-
1. -
. .T . .
. 2n2,n,. ,(n=1)212=2,(n=2)222=8,(n=3)232=18, (n=4)242=32...
. : s2, p6, d10 f14,., 1 s, 2 s p, 3 s,pd,4s,p,df,...
, n,...,..s p . , ,6(6C),1s22s2p2,4,2 s p. 14 (14Si)
1s22s2p63s2p2 . .
,,n3,
-
2 .:
fd. ,..4s5s3d 4d . , 21Sc [Ar]3d14s2, 22Ti [Ar]3d24s2 ... 30Zn
3d. , 31Ga, 4p.
:
2 10 18 36 54 86 1182 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6 2 14 10 6 2 14 10
61s 2s p 3s p 4s 3d
He Ne Ar Kr X4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d
e R X7p
n
1 , (s2p6)He.
, , . . : , ,[1s1],,He,[1s2]. ,Li,Be, B, C, N, O, F Ne, .
5f 6d 7s 4f 5d 6s 6p 4d 5s 5p 3d 4s 4p
3s 3p 2s 2p 1s
1..
-
I. 3,Ne,[1s22s2p6]. : Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl Ar.
:[1s22s2p63s2p6] s p .
, 18, d.(Kr) [Ar]3d104s2p6 (Xe),[Kr]4d105s2p6. d. s.
, f 4 5 d 5 6 . , 57La, [Xe]5d16s2 ,
,58C,[Xe]4f26s24f14,,71Lu,[Xe]4f145d16s2.().
5d.,Ra,[Xe]4f145d106s2p6.
,,Ac, () .
2. . .(Li,Na,K)s1.(Mg,Ca,Ba)s2. (F,Cl,Br,I) s2p5. (He, Ne, Ar,
Kr), s p, s2p6,He1s2.2. -
s2p6 ( ). .
-
4 .:., . , . , , . .
. , . , . p.
,, ., . .
, , . B,Si,AsTe.
.3.
s2p6, . . : . , , .
, (
-
I. 5().
. , . , . . ( Coulomb, F=q1q2/r2, q1q2,=1)r.
,..:
2+2Ca + Br Ca + 2Br
., . ,,..
. , . ' . , (H2) : + : , , . ,...(F2),(9F)7(s2p5): :F + F: : F :
F: (O2),(8)6 (s2p4), : :: + :: : :: :
. (2) , .
-
6 .: :N + N: :N ::: N: . , . ' , .
, , .(2):
- +
+:O H : : H
H H
,(CO):+ - C + :O: :C:::O:
, () (+). , . ,.
.. 4BF .To(5B) (F) . , , . BF3 .. NaF ,:
:F: :F::F:B + :F: :F:B:F: :F: :F:
. ,..,,.,.T , .. :
- + - + - + - +| | | | + + + +
H H H H H H H H
-
I. 7,. , .. , , ,... van der Waals . ,., . , . . ,CO. London .
London. ...KrXe.
. ., . , ( ). , .
, , . . ,. . . .
, . ,.,
-
8 .:, .., () . , , .4. . . , .
( ) ( ). , . . ..
. .. : 2 2 22H O 2H O . , 42,.
. . ,.. 2 2 2
1H (g) + O (g) H O(g) +243 kJ (18 C)2
. ,(g)
-
I. 9.(s)(l).
mol. molg6,0231023 ( Avogadro1). , 1mol() 6,0231023 g. , I
mol()6,0231023 g. .. 1 mol (O2) 6,0231023 ,216g=32g.,,n,mol,m (g),
(g/mol): mn
M (1) ,
Avogadro, . , .
. ., .
.. ( 2 6C H N ) (O2) (CO2), (H2O) (N2). : 2 7C H N+O2CO2+H2O+N2.
, 2,7/2. [(222+7)/2]/2=15/4. , 2 : 2 7 2 2 2 2152C H N + O 4CO + 7H
O + N2 .
. : A B C Da b c d ,
1o,Avog;adro1g., 126 C 66,Avogadro 126 C 12 g 126 C , 126 C 12.
168 O 16,16g166,02310236,0231023.
-
10 .: ().
2 :
C D
A B
c d
a bK ,
K.5.
. . .: . , ,.. ,, . .
,.
, mol .
. i (mix): kg
kg mixi
im iwm
(2)
,i,100: kg % 100
100 kg mixi
im iwm
(3)
..100.
2 mol ,..
-
I. 11.
,.,21%V/V,100l21l.
..(g i)/(100mlmix). , 95 % W/V 100 ml 95g.
(ppm). 30ppmCr3+30gCr3+1.000.000g=1000 kg = 1t 30 mg Cr3+ 1 kg
,30mgCr3+1l.
. , (mol) i (mol). mol
mol mixi
in ixn
. (4) molkg
Mikgi/kmoli,Mii.,M,1000molMkg. ..32kgO2/kmolO228kg2/kmol2.
, wi, :
1
i ii c
j jj
m Mxm M
. (5)
,M ,m(g),n,ni(mol),i,m.
i i
i ii i i
i i
n MnmM M x M
n n n
. (6) ,yi.
,
1
c
ii
V V
, , Vi, i, . i:
3
3
m m mix
ii
V iyV
(7)
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12 .:
, . , , .
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