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31 1) Igneous are derived from the hardening of molten magma (intrusive or volcanic, with felsic, intermediate, and mafic varieties) 2) Sedimentary are derived from detrital or chemical sediment, the products of mechanical and chemical weathering and chemical precipitation. 3) Metamorphic are the result of burial, increasing temperature and pressure, and fluid transfer processes during recrystallization (low, medium, and high grade) RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01 • Igneous rock forms when hot magma cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks form when sediment is compacted and cemented together (lithified), or when minerals precipitate from solutions. Mechanical weathering and physical breakdown of a parent material (usually rock) produces clastic or detrital sediment, whereas chemical sediment is accreted through biological processes or precipitates directly from hydrothermal or briny waters. Metamorphic rocks are compacted, heated, pressurized, and altered from burial, thermal contact, and fluid transfer during recrystallization and alteration.

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1) Igneous are derived from the hardening of molten magma (intrusive or volcanic, with felsic, intermediate, and mafic varieties)

2) Sedimentary are derived from detrital or chemical sediment, the products of mechanical and chemical weathering and chemical precipitation.

3) Metamorphic are the result of burial, increasing temperature and pressure, and fluid transfer processes during recrystallization (low, medium, and high grade)

RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

• Igneous rock forms when hot magma cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks form when sediment is compacted and cemented together (lithified), or when minerals precipitate from solutions. Mechanical weathering and physical breakdown of a parent material (usually rock) produces clastic or detrital sediment, whereas chemical sediment is accreted through biological processes or precipitates directly from hydrothermal or briny waters. Metamorphic rocks are compacted, heated, pressurized, and altered from burial, thermal contact, and fluid transfer during recrystallization and alteration.

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Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks • Rocks are identified by their colors, textures, and other physical properties like

hardness, weight (density or specific gravity), magnetism (magnetite), and reactivity with acids (limestone and marble).

• The first exercise for this lab is to study and become familiar with 12 igneous rock specimens included in a Ward’s scientific rock kit, differentiating between those of plutonic (intrusive) and volcanic (extrusive) origin.

• A secondary exercise will be to examine the loose sample of igneous rocks held by RVCC, discuss them among your peers and professor, and categorize them.

• A third exercise will be to complete a puzzle depicting an ordered sequence of igneous rocks exposed in a mountainside using knowledge about the geological progression of igneous intrusions.

• By the end of this lab you should have a working familiarity with the principal types of igneous rocks, have identified the most common rock-forming minerals in the specimens, and seen the textures commonly found in the mafic, intermediate, and felsic rocks.

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RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

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RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

PLUTONIC(intrusive varieties)

Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks

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+1 os

+2 os

os – oxidation state

An element having a +2 os (or charge) has

a higher electron affinity because it has twice the charge than

one with a +1 os.

• Calcium and magnesium (+2) are proportionately more abundant in mafic rocks that crystallize form magma first with slow cooling and crystal growth.

•Parent magma composition largely determines the composition of igneous rocks but a single magma can, however, yield different rock types.

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RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks

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Texture in igneous rocks is related to cooling history; the slower the magma cools, the more coarse-grained the rock becomes.

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RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks

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•Typically, the coarsest-grained rocks formed in deep crustal chambers after rising out of the mantle where it can accumulate and pond at the base of the crust or in the crust, or deep in the roots of crustal mountain where rocks begin to melt from burial and heat. They become exposed at the surface Eons after formation from crustal tectonics.

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RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks

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Exercise 1. An Igneous Rock Collection by Ward’s Scientific

Basalt

Diorite

Gabbro

Granite

Obsidian

Pegmatite

Peridotite

Pumice

Rhyolite (2)

Scoria

Syenite

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RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks

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RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

NOTES: NOTES:

Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks

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RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

NOTES:

Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks

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41

Granite (Felsic)

Diorite (Intermediate)

Gabbro-Basic

RVCC loose plutonic material

RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks

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Rhyolite (Felsic)

Basalt-basic

Scoria

RVCC loose volcanic material

obsidian

Andesite (Intermediate)

Volcanic

bomb

Tuff

RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks

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_____ SS - red sandstone _______ B - basalt dike leading to basalt flow ______ D - diorite stock and sills ______Gr – granite ________ Pg – pegmatite ______ Gb – Gabbro

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RVCC GEOL 157 Introduction to Geology Lab Manual GCH 2018-01

Laboratory 3. Igneous Rocks

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44

Exercise 1. An Igneous Rock Collection by Ward’s Scientific

1.Obsidian

2. Pumice

3. Scoria

4.Basalt

5. Rhyolite

6. Rhyolite

7. Granite

8. pegmatite

9. Andesite

10. Diorite

11. Gabbro

12. Peridotite


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