15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15
15.1 (global change )
15.1.1 15.1.2 15.1.3 15.1
15.1.1
H20(CO2)(CH4)(N2O)(CF6)(CFCs)(HFCs)
GREENHOUSE EFFECT Incoming sunlight warms the surface of the Earth and is radiated back to atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb some of this heat, trapping it in the atmosphere.
15.1.1.1 15.1.1.2 15.1.1.3 15.1.1
15.1.1.1 145%15%
CO2
Carbon accumulation CO2 has increased from its pre-industrial level data: recent records plus older data such as ice cores mostly fossil fuel burning
15.1. 1.2
15.1. 1.2
15.1.1.2
2630 3436
15.1. 1.2 103103
15.1.1.3
15.1.2 O33 25~40km
O2+180~240nm=O+OO+O2 =O3O3+200~320nm = O2+OO+O3 = O2+O2
DNADNA
CFCS
CFCS CFCS CFCS CFCS
Cl+O3= ClO+O2 ClO+O3=ClO2+O2 ClO2+ =Cl+O2100 000
19931070%
Chart1
2830
2940
2950
2300
km2
km2
km2
Sheet1
km2
9/3/002830
9/6/002940
9/25/062950
9/12/072300
Sheet1
0
0
0
0
km2
km2
km2
Sheet2
Sheet3
2000982000932830km2 200096
20061020
1994410%~ 20% 2008311
15.1.3
193019431948195219531956195519721968198419861986
20006251400
15.1.3 15.1.3.1 1215.1.3.2 15.1.3.3 15.1.3.4 15.1.3.5 15.1.3.6
15.1.3.1
H2SO4 11952SO2COFe2O3
1(photochemical smog)
()NOxCxHy
2(acid rain )pH5.65 H2SO4HNO3
1872
SH2SO4 S+O2SO2 SO2+H2OH2SO3 2H2SO3+O22H2SO4 S+O2SO2 2SO2+2H2O+O22H2SO4
a.NOHNO32NO+O22NO23NO2+H2O2HNO3+NO4NO+2H2O+3O24HNO3b.NO2HNO34NO2+2H2O+O24HNO3
(Acid rain) (Acid drop )
2006331
15.1.3.2 4
PCBs
biochemical oxygen demand, BODBODBOD
(chemical oxygen demand, COD)CODBOD/COD
1anywhere in the sea
(Red Tide )(Red Tide )(Eutrophication )
1
2
1878640 2060
70km
3
4
60%4
15.1.3.3 CO[()(TNT)],
15.1.3.3 2000104hm2130104hm2
15.1.3.4 7222
15.1.3.4
15.1.3.5 (Toxic pollution ) 209DDTP.H.Muller(18991965,)19481972DDT
15.1.3.6 60dB
BODCOD
15.2
15.2 15.2.1 15.2.1.1 15.2.1.2 15.2.1.3 15.2.2 15.2.2.1 15.2.2.2 15.2.2.3 15.2.2.4
15.2.1 15.2.1.1 (population explosion )
5074068 15.2.1.2
15.2.1.2
15.2.1.3 (Aging of population )6010%657%
657%14%14%25%7%14%20%1930197520274552189019752012853718651995201913024194520152050703519701996200626101999201620231772000202020292092000202720372710
15.2.2 (Non-depletion of resources)(Exhaustible resources )(Renewable natural resources )(Natural resources of non-update )
15.2.2.1
15.2.2.2 95%
3t 20251990330
15.2.2.3
1/42000hm28000300
15.2.2.4
Recommended