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01424111 General Biology
Origin and Evolution of LifeOrigin and Evolution of Lifeg f fg f f
By By Assoc. Prof Pattanee Jantrarotai, Ph.D
R 309 Z l DAssoc. Prof Pattanee Jantrarotai, Ph.D
R 309 Z l DRome 309 Zoology DepartmentF lt f S i K t t U i it
Rome 309 Zoology DepartmentF lt f S i K t t U i itFaculty of Science, Kasetsart UniversityFaculty of Science, Kasetsart University
Reference
1. พัฒนี จันทรโรทัย. 2547. วิวัฒนาการ.
2. Arms, K. and P. S. Camp. 1995. Biology. 3. Campbell, N. A., J. B. Reech. 2009. Biology.p , , gy4. Freeman, S. 2008. Biological Science.
Why study “ Evolution” ?y y
1. Where does human come from ? 2. Which organism is related to human ?1. Where does human come from ? g
3. How do you know ?
?
The contents in the topic “ Origin of life and Bioevolution ”
1 Definition of “ Evolution”1. Definition of “ Evolution”
2. How did life begin ?g
3. Evolution of organismsl d l devolved evolved
(eukaryotic cell )
unicellular unicellular
(prokaryotic cell )
multicellular
(eukaryotic cell )(prokaryotic cell )
4. Evolution of plants p
5. Evolution of vertebrates
6. Evolution of human
Definition Definition
“E l ti ”“Evolution”Evolution derived from two Latin words
Prefix e- means "out“ , Latin word volvere means "to turn" or "to roll"The basic meaning to the word "evolve" is therefore to describe
"the way things turn out, or roll out."
Living things Non-living things
Biological evolution Origin of the earth
Evolution of the earth from the past to the present
The earth was very hot Rotate around The heat was dispersedy The heat was dispersed
Continental crust The earth is cool downFormed the earth crustContinental crustand oceanic crust
Biological Evolution Biological Evolution Biological Evolution Biological Evolution
Biological evolutioni h h i h h l f l i f
Biological evolution is the change in the morphology of a population of
organisms through successive generations
is the change in the inherited traits of a population of g p p organisms through successive generations
is the change in the gene pool of a population of organisms through successive generationsorganisms through successive generations
Populationstructurestructure
Biological evolution
is the change in the gene pool of a population of organisms through successive generations
i th h i th l ti t t f i is the change in the population structure of organisms
Evolution is the change in the gene pooloror
structure of a population oforganisms through successive generationsorganisms through successive generations
Descent with modification
is the descent, with modification,f tfrom common ancestors.
gene pool in
P l ti I
differ from gene pool
in Population I Population II
Evolution is a process that results in heritable changes inEvolution is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations
2, 3 What could be the first organisms ?
When Earth’s crust began to solidify about 4.0 billion years ago
The first organism arose around 3.5 billion years ago
The question is
“ How life began ? ”andand
“ What it was like ? ”
There are four basic requirement for the first life origin
1. Appropiate chemicals: inorganic compounds: inorganic compounds: organic compounds
li id t: liquid water
2. Energy source2. Energy source
3. Little or no oxygen in the atmosphere yg p
Oxygen assisted in breaking down organic compounds,
4 L t t h f ti
yg g g p ,especially in environment
4. Long stretches of time
Due to four basic requirement for the first life origin
Russian biochemist Alexander I Oparin
English biologistJ B S Haldane Alexander I. Oparin J.B.S. Haldane
Th h th i f “ h i l l ti ”developed
The hypothesis of “chemical evolution”
The sequence of chemical evolution
1. Production of inorganic substance and organic monomersg g
2 Production of organic polymers2. Production of organic polymers
3 i f i3. Formation of microsphere
4. The beginning of natural selection
Simple structure Complex structureSimple structure molecules
Change into Complex structure molecules
1. Production of inorganic substance and organic monomer
Four common elements Form into inorganic substances
Major Elements Of Life
Four common elementsH, O, N, C
g
vapor (H2O), gas ammonia (NH3),
gas methane (CH ) gas hydrogen (H )i d
are abundant in earth’s atmosphere
gas methane (CH4), gas hydrogen (H2)were mixed
were mixed
Energy source
Form into organic monomersi id f tt id
i t U V
amino acid , fatty acid, base purine, base pyrimidine
intense U.V.radiation
lightning
Stanley Miller discharged to mimic lightning as
a source of energy
th tisynthetic atmosphere
He found a variety of organic compoundsincluding some of amino acid that made
up the protein of organism
Strong reducing g gatmosphere
N i th t hNo oxygen in the atmosphere
However, some scientist purposed thatthat
in the atmosphere should have little oxygenhave little oxygen
Where does the oxygen come from ?
2H2O 2H2+O2U V.
C+O2 CO2 และ CO
form hydrogen cyanideand formaldehyde which are the first
intermediate moleculeintermediate molecule
2. Formation of organic polymersg p yorganic monomers polymerized into larger molecule
Polymerized Energy
g p y g
Polymerized of organic monomer
e gyintense U.V. radiation
lightning
large organic molecule
g g
large organic molecule
: Protein
: Polysaccharide
F: Fat
: Nucleic acid: Nucleic acid
Sidney Fox showed the experiment
It can result in thermal polymerizatioheating to about 60 °C
A mixture of i id
when the melt was cooled
Protein-like polymers
heating to about 60 C
amino acidp y
Proteinoids
have catalytic propertiessimilar to enzyme
increase in the rate of a chemical reaction similar to enzymeof a chemical reaction
3. Formation of microsphere The structure sound something like a cell
: perform structure as a boundary : perform cell-like ,
something like a cell
very stable in structure : beginnings of metabolism
This step was confirmed by the experiment of Sidney Fox
A dry mixture of heating to about cooled
( quickly evaporated water )A dry mixture of
proteinoidsheating to about
60 °Ccooled
formed small spherical particlesformed small spherical particles
Microsphere
Microsphere
Similar to cells Microsphere is
not a cell
l k f ti t i l: size and shape similar to
bacteria coccus
: lack of genetic materials
t d th ibacteria coccus
: the boundary is selectively : can not produce their
own energy
permeable
: reproduce similar to budding due to
: can increase in size their limited membrane for H+ pumpto create ATP
4. The beginning of natural selection
Microsphere ProtocellsLead to
Microsphere Protocells
Limited of substances and due to
Population of microsphereenergy surrounding of microsphere
Natural selection f i h
p pof microspheres
Arrangement the molecule for :g1. have catalytic properties2. produce their own energy Each microsphere has difference 3. presence the genetic materials in ability to obtain the substance
and energy from environment
l d tThe early cellular life
lead to
Evolution of cell type
M t k ti ll f: Most prokaryotic cells range from1 to 10 μm in length, averaging about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cell
: Lack of membrane bounded genetic
: Eukaryotic cells are much more complexthan prokaryotic cells
: Cells presence of a nucleus and: Lack of membrane-bounded genetic material, so the DNA is coiled into a nucleoid (nucleus-like) region
: Cells presence of a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles
Evolution of prokaryotef p y
ProkaryoteThe first true organisms
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs
obligate anaerobes
Ch t t hOxidation inorganic molecules as energy sources6CO2 + 2H2S C6H12O6 + 12S +6H2OChemoautotrophs
(Sulphurbacteria) Oxidation inorganic molecules as energy sources
li h Photoautotrophs
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2use sun light as energy sources
Photoautotrophs(Cyanobacteria)ATP
: Facultative aerobes organisms: Eukaryotic organisms: Multicellular organisms lead to
Fossil evidence for the first true organisms (Prokaryotic cell )
Fossil stromatolite Blue green algae fossil
3. 5 billion of years agoare layered formed by the trapping of sedimentary grains by biofilms of y g ycyanobacteria (Prokaryotic cell commonly known as blue-green algae )
EvolvedEvolved
Cells presence of a nucleus and membrane-bounded organellesp g
Evolution of EukaryoteOrigin about 1. 8 billion years ago
Evolution of Eukaryotemost information has been focused
The origin of The origin of mitochondria and chloroplastnuclear membrane
have their own genetic materialshave their own genetic materials
" Endosymbiosis "infolding of the
outer membrane dosy b os s
Prokaryote gave food and oxygen to host celldue to it is photosyntheyic prokaryote
outer membrane of the host cell
" Autogenous "
due to it is photosyntheyic prokaryote
1 211. Get nitrogen and phosphorous
from host cell1 from host cell2. Protection from host cell
1. get carbon molecule from host cell2 protection from host cell2. protection from host cell
Prokaryote cell will oxidize carbon molecule that received from host cell and then gave energy to host cell
The evidence supporting an autogenous origin of nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulumnuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum
Both plasma membrane and nuclear membrane have
N l bPlasma membrane
Both plasma membrane and nuclear membrane havethe same structure and function Phospholipid bilayer
Nuclear membranePlasma membrane
Function : selectively permeable membrane is a membrane when only certain substances can pass through it
: The connection between nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum
The evidence supporting an" Endosymbiosis ”originof chloroplast and mitochondriaof chloroplast and mitochondria
1. Both of them contains a genome consisting of a single circular DNA moleculesg g g
2. The size of mitochondria and chloroplast ribosomes are similar to those of prokaryotic ribosome ( 70S)are similar to those of prokaryotic ribosome ( 70S)
3. The evidence of the smaller organism are
inside the larger organism
Inside Paramecium , ther are Chlorella, the green photosynthetic
Inside hydra, there are zoochlorellae , the green photosynthetic the green photosynthetic,
single-celled algae the green photosynthetic,
single-celled algae
Evolution of metazoans ( muticellular organisms )
From unicellular eukaryotic cell are organisms that consist From unicellular eukaryotic cell
i i b
gof more than one cell
increase in number
a larger organism could eat a smaller oneSelection
a larger organism could eat a smaller one
i ia larger organism has a lower metabolic ratefavor
The larger size ofunicellular eukaryotic cell
a lower food requirement per unit of mass
advantage when the food supply is limited
Increase in size has been limited
The ratio of cell surface area to cytoplasmic volume decrease
due to
y p
then
Decrease in exchange of food, oxygen, waste through the surface
To increase the surface area
There are some cells evolved shapesThere are some cells evolved shapes
by
: having mobile membrane surface : shape change: have the activity concentrated
th fnear the surface
Evolution of multicellular organisms
1. Syncytial or Plasmodial hypothesis by “ Hadzi and Hanson”
acoelom turbellarians
: bilaterally symmetry similar to ciliatedparamecium-like protozoan
formation of partial or complete plasma membranes
d f th
enlargement byincrease in cellular size
gave rise top p: multinucleated protozoan around some of the
protozoan nuclei the forms ofplatyhelminthes-like animals
gave rise to
2. Planula hypothesismore popular hypothesismore popular hypothesis
Haeckel's theory PrimitiveCnidaria
Haeckel's theory
Recapitulation theory the ectodermal cells
specialized for locomotion the endodermal cells
for digestion is the development (shape change) of an
p y
formation of a solid
(shape change) of an individual organism
is the evolutionary history of a species ball of cells (planula) the evolutionary history of a species
developed by means of invagination of cell
flagellated colonial protozoa
SimilartoVolvox
protozoaprotozoa
The advantages of multicellular organisms
Food gathering ensures a more stable at the surface increases food supply to all its cell
Multicellular organisms can attack and digest larger particles of food by y
secreting more quantities of digestive enzymes
M lti ll l i t th bi i th i ll l iso
Multicellular organisms get the bigger size than unicellular organisms
Multicellular organisms permits to
develop into tissues level
such as protective tissue, muscle tissue.such as protective tissue, muscle tissue.
Biological Evolution Biological Evolution Biological Evolution Biological Evolution
( ( Chemical evolutionChemical evolution))
Formation of Formation ofFormation of
the earth’ s
early crust
Formation of Inorganicmolecules and small
Formation of
large
organic
Formation
of
microsphereand atmosphere organic
molecules
g
moleculesmicrosphere
((33..7 7 billion years)billion years)
Formation
of
Formation
of
Formation
of of
Single cell
prokaryotes
of
Single cell
eukaryotes
of
Multicellular
organisms
4. Evolution of plantsp
1. Nonvascular Plants (no vascular tissue)
2. Seedless vascular plants (no seed)
3. Seed vascular plant ; naked seed (no fruit)
4. Seed vascular plant ; seed is in the fruit
Evolution of plants
Vascular tissue + dseed+3. flower and fruit
Vascular tissue +ancestor
1.Vasculartissue+2. seed
Evolution of plants
Liverwort
Liverwort
Liverwort sporophyte
Liverworts
gametophyte
Mosses
LiverwortsHornworts
1. Developed waxy cuticle and stomata
Nonvascular Plants
1. Main pigments ; chlorophyll a, b
2 Food storage : starch
1. Developed waxy cuticle and stomata2. Gametophyte dominant
3. Homsporous plants2. Food storage : starch
3. Cell wall composed of cellulose
p p
( plant having spores of
one shape and size) Green algae
(Ch h t )
4. No true root , stem and leaf
5. Sperm required water to
(Charophyte) reach the eggs
Homosporous plant: producing spores of one shape and size only that produce both male and female gametessize only that produce both male and female gametes
2. Evolution of Seedless vascular plants
Psilotum Equisetum FernsSelaginella
Vascular plants Evolved vascular tissue : pipe-like system of cells
1. Vascular tissues are differentiated frommeristematic cells
2 V l ti2. Vascular tissue are : 2.1 Xylem : transport water
2.2 Phloem : transport foodpFor xylem : cell walls impregnated with
lignin ( provides strength and support f t th )
Green algae(Charophyte) for erect growth )
3. Leaf evolution4. Sporophyte dominant
(Charophyte)
Sporophyte is the dominant stage in advanced plants
3. Evolution of seed vascular plant ; naked seed (no fruit)
Cycads Ginkgo biloba Conifers Gnetum Gymnosperm Angiosperm
g
Seed ferns
Alethopteris sp. Medullosa
Evolution of Gymnosperms
1. Develop tiny gametophyte and live within the large sporophyte, which provides food, water, and protection from desiccation
2. Evolution of seeds
Homospory, in which all spores are one shape change to
Heterospory, in which sporophytes produce two shapes : large megaspore and smaller microspores
windMicrosporangium --> Male gametophyte --> pollen Megasporangium --> Female gametophyte --> egg in the ovule Microsporangium Male gametophyte pollen
Seed evolved after fertilization of egg and sperm
Sperm in pollen + egg in ovule Embryo O l ll S d t SeedOvule wall Seed coat
food
Seed
Female gametophyte Embryo (2n)y ( )
Winged seed
Gametophyte ti ( ) tissue (n)
Food reservesFood reserves
Evolution of Angiosperms
1. They can produce larger leaves, which carry out morephotosynthesis, which in term allows faster growth
2. Produce the sexual reproductive structures called flowers
evolved from leaf
Male reproductive part : anther, and filament Female reproductive part
ti t l d : stigma, style and ovaryinside of the ovary is ovule
3. Many flowering plants have mutualistic symbiosis with animal pollinatorswith animal pollinators
Coevolution
Reproductive isolating mechanism( prevent difference species from fusing)
4. Many flowering plants use animal pollinators
so
The amount of pollen produced is less than those of gymnosperm
4. Flowering plants have developed double fertilization refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary
Sperm I (n) + Egg (n) Zygote (2n)
refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary
Sperm I (n) + Egg (n) Zygote (2n)
Sperm II (n) + Polar nuclei (2n) Endosperm (3n)
5. Evolution of fruit Endosperm
food
sperm in pollen + egg in ovule embryo ovule wall seed coat
seed
Ovary wall fruit fruit
embryo seed embryo
seed and fruit
E b d l i id f th f it
similar toEmbryo develop inside of the fruit
Embryo of mammal develop inside of the uterus
Advantage of fruits : seed dispersal
Seeds are dispersed by animals involves their encasement in a fleshy, edible fruit.
Such fruits are often brightly colored, have pleasant odors, and attractive to herbivorous (plant-eating) animals. (p g)
These animals eat the fruit, seeds and all.
After the fruit passes through the animal's digestive system, the seeds are dispersed at some distance from the parent plant.
5. Evolution of vertebrate (Subphylum Vertebrata) ( p y )
Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
Phylum Chordata
: Pharyngeal gill slit : are filter-feeding organs
y
: Pharyngeal gill slit : are filter feeding organs
: Notochord : supporting rod
: Hollow dorsal nerve cord : is later modified into the brain and spinal cord.
Evolution of vertebrate
+ skullskull
share derived characteris a trait that is shared by two or more taxa
Teleosts AmphibiansEvolution of fishthe fins are supported by parallel bony rays
fins aresupported with small
individual bones
skate shark Actinopterygian Sarcopterygian( )
individual bones
(ray finned fish) ( lobed finned fish)
lampreyhagfish
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyeshagfish
J d fi hJawed fishevolved paired fins evolved jawevolved paired fins
O d
evolved jaw
Ostracoderm(Jawless fish)
Evolution of jaw
Evolved from the transformation of pharyngeal gill arches of jawless fish
filter feeding biting and chewing
: Gill arches are paired on each side and supported by V-shaped hinged structure.
: The first gill arch in the upper part of the hinge became the upper jaw and: The first gill arch in the upper part of the hinge became the upper jaw and the lower part became mandible
: The second gill arch became the hyomandibular, to anchor the hinge of the jaw to the braincase
: The first gill slits became spiracle for the gas exchange
AmphibianEvolution of amphibian p
Sarcopterygian
Osteichthyes(bony fish)
Chondricthyes( cartilage fish ) (bony fish)( cartilage fish )
Jawed fish
Comparison bone arrangement between legs of Ichthyostegaand
fins of Sarcopterygianfins of Sarcopterygian
Forelimb of Ichthyostega similar to pectoral fin of Sarcopterygian Hi dli b f I hth t i il t l i fi f S t i
( first amphibian )Hindlimb of Ichthyostega similar to pelvic fin of Sarcopterygian
Adaptation of amphibian : The move to land
1. Respiration: absence of internal gills
Amphibian: absence of internal gills : reduction and loss of operculum : better developed lungsp g
simple balloon-like structures
2. Water loss protection
i i iBy having thick skin and mucous glandfor lubricating and protecting the skin
3. Evolved stapesHyomandibular bone previously used to support the jawHyomandibular bone previously used to support the jaw
change into
The stapes (used in hearing) for detecting airborne sounds
However, amphibians have to remain in moist habitat.
Their eggs and larvae have to develop in the water.
Evolution of reptile
Reptile
Amphibian(small, lizard-like
amphibians 1. Evolution of the amniotic egg
E b d l i id iEmbryo develops inside an amnion.
“nursery” to protect the embryo
cavity is filled with amniotic fluid
nursery to protect the embryo
Embryo is protected from desiccation and from external pressure
Advantages of the amniotic egg on land
Embryos in amniotic eggs were less adversely affected by changing environmental conditions
(e.g. drying up of ponds, changing temperature)
Reptile can lay their eggs with the shell on landbehavior changebehavior change
internal fertilizationShell forms around fertilized egg in the
female reproductive tract.
No needed for the t l f tili tiexternal fertilization
the male placesthe sperm inside
Because water is needed for the external fertilization
the female beforethe shell is formed
the external fertilization ex. fish and amphibian
2. Change in body covering
: development of a tough, dry, covering of keratin on the surface of the skinof the skin.
the same protein is in our hair and nails
1. reptiles were not danger of “drying out”1. reptiles were not danger of drying out
2. protect from tear in rough surface area
Reptile skinAmphibian skin
SnakeSalamander
From a tough, dry, covering of keratin on the surface of the skin
Reptiles cannot breathe through skin
soall gas exchange occurs via lungs.
so
Theropodgroup of bipedal dinosaurs
Therapsids
group of bipedal dinosaurs
are more complex andpowerful, and the teeth
Evolution of bird
ArchaeopteryxE l d1. Feathers : are responsible for :
1.1. Thermal insulation warm-bloodedness (endothermic)
Evolved
( )
weight reduction : hollow bones: toothless horny beak: no urinary bladder
1.2. Flight
: no urinary bladder
high energy : evolved endothermic: evolved two respiratory cyclesp y y
2. Evolution of large brain allow complex behavior
( nesting behavior, care for young birds )Class Mammalia : Order Primate
characterized by arboreal adaptations including grasping hands, large brain, and communication by vision and sound
Who are the closest living relatives of humans?
Both of them shared of these characters :
Apes ; Chimpanzee
1 . Muscular system
Both of them shared of these characters :
2 . Metabolism
3 Blood group3 . Blood group
4 . Lack of tail
5 . In the same manner
Are the ape ancestor for human ?Are the ape ancestor for human ?
Ancestor of human and ape
Human ancestors were not chimpanzees or any other modern apes
Chimpanzees and humans represent two divergent branches that evolved from a common ancestor that was neither a chimpanzee nor a human
The difference between human and modern ape
F. Hominidae
F. Pongidaeg
standing erect f l lki i hi h thstanding erect and walking on two feet
use four legs walking in which the forelimbs press down on the ground
through the joints of the fingers and toes
Human phylogenyHuman phylogeny
There are two main genus involved in human phylogeny :There are two main genus involved in human phylogeny :
Australopithecus
: came first and are all extinct
HomoHomo
: all species extinct except one: Homo sapiens: all species extinct except one: Homo sapiens
less prognathic jawsand larger brains
taller and had a larger brain
First stonetool users
1. use of fire2. first appearanceof systematic hunting
prognathic jaws a jaw which protrudes further than the other
Cave paintings
Bipedal , short pelvis, human-like hands and teeth
The ultimate future of human evolution
Pollution