4
1) :
.
(hardware).
.
, ,
.
:
.
.
.
.
2) (binary system).
, .
, , , .
,
. 111
1, 2 4 7. 1101
13 (. 4.9).
3)BITS ,BYTES , ASCII:
) 1 0 .
1, 0.
, ,
1 0. 1 0
(data bits). bit binary digit ( ).
) .
8 .
8 (byte).
,
"00000000",
"11111111" (255).
)
. ,
.
.
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange: ASCII).
To "" 65
65,
1000001.
"" 1000010, 66
ASCII ..
ASCII
...
3 00110011 051 3
B 01000010 066
t 01110100 116 t
01111111 127
4) :
)
. .
, "".
"OR" ,
.
. ()
, .
):
:
(CPU)
ROM(Read only memory)
RAM(Random Access Memory)
(bus)
(port)
K ) , ) , )
:
(. )
(. )
(. )
: .
1. (.
.
2. .
3. .
ROM:
1.
2. ( EPROM)
3.
4. (MB-GB)
RAM:
1. .
2. RAM .
3. .
5) ,:
:
UNIX
MAC OS
MICROSOFT WINDOWS
MS DOS
:
(Avast,Avira,Norton)
(Word,Excel,Powerpoint)
(CAD,CAM)
.
6
1) :
.
, .
.
.
,
(analog signals).
.
,
(/ ).
/ (. 6.1).
.
( )
2) :
(networking).
. ,
.
(modem) .
,
, '
(interface).
.
[local area networks (LANs)].
.
.
.
.
3) :
:
(,Internet)
(Word,Excel,FAX)
( CAD/CAM ,BARCODE)
16
1) :
:
(transmitter) .
() (transmission channel) .
(receiver) .
2) :
(. )
( . )
3) (SOS):
:
-, .
.
.
.
.
.
:
.(,)
.
.
,
.
4) :
5) AM/FM:
,
(modulation).
:
AM (Amplitude Modulation= ).
FM (Frequency Modulation = ).
17
1):
) :
/.
.
.
/ .
Web-banking
2) :
.
.
(diaphragm).
.
.
. , .
.
3) : , . . . ' . Laser ( Laser 10).
4): (multiplexing) .
.
(FDM), . . .
(TDM). . (bites) .