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Zoroastrianism
Judaism
cTaoism and Confucianism
Hinduism and Buddhism
Greek theologyMeanwhile…
c. 2200 BCE
Yellow RiverShang and Xia dynasties
(ancient China)
c. 3000 BCE
Indus River ValleyHarappan/Vedic(ancient India)
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India”
Ancient India in relation to China
Ancient India in relation to Mesopotamia
Ancient India
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India”
Earliest major settlements and cities
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Bronze Age
c. 3300 bce – 2600 bce c. 2600 – 1900 bce c. 1900 – 1300 bce
Early Harappan Mature Harappan Late Harappan
3300 bce
1300 bce
Old Kingdom [Egypt] Middle Kingdom [Egypt] New Kingdom [Egypt]
c. 2700 – 2181 bce c. 2134 – 1690 bce c. 1549 – 1069 bce
Akkadian Empire
c. 2300 – 2100 bce
Babylonian Empire
c. 2000 - 1750
Assyrian Empirec. 930 – 600 bce
Persian/Achaemenidc. 549 – 330 bce
Rigveda composedc. 15oo bceHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro emerge
c. 26oo bce
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Bronze Age
Mohenjo-Daro
“Pashupati” seal
“Horned-God” Seal “Bison Seal”
Mohenjo-Daro
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Bronze Age
“Priest-King” figure
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Bronze Age
Mohenjo-Daro
“Dancing Girl”
Harappa
Female Figures
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Bronze Age
Mohenjo-Daro Urban Planning and Architecture
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Bronze Age
Mohenjo-Daro Urban Planning and Architecture
The Vedas
Would become the sacred texts of Hinduism
c. 1500 BCE- 500 BCE.
written in SANSKRIT.
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India”
c. 1900 – 1300 bce
Late Harappan
3300 bce 1500bce__
__________________500bce___
Rigveda composedc. 15oo bce
Vedic Period – 1500 – 500bce(the period during which the Vedas were composed)
Religious breakdown in India, 2011
Hinduism, at least 3500 years old by 2011, still dominates the religious perspectives of Indians in the 21st century
But thought dominant, Hinduism is certainly not the only religion practiced. The relationship between Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists in India has greatly affected the history of the region.
The long history of religious difference as a source of conflict in India—here are some images of twentieth-century conflicts
Aftermath of “Direct Action Day” conflict between Hindus and Muslims, 1947
Anti-Sikh riots, 1984
Noted penned by Mahatma Gandhi, 1927
Although written in 1927, how do Gandhi’s sentiments that “God is truth,” that truth exists, and that it can be approached through “ahimsa” or non-violence, relate to the Axial Age?
Rituals and traditions of Hinduism still practiced today
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Iron Age
1300 bce
1bceKurukshetra War [Kauravas vs.Pandavas]c. 900 bce
Portrayal of Kurukshetra War, c. 1820 Map of Kuru
Maurya Empire beginsc. 321 bce
Maurya Empire endsc. 185 bce
Nanda Empire beginsc. 424 bce
Nanda Empire endsc. 321bce
The conflict between the Kauravas and Pandavas serves as a central myth in Hindu literature.
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Iron Age
Mahajanapadas were 16 politically distinct regions in ancient India. They were a middle ground between isolated city-states and an integrated empire. They are similar to what we call “kingdoms” in other regions of the world.
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India”
Social Distinctions and The Vedas
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Iron Age
1300 bce
1 bce
Kurukshetra War [Kauravas vs.Pandavas]c. 900 bce
Maurya Empire beginsc. 321 bce
Nanda Empire beginsc. 424 bce
Nanda Empire endsc. 321bce
Maurya Empire endsc. 185 bce
Nanda Empire right before it ends, 323 bce
Indian Iron Age, c. 1300 – 1 bce
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Iron Age
Mauryan Empire
•Founded in 320 by Chandragupta Maurya
•Capital city: Pataliputra
•Chandragupta overthrew the Nanda Empire
•Key Rulers:
-Chandragupta
-Bindusara
-Ashoka (ruled: c. 269 – 232)
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Iron Age
Spread of Maurya Empire under Chandragupta Maurya
The Nanda Empire, 323 bce The Maurya Empire, 321 bce
The Maurya Empire conquers parts of Persia, 305 bce The Maurya Empire spreads south, 300 bce
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Iron Age
Religion and Politics in the Mauryan Empire
Ashokan Edicts by locationAfter ruling ruthlessly for 9 years, Ashoka had a crisis in 260 bce. In that year, he waged a war against the Indian state of Kalinga, a war that was particularly brutal. Though he won the war, Ashoka was filled with guilt and horror after realizing the atrocities he and his armies committed. He then decided to convert to Buddhism, and then developed a campaign for promoting Buddhism within the empire. Part of this campaign was his issuing of the “Ashokan Edicts,” which he had carved in various stones and placed throughout the empire.
How might these edicts apply to Ashoka himself? Or, in other words, in what ways is Ashoka willingly limiting his political power as a result of his religious beliefs?
Worth noting that the conflict of the battle of Kalinga led to Ashoka’s conversion
Indus River Valley and Ancient “India” – Iron Age Religion and Politics in the Mauryan Empire
600 bce
185 bce
Mauryan Empire beginsc. 321 bce, under Chandragupta
Hinduism: The last “Vedic” text composed c. 500 bce
Nanda Empire endsc. 321bce
Mauryan Empire ends 185 bce
Buddhism: Siddharta Gautama (the Buddha)born sometime between 563 bce and 483 bce
Ashoka becomes emperor, c. 269
Battle of Kalinga, c. 260
Buddhism: Ashoka, ashamed of the violence causedby waging the war, converts to Buddhism.Buddhism adopted as state religionKey:
In blue = religious eventIn black = political eventIn red = both political and religious
Ashoka issues his Buddhist “Edicts”
Ashoka dies, 232 bce