 ，沙漠区占 1/4 。
陆面过程研究前沿问题陆面过程研究前沿问题
基于全国 50 kmX50 km 网格大尺度陆面水文模型
水分收支过程
能量收支过程
陆面过程模式（V
IC
）
基于全国 50 kmX50 km 网格大尺度陆面水文模型
Eb
Et
Ec L S RL
RsRL
Qd
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Canopy
i
WsW3
c W3
c
Bas
eflo
w,B
DsD
mD
mBaseflow Curve
Ds/Ws=1
Ds/Ws<1
0
W0
WR
s Fraction of Area
Infi
ltra
tion
Cap
acit
y
i0+PP
i=im[1-(1-A)1/b]im
Variable Infiltration Curve
Th
ree-Layer V
ariable In
filtration C
apacity
(VIC
-3L) M
odel
Grid Cell Energy and Moisture Fluxes
P
11
...
NN+1
Grid Cell Vegetation Coverage
2
Qd
i
Layer 3 Soil Moisture,W3
Qb
R
i0
Qb
水分收支过程 植被蒸散、裸土蒸发、土壤水传输、排
水和径流决定了陆面过程中的水分收支，也是 VIC 中所考虑的主要水文过程。
蒸 散 发 （ evaporation and transpiration ）
冠层截流（ canopy interception ）土壤水模型（ soil hydrological model ）径流和排水（ runoff and drainage ）
蒸 散 发
陆面过程模式V
IC
中的蒸
发
冠层湿部蒸发 Ew （ wet canopy evaporation ）冠层蒸腾 Etr （ dry canopy transpiration ）裸土蒸发 Eg （ bare soil surface evaporation ）
pEE
)/1(
/)(
as
aapnp rrs
rdcGRsE
冠层水量平衡
冠层持水量 Mc 的平衡方程可由下式表达：
P- 降水率；Ew - 土壤湿部蒸发；Dc- 大于叶片最大持水量而滴落到地面的部分。
cwc DEP
t
M
用一维 Richard’s 方程来描述土层间的传导和扩散过程 :
各土层的控制方程为：
土壤水模型
z
K
zD
zt
)(
))((
11)()(. 1
1zz z
DKERPzt
22)()(. 2
2zz z
DKERPzt
bzz Qz
DKzzt
22)()().( 23
3
ER P
K2
K1
D2
D1
Qb
z=-z3
z=-z1
z=0
z=-z2
WsW3
c W3
c
Bas
eflo
w,B
DsD
mD
m
Baseflow Curve
Ds/Ws=1
Ds/Ws<1
0
Layer 3 Soil Moisture,W3
径流和排水
W0
WR
s Fraction of Area
Infi
ltra
tion
Cap
acit
y
i0+PP
i=im[1-(1-A)1/b]im
Variable Infiltration Curve
i0
m
b
mss
ms
iPii
PizzP
ipizP
R0
1
0222
022
,1..).(
),.(
能量平衡方程GEHRn
z
TkzG
)(
)(z
Tk
zt
TCs
Rn - net radiation;
H - the sensible heat flux;
E -the latent heat flux;
G - the ground heat flux.
VIC 模型结构的简单介绍
土壤、植被参数源程序及控制文件土壤、植被参数
源程序及控制文件Forcing data Flux data
运行 VIC 模式所需的子目录
• ../SOURCE/ 存放源程序及 global
• ../PARAMETER/ 存放土壤及植被参数
• ../FORCING/ 存放 forcing data 数据
• ../RESULTS/ 存放输出的结果
控制文件
../Source/global 控制文件
• 在 global 控制文件中包含了运行 VIC 模式所需的三个参数文件：
1 、植被参数文件 2 、土壤参数文件 3 、植被参数库文件 其中，土壤和植被参数文件中存放研究
区域内，每个网格中所包含的土壤、植被的相关的统计数据。植被参数库文件存放各种植被类型的一些固定参数。
../Source/global 控制文件
• 在 global 控制文件中包含了运行 VIC 模式所需的三个参数文件：
1 、植被参数文件 2 、土壤参数文件 3 、植被参数库文件
统计结果如下：
植被参数文件的结构
../Source/global 控制文件
• 在 global 控制文件中包含了运行 VIC 模式所需的三个参数文件：
1 、植被参数文件 2 、土壤参数文件 3 、植被参数库文件
统计结果如下：
土壤参数文件的结构
../Source/global 控制文件
• 在 global 控制文件中包含了运行 VIC 模式所需的三个参数文件：
1 、植被参数文件 2 、土壤参数文件 3 、植被参数库文件
../Parameter/ 参数文件• 将生成的参数文件放在 ../Parameter/ 目
录下，然后在 global 控制文件中指定它们所在的目录即可：SOIL ../Parameter/ 土壤参数文件VEGPARAM ../Parameter/ 植被参数文件VEGLIB ../Parameter/ 植被参数库文件
../Forcing/forcing data 数据• Forcing data 文件中存放一定时间范围内，
每个网格内的日降水量、最高及最低气温。
• 在生成 forcing data 数据时，选取全国 700 多个站点数据，通过距离权重法，确定每个网格所需的数据。
• 最后将生成的文件放在 ../Forcing/ 目录下即可。
Regional Parameter Estimation of the VIC Land Surface Model: Methodology and Application to
River Basins in China
Zhenghui Xie, Fei YuanInstitute of Atmospheric Physics
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Qingyun DuanUniversity of California/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, CA 94550, USA
Jing Zheng, Miaoling Liang, Feng Chen
accepted by Journal of Hydrometeorology
Model and DataCalibration and transferSimulationConclusions
Model and DataLiang et al. (1994) developed the VIC-2L model which i
ncludes two different time scales (fast and slow) for runoff to capture the dynamics of runoff generation.
To better represent quick bare soil evaporation following small summer rainfall events, a thin soil layer is included in VIC-2L, and VIC-2L becomes VIC-3L.
Liang and Xie (2001) developed a new parameterization to represent the Horton runoff mechanism in VIC-3L and combined it effectively with the original representation of the Dunne runoff mechanism(Xie et al., 2003).
WR1
Fraction of studied area
Soi
l moi
stur
e ca
paci
ty [
L]
i=i m[1-(1-A)1/b]i m
R2
y
Fraction of the area (1-As)
f = f m[1-(1-C)]1/B]f m
f
Pot
enti
al in
filt
rati
on r
ate
[L/T
]
PR2 /t
W/t
C
i
As
wp
Wt
A
i 0
(a) (b)
Runoff and drainage
R=R1(y)+R2(y)
Saturation excess runoff R1(y)
where
i0 -- the point soil moisture capacity
im -- maximum soil moisture capacity
b -- shape parameter(soil moisture capacity)
P --precipitation
.,)(
;0,)1()1(1)(
0001
01010
1
PyiiiiyiiR
iiyi
yi
i
i
b
iy
yR
mmm
mb
m
b
m
m
where fmm -- the average potential infiltration rate
fm – the maximum potential infiltration rate
B -- shape parameter(potential infiltration rate)
P --precipitation
∆t--time step
;1,
;1,)1(1
)(1
1
1111
2
tf
RPtfRP
tf
RP
tf
RPtfRP
yR
mmm
m
B
mmm
Infiltration excess runoff R2(y)
Precitation P
P+i0<im
W0
s Fraction of Area
Sso
il m
oist
ure
Cap
acit
y i0 +P
P
im
Solve YInfiltration excess runoff R1
Saturation excess runoff R2
W0
R1
s Fraction of Area
i0
P
im
R1Y
R2
Y
WW
Stop
Begin
yesno
i0 +Pi0
Last time step ?
Yes
No
ii
R2
NSRM
计算示意图
Sso
il m
oist
ure
Cap
acit
y
How to estimate fm
From
ΔW;0
t f Wf(t)dt0
We get tf, then fmm
);1)f(t(Bf
);f(tf
f
f
m
mm
Time (hour) Infi
ltra
tion
Rat
e (m
m/h
)
f(t)
f0
ttf
W0ΔW
;KtSf(t) pp 2/1
Example: Philip Infiltration Curve
where
f(t) ---- the infiltration capacity[L/T]
Kp---- the final capacity[L/T]
Sp---- an empirical constant
pp KtSf(t) 2/1
Coupling of VIC and NSRM
VIC
NSRM
VIC
Precipitation
Upper layer soil moisture
Surface runoff
Next step
…
Data and model parameters
Vegetation data Soil dataForcing data
50 × 50 km2 resolution
长江流域
黄河流域
淮河流域
海河流域
Vegetation related parameters
Soil classification is based on global 5-min soil data provided by the NOAA hydrology office
Soil parameters are derived based on the work of Cosby et al. (1993) and Rawls et al. (1993).
Three depths of three soil layers The exponent of the VIC-3L soil moisture
capacity curve B The parameters in the ARNO subsurface
flow parameterization
Model parameters of VIC-3L
to be calibrated
Forcing data are based on 740 meteorological stations in China, which contain 11 years of daily precipitation and air temperature data from 1980 to 1990. Such station information is mapped to the resolution of 50 × 50 km2 grids by combining interpolation methods
Calibration and transfer
Classification of climate zones － Köppen Classification
Climatic characteristics for the transfer of calibrated parameters under the premise that hydrological processes and the parameters used to describe them are similar within than between different climate zones
Method
Grouping of Köppen climate zones into parameter transfer zones
The climate zones of China according to Köppen classification
Locations of the selected basins in China for calibration and verifications
Schematic representation of the parameter regionalization scheme
Selected river basins
Parameter calibration
Calibration was performed and focused on matching the total annual flow volume and the shape of the monthly hydrograph according to the following procedures:
Set the estimated values for the depths of the three soil layers, with deeper depths for arid and semi-arid regions and lower depths for humid regions;
Calibrate the ARNO model parameters to fit the low flow; Calibrate the infiltration parameter to match the observed flo
w peaks, with a higher value to increase the peak and a lower value to lower the peak;
Make a fine adjustment on these parameters to get best simulation results.
Parameter transfer scheme
Parameters to be transferred
Transfer scheme Transferred from the primary to the secondary
catchments based on climate zone
Three depths of three soil layers The exponent of the VIC-3L soil moisture
capacity curve B The parameters in the ARNO subsurface
flow parameterization
Model parameters of VIC-3L
to be transferred
Parameter transfer
(1) Those for two catchments in the Yellow River Basin are calibrated, the parameters for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of continental climate with cool summer.
(2) Those for two catchments in the Haihe River Basin are calibrated, and the parameters for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of continental climate with hot summer.
(3) Those for one catchment in the Heihe River Basin are calibrated, and the parameters for the catchment are set to those corresponding parameters for the zone of continental climate with short cool summer.
(4) Most of area in the Huaihe River Basin and the Yangtze River
Basin belongs to the zone of rainy, mid latitude climate. The parameters for two catchments in the Huaihe River Basin
are calibrated, and those for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of rainy and mid latitude climate located in the Huaihe River Basin.
Those for two catchments in the Yangtze River Basin are calibrated, and the parameters for the two catchments are averaged respectively as the corresponding parameters for the zone of rainy and mid latitude climate located in the Yangtze River Basin.
Parameters for the rainy and mid latitude climate zone north of the Huaihe River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin are set to that for the Huaihe River Basin; parameter values for the climate zone south of these two river basins are equivalent to that for the Yangtze River Basin.
(5) The zone of tropical climate has similar climatic char
acteristics as those in rainy and mid latitude climate zone. Therefore, the parameters for the zone of tropical climate are set to be the corresponding parameters for the Yangtze River Basin.
(6) Since streamflow data for the zone of dry and cold cli
mate is not available, default values of B, D1, D2, Dm, Ds and Ws for the area are set to be 0.3, 0.1, 0.5, 2.0, 0.02, 8.0, and 0.8 respectively.
Simulation
Primary Catchments
The VIC model also provides a default parameter
set, namely the parameter set for base case.Comparisons were made between the results for
the base case and calibration.
Mean monthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the primary basins
Monthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the primary
basin
Mean monthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the primary basins
Primary Catchments
• The model performance was considerably better for the calibrated parameters than those without calibration. In general, calibration improve the results in all instances compared those with no calibration.
Secondary Catchments
The parameters were transferred to secondary catchments and runoff simulation with the transferred parameters was performed.
Runoff simulation with the recalibrated parameters was performed.
Results were compared for the base case, the transferred case and the recalibration case.
Mean monthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the secondary basins
Monthly hydrographs of observed and simulated flow for the secondary basins
Secondary Catchments
• The parameter transfer scheme improved the streamflow simulation. Subsequent recalibration of all basins further enhanced the modeling performance.
Calibration and parameter transfer statistics
Summary &Conclusions
A parameter estimation is given to simulate streamflow for river basins in China, which is represented by 4355 cells with a resolution of 50 × 50 km2 for each cell. The land area in China was grouped by climate zone, and model parameters were transferred within zones.
The transferred parameters were used to simulate the water balance in river basins in China. The simulated daily runoff of VIC-3L with transferred parameters and un-calibrated parameters was routed to the outlets of the river basins, and compared to the monthly-observed streamflow at the related catchments.
Results show that the model for the transferred parameters can simulate the observations well
The parameter transfer scheme improved the streamflow simulation. Subsequent recalibration of all basins further enhanced the modeling performance and the proposed parameter transfer method is promising in estimating the VIC model parameters for data-sparse areas in China.
Discussions
• 1) what are differences between remote sensed data and model simulated data?
• 2) why? • 3) what is your plan to use
the remote sensed data to initialize your model? • 4) how can we be coupled? • 5)what we do next.
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