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Zwicky Transient Facility: Von der Dunklen Energie bis zu kosmischen Neutrinos
Supernova 1994D Marek Kowalski
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 2
ZTF @ DESY & Humboldt-University
Dr. Mickael Rigault Dr. Jakob Nordin
Simona Lombardo Daniel Küster
Dr. Anna Franckowiak Nora Linn Strothjohann
und: Alexander Donat Lap Van Vu Marek Kowalski
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 3
Mount Palomar Observatory
Mount Palomar Observatory
120 cm Schmidt telescope
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 4
Mount Palomar Observatory
Mount Palomar Observatory
120 cm Schmidt telescope –
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 5
Beobachtung von Supernovae
Supernovae: Explodierende Sterne
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 6
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 7
~3000 SNe in total so far from Palomar Transient Factory and the Supernova Factory
Supernova Ia gravitativer Kollaps
Supernovae: Explodierende Sterne
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 8
Fritz Zwicky (1898-1974)
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 9
Zwicky Transient Facility
Mount Palomar Observatory
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 10
Zwicky Transient Facility
Mount Palomar Observatory
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 11
Samuel Oschin 48-inch Telescope (P48) with a new 576 M pixel camera
Bi-parting shutter constructed by DESY/Bonn
1.8 m primary mirror
Camera: 16 6k x 6k e2v CCDs 30 s exposure 15 s readout
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 12
Affordable wafer-scale CCDs make ZTF possible.!
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e2v dimension 9.2 x 9.2 cm
pixels 6.1k x 6.1k
pixel size 15 micron
pixel scale 1”/pixel
outputs 4
all 16 CCDs delivered!
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 13
Moore’s Law reduziert auch die Auslesezeit!
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PTF!2000-era Leach Gen-II controller 36 s Auslese von 96 Mpx
ZTF!STA Archon controller 10 s Auslese von 576 Mpx
bench testing in progress
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 14
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Palomar Sky Survey with photographic plates!
physically-curved 14” photographic plate
achromatic doublet Schmidt corrector
primary mirror
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 15
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primary mirror
PTF replaced the plates with a CCD camera.!
achromatic doublet Schmidt corrector
PTF Camera (CFHT 12k)
interchangeable filters (R & g)
powered dewar window
flat CCD focal plane
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 16
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primary mirror
achromatic doublet Schmidt corrector
New optics enable ZTF’s unprecedented field of view.!
ZTF Camera (47 deg2)
field flatteners
powered dewar window
faceted CCD focal plane
re-figured singlet Schmidt corrector
interchangeable filters (R & g)
cryostat window fabricated; quotes out for other elements
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 17
Optischer Verschluss – der Shutter
In Zeuthen: Untersuchung, dass die sich bewegenden Verschlussplatten keine störenden Schwingungen auf das optische Teleskop übertragen, um die hohe optische Abbildungsqualität des Teleskops zu erhalten & Test der Lichtdichtigkeit.
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 18
Optischer Verschluss – der Shutter
In Zeuthen: Untersuchung, dass die sich bewegenden Verschlussplatten keine störenden Schwingungen auf das optische Teleskop übertragen, um die hohe optische Abbildungsqualität des Teleskops zu erhalten & Test der Lichtdichtigkeit.
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 19
Optischer Verschluss – der Shutter
In Zeuthen: Untersuchung, dass die sich bewegenden Verschlussplatten keine störenden Schwingungen auf das optische Teleskop übertragen, um die hohe optische Abbildungsqualität des Teleskops zu erhalten & Test der Lichtdichtigkeit.
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 20
Öffnungsdurchmesser: 1,35 m
Zum Vergleich: Tischtennisplatte
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 21
Verschlussplatten offen
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 22
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 23
Fahrprofile
0.000#
0.200#
0.400#
0.600#
0.800#
1.000#
1.200#
1.400#
1.600#
1.800#
)30.000#
)20.000#
)10.000#
0.000#
10.000#
20.000#
30.000#
0.000# 0.050# 0.100# 0.150# 0.200# 0.250# 0.300# 0.350# 0.400# 0.450# 0.500#
Velocity)(m
/s)),))posi1on
)(m))
Accelar1on
)(m/s/s))
TIme)(seconds))
accelera1on# velocity# posi1on#
0.000#
0.500#
1.000#
1.500#
2.000#
2.500#
3.000#
(15.000#
(10.000#
(5.000#
0.000#
5.000#
10.000#
15.000#
0.000# 0.050# 0.100# 0.150# 0.200# 0.250# 0.300# 0.350# 0.400# 0.450# 0.500#
Velocity)(m
/s)),))posi1on
)(m))
Accelar1on
)(m/s/s))
TIme)(seconds))
accelera/on# velocity# posi/on#
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 24
Requirements: Reaktionskraft < 3N Messgenauigkeit<0.5N
Schwingungsmessplatz
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 25
Messung am Prototype (ohne Blades)
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 26
Messung am Prototype (ohne Blades)
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 27
Messung am Prototype (ohne Blades)
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 28
Shutter bereit! Versand nach Zeuthen in KW25
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 29
Lichtdichtigkeit <0.1 photons / 15µm pixel / sec
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 30
Fahrtests in der Kältekammer Survival Temperature: -20C < T < 50 C. Operating Temperature: -5C < T < 30 C
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 31
Safety
From the user manual
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 32
ZTF & other wide field Imagers
PTF/iPTF, 7.3 deg2
HSC,
1.7 deg2
ZTF, 47 deg2
1 deg
LSST, 9.6 deg2
PS1, 7 deg2
DES,
2.5 deg2
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 33
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ZTF versus PTF!
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PTF ZTF Active Area 7.26 deg2 47 deg2
Overhead Time 46 sec <15 sec
Optimal Exposure
Time 60 sec 30 sec
Relative Areal Survey Rate 1x 14.7x!
Relative Volumetric
Survey Rate 1x 12.3x!
New ZTF camera: 16 6k x 6k e2v CCDs Existing PTF camera
MOSAIC 12k
3750 deg2/hour !⇒ 3π survey in 8 hours
>250 observations/field/year for uniform survey#
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 34
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ZTF versus other surveys!
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New ZTF camera: 16 6k x 6k e2v CCDs Existing PTF camera
MOSAIC 12k
3750 deg2/hour !⇒ 3π survey in 8 hours
>250 observations/field/year for uniform survey#
Survey Camera
D (m)
ΩFoV (deg2)
Etendue (m2deg2)
PTF 1.2 7.3 8.2
DECam 4.0 7.0 37.7
PS1 1.8 3.0 17.8
ZTF 1.2 47 53.1
ZTF-Forschung am DESY & HU
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 36
Rotverschiebung der Spektren: ,,Doppler-Effekt”
z =λobs − λemit
λemit
Je größer die Distanz einer Galaxie, desto schneller entfernt sie sich von uns
Edwin Hubble (1929)
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 37
Moderne Interpretation: Die Galaxien fliegen nicht weg sondern der Raum expandiert
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 38
SNe Ia als Standardkerzen
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 39
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 40
Normierungdunkler als erwartet ⇒Λ
etwas heller⇒ ΩM
dunk
ler
Supernova Cosmology Project Kowalski et al., Ap.J. (2008)
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 41
Heutige Zusammensetzung des Kosmos
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 42
IceCube • 86 Strings, 5360 DOMs
• Ethresh ~ 100 GeV ➔ astrophysical neutrinos
Das IceCube Observatorium
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 43
0.27 degree error circle
Quellen hochenergetischer Neutrinos? Viele Kandidaten!
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 44
IceCube Neutrino-Nachbeobachtungen
AGN/SN/GRB Swift
PTF (optical) (X-Ray)
VERITAS
MAGIC
(Gamma-Ray)
(Gamma-Ray)
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 45
AGN/SN/GRB Swift
PTF (optical) (X-Ray)
Nachweis einer Supernova IIN: PTF12csy; chance coin. ~2% Voge et al., Astrophys. J. (2015)
IceCube Neutrino-Nachbeobachtungen
Marek Kowalski | ZTF @ DESY | June 2016 | Page 46 46
Sentence Headline!Ausblick: • Shutter Tests in DESY bis August • Shutter Installation am Palomar Obs. im Oktober • Kamera Installation Dez-Feb 2017 • First Light: Frühjahr 2017 • Himmelsdurchmusterung ab Sommer 2017 - 2020
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