ZoologyZoologyPhylum Chordates Phylum Chordates Class AmphibiansClass Amphibians

I. Intro to AmphibiansI. Intro to AmphibiansA. Meaning…A. Meaning…

””ability to live on land and water”ability to live on land and water”B. a.k.a. B. a.k.a. Tetrapods (4 legs) Tetrapods (4 legs)C. Aquatic C. Aquatic Terrestrial Terrestrial

metamorphosismetamorphosis always require a water sourcealways require a water source

i. Keep skin moisti. Keep skin moistii. Needed to lay eggsii. Needed to lay eggs

D. Thin skinnedD. Thin skinnedE. Cold blooded – body temp is same as outside E. Cold blooded – body temp is same as outside

temp.temp.

II. Order Caudata II. Order Caudata

A. Name = having a tailA. Name = having a tail

B. Ex: salamanders and newtsB. Ex: salamanders and newts

1. Tropical and Temperate Regions1. Tropical and Temperate Regions

2. Carnivores2. Carnivores

a. Arthropods, mollusks, annelidsa. Arthropods, mollusks, annelids

3. Internal fertilization3. Internal fertilization

4. Posses gills, lungs, or both4. Posses gills, lungs, or both

5. Ability to regenerate5. Ability to regenerate

6. Some have toxic skin6. Some have toxic skin

7. Bright and dull colors7. Bright and dull colors

III. Order AnuraIII. Order Anura

A. Ex: Frogs and ToadsA. Ex: Frogs and Toads

B. Anura B. Anura w/o a tail (adult) w/o a tail (adult)

C. Needs water sourceC. Needs water source

D. “Jumpers”D. “Jumpers”

E. Larvae is called…E. Larvae is called…

1. tadpole1. tadpole

2. polliwog 2. polliwog

F. Pass through metamorphosisF. Pass through metamorphosis

IV. The FrogIV. The Frog

A. Habitat + SizeA. Habitat + Size

1. Rana Pipiens 1. Rana Pipiens common American Frog common American Frog

Temperate + tropical (Panama - Temperate + tropical (Panama - CanadaCanada

2. Smallest 2. Smallest

1 cm (gold frog) 1 cm (gold frog)

3. Largest3. Largest

30 cm (goliath frog)30 cm (goliath frog)

eats rats and duckseats rats and ducks

4. Hibernate 4. Hibernate during winter during wintera. Gather fats – insulationa. Gather fats – insulation

protects body organsprotects body organsB. Enemies + Defense MechanismsB. Enemies + Defense Mechanisms

1. Snakes, birds, raccoons, fish, turtles, 1. Snakes, birds, raccoons, fish, turtles, humanshumans2. Defense…2. Defense…

a. Quick jumpinga. Quick jumpingb. Bitingb. Bitingc. Poison glands (poison dart frog)c. Poison glands (poison dart frog)d. Playing deadd. Playing deade. Blow up lungse. Blow up lungs

C. Declines in Frog PopulationsC. Declines in Frog Populations

1. Worldwide trend1. Worldwide trend

global warming (changed weather global warming (changed weather patterns)patterns)

pollutionpollution

habitat destructionhabitat destruction

non-native predatorsnon-native predators

ozone depletionozone depletion

D. Integument System (skin)D. Integument System (skin)1. 2 layers1. 2 layers

a. Epidermisa. Epidermisi. Outer layer – can molti. Outer layer – can moltii. Keratin – tough fibrous materialii. Keratin – tough fibrous material

-abrasion-abrasion-water loss-water loss

*What would have a greater keratin deposit *What would have a greater keratin deposit on it’s skin? A frog or a toad? Why?on it’s skin? A frog or a toad? Why?

b. Dermisb. Dermisi. Inner layeri. Inner layerii. Mucous glands (keep skin ii. Mucous glands (keep skin

moist)moist)

iii. Serous gland (produces skin iii. Serous gland (produces skin poison)poison)

poison dart frogspoison dart frogs

2. Chromatophores2. Chromatophores

a. Allow color change (blending in)a. Allow color change (blending in)

b. 3 typesb. 3 types

i. melanophoresi. melanophores

-brown + black-brown + black

ii. Iridophoresii. Iridophores

-silver / light reflecting-silver / light reflecting

iii. Xanthophoresiii. Xanthophores

-red, blue, orange, yellow-red, blue, orange, yellow

E. Skeletal SystemE. Skeletal System1. Job1. Job

a. Support bodya. Support bodyb. Aid in Moveb. Aid in Movec. Protect organsc. Protect organs

2. Some Bones to know…2. Some Bones to know…a. Urostyle – former tail of tadpolea. Urostyle – former tail of tadpoleb. Ilium – similar to hipsb. Ilium – similar to hipsc. Ischium – tailbonec. Ischium – tailboned. Phalanges – tips of toes/fingersd. Phalanges – tips of toes/fingers

-4 on hands-4 on hands-5 on feet-5 on feet

*Most bones correspond to human bones**Most bones correspond to human bones*

Skull

Humerous

Urostyle

Ischium

Femur

Carpals

Phalanges

MetacarpalsRadio-ulna

Ilium

Vertebrae

Tibio-fibula

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Skull

Tarsals

Calcaneous

Astragalas

F. Muscular SystemF. Muscular System

1. Enable the body to move1. Enable the body to move

2. Support body organs2. Support body organs

3. Protect body organs3. Protect body organs

4. Some muscles to know…4. Some muscles to know…

a. Rectus Abdominus – stomach a. Rectus Abdominus – stomach musclesmuscles

b. Latissimus Dorsi – rotates armsb. Latissimus Dorsi – rotates arms

c. Pectoralis – adducts armsc. Pectoralis – adducts arms

d. Triceps femoris – 3 headed leg muscled. Triceps femoris – 3 headed leg muscle

e. Gastrocnemius – calf musclee. Gastrocnemius – calf muscle

G. Respiratory + Vocal SystemsG. Respiratory + Vocal Systems1. 3 breathing methods…1. 3 breathing methods…

a. Body’s skina. Body’s skinb. Skin of mouthb. Skin of mouthc. Lungs c. Lungs

1. Internal Nares – small openings 1. Internal Nares – small openings used for breathing (nostrils)used for breathing (nostrils)

2. Glottis – opening to lungs2. Glottis – opening to lungs3. Bronchi – connect each lung3. Bronchi – connect each lung4. Lungs (Hi to low pressure)4. Lungs (Hi to low pressure)

2. Vocal – larynx 2. Vocal – larynx vocal cords (males vocal cords (males more dominant)more dominant)

Internal nares

GlottisEsophagus

Maxillary Teeth

Tongue

Vomerine Teeth

H. Feeding + Digestive SystemH. Feeding + Digestive System

1. Tongue (protrusible)1. Tongue (protrusible)

a. Long + stickya. Long + sticky

2. Esophagus – connects mouth to stomach2. Esophagus – connects mouth to stomach

3. Stomach – rugae (folds that help move food)3. Stomach – rugae (folds that help move food)

4. Small intestine (absorbs nutrients)4. Small intestine (absorbs nutrients)

5. Large intestine (recycles water + passes waste)5. Large intestine (recycles water + passes waste)

6. Cloaca – anus6. Cloaca – anus

7. Other digestive organs…7. Other digestive organs…

a. Liver (brown + 3 lobes + produces bile)a. Liver (brown + 3 lobes + produces bile)

b. Gall bladder (green sac + stores bile)b. Gall bladder (green sac + stores bile)

c. Pancreas (yellow gland + pancreatic juices)c. Pancreas (yellow gland + pancreatic juices)

AA

CC

DD

FF

JJ

KK

LL

MM

EsophagusEsophagus

StomachStomach

PancreasPancreas

CloacaCloaca

LiverLiver

Gall BladderGall Bladder

Sm. IntestineSm. Intestine

Lg. IntestineLg. Intestine

I. Circulatory SystemI. Circulatory System

1. Heart – 3 chambered (2 atria / 1 ventricle)1. Heart – 3 chambered (2 atria / 1 ventricle)

a. Atria – anterior; darker color; less a. Atria – anterior; darker color; less muscular muscular

-Right Atria - receives deoxygenated -Right Atria - receives deoxygenated blood from body; pumps blood to ventricle blood from body; pumps blood to ventricle

-Left Atria – receives oxygenated blood -Left Atria – receives oxygenated blood from lungs; pumps blood to ventricle from lungs; pumps blood to ventricle

b. Ventricle – posterior; triangle shapeb. Ventricle – posterior; triangle shape

-pumps bad blood to lungs; pumps good -pumps bad blood to lungs; pumps good blood to all parts of body blood to all parts of body

*Why does the ventricle have to be more muscular than *Why does the ventricle have to be more muscular than the atria?*the atria?*

What would be one problem of a frog’s ventricle?

J. Reproductive SystemJ. Reproductive System

1. Male1. Male

a. Testes – anterior of kidneysa. Testes – anterior of kidneys

-yellow/cream color-yellow/cream color

-produce sperm-produce sperm

b. Urinary Ductsb. Urinary Ducts

-carry urine and sperm to cloaca-carry urine and sperm to cloaca

2. Female2. Female

a. Ovaries – anterior of kidneysa. Ovaries – anterior of kidneys

-contains eggs (many) 2,000-3,000-contains eggs (many) 2,000-3,000

-eggs – black and circular-eggs – black and circular

b. Oviducts b. Oviducts

-carry eggs out of body-carry eggs out of body