3
(population ecology)
31 1 (population)2
3(species) 4 5(Unitary organism)(modular organism)
6()
7
32
321 (density) ()
()
()()
ecological density)(crude density)10hm230 0002hm22 hm26 hm23 000/hm25 000/ hm2
(relative density)
()()
1hm21hm2
322 (spatial pattern)(internal distribution pat-tern)
32213(uniform)(random)()(clumped)(3-1)
(1)
(2) ()()(autotoxin)
(3)
3222 (1) (nearestneighbor distance)
D N
d dii n
J=dD JJ=1J1
(2) (index of dispersion)I=S2m3-1S2m0S2m=1s2m1I=0I=1I>1
x fx n
3233231 (agestructure)
(1) (age pyramid)(3-2)3
(increasing population)
(stable population)
(declining population)
(2) () ()3
4
20105
3232 (sex ratio)----11
324 3241 (natality)----
(realized natality)
3242 (mortality)(age-specific mortality)(physiological mortality)(ecological mortality)(minimum mortality)
(survival rate)d1d(life expectancy)
325----(1ife table)(human demography)
3251 (dynamic life table)(cohort life table)
Conell(1970)(Balanus glandula)(3-1)znx xlxxdxzx+1qxxx1ex xTxLxLxxx+1Lx=(nx+nx+1)2TxxxTx=LxTo=Lo+L1L2+L 3+T1=L1+L 2L 3+
31
(survivorship curve) (survivorship curve)
3252 (static life table)()()
()
3253lxmxmx32
(Ro= lxmx)(net reproductive rate)Ro()
32
3254(diagrammatic life table)(Begon&Mortimer 1981)
3-5
326rr m(natural rate of increase)r RoRo(r)
rr=lnRoTT(generation time) (innate rate of increase)rm
rmRm
r=lnRoTrRoTrRoT
33331
3311(densityindependent growth)
??
(1) () (density-independent growth)
()
:1.()2.3.4.r
t+1Nt+1tNt
(2)2 dNdtNt (per capita growth rate)r
e--
3312 () (K)Nt=KdNdt=0
(Logistic equation) JSSK
SJN
5(K2)K2K
1KK=1000.011KNNK(1NK)
1NK N 1 NK 1KNK1NKKr
rKrKK()
(maximum SUStained yield)rK
3313 4
(genet)(ramet)
2 (1)Tilman (2)Skellam
332
()()
3321 JS (3-9)JSJS
39()(Begon1986)
(Rhus typhina)S(310)
3322 ()(3-7)85001 000m2307050
(312) (bloom)
3323
[313(a)]
[313(b)]
(1)314
3-14 Wisconsin
() (1985)1 000()
19131961(39)
19131961
4
(2) 34 a910 a
30a34a(Clethrionomys vufocarills)
(Nustela sibirica)3a ()
3324 195716101050 000 t19671.5108 kg
()
64 km
(Salvinia molesta)19521978400 hm250 000 t1980(Cyrtobagous sp.)
3325 ()
()
3326 () (Balaenoptera mUSCUlUS)(Bphysalus)(Delphinapterus)(Delphinus)(Phocaena)
()
(minimum viable population)
3327 (ecological invasion)1859112.6 kma16161 770 km
(Eupatorium adenophorum)2533'N
26l839(Opuntia strieta)188018904104km21920235 104km21925243104km212m251001925(Caetoblastie cactorum)
34 341 3411
----
(1)
(2) (3l6)
3412
(1) FSBodenheimer(1928)8590
(2) AJNicholson
DLack(1954)3
(3) 2050AMilne3
(4)
3413
()()
.
342 ----
RHMacArthur(1962)rK
342 1 r K (K)K
r m r m rKrr(rstrategistis)KK(Kstrategistis)ERPianka(1970)rK34
rrKKrK
34 r-K-
r K r KrK
rK
rK(Crawley1986)
rK
rK
rK
rKKKrrr
3422 R-C-S-JPGrimerK
(R)(C)(S)
33RCS
R(ruderal)rC(competition)S(stress)
(C)
(R)
(S)
1?2logistic3??4?5rK6?