Zimbabwe News, Vol. 10, No. 3

http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuzn197805

Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available athttp://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read andwill abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that thecontent in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka inconnection with research, scholarship, and education.

The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmentalworks and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must besought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distributionof these materials where required by applicable law.

Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials aboutand from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org

Zimbabwe News, Vol. 10, No. 3

Alternative title Zimbabwe News

Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union

Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (Maputo, Mozambique)

Date 1978-05-00 - 1978-06-00

Resource type Magazines (Periodicals)

Language English

Subject

Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, United Kingdom,United States

Coverage (temporal) 1978

Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.9-10

Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African NationalUnion Patriotic Front.

Description Editorials: Miracles v. realities. Letters: From Ghana. FromJamaica. From Botswana. State of the Party: ZANU on themove throughout the world. National Affairs: "ZANU carriesthe burden of history- Cde. President Mugabe. TakawiraDay 1978. May in Zimbabwe. The War: The war is here,everywhere- Cde. Josiah Tongogara. "The masses are onour side" -Cde. Chipewa. War Communique No. 17. Womenhave total involvement in the struggle- Cde. Teurai Ropa.Diplomatic Struggle: On building bridges. Cde. PresidentMugabe's tour abroad. Cde. Vice President Muzendapresents P.F. case to O.A.U. Camarada President SamoraMachel's tour. ZANU and Zimbabweans congratulateMozambique. Solidarity with the people of Yugoslavia.Muzeum of People's struggle opens in Mozambique.Chronology of Struggle in Zimbabwe. National Enemies:Who does Muzorewa work for? Ted Lockwood on AmericanForeign Policy (1960-1978). June, 1978 in Zimbabwe.Ideological and Revolutionary Education in ZANU: PoliticalCommissariat Lecture Series. Education as instrument forsocial transformation in Zimbabwe (continued fromZimbabwe News Vol. 10, No. 2, 1978) Cde. Shamuyarita.

http://www.aluka.org

ZANU statement on massacre of missionaries by Smith.Nechanda died for Zimbabwe.

Format extent(length/size)

68 page(s)

http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuzn197805

http://www.aluka.org

Union - ZANU - component of

Union - ZANU - component ofthe Patriotic Front)ZANU AND HISTORY>~-~' 5d4~ s~./jARMED STRUGGLE UNTIL VICTORY

ZANU FOREIGN MISSIONSMOZ \MBIOQLiUHeadquarter, Zimbabwe African National Union C.P. 743Maput'People's Republic of Mozambique E \ST \FRICA The Chief RepresentativeZimbabwe African National Union P.O. Box 20762 Dar e' Salaam U nitedRepublic of Tanzania Z* MBI A The Chief Representative Zimbabwe AfricanNational Union P.0. Box 2331 LusakaRepublic of Zambia NORTH AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST The ChiefRepresentative Zimbabwe African National Union3 Ahmed Hishmat Street ZamalekCairoArab Republic of Egypt BOTSWANA The Chief Representative P.O. Box 9 13Francistown Botswana WEST AFRICA The Representative Zimbabwe AfricanNational Union4 Balea Hall University Hall University of badan IbadanNigeriaUNITED KINGDOM The Acting Representative Zimbab% c African NationalUnion 21 Caledonian Road London, N.I. United Kingdom CANADAThe Chief Representative Zimbabwe African National Union P.O. Box 415 Cotedes Neigc. Station Montreal H3S 2S7 CanadaAUSTRALIA AND FAR EAST The Representative Zimbabwe African NationilUnion 51 Beddon Avenue Clav nVictoria\ustraliaSC \NDINAVI A The Chicf Representative Zimbabwe African National UnionTulegtan 41) P.O. Box 1 9'553 10432 Stockholm SwedenUNITED STATES OF AMERICA The Chief Representative Zimbabwe AfricanNational Union 211 Fast 43rd Street 9112 New York. N.Y. 10017 United State- ifAmerica ROMANIA The RepresentativO Zimbabwe African National UnionSectorul Florese Str. Av. Protopopescu Nr. I I Apartment 24 BucarestiRomaniaLIBYA

The Representative Zimbabwe African National Union Box 4491 TripoliLibya Arab JamahiriyaContents1. EditorialsLetters2. State of the Party3. National Affairs4. The War5. Diplomatic Struggle6. National Enemies7. Ideological andRevolutionarvEducation in ZANUZIMBABWE NEWSVol. 10 No. 3May-June 19781 .... Miracles v. realities I .... From Ghana2 .... From Jamaica2 .... From Botswana3 .... ZANU on the move throughout the world5 .... .ZANU carries the burden of history" Cde. President Mugabe II ....Takawira Day 1978 13 .... May in Zimbabwelb .... The war is here, everywhereCde. Josiah Tongogara22 .... .The masses are on our side"Cde. Chapewva23 .... War Communique No. 17 29 ... Women have total involvement in thestruggle: Cde. Teurai Ropa31 .... On building bridges:Cde. President Mugabes tour abroad 35 .... Cde. Vice President Muzenda presentsP.F. case to O.A.U.37 .... Camarada President Samora Machel's tour3 S .... ZANU and Zimbabweans congratulate Mozambique 39 .... Solidarity withthe people of Yugoslavia 401 .... Muzeum of People's struggleopens in Mozambique41 .... Chronology of Struggle in Zimbabwe43 . . Who does Muzorewa work for? I .... Ted Lockwood: on American ForeignPolicy (I t)6(--1978)54 ... June. 1978, in Zimbabwe57 .... Political Commissariat Lecture Series 62 .... Education asLin instrumentfor socialtransformation in Zimbabwe (continuedfrom Zimbabwe News Vol. 10, No. 2, 1978)Cde. Shamuyarira(3 .... ZANU statement on massacre ofmissionaries by Smith

65 .... Nehanda died for ZimbabweZIMBABWE NEWS is the OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE ZIMBABWEAFRICAN NATIONA L UNION (ZANU), component of the Patriotic Front, andis produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department ofInformation and Publicity, ZANU Headquarters, Caixa Postal 743,Maputo.People's Republic of Mozambique. ,c 1978 - World Copyright. CentralCommittee, ZANUVOICE OF ZIMBABWE VOICE OF ZIMBABWE is a special programmepresented by the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) from Maputo onbehalf of the Patriotic Front and the Zimbabwe People's Army. The broadcast isaired every night starting at 8 o'clock on 25, 31, 41, 49, 60 and 90metres on shortwave and 407 metres on medium wave. Listen to your programme - VOICE OFZIMBABWE.

EditorialMIRACLES VS. REALITIESRecently, the Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole, speaking before his European ConmonMarket pay-masters and Bishop Abel Muzorewa, speaking before his own bossesin Washington D.C., both bitterly denounced the Western powers for having littleor no faith in miracles. From the two clerics' point of view, the Bibleis clear: withfaith, man can command mountains to move and they will. It was, therefore,scandalous, that no one should accept that the deal they concluded with Ian Smithon March 3rd, 1978, was as genuine a marvellous event due to somesupernaturalagency as the feeding, by Christ, of 5 000 people with seven loaves of bread andtwo fishes.The Western capitalist bosses can be excused for having less faith in miraclesthan the two Rhodesian priests. After all, their industrial revolution hadbeen dueto science and technology. When Germans and Americans want a mountain tomove, they are more in the habit of hiring an engineering firm to move itthanapproaching their parish priests for prayers!The Patriotic Front, the Front-Line states, the O.A.U., the United Nations, allsovereign states, all international institutions and organisationshave refused torecognize the so-called 'Internal Settlement', not-so, much because they are oflittle faith (Bishop Muzorewa and Rev. Sithole should not judge so they be notjudged!), but because earthly experience suggests to them that the deal was arotten, treacherous, criminal and opportunistic strategy on the part of Ian Smith,Bishop Muzorewa, Rev. Sithole and Chief Chirau. True, Bishop Muzorewabelieves, that Ian Smith has completely changed. While many believe that St. Paulconverted and repented, while on his mission to commit more tortures,massacresand barbarities on christians, few believe that history may be repeating itself inthe case of Ian Smith. Many who have observed Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau,revel in their new wealth (air-conditioned homes, limousines, spacious offices,guards, fat pay-checks) doubt that these men follow Ian Smith on account of thelatter's recent conversion as a result of a recent confrontation with God and theholy spirit. They rather suspect that two clerics may be using God's name in vain,to camouflage their selfish lust for power and money at the expense of the rights

and interests of the seven million Zimbabweans. Besides, Bishop Muzorewa'slater-day St. Paul still murders, tortures and massacres women and children allover Zimbabwe and in various refugee camps in Mozambique, ZambiaandBotswana.Besides, people have rejected the "Internal Settlement" not so nruch because itdoes not appear to be a marvellous event due to some supernaturalagency, butbecause it obviously ignores the facts. The facts, as earthly mortals see them, are,that the seven million people of Zimbabwe, under the leadership of the PatrioticFront, their sole and authentic representative - are determined to die tothe man orwoman in opposition to it. Their armed forces, under the joint CommandofComrade Presidents Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo, have sworn to smash IanSmith and the holy puppets, by arms. Since the signing of the diabolicalagreement, the world has watched the Patriotic Front liberate district by district,region by region and province by province. The world has watched Sithole andMuzorewa vainly try to bring about a cease-fire. They have watchedIan Smithcontinue to wield and crack the shambok; announce perfidious and rigged electionprograms which are doomed to fail; callously promise white settlers that theagreement he entered into was merely a ruse and military strategy etc. No one hasbeen fooled.Given all these realities, the world may be forgiven for being realistic. They knowthat the Patriotic Front is winning the war. They have to come to termswith thathard fact.For our part, we do not wish to be misunderstood. The Patriotic Front believesthat our Zimbabwe history is made by our Zimbabwean masses, not by any oneelse - certainly not by supernatural powers. Our people will haveto word hard,very hard, very very hard with their own hands and minds to develop theircountry for themselves once liberation has been earned through sweat and blood.They would be foolish to invest in the economics of miracles paddledby twogreedy, treacherous, murderous business men, who wear dog-collars and frocksto beguile Zimbabweans and the world.Pamberi ne Chimurenga!Letters toThe editorYouth Forces for National Liberation c/o 8 Olympic Way KingstonJamaica W.I.12th June 1978Z.A.N.U.Dear Comrades,Revolutionary greetings. As part of our programme of raising the politicalconsciousness of the oppressed Jamaican People our Y.F.N.L. operates the RedStar Bookshop which is located at 8 Olympic Way, Kingston 11, Jamaica.Our Bookshop is serving to inform the Jamaican people of the revolutionarystruggle of the world oppressed peoples.We distribute literature originating from China, Europe, North America; butnothing directly from the mother land, Africa.

We are therefore requesting that our bookshop become the distributorand agentof all Z.A.N.U. and Patriotic Front literature, posters etc., if notonly in Jamaicabut the whole Caribbean.The fulfilment of such a request would serve to strengthen the ties offriendshipand understanding between the peoples of your country and the Caribbean at thesame time. Passing on valuable experience of your struggles against imperialism.We look forward to an early reply. Africa Jamaica one struggle! Zimbabwe mustbe free! Death to black and white oppressors!Yours in strugglefor Y.F.N.L. (Jamaica)Accra North Ghana THE CHIMURENGA HIGH COMMAND Z.A.N.U.Caixa Postal 743,MAPUTOPeople's Republic of Mozambique 27th June, 1978Dear Comrades,This is to express oUr gratitude to the Chimurenga High Cormmand and allPatriotic Zimbabweans for bringing about the spectacular victories. being register-The State of the PartyZimbabwe News I

ed by ZANLA forces against Smith's hired mercenaries.We are of the firm conviction that the Anglo-American proposals on resolving theZimbabwe Independence have out-lived their usefulness thus throwing allrumblings about negotiations with the enemies of Zimbabwe into the garbageheap of history. We are grateful to you for the copy of the January-February 1978issue of the Zimbabwe News, you sent to us.Our Comrades of the New Beginning Movement (2, st. Vincent Street, Tunapuna,Trinidad and Tobago) have expressed the desire of exchanging ideas andinformation with your Revolutionary ZANU (PF). We hope you willcorrespondent with them as soon as practicable.Find attached a copy of our liberation Day Anniversary Message to Africans andPeople's Fighting Cadres of ZANLA especially our Sisters and their gallantLeader, Comrade President Robert Mugabe, members of the Chimurenga HighCommand and all Patriotic Zimbabweans.A luta continua!Pamberi ne CHIMUREN GA!Kofitse AladziPan African Affairs Research Centre Uhura na Umoja - Freedom andUnity P.O.Box 10575Accra - North GhanaWhat is Majority rule andWhat is Majority?Why must the liberation war continue in the face of the promised so-calledmajority rule? This question may still be asked by some people livingin the urbancentres of Zimbabwe.

To answer this question, let us first look at the objective conditionsthat compelledZimbabwean workers and peasants to take up arms against the capitalist system inour country. British capitalism, having davasted its own raw materials, had threemajor objectives in its colonization of our country:1. to find new sources of mineral resources and agricultural commoditiessuch as cotton and tobacco.2. to find new markets for its finishedproduction-products that had neither domestic markets nor marketsin othercapitalist countries because ofsharp capitalist competition.3. to find new settlement for masses ofunemployed British labour power.After the heroic stand by our forefathers in the FIRST CHIMURENGAMail from all over Zimbabwe and abroad pours into Publicity and InformationofficeWAR our major economic concerns fell into the hands of settler minority. Thisminority is supported by the real owners of capital situated in Britain,WestGermany, the United States of America and irance.What does this mean in concrete terms? It means, that with the seizures of ourwealth by a minority, the concept of MAJORITY was shattered. The followingfacts support this claim:(a) The largest share of national wealth comes from mineral extraction. Africanlabour constitutes the largest majority in this industry and yet African workersreceive the least income from this economic activity. This is expressedby theslum conditions under which they live. On the other hand, the minority who ownthese properties - plus those favoured by them on racial grounds enjoy the largestshare of this wealth. On the side of decision-making, the African majority have nodemocratic right what-so-ever. They do not even have any right to go on strikeagainst excessive exploitation.(b) In factories throughout our cities, the majority are the workersand yet theyhave no democratic rights as to how the product of their labour shouldbedistributed. The only democracy they have is the democracy of living in the slumsscattered all over the cities while the minority of settlers have the best of whatZimbabwe can produce.(c) In the rural areas the situation is even worse. The largest single majority in theentire country is the peasantra. Every Zimbabwean knows that the largest share ofproductive land is in the hands of the minority settler farmer. Ifthe majority is to assume, its true meaning the opposite should be the case.It was the deprivation of these democratic rights (and indeed property rights) thatcaused the Zimbabwean workers and peasants to take up arms and fight this evilsystem led by Smith and his running dogs.What has been the role of the socalled parliament during the 90 years of Britishcolonial rule in our country? This so-called parliament has made laws(mainlyproperty laws) in the interest of the minority property owning racist cliques incollaboration with their financial bosses in London and Washington.To imposethese class laws an evil state machinery has evolved during this period. This state

machinery (in the form of racist army, police, selous scouts, civilservice etc.) hascommitted untold crimes against workers and peasants in their resistance againstexploitation. This is the reason why this parliament (being a reflexion of an evilsystem) will continue to be evil and undemocratic even if it is redecorated withblack puppets.In order to achieve this majority (a majority which is not negotiable)Zimbabweworkers and peasants must support their existing liberation army anarmy whichnot only defends their intersts but one which draws its membership thisclass. This(we repeat) is what we mean by a majority.., not the type of advocated by theSalisbury clique. This true majority can not be achieved without sacrifices. That iswhy we say: Pamberi ne CHIMUREGA!J.R. Masaya,GaberoneBotswana 12/7/782 Zimbabwe NewsThe State of the Party

State of the partyZANU on the move throughout the worldMay and June were among the busiest in ZANU and ZANLA's armed struggleprogramm. Every party department appeared to be in a hurry. Everybody wasaware that on June 30. 1978, the party would reach a half-way mark inits Year ofthe People programme, proclaimed by Comrade President Mugabe lastJanuary.The Central Committee members were scattered everywhere - prosecuting theirprogrammes and executing their tasks with visible sense of urgency. ZANLAforces tightened vigilance and pursued the excalation of the war to new hights.Comrade President Mugabe travelled more than 25000, around the world,deepening the party's alliance and solidarity with other nations andpeoples.During the second week of May (10th 13th May), he held intensive talks with theGovernment leaders of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa. On the 15th May, ComradePresident Mugabe arrived in Damascus, Syria, for discussions with SyrianGovernment and Party officials and the leaders ot the Palestine LiberationMovement. The discussions were wideranging-covering the struggleagainstZionism in the Middle-East and racist colonialism in Zimbabwe and lasted threedays.From Syria Comrade President Mugabe flew to Pakistan, where he held fruitfuldiscussions with the Government leaders in that country. Pakistan hasconsistentlyidentified itself with the oppressed masses of Zimbabwe in their armed struggleagainst the racist and murderous Smith-Muzorewa- SitholeChirau regime. Thediscussions which lasted two days (19th - 20th May), further strengthened thebonds of friendship between the Pakistani and Zimbabwean peoples.On May, 21st, Comrade President's party arrived in Peking on a two day transitstop enroute to the Peoples' Republic of Korea. During the brief stay in thePeoples Republik of China, Comrade President Mugabe once again strengthenedthe long-standing revolutionary relationship that has grown over thelast 15 yearsbetween the Chinese and the Zimbabwe people. The Chinese

leaders expressed their total commitment to assist the struggling and oppressedmasses of Zimbabwe in their revolutionary armed struggle against colonialismand imperialism.The ZANU delegation arrived in North Korea on the 23rd May to a heroes'welcome form the Government, Party and People of the Peoples' Republic ofKorea. Comrade President Mugabe was welcomed by the Great leader Kim IlSung, President of the Peoples' Republic of Korea and Secretary-General of theKorean Workers' Party. The discussions, which lasted four days (23rd-27th May),included a thorough alalysis of the war agaipst the criminal regime ofSmith-Sithole-Muzorewa and Chirau. The Korean Government, Party andPeople onceagain pledged themselves to give all moral, diplomatic and material support to thePeoples' forces in Zimbabwe.Comrade President's delegation, which included Comrade MayorVurimbo,Chief Political Commissar and Comrade Agnew Kambeu, ZANLA's Director ofTraining, left Pyongyang, for Hanoi, Peoples' Republic of Vietnam on the 28thand arrived on the 29th. The tour of Vietnam was most enlighteningandeducative. The ZANUdelegation, toured both North and South Vietnam, helddetailed discussions with General Vo Nguyen Giap, Minister of Defenceof theGovernment of the Socialist Republic of Vientam, on the militarv andnoliticalsituation inZimbabwe. General Giap spoke to the delegation about his country'srevolutionary experience and the need to base the military line uponthe Party'spolitical line. He also emphasized the requirement that in order for victory to beachieved, any revolutionary struggle must base itself upon the people.The ZANU-delegation also held talks with Comrade Pham Van Dong, the Prime-Minister and Comrade Hoang Minn Xiam, President of the Vietnam Committeefor friendship and solidarity with people of other countries; Comrade Xuan Thuy,member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, andothersenior Party and Government officials.The highlight for the ZANU delegation was the visit to Ho Chi Minh City (formerSaigon) in the South. The delegation laid a wreath at the Ho Chi Minh museuleumand were entertained to traditionel music and dance. Comrade President's Partyreturned to Mozambique in June.AdministrationAs the President's Party toured the far East, the Secretary-General, ComradeEdgar Tekere led another delegation to Iraq, Egypt, Yugoslawia andRomania. Inthese countries, the Secretary-General's Party entered into serious discussionswith government- and Party-leaders about the state of the revolution in Zimbabweand the import-Every Department of the party intensifies workZimbabwe News 3The State of the Party

ance of material and other assistance during this last phase of the war against theracist Smith-Muzorewa-Sithole and Chirau regime.Publicity and Information

The Department of Publicity and Information was busy copying withexpandedresponsibilities arising form ZANLA's conturning military victoriesin Zimbabwe.Letters are pouring-in by the thousands each month into the Publicity Departmentfrom araound the world. By far the largest bulk comes from Zimbabwe inresponse to our Voice of Zimbabwe request programme.The Publicity and Information Department's staff has been expanded enormouslyto cope with growing tasks. The publications division intensified their efforts inorder to ensure that The Zimbabwe News remains the best-produced CentralOrgan ever produced by a Liberation Movement. The ShonaNdebele"Chimurenga" bi-monthly which is distributed throughout Zimbabwe by theZANLA-Forces will now have a specially designed cover. Its popularity with theZimbabwe masses has proved staggering.The Voice of Zimbabwe radio programme has clearly become something of aphenomenon in Zimbabwe and Southern Africa as a whole. Our surveys showthat it is now the No. 1 radio station, tuned-into by over 98 % of all Africans and50% of the settler community. The department's goal is to completely supplant theRhodesia Broadcasting Corporation's news programme. Everyone in the countrynow knows, that the RBC news program is all lies from beginning to finish.Comrades Grey Tichatonga and Victor Mhizha, who broadcast daily,are to becongratulated.The Publicity and Information Department will now also be broadcasting aZimbabwe programme over "The Voice of the Revolution" in Addis Ababa.The Zimbabwe News now has a French Edition printed in Paris and distributed inFrance and French speaking Africa. The next six months will see other languageeditions of the same paper.Education and CultureThe department of Education and Culture has devoted the last two monthsintensifying its training and skills programmes in conjunction with theDepartment of Manpower and Planning.Sec. General E. Tekere makes the call More and more young men andwomenform ZANLA's ranks are studying technical courses. The aviation courses givenin several African countries have attracted many. Other areas being emphasizedby Comrade Dzingai Mutumbukas' department include languages (especially aPortuguese language training programm) at the Eduardo Mondlane University inMaputo, teacher training, vocational courses and straightforward academic studiesfor thousands of school children in refugee camps in Mozambique.TheDepartment is also beginning to think in terms of re-opening and administeringschools closed down by the regime in Zimbabwe especially in the liberated andsemi-liberated areas.Welfare and TransportThe department of Welfare and Transport continues to develop ways of servicingtwo of the party's most difficult functions: Catering for the welfareof Comradeswaging the war and maintaining our few vehicles, trucks, automobiles and othermachinery on the road. Comrade Kangai, Secretary for Welfare and Transport isconfident that the worst is over - the wake of the enemy's attacks on Tembue andChimoio in November 1977.

The Department of Welfare and Transport working together with the departmentsof Finance, Production, Reconstruction and Development, and Health haveensured that ZANLA-forces have adequate food and clothing: thanks to solidarityand other progressive groups around the world, who haverallied to the party's appeal for assistance.Defence DepartmentThe Defence Department according to Comrade Josiah Tongogara,Secretary forDefence, achieved real breakthroughs during May and June. As theWar Sectionin this Issue clearly reveals, the war continues to escalate. Daily the enemyannouncet casualties and the puppets (Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau) have grownmore and more restive among their own ranks. They know, that the 'InternalSettlement' is dead now. The Defence Department is now fully prepared to dealwith any treacherous trick of the enemy between now and the rigged so-calledelections scheduled for sometime in November by the regime.AbroadIn the United Kingdom, the ZANU district is firmly on its feet. There are now 17fully constituted branches of the party. Party activities including seminars, fund-raising, and rallies are reported to be running well. The party now has new officesat 21 Caledonian Road, London N1.In the United States ZANU now has 10 branches, 27 units and scores of supportcommittees. There is now a move to establish a national support movement forthe party.All this shows, that the party is moving briskly towards meeting its goals set for itby Comrade President Mugabe in January this year. Everyone is determined tomake this year, truly, a year of the people.4 Zimbabwe NewsThe State of the Party

National AffairsZANU carries the burden of history- Cde President Robert Mugabethe puppet monarchs and their imperialist masters. The fact was that Mamvura, inorder to ascend to the throne against Kapararidze, the rival prince generallypreferred by the people, had mortgaged the people's national will by solicitingPortuguese military intervention - and binding himself to subservience by a sell-out treaty in 1662 which exacted tribute from him and his people to the King ofPorgugal in Lisbon.Modem MamvurasMamvura is not without his counterparts in present-day Zimbabwe, for in thetreachery of Ndabaningi Sithole, Tondekai Muzorewa and Jeremiah Chirau wesee history repeating itself. And though it was not until the 18th Century that thePortuguese were finally expelled from the hinterland and until 1974 that theywere completely defeated in Mozambique,, Angola and Guinea Bissauand CapeVerde, it certainly will not be long before the settler dynasty of IanSmith and hisrilling stooges is similarly liquidated by the people's national will andcommitment to national sovereignty.

Comrade President Mugabe looks at the Zimbabwe past in a search foranswers tothe crucial issues facing Zimbabwe in 1978.The distinguishing features of our nation such as cultural homogeneity (evenheterogeneity), our biological and genetic identity, our social system, ourgeography and our history, which together characterize our national identity, alsocombine in producing out of our people a national vigorous and positive spiritwhich manifests itself in the consistantly singular direction of its ownpreservation.The scientific law of survivalA people as a national entity, always retains a capacity for its own perpetuationand hence for the onward carriage of its biological and genetic heritage and with itits own political, social, economic and cultural heritage. Equally, it has a givencapacity, which manifests itself in given capabilities, to defend itselfagainst forces either internal or external which would operate against inherentright of self-preservation and self-determination.Our experience of the Portuguese aggressionsThus, when the Portuguese imperialism in the 16th and 17th centuries sought toestablish its hold on the land, then the empire of Munhumutapa, the peopleconstantly and vigorously repulsed the enemy, especially from the then gold-mining north-eastern region of the country. Even after the Portuguese momentaryvictory of the 1620's when the Munhumutapa Mamvura and his successor sonacquisced in Portuguese suzerainty and allowed the Portuguese free passage, themasses of the people broadly remained opposed toBritish imperialist aggressionPortuguese imperialism having been effectively curbed in the 18th century inrespect of the area constituting present-day Zimbabwe, a new imperialist andcolonialist thrust was launched from the south in a context in which British.Dutch, French, Belgium and German imperialisms vied with each other forcontrol of portions of Africa. Colonialism has always been the handimaid ofcapitalism and nowhere has this principal-agent relationship between capitalismand colonialism better demonstrated than in Zimbabwe.British colonialism had superimposed itself by military conquest over defeatedand disintegrating Dutch colonialism in the far East and South Africa, creatingthereby an intricate matrix of contradictions with sharp political, economic andsocial dimensions. Boer and Briton fought each other for political power asZimbabwe News 5National Affairs

Antagonistic Contradictions Sharpen repression & conflictthey fought each other for control of the economic resources in the wake of thediscovery of both diamond and gold at Kimberly and on the Rand respectively. Atthe base, the struggle between avid fortune-seekers had brought to the fore abigotted Briton, one John Cecil Rhodes, who, by out-bidding, outclassing,throttling, cheating and deceiving his prospecting fellow partners and speculativeopponents alike, had emerged a millionaire committed to the territorial expansionof British colonialism.

Having won his power-war at the individual capitalist level, Rhodes now soughtto transform his individual capitalist gains into national colonial gains. All Africato the north was to him fertile ground for British colonialism.And the Botswana King having, through missionary persuasion, opted for aBritish protectorate status for his country, Rhodes' most immediatetarget becamethe reputed Munhumutapa hinterland north of the Limpopo.Purporting to have extracted the right of entry from Lobengula in formof whatlater became known as the Rudd Concession, a swindling instrument whichRhodes utilized as pretext for seizing our country, he proceededwith great speedto create a iolonising share-holder company, charged by royal charter for thepurpose. The British South Africa Company was financed by Rhodes, and when astrange assortment of 200 gold-sniffing fortune speculators hadbeen found andthe terms of armed occupation well dictated by him, the group of racist adventuressoon hoisted the flag of British imperialism and capitalism on our soil. The actoccured on 12 September, 1890. Capital had on this occasion acted as the end andmeans of colonalism.Antagonistic contradictionsThe September 12 flagrant act of aggressions, the subsequentlandgrabbing goldspeculation and capital investiment that went with it imported to the country newdynamics of conflict, that from the very on-set ramified sharply antagonisticcontradictions. The trend had hardly begun towards the inevitablecreation of aclass structure when, first, in 1893 the Ndebele community and secondly in 1896to 97, the whole Shona-Ndebele community rose up in arms to expel the enemyand liberate the fatherland. When in 1896, the settlers were on theverge of defeat and British colonialism was about to collapse, Britain, hurriedlysent reinforcement to sustain its newly established colonial system and our peoplethus suffered military defeat. The British South Africa Company, thesettlercommunity, and British colonialism, had gained, by usurping our people's right tosovereignty independence and negating the traditional social process, a new leaseof life. The forces of revolutionary resistance were henceforthforced to remainlatent but galvanising.From now on, the capitalist objectives of the royal charter granted to the BritishSouth Africa Company on 29 October, 1889, were to be implemented with fullcommitment. These were a) the extension of the railway from Kimberleynorthward towards Zambezi;b) the encouraging of immigration and colonisation;c) the promotion of trade and commerce; andd) the securing of all mineral rights in return for guarantees of protection andsecurity of rights to the tribal chiefs.The fourth object which purported to accord to the tribal chiefs protection and thesecurity of their rights as a price for acquiring mineral rights did not gain thatfulfilment, and mineral rights were acquired in defiance of the chiefs and theircommunities in the same way as, if not alongside the manner in which land wasacquired.Blood-sucking exploitation

The objects of the charter either expressly or implicity authorizedthe occupationof the land for economic purposes. In their fulfilment, capital investment was tobe attracted firstly, into the extractive and infrastructural areas, and secondly intothe constructive or secondary sector. Labour - both cheap and forced - has been asmuch the product of the social circumstances of profit-oriented capital investmentas indeed it has been the new creator of investment capital, in turn creating a newenvironment of class-formation in which the capital sponsered bourgeoisieemerges as the economically and so politically and socially, dominant class asopposed to the oppressed and exploitated working class.So it was when capital acquired through cheap labour in South Africa and Britaininvested both in agriculturalLate Chairman, Comrade Chitepo: He taught us that true independence comes outof the barrel of the gun. and mining sectors of Rhodesia's primary industry, thesocio-economic circumstance that immediately arose was one which impelled thenewly established mining and agrarian bourgeoisie to draw by forcible methods,cheap labour from the African peasantry. The creation of the envisageinfrastructure (railways, roads and bridges) also became possible through forcedlabour. An exploitated working class thus soon emerged alongside apeasantrywhose total land size had begun progressively to diminish as the size of the whitesettler community progressively increased in accordance with the second object ofthe charter - to encourage immigration and colonisation.The matrix of contradicitionsThe creation of a new civil administration in the context of the establishment of anew political order based on the monopoly of power by the settler community, theforcible acquisition of land by the settlers and the entrepreneurial pursuits ofmining, agriculture, trade and commerce, ushered in a matrix of antitheticalrelations which exemplified themselves in the following potentially dialectialpattern and eventually led to a violent conflict:a) The White Settler Communityi) became the ruling dynasty ii) became land and property owners and thusconstituted a bourgeois and comprador class6 Zimbabwe NewsNational Affairs

The matrix of contradictionsiii) as ruling class made laws in protection of its political and ownership rights iv)by social practice and legislation racially discriminated against the blackcommunity and colour became a passport either to privilege or to exploitation, thewhite men became a masterrace.v) by social practice, exploitative practice and legislation actively prohibited theeducational and socio- economic development and transformation of the blackcommunityvi) his head forever digging deeper into the sand the settler soon established asolid social wall between the white community on the one hand and the blackcommunity on the other, ignoring completely the suffering this caused.vii)

realizing the imminent danger of war, he armed himself to the teeth andcreated alarge army.a) The Black Communityi) refused even to recognize the ruling right of the whites as justly attained andthus always regarded them as usurpers ii) individual ownership of land andnatural resources cut across the traditional concept of collective ownership whilethe deprivation of land has always remained a major source of grievance. iii) thecreation of a class of industrial workers, whether by persuasion orcoersion, alsowas resisted as undermining communal and family life. iv) however once createdthe workerclass continued to feel grieved by the meagre wages paid them andoften as happened in urban areas. v) the effect of the settler social, political andeconomic discriminatory practise was to constitute every black man by virtue ofhis colour an underdog; he was held as a servant per se. Educational andeconomicvi) the narrow educational and economic avenues grudgingly allowed him inhis limited sphere eventually created in him an increasingly greaterpoliticalconsciousness and an awareness of his, lost fundamental rights,hence he startedorganizing himself first for the correction of the wrongs and injustice, but later forthe overthrow of the oppressive systemvii) in 1966, the Africans launched armed struggle to liberate themselves.The above analysis no doubt shows how the conflict situation hasdeveloped tothe point where the contradictions, created and manifesting themselves in varioussocio-economic and political areas though initially generalisedas between the twocommunities en bloc, have eventually bred armed hostility between the self, samecommunities. In the process as the line of demarcation between the rights and theinterests of the employer and the rights and interests of the worker became drawnso alsowas the point of conflict established. Similarly as the rights and interests of thenew farming bourgeoisie became defined, conversely the rights and interests ofthe peasantry (that is of some 85 % as at present) became proscribed, thuscreating a generalised situation of conflict as peasant hostility became directedtowards the whole settler community.Struggles for national liberation can operate to defeat their own objectives un lessthey are properly organized and properly led. The earliest nationalist movementssuch as the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress (up to 1957) and theBritish Voice Association, lacked, firstly, the sound basis of well definedprinciples and objectives; secondly they lacked committed, clear and courageousleadership; thirdly, they had no effective methods of purposefullyappealing toand mobilizing the mas-Zimbabwe hero: Comrade Kaguvi, in imperialist chains at the endof the war inOctober 1897. His blood was shed for every Zimbabwean.Zimbabwe News 7National Affairs

ses; and fourthly they were devoid of a motivated nationalist ideology. They werethus bound to be short lived. So they were never a real link between the

nationalist uprising of 1896 - 1897, which aimed at the overthrow of the thennewly established B.S.A.C. regime for they aimed at the correctionof the wrongsby praying and appealing to the violent wrong doer without either themeans ofviolence or the intention to overthrow him. The leaders of these organizationsthus never really fully appreciated the demands of the situation nor did they feelthe same intensity burden resting on them as Nehanda and others felt in 1896.They felt overwhelmed by the national experience of defeat and subjection to thesettler usurpers. They did what, within the limits of their comprehension and thecircumstances of the moment, was possible. And yet even that which they judgedas possible translated itself into the impossible, and the grievances they hadsought to remedy - such as land shortage, forcible ejection from acquired lands,meagre wages, poor accommodation in industrial areas, etc. - received but littlepalliative correction. The major grievances went unheeded by the ruling whitedynasty.In the context of the struggles of other nations such as those of the Congress Partyof India (up to 1948), that of the C.P.P. of Ghana (up to 1957), that ofAlgeria andKenya, that of the granting of independence to several African countries by 1962and that of well-based, well-organized and well directed severalnationalistmovements such as the ANC of South Africa in 1950 - 1952, PAC later, ANC andlater UNIP in Zambia, ANC and later the Malawi Congress Party in Malawi, theZimbabwean nationalists found ripe circumstances replete with variegatedmovement experience for the launching of an effective nationalist movementexposing well-defined principles and objectives and with a leadershipat the timepredominantly, though not wholly, clear-minded and courageous.The rise of modern nationalist movementThus when the A.N.C. was launched in 1957, there was an appreciablemobilization of people in certain urban and rural areas of the country, but theapproach was not very removed from remedial or reformist politics. However,with the creation of the National Democratic Party in 1960, the NationalistMovement, for the first time on thecountry's history, fought for the change of the system of government. Theleadership of the N.D.P., in their discharging of the burden of history, eff !ctivelymobilized the people towards 'he acquisition of political power, andweaned themoff the idea of seeking the mere correction of their grievances. They clearly statedtheir ultimate political objectives as majoritv rule, and thus organizedstrikes,boycotts, demonstrations, sit-ins and industrial sabotage, in 19601961 inpursuance of this objective.Like the ANC, the NDP failed to comprehend the requirements of the situation interms of the correct methods of the struggle. Its resort to strikes,boy-cotts, demonstrations, etc., were not intended to overthrow the settler regime butrather as a means of pressure upon both the British Government and the settlerregime to democratize the parliamentary system and its franchise leading tomajority rule. Whilst this type of struggle succeeded in Malawi and Zambia, asindeed in Ghana and several other African countries, it just could not work inRhodesia and South Africa, where the bigotted racist settler communities, havingacquired, self-rule in respect of whites in Rhodesia in 1923, and independence in

respect of South Africa whites in 1910, were pledged to wage armedresistanceagainst any4 - -Heroes forever: Comrades Nehanda and Kaguvi who planned andled the armedstruggle for national liberation in 1896 - 97. They were executed by imperialists.8 Zimbabwe NewsNational Affairs

Where nationalists failedchange undermining their position.The realisation that an oppresive bourgeoisie that sustains itselfand maintains itsexploitative civil and socio-economic structures by armed force can only beoverthrown by armed force employed as an instrument of the broad masses hadnot dawned upon the N.D.P. leadership, and neither did it upon the leadership ofZAPU of 1961 - 1963. True, the burden of struggle yielded by historywas felt.True nationalist goals were cleatly defiled and on the basis of salient principles.True, the method of struggle Was defihed and pursued on the basis of as tosabotage and violence though limited only to the economic institutionsandstructures. True, cadres were sent for military training. And yet the immediateobjective was never to overthrow settler imperialism by force, butrather to createpersuasive pressures capable of making Britain act in conveninga constitutionalconference to negotiate an agreement based on majority rule. Thisapproach wassadly enough persisted in some nationalist circles. More sadly still it sold itselfeffectively to several of our supporting brothers in Africa, andfriends andsympathizers in the international community who have been led to believe thatour struggle is aimed, not at the direct seizure of power but at causing aconstitutional conference to be held presided over by the colonial power with allexisting parties, whether genuinely nationalistic or bogus or evenreactionary,contesting equally for fair and impartial treatment.With the launching of armed struggle by ZANU in April, 1966, and also byZAPU later that year, and the improvement of guerilla warfare strategy and tacticsby ZANU in 1972, there had now occurred a transformation in the evaluation ofnot only the methods of struggle but also in the appreciation that power couldonly transfer with the total overthrow of the enemy or with the advent of hisabject surrender.And as the struggle later intensified and more fronts were opened 1976, ZANUhad, by mobilizing the broad masses through the instrumentality of the war, lentthe national struggle both its motive force and its correct perspective. It should beconstantly born in mind that our revolutionary process being a historical socialprocess carries with it from the social past to the social present, and in terms ofboth our present and future attainable goals, not onlyNational Affairsthe antithetical burden of the relations of our two broad racial communitieshistorically locked up in bitter conflict and within that broader conflict situation,that of the deepening strive between the existing classes but also thesynthetical

and therefore more positive burden of mobilizing those groups which constitutethe motive force of the Zimbabwean revolution.Thus, our peasantry, middle, poor or landless, the workers, our youth, students,intellectuals, petty bourgeoisie and even those religious groups and persons whosupport the national liberation struggle, should be constituted into anationaldemocratic front to be violently pitted, as democratic anti-settler-imperialisticforces, against the colonialist system, its regime, the renegades national andreformists and the reactionary puppets of history falling upon us astherevolutionary vanguard organization will have in turn been translAted into thenational task of establishing a national basis for the revolution.Accordingly, the struggle originally pioneered by a few would havetransformedinto a revolutionary national struggle for national liberation and nationalindependence.The cementing bond between the national democratic forces is, of course, theircommon suffering, their common opposition, their common aspirationsand theircommon national destiny.Since our revolutionary burden is both historical and national and ourrevolutionexists in a world context whence its historical dimensions derives, by virtue of theoverall situation creating it, and since the international community has longexperienced identical antithetical relations and contradictions resulting in thesimilar revolutions and the emergence of socialist states and progressive forces,there is therefore an additional burden on us to create a rear revolutionary alliancewith these international forces in our fight against a common enemy and forcommon goals. The task of overthrowing bourgeoisie empires and creating intheir place national democracies offering ripe circumstances for programmes ofsocial transformation is thus as much as national as indeed it is an internationalone, welding together as it must, and on both fronts, all truly democratic forces.A vanguard party leading a revolution must have the basic principlesof itsrevolution well laid down; the objec-tives of such revolution must be clearly defined, and the means of the strugglecorrectly chosen in terms of a clearly identified enemy and enemy situation. Theideology of our party (adopted) in 1973 as Marxist-Leninist and Mao TsetungThought must provide both the direction bond and motivation to the Centralcommittee, members of the High Command and General Staff downto thecommanders of the Army's sectional units, should be fully conversant with thebasic principles of our ideology. We are not a social club, nor are we just anyParty. We are a socialist Party committed to a scientific socialist ideology whosebasic principles are clearly enunciated. We cannot be anything else and pretend tobe working for the people.Nevertheless, since the requirements of our present situation demand an alliancewith such progressive national forces as may not have the same ideologicalorientation with our Party members, the bond between us and them mustbe thatdefined above - our common commitment to the overthrow of settler-imperialismand the achievement of popular democratic power. Within the Party,however,ideological education must continue to intensify.

To summarize, the evil imperialist and colonialist act of aggression and forcibleoccupation of our country has over the years yielded opposing relations betweenthe white coloniser community and the black colonised community, theeffect ofwhich has imposed upon our broad masses the intolerable burden of a)beingperpetual political underdogs in their own country, b) being subjected to a brutalsocial and legal system that has dehumanized them,c) being will-nilly turned into a class of exploited workers and of a poor orlandless peasantry most land having been seized and apportioned toa settlerfarming bourgeoisie,d) being brutally massacred, hanged, tortured, quarantined in squalid conditionsof hunger and disease, detained and imprisoned for opposition tothe system,e) maliciously denied opportunities for educational, technical, social and culturaldevelopment, and f) being racially despised and discriminated against, andotherwise insulted and down-graded.In order to resolve this bitter and rid themselves of untold suffering thepeople ofZimbabwe have accepted the historical burden demanding of themin its dischargethe supreme sacrifice of theirZimbabwe News 9

The crucial role of 7~>a vanguard partyown lives. They have embarked on war . as the most effective meansof riddingtheir country of the scourge of settler- Nimperialism and regaining their lost sovereign status. The revolutionary task ofwaging armed struggle have been undertaken, the complete discharge of theburden will only follow when the task "N,has been fully accomplished.The full accomplishment of the task now requires that our war shouldwithimmediate effect assume new proportions in intensity and the dimensions of itsstrategy. The enemy must continue to be harrassed day and night byour directingattacks as much on his person as on his home and property. The farms he hasdeserted must come under the effective occupations of our well-organized andwell-politicized peasantry and should alongside other liberatedrural areas,constitute our revolutionary base areas for purpose of consolidating our gains andthe fight to new zones. Throughout the active involvement of the broad massesmust remain the sine qua non of our revolution.Ancillary to the accomplishment of our immediate task is the intensification ofour training programmes. And yet basic to the fulfilment by our liberationmovement of its most immediate revolutionary tasks is the equal task upon ourallies and friends to reinforce our struggle with arms of the rightquantity andquality, and the intensification of their diplomatic and political supportfor us.The burden of history still remains undischarged, but the unfoldingtasks beingpursued in its discharge have resulted in the fatal wounding of the imperialistmonster. The settler and puppet regime is collapsing. The people are winning.Victory is definetely in sight. The burden will and must be need bedis charged!R. G. Mugabe

"We are not a social club, nor are we just any Party. We are a socialist Partycommitted to a scientific socialist ideology whose basis principles.are clearly enunciated. We cannot be anything else and pretend to beworking forthe people."Cde. Mugabe Member of the ZANLA forces being welcomed by a peasant inthe liberated areas. Center: Comrade quenching thirst with home brew in theliberated areas. Bottom: Comrade President and the Zimbabwe masses.10 Zimbabwe NewsNational Affairs

Take up arms and liberate yourselves!Said late Comrade TakawiraNeither on the ground nor in the air is the enemy safe now.June 15th 1978 came with a bang soon after Sinoia and Chitepo days. This time,on this day, it was time for the entire ZANU family, to commemorate the 8thanniversary of the death, in Salisbury Prison, of one of Zimbabwe's most reverredand loved heroes: Comrade Leopold Mukumwaidzi Tapfumaneyi Takawira, who,until his untimely death on June 15, 1970, was Vice President of ZANU andmember of the Central Committee.As is the established ZANU practice, Comrade President Robert Mugabe, led theCentral Committee, the High Command, the General Staff and all ZANLA-forcesin the anniversary proceedings. Comrade President Mugabe delivered acomemorati ve address in Maputo, Mozambique, which was laterNational Affairsthat night broadcast to the struggling and toiling masses of Zimbabwe over theVoice of Zimbabwe, Radio MAPUTO.In his brilliant address, Comrade President Robert Mugabe said:"LeopoldMukumwaidzi Tapfumneyi Takavira was born in 1906 in Chilimanzi, Zimbabwe.He was educated at various schools including Kutama Mission, Makwiro, beforegoing to Holy Cross Mission near Fort Victoria. He was such a brilliant anddeligent student - always hungering and thirsting for more knowledge. His hopesand wishes were soon fulfilled when he was admitted at Marian Hill College,Natal, in fascist South Africa where he matriculated. After matriculation andacquiring a teacher training diploma, he returned home tojoin the teaching profession, where he proved so capable, that he soon becameHeadmaster of a Government school in Highfield.The thirst and hunger for more education, however continued. So,in 1952 whenhe was already an established educator and Headmaster, he decided to enter PiusXII University College, Roma, Lesotho to read for the Bachelor ofArts degree.He did however not stay for the three required years to earn the degree, but he hadread widely in the fields of classics, literature, history, administration and politicalscience.Back in Zimbabwe in 1954, Comrade Takawira rejoined the teaching profession.He soon became a member and leader of the African Teacher's Association(A.T.A.), where he actively worked in organizing other African teachers in order

to improve their rights, salaries, working conditions and the equality of educationgiven to the African students. At that time, no legislation had been enactedforbiding teachers from participating in politics.In 1954, he was transferred to Driefontein Mission in the Midlandsbut he wassoon back in Salisbury, where he was able to participate in the early developmentand growth of African Nationalism.Soon thereafter, Comrade Takawira joined the Voice Association led by B.B.Vurombo, in which, for a brief period, he served as a committee member. He alsobecame a member of the old African National Congress, which had been formedin the early 1930's. It did not take long before the politics of the old A.N.C. andAfrican Voice Association were transformed, by the peoples' national grievancesinto agitation. The birth of the Salisbury Youth League in 1955/1956 marked theend of the beginning. It also signified the beginning of the new politics thatemerged with the birth of the new Southern Rhodesia African National Congressin September 1957, which incorporated and superceded the Youth Leage.Comrade Takawira became a member of the newZimbabwe News 11

-Late ZANU Vice President, Comrade Leopold Takiwara.organization.Following the ban of the ANC in February 1959, Comrade Takawira and othersprepared and paved the way for the formation of the N.D.P. in Januray 1960. Thenew organization was led by Michael Mawema. Comrade Takawira becamefounder-member of the N.D.P. and chairman of its Harare Branch. Later in theyear, he became President of the N.D.P. when Michael Mawema resigned.The N.D.P. was banned in 1961 by the racist government of Edgar Whitehead,but soon thereafter the Zimbabwe African Peoples' Union (ZAPU) was formed inDecember 1961. Comrade Takawira was a member of the National Executive,one of its most popular members, and a very active participant in thethen popularmass organization. His popularity was due to his untiring participation and thevery active role he played in relaying messages of liberation to his fellowcomrades. It was typical of him, for excample, to address five rallies in three daysas he did on the 12th, 13th and 14th of April 1962, when he spoke at rallies inTsonzo, Chikore, Chirinda, Bocha in Marange and at Florida Hall inUmtali. InUmtali he held his coloured audience spell-bound throughout the meeting. It wasat this meeting, that he told the coloured population, to realize wherethey reallybelonged and to remember that their British fathers did not care for them. He alsospoke of mental colonization, and told his audience, that it was beyond theimagination of colonized minds to accept that an African could ever becomePrime Minister. The racist Rhodesian police were following every speech hemade. It was at this juncture that the fascist police decided to arrest him.Early, during the 1961 constitutional talks, Comrade Takawirawas in London, asthe NDP representative. This conference ended up in a sell-outagreement giving only 15 seats out of a house of 65 seats to the African people ofZimbabwe.

Comrade Takawira, who always had the people's interests at heart, outrightlycondemned the 1961 sell-out constitutional agreement, even before he leftLondon.One of Comrade Takawira's outstanding abilities which other nationalists lackedwas that he could immediately point-out anything that was against the interests ofthe Zimbabwean masses, despite the existence of the repressive laws passed bythe Edgar Whitehead colonial regime. Where he addressed a rally,ComradeTakawira was accused of breaking the fascist Law and Order (maintenance) Act,which among other things stated that every political activity was subjecttogovernmental approval as a means of silencing African Nationalists.Subsequently, nearly after every meeting, he was accused of being subversive inhis speeches. At one of his meetings in Mashaba in 1962, Comrade Takawira wasarrested at the platform by the racist Rhodesian police. The racist Magistratesentenced him to 14 days imprisonment. The days were increasedto 28, butComrade Takawira still demanded for more, after which the embarrassed racistmagistrate refused to make a further increament. The masses, mostly peasantsfrom the surrounding areas and from Chibi District, came rioting, wielding axes,and demanded the release of Comrade Takawira. He was released thesame day.Although this hostile attitude of the racist policy towards the late firstVicePresident of ZANU, foreshadowed his future death at the hands of the racist,and imperialist agents led by Ian Smith, this did not scare or deter himfrom hiswork; instead, he increased his activities in the interests of the masses.The death of Comrade Tichafa Parirenyatwa, who was the Vice-president ofZAPU, was followed by the ban on ZAPU, and all the leaders and activists weredetained in 1962. Comrade Takawira, together with his colleagues - like the lateChairman of ZANU, Comrade Herbert Chitepo, actively contributedin formulating a new line of action for the liberation of the Zimbabwean people, which couldmeet the demands of the new historical revolutionary epoch.At this period, Africa was still in its initial stages of fighting against colonialism,that led to the formation of the OAU, which had its first meeting in Addis Ababa -Ethiopia, in 1963. The Zimbabwe nationalist leaders were also12 Zimbabwe Newspresent, to present their problems. Shamefully, no programme waspresented, aswas the case with other delegations. They wanted to form a Government in exile,but without any army or trained men. Different opinions appeared inthe minds ofvarious Zimbabweans towards the leadership of the then only nationalistorganisation in Zimbabwe. The majority of the leaders (Ratio of about 7-5),decided on forming a new organisation, with new policies, ideologies, andmethodology.Comrade Takawira and his colleagues left Tanzania towards the endof August1963, where they had gone when they decided on a government in exile. Theyreturned home solely to implement the new decisive step-ahead in the strugglewhich they had planned.This led to the formation of ZANU The Zimbabwe African National Union,onthe 8th August 1963, in Highfields Township, Salisbury - Comrade Takawira wasactively involved as co-founder of the party. He became Vice President.

The Party's programm aroused the morale of the masses, who werequick to 'spond because the founder-members of the new party - ZANU, were in close linkswith the masses of the people of Zimbabwe, cutting across all the classes withinthe Zimbabwean society. For instance, Comrade Takawira had mostof hissupporters among the youth, because he had intense interest and faith in youthactivities.After the Party, ZANU, had sunk deep roots within the people, the First Congresswas held in Gwelo on the 22nd of May 1964, where he was elected as its firstVice-President. The youth were organized for sabotage, with Comrade Takawirabeing one of the activists performing this task. The enemy discovered in him azealous revolutionary and an ardent believer in violent armed struggle.The ban of ZANU on the 26th of August 1964, was then followed by thearrest ofall the ZANU leadership and acitivists, who are detained at Wha-Wha detentioncamp. Throughout his stay in detension, the enemy kept his eye on ComradeTakawira, because he was a man of uncompromising priciples and dynamism.In 1965, before rebel Ian Smith's notorious UDI, he led a delegation fromdetention to meet Arthur Bottomley, a British envoy, for constitutional talks onthe independence problems of Zimbabwe. Comrade Takawira and hisdelegationwent to the airport where theyNational Affairs

denounced the intended treacherous manoeuvre, before Arthur Bottomley couldland. Comrade Takawira held a press conference, after which Bottomley tried tohave private talks with him. This, the first Vice-President of ZANU, firmlyrejected, and proceeded to openly denounce Arthur Bottomley.Comrade Leopold Takawira was an obstacle to the racist plans of Ian Smith andhis settler regime. As a result, the racists planned to disrupt his political career byterminating his life. One day, while he was in detention in the Sikombela Forests,Comrade Takawira was taken to Conmara Prison privately, where hewas brutallytortured by the racist police murder squard. From there he was taken to Salisburyprison. Inspite of all these brutalities and untold hardship, he did not draw backbut instead persisted in actively advising and strengthening the stand of hiscolleagues to oppose the UDI, colonialism, settlerism and nationalcapitulationism. He was unwell for five years after the tortures.Because of the injuries sustained from brutal torture and ill treatment by thefascist Rhodesian police, Zimbabwe was robbed of one of its most precious sonson the 15th of June 1970, and the whole country wept. The pains of theloss ofComrade Takawira were clearly reflected in the headline of the newspaper Moto,which read: "The lion roars no more - lying in Chilimanzi".Comrade Takawira was buried at his home in Chilimanzi. This was the end of agreat revolutionary - Comrade Leopold Tapfumaneyi Takawira,the first Vice-President of ZANU, who had lived and finally died for the struggle,murdered bythe imperialist apologists of Ian Smith. Even though they killed him, his wordsand inspiration shall forever live in the hearts and minds of the people ofZimbabwe.

When Commemorating the death of Comrade Takawira, we must alsorememberthe countless heroic comrades, who died in the enemy detention camps, prisonsand concentraion camps and in the battlefields, where they were engaged in thetitanic struggle against agents of imperialism. The only way for honouring thesebeloved heroes, is through total dedication to the struggle and final liberation ofthe fatherland.Zimbabwe - by the final liquidation of all forms of oppression. "A revolutionarynever dies but falls, and continues to live in his deeds and in our hearts. Pamberine CHIMURENGA! Pamberi na PRESIDENT ROBERT MUGA BE!May in Zimbabwe(As reported by the Voice of Zimbabwe)Comrade Herbert Ushewokunze, the Secretary for Health of ZANU, a componentof the Patriotic Front, has been refused entry into West Germany by the blood-sucking capitalist Bonn government.In Salisbury, the illegal black and white so-called interim executivecouncil hasset up a sub committee to investigate the sacking of the puppet black "jointminister" Byron Hove.Wednesday 3/5/78:The confused African traitors and white murderers in the Salisbury regime haverepeated their stupid call to ZANLA freedom fighters to put downtheir arms andput themselves at the mercy of the illegal regime.From the midlands of racist Rhodesia, it has been reported that Africandetaineesare being releassed on condition that they support and join any one of the threeAfrican treacherous groups involved in the sell-out Salisburydeal.And in the war zones of Zimbabwe, the barbarous colonial troops of theSmith,Sithole, Muzorewa, Chirau regime are intensifying their murders and atrocitiesagainst the African civilian population.The rebel and terrorist Rhodesian regime, which has, through its desperationincorporated the African puppets Sithole, Muzorewa, and Chirau, isintensifyingits massacres and atrocities against the African civilian populationin thewar zones of Zimbabwe.Repbrts reaching here from Beit Bridge, in the South East ZANLA controlledguerilla zones reveal that on the 3rd of November last year armed bandits of theterrorist Rhodesian regime forced 116 African civilians to drink poisoned water.All of them died and they were buried in a mass grave about 15 km fromPandamine along the Beit Bridge road at Timitos village.The cold-blooded massacre was carried out after 19 terroristRhodesian troops hadbeen killed by ZANLA freedom fighters in nearby bush.On March the 28th this year at chief Chifumira area about 50 km away from BeitBridge, 317 defenceless civilians who had refused to go into the concentrationcamps, the so-called protected villages, and fled into nearby hills,were subjectedto an airborne raid backed by ground froce. Over a hundred were killed and therest injured.Thursday 4/5/78:

Both Africans and white settlers in the Battle-torn British colony of SouthernRhodesia have expressed that the so-called internal settlement will not stop thearmed struggle being waged by the Revolutionary forces of the Patriotic Front.Racist Rhodesia has ordered an American freelance journalist to leave theembattled cbuntry within two weeks.qStlocicage ana aestroy! LA the masses..A forces now manifest the "arrogance of power" - the power ofZimbabwe News 13The War

Friday 5/5/78:The leadership of African Trade Union Movements is planning to step upits aidfor African National Liberation movements.Thursday 11/5/78:Only 600 people attended the rally organised in Mrewa yesterday by the invalidso-called interim executive council of the murderer Ian Smith, renagade Sithole,puppet Chirau and stooge Muzorewa.In The BattlefieldMore reports have come in from the battlefields of Zimbabwe. ZANLA freedomfighters gunned down two war planes of the terrorist regime on Monday the 24thof April 1978 in the Chiyendambuya area.The planes were shot down when enemy forces tried to raid a strong ZANLA unitwhich was camped in the area. Several enemy troops were killed during theabortive raid and weapons were captured.In the Northern war zones, ZANLA guerillas killed seven enemy troops in anambush in Kazi area, Sipolilo district, on the 15th of last month.ZANLA Provincial Field Operational Commander in the area also reported thatover 2500 Zimbabwean civilians were freed from Smith's nazi-type concentrationCamps in operations during the last three months. He said enemy movement inthe Northern zone has been drastically limited by ZANLA combatants working incollaboration with the opressed masses.Other reports from Shamva area, in the North-Eastern war zones saya unit ofZANLA freedom Fighters stormed Madziva mine at the beginning of this yearand captured large quantities of materials including tools and groceries from themine owned tuck-shop, which were distributed to the local people. Themine wasofficially closed down on the 21st of January this year.Friday 12/5/78:The prices of all fuels in the embattled British colony of Southern Rhodesia havebeen increased with immediate effect to raise funds and save fuel for the losingwar against the armed forces of the Patriotic Front.The quisling Ndabaningi Sithole has ferried his men from Uganda andMalawi toSalisbury to pose as ZANLA guerrilas surrendering to the terrorist Rhodesianregime.There is a short report from the war zones in Zimbabwe. The terrorist Rhodesiantroops, who have been placed at worst defensive position by the ZANLA freedom

fighters of ZANU, are intensifying their atrocities against the African civilianpopulation.Seven troops in the regime's barbarous army raped a 16 year-old African girl inMrewa area recently. The names of the barbaric troops are Martin Chivasa,Patrick, Jimmy and Henry, and the other two are coloureds.According to Austin Mupfumise, a former member of the regime's army now adedicated ZANLA combatant, the seven enemy forces later assaulted the girl andleft her unconscious.In the Uzumba area, enemy African district assistants guarding Chododoconcentration Camp, in Mugabe village, broke into a store in the area belongingto Fenyenyegwenye store and stole hundreds of dollars including goods. Thesame enemy district assistants raped two young girls, Luckshin Kashiri andNdaziveyi Nyahomo. During the course of the year, they shot andkilled one girlfor refusing them love and also wounded two others. The notorious districtassistants are Paul Matombo, Kandege Ishmael and so-called corporal Joseph.Saturday 13/5/78:Comrade Robert Mugabe, co-leader of the Patriotic Front has heldtalks withEthiopian leader, Mengistu Haile Mariam.The terrorist Rhodesian leader, Ian Douglas Smith, has said he does not think hisacquiesent stooge bishop Muzorewa will withdraw from the sell-out Salisburyagreement. In the War ZoneTowards the midnight hour of April the 20th 1978, a heavily armed ZANLAmobile unit attacked and destroyed the terrorist Rhodesian military post atRugwetitswidze, about 40 km East of Rusape.Buildings, arms, trucks and other installations were destroyed. Several enemytroops were killed and many wounded.There was no reaction from enemy headquarters until late on thenext day when atruck with troops on board detonated a well laid ZANLA landmine on the roadleading to the Camp. Another 9 enemy forces were killed and several were fatallyinjured.ZANLA's field operational commander in the area said the operationwas aimed at raising the moral of Zimbabwean villagers in the vicinity who weresubjected to constant harassement by enemy troops station in the destroyed Camp.Sunday 15/5/78:In fulfilment of what was said by his rebel and terrorist master [an Smith, theacquiescent stooge bishop Abel Muzorewa has decided not to withdraw from thesell-out Salisbury agreement. In the War ZoneThis evening we carry a report from the Eastern war Zones of Zimbabwe onsuccesses by the National Liberation forces during the early months of this year.Relying on information on enemy movements given by local Zimbabwean masseson the 17th of March, a ZANLA crack unit ambushed 15 terrorist Rhodesiantroops on the road from Nyakamboto to Mutukumira in the Inyanga district. 11 ofthe enemy troops were killed and the other four were seriously wounded.The following day in another ambush, ZANLA guerrillas killed 5 enemy soldiersand wounded a few others on the road between Nyadowa and Mutukumira. The

ZANLA combatants also captured Belgian made guns and other militaryequipment from the enemy forces.Earlier on, in Dawara area, Chikore district, on February the 2nd, another ZANLAunit gunned down one enemy war plane killing the pilot and three others onboard.On January the 21st on the same area, a section of eleven ZANLA freedomfighters attacked a band of terrorist Rhodesian troops. Five were killed and therest fled, some leaving their weapons.During the early hours of May the 4th, about ten days ago, on the Shabani side ofthe Lundi River, a section of Zimbabwean freedom fighters ambushed andcaputured a Newspaper delivery van which was taking papers from Bulawayo toShabani and Fort Victoria, in the interior South Eastern war zonesof Zimbabwe.Tuesday 16/5/78:Comrade Robert Mugabe, co-leader of Zimbabwe Patriotic Front has left AddisAbaba after talks with the Ethiopian leader colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam.ZANU's secretary for Defence has issued a war communique. (seein this issuethe war Section).14 Zimbabwe NewsThe War

The British Newspaper, the Financial Times, yesterday said recent events inMuzorewa's puppet Organisation concerning the expulsion of opportunist ByronHove from the illegal black and white Salisbury regime, will lead to a furtherrapid loss of the little support the stooge Bishop Muzorewa enjoys among theAfrican people.Meanwhile, the Tanzanian Daily News today said that if the stooge AbelMuzorewa had pulled out of the treacherous Salisbury agreement, itwould havebeen a principled and honourable decision.Wednesday 17/5/78:ZANU, the party of the masses of Zimbabwe, today strongly condemned themurder last Sunday by the terrorist forces of Salisbury, of over a hundred innocentAfrican civilians.ZANU's President and Patriotic Front co-leader, Comrade Robert Mugabe, is inDamascus for talks with Syrian leaders.The Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army has issued a summary ofChimurenga war communique No. 16.An American solidarity group, the National coalition to support AfricanLiberation, has revealed that the United States is embarked on efforts to installblack puppets regimes in Zimbabwe and Namibia.President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia is holding talks on Zimbabwe andNamibiawith President Jimmy Carter.Thursday 18/5/78:Discussions continue in Damascus between a ZANU delegation, led by ComradeRobert Mugabe, the President, and Patriotic Front co-leader, and Syriangovernment officials.

At least fifteen white terririst Rhodesian troops wounded by ZANLA freedomfighters are admitted in the whites-only Andrew Fleming Hospital in Salisburyevery day.The desperate terrorist Rhodesian regime has imposed 22 hours daily curfew uponZimbabweans living on an extensive area in the Eastern war zones.ZANU, the party of the masses, said at least 1056 terrorist Rhodesian troops werekilled at ZANLA freedom fighters during the period of January to April this year.During the same period, the ZANLA freedom fighters gunned down 10warplanes of the Smith regime destroyed 65 military vehicles, 7 vital bridges, 3landmine detector vehicles, one armoured car, and razed to theground 21 white owned farm homesteads.Saturday 20/5/78:The co-leader of the Zimbabwe Patriotic Front, Comrade Robert Mugabe isexpected in China for talks with leaders of the Chinese Communist Party.The Secretary General of the United Nations, Kurt Waldheim has underlined theneed to now implement the resolutions against the racist regime of Salisburyadopted by the UN Security Council during its last debate on ZimbabwelastMarch.Sunday 21/5/78:The UN Security council committee on sanctions against the rebel and fascistSalisbury regime has published a report on capitalist countries which are violatingthe sanctions against the regime.Wednesday 24/5/78:The co-leader of the Zimbabwe Patriotic Front, Comrade Robert Mugabe hastoday arrived in Pyongyang, the capital city of the People's Republic of Korea.ZANLA freedom fighters have repulsed a military campaign by the terroristRhodesian forces to regaing the upper hand in the south Easters war zones ofZimbabwe.Thursday 25/5/78:The renagade quisling Ndabaningi Sithole and the stooge Abel Muzorewa are inMalawi to confer on the treacherous Salisbury agreement with Kamuzu Banda.And the terrorist Ian Smith is in fascist South Afrika for similar talkswith theracist Johannes Vorster.ZANLA freedom fighters operating in the South Eastern Zones of Zimbabwe areintensifying their Revolutionary activities of freeing Zimbabweanciviliansimprisoned in Smith's nazitype concentration camps.The Secretary General of ZANU, the Zimbabwe Afrikan National Union, acomponent of the Patriotic Front, Comrade Edgar Tekere today saidthe so-calledinternal settlement of Salisbury is really no event at all, it is no news. Thechairman of the United Nations Decolonisation Committee yesterday expressedthe need for the strengthening of solidarity with the colonised people of SouthernAfrica, who are waging Liberation wars.Saturday 27/5/78:One of the traitors of the cause of the people of Zimbabwe, the renegade quislingNdabaningi Sithole, is in London for talks with David Owen, the British foreignSecretary.

Reports from the war zones of Zimbabwe reveal that many African servicemenare defecting from the terrorist Rhodesian army to the ZANLA forces of theZANU.Sunday 28/5/78:A delegation of the Zimbabwe African National Union, ZANU, a component ofthe Patriotic Front is expected in Madrid, the Spanish capital tomorrow for aseven day official visitThe Swedish government is to give about 10 million dollars to Southern AfricanNational Liberation Movements in the next few months.Monday 29/5/78:The Federal Republic of Nigeria has reaffirmed its support forthe Liberation warbeing waged by the forces of the Patriotic Front against the SalisburySmith-Sithole-Muzorewa-Chirau regime.Tuesday 30/5/78:John Graham from the British foreign office is to fly to Lusaka at the end thisweek to meet Steven Low, the American ambassador in Zambia, before startinganother Anglo-American shuttle initiative to try and settle the Zimbabweanindependence problem. The British Newspaper "The Daily Telegraph" hasrevealed that David Owen, the British foreign Secretary, and the Africanacquiescent stooge, Ndabaningi Sithole, are embarked on plans totry and split theZimbabwe Patriotic Front.Racist Rhodesia's top representative in the United States has acknowledged thathis regime is imprisoning more than 500000 Africans in nazi-typeconcentrationCamps."The task of overthrowing bourgeois empires and creating in their place nationaldemocracies offering ripe circumstances for programmes of socialtransformationis thus as much as national as indeed it is an international one, weldingtogether asit must, and on both fronts, all truly democratic forces."Cde. MugabeZimbabwe News 15The War

The WarThe war is here, every where!- Cde. TongogaraComrade Josiah Magama Tongogara - Secretary for defence.Comrade Josiah Magama Tongogara, ZANU's Secretary of Defence, declared inan interview with a reporter of THE ZIMBABWE NEWS thatZANLA (The Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army - the armed wing ofZANU) had won the liberation war on the battlefield of Zimbabwe. Whatwas leftnow, was a political battle.He said: "The enemy's forces had been scattered and demoralised, his resourcesand strength depleted, and the leadership stripped off any authority it had. Theenemy does not know where to go now. Ian Smith (The Prime Minister of thewhite settler regime) is finished, and his forces are on the run. Bases where heused to maintain a battalion, we now find only 6 or 7 soldiers. The leaders, and

indeed their security officers, are now engaged in widespreadcorruption,ransacking shops and stores, and taking the loot elsewhere to buildnew homes for their families. This year they have been restrained alittle by theirthree running dogs Chief Jeremiah Chirau, Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole, and BishopAbel Muzorewa - who have been saying ' 'boss wait, we are organising meetingswith the fighters", but they are in complete disarray. The people ofZimbabwehave won the war, what is left is just the political battle."Comrade Tongogara answered ten questions in which he recounted thegrowth ofZANLA from a small band of committed men numbering about 100 in 1964, toabout 400 in 1967 when he was elected commander, and to the present mammotharmy that has successfully challenged and defeated the white Rhodesian army andairforce. At the beginning of the liberation war 14 years ago the Rhodesian armyenjoyed many advantages, experience of action in two world wars, sophisticatedweaponery, mobility, financial resources, and astrong determination to defy and defeat the African nationalist movement.However, after many years of painstaking work by Comrade Tongogara and thesmall band of committed men around him, out in the bush with little foodclothing, and very few old weapons the ZANLA forces slowly turnedround thecorner of opposition, and tipped the balance against the powerfully armedRhodesian forces.In one of the rare interviews given by the ZANU's Secretary for Defence,Comrade J.M. Tongogara, he spoke candidly about the successesand failures ofthe last 14 years of armed struggle, in an unassuming manner. Born and educatedin Rhodesia, he moved to Lusaka in Zambia in January 1960 to take upemployment as an accounts clerk for a large brewery. He joined ZANU at itsinception in August 1963, becoming Chairman of the Lusaka District in 1964. In1965 he resigned his job to work for the party. He was sent to Tanzania formilitary training for a year; and then to the People's Republic of China for 9months of further training. Returning to the party headquarters in Zambia he wasgiven the responsibility of building up the Department of Security Intelligenceand Reconnaissance, and posted to the front in north and Western Provinces ofZimbabwe. In June 1967, the Party established a Military Planning Committeeheaded by the then Secretary for Public Affairs, Noel Mukono, asChairman andJosiah Magama Tongogara as Deputy Chairman and Chief of Operations. Fromthat date onwards he became virtually the Chief of Defence of ZANLA forces,and the16 Zimbabwe NewsThe War

Escalation and victory, only wayto save lives- Cd. Presidentdominant figure in ZANU's military affairs. He combined his military role withthe political in 1973 when he was elected Secretary for Defence, and he stressedin the interview that in ZANU it is politics that commands the gun, although it isthe gun that liberates the country. The three foundation stones of ZANLA were:

the decission of the first Congress of ZANU at Gwelo in May 1964 to launchingof the armed struggle at the famous Sinoia Battle in April 1966, and theformationof the Military Planning Committee in 1967 and the Military Council in 1969. Itsphenomenal growth from 400 men in 1967 to the 40000 men and women it hadtrained and equipped, and put into battle by mid-1978, is indeed a glorious page inthe history of Zimbabwe. Part of this page is recounted in the following interviewby the man who knows most about it, and whose own life and work has beeninextricably interlinked with the ups and downs of ZANLA, Comrade JosiahMagama Tongogara, Secretary for Defence:Question: Could you recount the early history of ZANLA - its origins, pro blemsand programmes?Answer: After the Gwelo Congress in 1964, military work was started within theDepartment of Public Affairs. Planning and training cadres for a protracted armedstruggle was started. When the Party was banned in Zimbabwe in August 1964,the members of the Central Comittee who had been detained, instructed thosewho were outside to continue with the preparations and operations for armedstruggle. A Revolutionary Council headed by Comrade Herbert Chitepo wasformed consisting of those members of the Central Committee who were outside,and others who were emerging from the Military Planning Committee. Ourgeneral strategy was to face homewards, mobilise the masses, andrecruit newcadres. The programme succeeded although we met many difficulties such as thegeographical barriers of the Zambezi river, and the escarpmenton the Zambeziside of the river which is uninhabitated. We had to cross the Zambezi in canoesand dingy boats which did not make noi-se. The enemy engaged agents who patrolled the river daily and reported anytracks and footprints. Even after crossing the river, it took us between 2and 5days walking through forbidding and thick bush before we reachedthe firstvillages. Water was scarce and dangerous wild animals were plentiful. Thesegeographical factors slowed down our infiltration and recruitmentprogrammes,but after some time we managed to penetrate deep into the population behindenemy lines. The battles at Sinoia, Makute, Binga and Urungwe weresomeexamples of the success of our programme at the time.Question: How did ZANLA prepare for the Sinoia battle and what lessonsdid itdraw from it?Answer: The Sinoia battle introduced the gun and the armed struggle intoZimbabwe politics in line with our policy of liberation through the barrel of thegun. At that time we lacked experience and we made a lot of mistakes.We learntthe importance of studying the characteristics of the people in any givenare before introducing the gun, and working hard to raise their nationalconsciousness, and articulating the national grievances of the people themselves.Our first groups went into an area carrying guns on their back. They frightenedaway the villagers who rushed to the enemy to report our presence. Furthermore,at that time the masses in this area were not receptive to the armedstruggle as theonly method of freeing themselves and defeating the enemy. However, in spite ofthe initial mistakes we made, the Sinoia battle was a landmark in our struggle. Itshattered the myth in the minds of our people that the white man was as invincible

as he had been made to believe. For their part, the white settlers panicked andrealised that we meant business.Question: Who were the main external supporters of ZANLA?Answer: Obviously, those who gave us training facilities and weapons, notablyTanzania in Africa, and socialist countries in Europe and Asia.Question: As the people's army, how has ZANLA handled?Commander-in-chief of ZANLA and President of ZANU, Cde. Robert GabrielMugabe.Zimbabwe News 17The War

(a) the enemy forces?(b) and the Zimbabwe masses?Answer: In his writings Chairman Mao stresses that captives should not be ill-treated. When a liberation army captures an enemy soldier it should treat him withhumanity and tolerance. The principal enemy is the one who is holding agunpointing at us in defence of the oppressive and exploitative system,irrespective ofthe colour of his skin, race or nationality. Even if it were my motheror fatherholding that gun of the oppressor I would shoot her or him before she or he pulledher or his trigger, let alone the other national traitors.About the masses, it is important to study the characteristics of thepeople,analyse their class origins, and identify the principal contradictions in that society.ZANLA listens carefully and patiently to the people's national grievances by athorough system of investigation and meetings. When the national grievanceshave been identified and thorough analysis completed, only then is it possible toidentify who is the enemy, and who is a friend, and then to draw up a priority listof targets whose destruction would serve the best interests of the masses of ourpeople. ZANLA's true friends have been the ordinary peasants of Zimbabwe. AsChairman Mao said they have been the water in which the ZANLA fish haveswum, slipping between the fingers of the enemy. A fish can only survive theforces of repression and suppression when he or she is thoroughly integratedamong the people.Question: What were the special fea tures and lessons to be drawn from the North-Eastern offensive in 1 972?Answer: In order to find an answer for tomorrow, one should study the past andpresent. A war progresses in stages, and one should study carefully the past andthe present stage in order to avoid problems of tomorrow. I have saidthat wemade some mistakes in the 1960s. We studied these mistakes and thegeographical obstacles referred to above. We also studied the characteristics of allborder populations. We found that when ZANU was formed in 1963, ithadreceived strong support in north and north-eastern areas and inthe Midlands.Furthermore by moving to the north-east, we minimised the difficulties of terrainand geography. We started negotiations with Frelimo with a view to utilising theirliberated areas in Tete Province as an entry point to Zimbabwe. Although Frelimohad good rela-Smith and the puppets Must be overthrown

tions with ZAPU, they agreed to collaborate with us on the ground that we wereZimbabweans anxious to liberate our country. We submitted a programme ofaction in 1971 which they accepted. We sent a scouting team consistingof MeyaHurimbo (now Chief Political Commissar), Ernest Kadungure (now Secretary forFinance), Justin Chauke (now Deputy Secretary for Welfare and Transport), andJoseph Chimurenga (member of the High Command), to survey the area andascertain the possibilities. After six months of thorough study and discussionswith Zimbabwean peasants, they reported that the conditions were favourable. Wesent in 45 Comrades as Commissars to go and organise the masses, raise theirconsciousmess, and identify their national grievances. At the same time wecarried weapons and war materials into strategic areas, so that when the fightingstarted the enemy would not cripple our supplies by cut-Say ZanuLeadersting our supply lines. We spent six months building up our material supplies andweaponry inside the country. Although the journey from Chifombo in Zambia toMukumbura on the border between Mozambique and Zimbabwe was longandarduous - 180 miles carrying food and weapons on our backs - we were able toput several tons of weapons inside the country. In this Herculean task we wereassisted by Mozambican peasants who carried large quantities of ammunitions tothe Zimbabwean border. From Mukumbura into the northeastern District, we wereassisted by Zimbabwean peasants who regarded the war as indeed theirown.The north-eastern area was particulary favourable because the people stillremembered the battles fought in 1897As the war escalates, training becomes more rigorous.18 Zimbabwe NewsThe War

and as late as 1917. Nehanda, the famous spirit medium, had taken the last standagainst colonisation in this region. Furthermore, Zimbabweanscould see whatFrelimo had achieved in liberating Mozambiquans from Portuguese colonialismand fascism across the border. Some of our Comrades took refresher courses withFrelimo and participated in some battles where they saw Frelimo fightersannihilating the common enemy. All these factors combined to raise the morale ofour people, and generate enthusiasm for the war. When we felt we had our people,a grip on the area, we struck the first blow with the massive force in therichsettler farming district of Centernary on December 22, 1972.Although many farmers were killed in this offensive, we did not attack whitefarmers as such. Realising that we had mined several roads, theenemy airliftedsoldiers into strategic farms in Centenary. We had to attack such farmsin linewith our general policy of annihilating the enemy security forces whereever wefound them. Some farmers were members of the Police Reserve and the Securityforces that were concentrated in these strategic farms, and therefore had to beattacked as enemy forces. But, we tried to avoid attacking individualfarmers assuch. Your readers may be surprised and interested to be told that oneof thecontributing factors to the success of the north eastern offensive wasthe

cooperation we received from some European farmers and Missionaries. Forexample, when the students of St. Alberts Mission marched en-bloc toour camps,the Missionaries came with them, providing money and food. We thanked themand told them to return to their posts. The Smith regime then started killingMissionaries in order to starve and isolate our forces in the area.One of our units in the north-eastern offensive captured a white farmer andsurveyor called Gerald HawksworthCaptured enemy pistols who had raised his arms before them and surrendered.According to ZANLArules and regulations we do not shoot a man or a woman who surrendered and nolonger points a gun at us. Gerald knew the area well, and he gave us a lot ofinformation about the position of the enemy forces, storage of arms andammunition, and their points of strength and weakness in the area. Some of thetargets we attacked successfully were as a result of the informationwe receivedfrom Hawksworth. After a time, we released him because he had been cooperativeand repented.Question: What is your attitude to the question of unity of the fighting forces, andthe political movements of Zimbab we?Answer: Unity of the fighting forces is of paramount importance. You can neversucceed without maintaining the unity of the forces. But unity emergesfrom ahigh level of political consciousness among the cadres and their commitment tocommon objectives in the armed struggle. ZANLA forces have remained intactthrough the many years of struggle. The question of unity with ZAPUwas tackledat many stages by the party, ZANU. In 1964 the Foreign Ministers of Malawi andZambia convened a meeting of ZANU and ZAPU leaders in Lusaka in an effort tounite us. ZAPU spurned and foiled these efforts saying that ZANU did not exist.Again, in 1971 we formed the joint Military Command with the objectiveofforming one formidable army of ZANLA and ZIPRA (Zimbabwe PeoplesRevolutionary Army, the armed wing of ZAPU). We took the Joint MilitaryCommand seriously but it foundered on the rock of opposition fromZAPU whichmerely wanted to use it as a instrument of survival. When ZANU members ofDARE (the external executive) and the High Command were arrested anddetained in Zambia in 1975, we held discussions in prison with the late JasonMoyo, then leader of the external wing of ZAPU. We sponsored and approved theformation of ZIPA (the Zimbabwe People's Army), for the purpose ofcontinuingthe armed struggle. Our political leaders who had been released in Zimbabwe alsocalled for National Unity in Zimbabwe with ZAPU. The youngmen in the GeneralStaff of ZANLA who formed ZIPA rose to the occassion and did an excellent jobof reorganising the armed struggle and opening new areas, and launching of newoffensives.The Patriotic Front of ZANU and ZAPU was formed for the purpose ofconfronting the British Governmentand the Rhodesian regime as one fighting entity, and for co-ordinating our armedstruggle in Zimbabwe generally. It was not formed for a Geneva conference ofNovember 1976 as some people have urged. We have steadily and surelybroadened our areas of co-operation. We have put behind us any possibilities of a

major military conflict between ZIPRA and ZANLA, although there may bemischievous and self-seeking individuals who may try to incite one armyagainstthe other. I must stress that both ZIPA and the Patriotic Front were creations ofthe People of Zimbabwe and their leaders after careful analysis of thedemands ofthe armed struggle and the objective situation. Before these steps were taken, wehad long and comprehensive discussions with ZAPU political and militaryleaders, especially the late Jason Moyo.Question: What was the impact of the liberation war of the three phases detente in1 974, 1 976 and 1 978?Answer: The stated reason for the detente exercises was to stop the spread ofCommunism into Southern Africa, but the real objective was to destroyZANU. Itnearly succeeded because the imperialists managed to eliminate our illustriousChairman, Herbert Chitepo, who was the rallying point of the Liberation Struggle.After his death, ZANU military and Political leaders were detained, although theoverall objective was to eliminate them physically using agents they had placed inthe organisation and elsewhere. Chitepo was certainly killed by imperialists usingtheir agents who may have been white or black. When physical elimination failed,and the liberation war continued, the imperialists then sought a new strategy ofnullifying our influence at the constitutional confeience table. The Genevaconference was second front created by our fighting forces whohad now pinneddown the enemy. The achievement of independence in Mozambique had removedmost of the geographical barriers we had encountered in the past,and opened anew fronier of 800 miles that made it possible for us to launch new offensives inEastern and Southern areas of the country. Ian Smith who boasted that he wouldnever sit at a conference table with Africans had to eat his words and come toGeneva. At the Geneva Conference, the enemy started on a new strategy ofcreating proteges among Zimbabwean Nationalists, and opposition groups thatpretended to be revolutionary bur actually set up to defeat the revolutionnarycause and disrupt theZimbabwe News 19The War

Pamberi ne Chimurenga!!Young comrade relates his experiences in the war.process. Alliances and contacts were made with Ndabaningi Sithole,JamesChikerema, George Nyandoro and they were promised safe return if only theycondemned the fighting forces. This move was not unexpected. Aliberation warprocess goes through many phases. When you reach the decisive stage the enemycreates proteges and opposition groups within the liberation forces in an attempptto rob the people of final military victory, and to perpetuate the dying colonialsystem in new guise, and new way.We were surprised at Geneva to find some African People and the some-socalledleaders who were talking the same language as the enemy. Once the enemyshowed an inclination to talk to them and to incorporate them in his exploitativeand repressive system, the struggle for them was over. What about the toiling

masses back home? Fortunately for us, and because of the experience we hadaccumulated over theyears in the struggle. ZANU survived these imperialist pressures and remainedcommited to the correct political and military line; our leadership continued to putthe interests of the masses before everything else. Our leadership keptits ears tothe ground listening to the voice of the people, and our eyes wide open tocounteract and foil imperialist manouvres by the United States, Britain SouthAfrica and the racists at home. We are also fortunate in choosing friends whobacked us to the hilt in our mounting resistance to the detente exercises.TheFront-line States and the socialist world backed us in our resolve tocontinue thestruggle - ''A Luta continua!"Question: What has been the basic strategy of ZANLA in the current phase, andwhere does it draw most of its sup port in the Zimbabwe population?Answer: President Robert Mugabe has said that 1978 was to be the year of thepeople when we should create political base areas within Zimbabwe. Weareworking hard in the North, NorthEast, East, South-East, South and South-West tocreate areas where we impose a new administration, establish Partystructures,and run civil administration providing social services to the people.This phase ofconsolidating our political power in these areas is a difficult one but it has beenmade easy by the support we have among the people. The masses of Zimbabehave denounced the so-called internal settlement in totto, and they are rallying tothe cause of true liberation which we represent. We have attacked anddestroyedmany protectedvillages and freed the people. President Mugabe has estimated that a millionpeople now live in areas where they can no longer be molested by the oppressivesettler adminiatration, and they are co-operating with our army in establishing anew socio-economic order.The bastion of our support has been the Zimbabwe peasantry, butthe workers inthe cities, students in the high schools and universities, and intellectuals havejoined in a massive national democratic revolution. Strikes of workers andstudents have disrupted the enemys administration, and swelled the ranks of ourforces and recruits. All the masses of Zimbabwe have joined in a massive nationaland patriotic war.Question: What is your vision of the new social and economic orderafree andindependent Zimbabwe?Answer: I would like to see a Zimbabwe socialism in which all people share whatthey have and work for the common good of all. In ZANLA we share the littlethat we have. If I have two pairs of trousers and another Comrade has none, I givehim mine. As we have spent so many years living, eating, working asacommunity of Zimbabweans in the bush, it would not be easy to go back on thisexperience and return to individualistic capitalist practices. Themost importantthing in the new social and economic order is to go to the people, ask them, anddo what they want. Our people have worked and lived under a system they calledcommunalism in which the interests of the community were placed above those ofthe indivi-ZANU is building a militia force in the liberated areas.

20 Zimbabwe NewsThe War

Self-relianceis the ruledual. This is an element we should retain. I can not describe myself as acommunist, although we have consistantly been accused of trying to bringcommunism in Zimbabwe.Question: What is your personal view of the political leaders under whom andwith whom you have worked in ZANU?Answer: Well, our first president was Ndabaningi Sithole. I found him to bethroughly dishonest, and possessing typical reactionary and capitalist ideas. Hedoes not have a single idea about socialism in his head although he has writtenbooks about it.After his release from detention in 1974, it was my task to brief him on theprogress of the liberation war. I found that he did not understand athing about theon-going revolution. All he wanted was to remain leader of ZANU. He thought hewas impressing me when he told me that he would see to it, that we have farms,cars, and lots of property in a free Zimbabwe. He imagined that we spent so manyyears in the bush for farms and cars. I was not surprised to hear thatSithole wasconniving with the enemy in prison. When he was released, and we weredetainedin Zambia we expected Sithole to offer direction and leadership to the Party buthe did not. He turned a deaf ear to all of us, tried to appoint persons from hisdistrict to key positions in ZANLA, paid no attention to victims of the Mboromashooting or the wives and children of detainees, and blessed the Zambianinterpretation of events leading to the assasination of Comrade Herbert Chitepo.As we could no longer have a tribalist and a reactionary at the head of arevolutionary liberation movement, we consulted and agreed on the Mgagodocument which effectively desposed him. The late Herbert Chitepocan not becompared to Sithole. Although he had grown up at a mission school and becameone of the leading intellectuals in Zimbabwe, he quickly adapted to the needs anddemands of the revolution. He mixed freely with people and listened totheirgrievances. During his 9 years of leadership of ZANU he became a father of theparty. More importantly he understood and internalised the process of therevolution. Bishop Abel Muzorewa is a churchman who can not evenslaughter achicken, but surprisingly at one timePoultry and agricultural production is booming in ZANU controlled areas.Cde. President and Central Committees members on tour of Production projects inbase areasZANLA-forces building roads in operational areaZimbabwe News 21The War

he thought he could lead an armed struggle. I was summond to private office inthe State house of Zambia in November 1974 to confer with the bishop. There hetold me of his plan to return to Salisbury with Sithole, Nkomo and others, and

then return to Lusaka to visit the military camps with me. I realised that thelittlebishop was power hungry and ambitious. I told him, that he could onlytour thecamps in the company of Sithole who was the leader that time. When he insistedon returning alone, I stood up, slammed the door in his face and left. RobertMugabe, the present leader of ZANU, is a self confident and principled man. Hecan not be moved from principles he holds, or from collective decisions of hisorganisation. His practice is firmly set against tribalism and regionalism; hejudges issues on their merits, not on the colour, tribe, or region of theperson whohas brought them up. ZANU is blessed to have such a Leader. (END)The Commander-in-chief on inspection tour of ZANLA strongholds.Comrade Chapewa "The Masses are really on our side"Ouestion: Comrade Chapewa Masange, I understand you were oneof thecommanders who recently attacked one of the biggest camps in this part of thecountry. Is it true?Answer: Yes, I am one of the commanders who was there. I was interested inobserving the enemy's tactics. The camp was the main source of reinforcements, itis where some of the terrorist forces who attack Mozambique come from.Question: What is the name of the camp?Answer: The name of the camp is Luangwa.Question: Were is it situated in this part of the country?Answer: It is near Katevere area.Question: Can you go ahead and tell me how you attacked the camp fromtheinitial stage of reconnaissance until finally you went to attack the camp?Answer: We got information, that the enemy was using the camp as abridge inattacking neighbouring Mozambique. We had to reconnoit. After reconnoiting, wediscovered that the camp was easy to be attacked. We went back to collect theforces.Question: How many forces were there?Answer: We were about two hundred and forty five.Question: Can you tell me what kind of weapons you used during the attack?Answer: The weapons we had were three recoilless rifles four HMGtwo M10rocket launchers LMGs and the rest were SMGs.Question: When was that?Answer: It was on the 16th of April. We arrived at the camp which wascomposedof D.A.S. base and the so called security forces, base. We then deployedourselves. We used a triple strategy, i.e. dividing our forces into three groups. Onewent to the D.A.S. camp one to the army and the other to the airport. The battlestarted at 11.45 p.m.Question: How much enemy property was destroyed during the attack? Howmany enemy forces were killed or demobilised?Answer: Too much property was destroyed. Buildings, and cars were destroyed.Countless forces were killed. The whole camp of the so-called security forces had75 troops and about 45 of them were seriously injured and the remainder werekilled.Question: According to your reconnaissance before you attackedthe camp, howmany D.A.S. would you think were in this camp?

Answer: They were about forty five. Question: How many were killed? Answer:Many were killed and according to the latest information I gathe-red, the masses were forced by the terrorist forces to bury the decomposed bodiesof the D.A.S. The terrorist forces went on to strip off the Jeans of their whitesoldiers and put them on the dead D.A.S. claiming to the masses that they weredead bodies of freedom fighters.Question: What was the enemy reaction after the attack?Answer: The following morning only one plane arrived. After threedays, theenemy started to send reinforcements.Question: Did he launch any counter attack?Answer: He tried but he failed.Qzestion: Can you comment on the mass situation around the area youattacked?Answer: The masses are really on our side but they did not get the chance tospeak to us because of the terrorist forces since their villages surrounded the campof the terrorist forces.Question: What of the enemy situation around the area?Answer: The enemy cannot travel for a distance of five kilometresaway from thecamp. The enemy forces can only roam around the villages of the masses.Generally, the situation is in our favour.Question: Did you have any other battle after the Luangwa attack? Answer: Wedid not have any other battle with the enemy.22 Zimbabwe NewsThe War

WAR COMMUNIQUE NO 17The period between April and midJune 1978 clearly marks the transformation ofthe liberation war from a mere armed struggle into a true Peoples War.Zimbabwean masses have shown active participation in carrying outacts ofsabotage on the racist regime's crumbling economy as well as raising self-relianceprojects in the semi-liberated areas.ZANLA combatants throughoutZimbabwe have consolidated political and ideological education on the masses.This has led to the creation and consolidation of political base areas in the rapidlyexpanding semi-liberated areas. New administrative organs are being set up in thesemi-liberated areas in an effort aimed at strengthening People's democraticdictatorship.Military operations carried out by ZANLA during the period clearly indicate thatthe racist Rhodesian terrorist army has been put to the defensive. The Nationalliberation Army is enjoying a strategic superiority over the enemy and is nowstriking telling blows on vulnerable points at the enemy's economy which isgrinding to a halt. Several Major enemy camps have been destroyed during thisperiod. Administration of the terrorist regime is only limited to the urban areas.ZANLA combatants are however intensifying their operations towards theseurban areas.A large number of racist owned farms situated in the fertile highveldof thecountry, the so-called European areas, have been deserted. Rail and road

communication throughout the country have been crippled by the intensifiedmilitary activities. In this period over 3 500 toiling Zimbabweans werefreed fromthe NAZI-type concentration camps and resettled in the semi-liberated areas.From the beginning of April to midJune, ZANLA combatants successfully carriedout:(1) 90 surprise attacks on the enemy,(2) 62 ambushes,(3) 36 sabotage operations,(4) killed 615 enemy troops,(5) destroyed 6 keeps,(6) destroyed 2 Major bridges,(7) shot down 5 enemy war planes and 30 military vehicles.The War in the Tete Province (Northern Region of Zimbabwe)This region has been the traditional operation zone of the Zimbabwe AfricanLiberation Army from 1972. ZANLA combatants in this region are continuallyexpanding the semi-liberated zones as they wrest land inch by inchfrom the racistgangsters of the SmithMuzorewa-Sithole-Chirau regime. Several concentrationcamps have been destroyed and over 3500 Zimbabwean masses set free andresettled.The War in the Northern ProvinceSelous Scouts dieOn the second of April 1978, three members of the notorious Selous Scout-bandwere killed by the liberation forces in Mutsvaire village, Mount Darwin area.These Scouts were "surprise attacked" when they were mobilising thepeople tosupport the sell-out internal deal by Zimbabwean masses throughout the country.FN Rifle Captured in Guerrilla AssaultA ZANLA unit operating in Kaunye area, Mtoko ambushed and assaulted theterrorist troops capturing an FN Rifle on 4th April, 1978. Three racisttroops diedin the engagement. The masses were highly delighted.Enemy Troops Die In "Keep" DestructionIn another incident in the same day, ZANLA combatants "surprise-attacked"Kamwanjiwa "keep", freeing all the masses who were still imprisoned in the nazi-type concentration Camp. Several enemy troops and district assistants were killedin this operation. The people are now living in the semi-liberated areas where theycan plough at their own will.Picks and shovels in Militia's InitiativeOn April the 5th, 1978, at 6.00 p.m. the Nyabini bridge in the Mtoko district wasdestroyed by the people's militia using picks and shovels. The destruction of thebridge is a blow to the enemy's desperate campaign to reconsolidate in this area.Down With ExploitationOn April the 6th, 1978, the National Liberation forces launched an attack on anracist owned farm in Maranda district, killing the racist exploiter. This farmer wasnotorious for forcing the local people to labour for very low wages.Guerilla Trap Kills Two Racist Troops

A carefully laid ZANLA grenade booby trap claimed the lives of two racist troopson the 6th of April, 1978. The trap was laid near a Rhodesian troops regularcamping site. Not far from Kusema farm in Chesa Purchase area.Captured reactionaries and agents under political education.Zimbabwe News 23The War

Landmine Blasts - Three DieAn enemy truck detonated a landmine, completely destroying the truck and killingthree racist troops on board on April the 6th, 1978. The mine was laid by ZANLAsabotage unit midway along the Macheke-Mtoko road. The landmine was laidwith the objective of blokkading enemy reinforcement to settler owned farms inMacheke.Even Water Engines ExplodeOn April 6th, 1978, a ZANLA engineering unit laid pressure ignited mine under awater engine a kilometre away from "Kawere keep". The mine explodeddestroying the engine and killing three district assistants, one of them an engineoperator.Engeneering Experts fall for guerilla trapIn another incident on the same day, two enemy engineering expertswere killedby a booby trap while trying to diffuse what appeared to be a landmine.Thebooby trap was laid by a ZANLA unit.Mine Explodes Near Kawere "Keep"On April the 9th, 1978, five terrorist troops were killed and several otherswounded when a vehicle they were travelling in detonated a ZANLA self-reliancemine near "Kawere keep" Mtoko area. The truck was completely wrecked.Racist Murderers FleeOn April 12th, 1978, a ZANLA crack unit clashed with racist troops inChimphanda area, Rushinga. At least six enemy troops were demobilised andothers fled in panic.Other Racists Die In AmbushOn April 13th, 1978, ZANLA combatants ambushed and killed four terroristtroops in Kazi area, Sipolilo. An enemy (NATO) light machine gun and an FNrifle were captured by the liberation forces in this engagement.Masses ResettledOn the 16th of April 1978, freedom fighters "surprise-attacked" Kawere "keep" inMtoko freeing three-quarters of the masses imprisoned in this nazitypeconcentration camp. These masses are now living in the expanding semi-liberatedareas in the region. The Kawere "keep" operation was planned to coincide withanother surprise attack onDenson "keep" the same night. In this engagement, several members of the enemyguard-force were killed. A mine laid by guerrillas on their retreat from Densonconcentration camp was detonated by an enemy "Hino" truck the followingmorning. Several enemy troops died on the spot.Another mine Explosion

At 6.30 p.m. the same day another ZANLA mine exploded along Matedza road,Mtoko, killing several racist troops and injuring others. An "Isuzu" truck in whichthey were travelling was completely wrecked. This operation wasaimed atblockading enemy reinforcements to an African farming area.Chipake Concentration Camp AttackedIn a seperate incident fifteen minutes later, on the same day, a heavilyarmedZANLA Comrade Commando unit surprise attacked Chipako "keep" 2 inM'tokoarea. In the engagement that ensued, two racist troops and several districtassistants died. The morale of the masses was raised.Viva ZANLA!On the nineteenth of April 1978, a heavily armed ZANLA detachement killedtwenty terrorist troops and five district assistants in a fierce encounternearKamusenzere "keep".Youth Militia Unit Demoralises District AssistantsUsing huge hammers, a militia unit of nineteen youths destroyed a water engineused by district assistants guarding Chingwena "keep" in the M'toko Area. Theincident upset the district assistants who were too scared to walk a kilometredistance to the nearest stream in fear of guerrilla ambushes. This incidenthappened on the 19th of April 1978, at 11.30pm. Four days later on the 23rd ofApril 1978, a series of three nearby similar operations were carried out by othermilitia youths in three nearby "keeps" namely Nyakuchena, Makosa andKatavinga. All water engines were completely destroyed.Chipako "Keep" Masses set FreeAt 9.25 p.m. on April the 25th ZANLA freedom fighters attacked Chipakoconcentration Camp in Mtoko. Quarters of the racist regime's D.A.'s weredestroyed and D.A.'s killed in the attack. Toiling Zimbaweans who livedin the "keep" were all freed and settled in the semi-liberated area. All D.A.'s whosurvived in the attack were withdrawn to M'toko Camp.Enemy Supplies To Tsiko Camp CutOn the 29th of April 1978, the racist regime's supplies to Tsiko Camp in M'tokoarea were blockaded. An enemy British made bedford truck carrying the suppliesto this Camp detonated a well laid Z.A.N.L.A. combatants laid a blockading minealong the same road further from the-Camp. Another enemy truck carryingreinforcement enroute to the scene of the first explosion detonated thismine in thelate hours of the same day. In both explosions, 10 racist troops werekilled andseveral were wounded.The War in the Manica Province (Central Region of Zimbabwe)The region is the most densely populated in Zimbabwe. Major towns are situatedin this region along the railway line which runs west-wards from the easternborder town of Umtali through the capital city Salisbury continuing south-westwards to Bulawayo town to Plumtree. The racist minority regime has lostcontrol of the rural areas in the area. Racist owned farms which occupy the fertilehighlands of Zimbabwe, the so-called European areas are deserted while thosethat have remained in operation are constantly under threats of attacks from theZimbabwe African Liberation forces. Railway communication betweenBulawayo, Salisbury and Urntali is continually being disrupted thus causing

setbacks to the racist Rhodesia's rich manufacturing industries. Major commercialcompanies are virtually failing to operate in the rural areas followingintensifiedmilitary activities.During this period, over 15 racist settler owned farms in this area were attackedand destroyed by ZANLA combatants while several others were deserted bypanic-stricken farmers.ZANLA Forces block enemy suppliesto the Burma Valley Chigodora areaOn the evening of April the 1st 1978 at 9.25pm, a seven ton logistics truck of theRhodesian terrorist army detonated a well laid ZANLA landmine and killed 13racist troops in the explosion. The incident took place along the UmtaliBurmaValley road in the Chigodora area. The following Day, enemy rein-24 Zimbabwe NewsThe War

forcements rounded up the place of the villages staying in the vicinity for cruelinterrogation. A number were imprisoned.In a seperate incident, on the same day in Inyanga area North of Chigodora,ZANLA Freedom Fighters annihilated a unit of five terrorist Rhodesian troops.Another blow on racist Rhodesia'sAgricultural IndustryRanching at Droefontein farm in Melsetter area was disrupted on 3rd of Aprilwhen ZANLA Freedom Fighters ambushed and killed the rancher-,a policereservist of the Salisbury regime. The racist rancher had become notorious amongthe masses in nearby Chayamiti Kraal. He was harassing them allegedly forrustling his cattle. His death was therefore welcomed by the local masses.Captured hats of the Ian Smith policemenRacist owned store raidedZimbabwean rural masses are also intensifying their active participation indisrupting the enemy's economy. On the 3rd of April 1978, Zimbabwean massesin Chipinga area raided a racist owned store and captured large quantities ofmaterial including agricultural equipment. A sum of 94 dollars was also captured.Earlier on during the same day, a commercial vehicle loaded with teawasdestroyed in a landmine explosion along the Mount Selinda-Emerald road in thesame area, by ZANLA forces.Captured "poison syringe" The WarOver 20 enemy troops killed and a military bedford truck destroyedIn a well planned surprise attack, ZANLA Freedom Fighters killed 20 terroristRhodesian troops at a racist owned farm near Christmas Pass on theevening ofApril the 5th. The following day, a truck carrying the would-be enemyreinforcement detonated a ZANLA blockading landmine killing a number andinjuring others.On the same day in Makandura areaMelsetter district South of Umtali - asectionof ZANLA Freedom Fighters ambushed and a annihilated a patrol unit of ninetroops of the Salisbury regime.Yet another blow on the regime's Agricultural Industry

Production ceased at a racist owned farm near Chikukwa kraal in MelsetterDistrict on the 7th of April 1978 after ZANLA Forces razed to the ground thefarm homestead. The farm is now- as in the words of the Salisbury regime - "aheaven for the freedom fighters". Nine enemy forces killedOn the afternoon of the 9th of April, nine terrorist Rhodesian troops were killedand several wounded in a ZANLA ambush. The incident took place in a bush nearMelsetter South of Umtali.Two commercial vehicles destroyedA ZANLA sabotage unit operating in the Chayamiti area-Mutambara, capturedtwo heavy cargo trucks belonging to the exploitative Howard Transport ServiceCompany on the 10th of April 1978. The Freedom Fighters distributed thecontents of the vehicles to the local population and destroyed the vehicles. TheHoward Transport Services has ceased its activities in the area.In the same area on the same day, two other vehicles belonging to the UmtaliBottling Company were wrecked by another ZANLA sabotage unit near HotSprings. The contents of the vehicles were also distributed to the rightful owners -the Zimbabwean masses.Five more killed by ZANLA ForcesThe 13th of April 1978 witnessed the cessation of production at another racistowned farm in the Mutumbara area, when ZANLA Freedom Fighters attakked thefarm house and killed the racist owner - member of the terrorist Rhodesia FrontParty. Tractors and other agricultural implements were destroyed during the raid.Captured enemy NATO (FN) riflesSimultaneously in the Marange area between the Odzi and the Sabi rivers, asection of ZANLA combatants demonstrated their principle of quick decision andrapidity of action in face of new situations. The ZANLA section killed fourterrorist Rhodesian troops in a counter surprise attack - wounding several others.Economic sabotageIn continued acts of economic sabotage, another two heavy commercial vehiclesof the Salisbury regime were set ablaze on the 14th of April 1978, byZANLAFreedeom Fighters along the road between Umtali and Birchenough bridge in theChitimata area Mutambara.Later that day along the same road, a bus on a trip sponsored by the quislingNdabaningi Sithole, was also set ablaze. The occupants most of whom wereSithole's sycophants had an hour of political orientation from the freedom fightersbefore they were let to their homes. Sithole is a member of racist Rhodesia'sinvalid executive council who falsely claims to be the commander oftheliberation forces.Also on the 13th of April at 5.00pm in Marange area a few kilometres North ofthe scene of the afore mentioned incident, five troops of the Rhodesianterroristregime met their end in an encounter with the Freedom Fighters. Thishappened atMutyaanga Kraal.The following day, in Mutumbara area at Nemaraba, an enemy bedford truck anda land rover were destroyed in a well calculated ZANLA ambush. Six racisttroops were killed and four others wounded.Disruption of rural settler administration

On the 16th of April, a ZANLA sabotage unit destroyed a cattle dip-tankZimbabwe News 25

in Gandanzara area. A mine which was laid before this operation, on the roadleading to this dip-tank was detonated later that day by a truck carrying thewould-be enemy reinforcement. The truck was completely wrecked in theexplosion killing 6 enemy troops. The operation was carried out at therequest ofthe local masses.The racist regime's civil servants were using the dip-tank as a meansofmisappropriation of cattle done under the pretext of limiting overgrazing.In a seperate incident on the same day the 16th of April, a land-rover carrying 8troops of the Rhodesian regime was destroyed in a landmine explosion nearNzvenga Kraal in Marange District. Four of the racist troops were killed and therest wounded.During the late hours of the same day in Chipinga area, ZANLA guerillas razed tothe ground the enemy military base at Zona Tea estates. According to reports by aZANLA reconnating unit, about a 100 enemy troops had been massedby theregime in preparation for a campaign to gain its control in the area, which isheavily contested by the ZANLA forces. In the raid 44 racist troops were killedand several wounded. Buildings and other military installations were destroyed.Earlier that day, a racist farmer was killed by ZANLA Freedom Fighters in theMelsetter District. The ZANLA Forces captured a British made FN rifle,a pistoland a land-rover which they later destroyed. They later advanced to thefarmhouse, captured military radio communication set, and set the farm house onfire.Another house in Matema area was also destroyed during the same day. Sixterrorist Rhodesian troops who were camping at the farmhouse werekilled duringthe operation.Racist radio-man diesOn April the 18th, a ZANLA section operating in the Chiteera-Maungwearea-Makoni surprise attacked a unit of racist troops killing the radio communicationoperator and others.Another blow on the racist economyIn Mutambara area on the evening of April the 19th, Freedom Fighters captured adeisel carrier belonging to the exploiting Multi-National Caltex company. Afterdistributing the oil to the local Zimbabwean masses, the ZANLA combatantssetthe truck ablaze.On the same day in a seperate inci-dent, the ZANLA combatants launched an attack on Bene enemy camp inMutema area. The terrorist troops of the Salisbury regime were killed and twowounded seriously.In another incident again on the same day- April the 18th, five enemytroops werekilled in an encounter with the liberation Forces in Chayamiti area, Mutambara.Racist spotter plane downed

On April the 20th, a light aircraft spotter plane of the racist Rhodesian airforcewas shot down by freedom fighters in Ngorima area, Melsetter. All the racist crewon board died and the plane was completely wrecked.Racist supplies to South-Eastern regionblocked againIn a separate incident on the same day at 12.30pm, another two heavylogisticstransport vehicles of the Rhodesia terrorist army were ambushed anddestroyed bythe liberation forces. The trucks which were enroute to Birchenoughwereambushed in Dzitoro, Mushua area. The racist regime now supplies its terroristtroops in this region by air.Enemy Chakohwa Military camp stormedOn the evening of April the 26th, a ZANLA mobile unit surprise attackedenemyChikohwa camp in Mutambara killing thirty six rebel troops wounding many.This attack completely paralysedthe camp which was the main efemy military base in the area.Regime's communication truck set ablazeThe following day April the 27th, ZANLA combatants captured a landroverbelonging to racist Rhodesia's Post and Telecommunications Services. Afterordering out all the personnel on board the truck, the freedom fighters set itablaze. The exploited Zimbabweans were dismissed to their homes after an hourof political orientation.Economic Sabotage againOn April the 28th two heavy transport trucks belonging to the exploitativeRhodesia Railways Company were ambushed by the freedom fighters along theUmtali-Birchenough road in Tonhorai area Mutambara. The two truckswerecompletely wrecked while all the racist crew members on board werekilled.On April the 29th, 1978, ZANLA combatants attacked a racist owned farm inChayamiti area Melsetter destroying an irrigation engine and slaughtered 25 herdof cattle. The meat was distributed among the local Zimbabwean masses.Minority regime's communication disruptedIn a seperate incident that day, a ZANLA sabotage unit demolished 3 telephonepoles near Gunyana in Mushua area, Mutambara. The regime was un-Comrade Rex Nhongo, Deputy Secretary for Defence: Intensifying operations.26 Zimbabiwe NewsThe War

able to repair this damage until after 5 days.4 racist troops surprise attackedOn April the 30th, 1978, a ZANLA section attacked and killed 4 enemy troops inthe Chinyamuchesa mountains, Makuni area.Another racist terrorist camp attackedBetween 3.45 and 4.30 a.m. on May the 2nd, a heavily armed ZANLA MobileUnit attacked enemy Mhakwe camp in Melsetter area. Over 20 troops of the racistregime were killed and several wounded while several buildings were razed to theground. The camp was the largest enemy military base in Musha T.T.L.Encounter with the enemy near Chikwiza bridge

On May the 4th 1978, a section of ZANLA combatants was ambushed by enemytroops near Chikwiza Bridge, Mushua area in Melsetter. The Liberation Forcesquickly neutralised the situation to their favour, killing several enemy troops andforcing the surviving enemy to retreat.Another spotter plane gunned downOn 12th May, 1978, ZANLA forces ambushed and shot down an enemy spotterplane in Mushua T.T.L. Melsetter area, south of Umtali. The spy plane wascompletely wrecked and all its occupants killed.A seperate incident the same day resulted in the death of 4 racist troopswho wereambushed by ZANLA fighters in Chitimani area, Melsetter. The LiberationForces captured 4 rifles in this engagement.Yet another sabotage operation In the late hours of the same day in the sameMelsetter area 2 heavy commercial trucks were captured by the Liberation Forces.The trucks were ablazed after their contents had been distributed tothe localpopulation.Enemy jet bomber shot On May the 13th 1978, freedom fighters had afierceengagement with the racist regime's airforce in Hlabiso Ngorima area inMelsetter. In the encounter, the ZANLA combatants shot down 1 enemy vampirejet plane forcing the other aircrafts to retreat.Closure of 1 more racist farm All production activities ceased atanother racist owned farm near Melsetter when on the 14th of May freedomfighters attacked the farm setting the homestead ablaze. The owner of the farm, acertain Charles Hughes who was a member of the racist gangster army desertedbefore the attack. This racist died the following day when his car detonated alandmine laid by ZANLA on the day of the attack. He was on his way backtoinspect the damage inflicted during the attack.Mine detecting vehicle destroyedMay the 14th witnessed the destruction of a mine detecting vehicle of a racistarmy. This vehicle was ambushed in Mutambara area and completely wrekked byZANLA rocket fire. 4 Racist occupants of the vehicle died on the spot.Another ZANLA ambush on the same day resulted in the death of 3 racisttroopsin the Cashel Valley area. Freedom Fighters captured 3 f.n. rifles during theattack.A separate ZANLA Sabotage operation launched on the same day in the samearea resulted in the destruction of a heavy transport truck belonging to theexploitative multi-national AngloAmerican co-operation. After capturing thevehicle ZANLA combatants set it ablaze together with its load of one brand newmilitary land rover and several drums of fuel. The Anglo-American co-operationwhich is one of the major financial magnets operating in racist Rhodesiais fullybacking the Salisbury regime as a means of safeguarding its economicinterests inthe colony.More enemy guns capturedOn May 16, 1978, ZANLA combatants in Mutambara area ambushed and killed 2enemy racist troops. The Liberation Forces captured 2 f.n. rifles and a quantity ofammunition in this engagement.Sabotage again

On the 25th of May, at 10.45 a.m. near Chizemo Kraal, Musha area ZANLAfreedom fighters killed 2 terrorist Rhodesian troops in an ambush. The Liberationfighters destroyed a heavy transport truck belonging to the regime's railwayswhich the two troops were escorting.In another sabotage operation carried out on the 27th of May along the Melsetter-Beit Bridge road near Melsetter, a 5 ton truck of a new bakery companywascaptured by the Liberation Forces. The Liberation Forces then set ablaze the truckafter distributing the contents to the Zimbabwean masses.Regime's B.S.A.P. camp stormedOn the evening of the 6th of June 1978, a mobile unit of 106 ZANLA combatantsattacked the Salisbury regime's Melsetter B.S.A. Police base and killed over 50enemy troops wounding several others. The ZANLA unit simultaneously attackeda so-called District Assistants camp adjacent to the para-military police base andthe homes of senior reservists of the racist government situated behind the policecamp.During the ensuing one hour battle,After combat with the enemy, every ZANLA section holds political lessons at the"gathering place".Zimbabwe News 27The War

the ZANLA combatants who were armed with recoiless rifles, mortars, bazookasand other heavy weapons and small arms wrecked some of the buildings and vitalinstallations at the Melsetter camp.The camp was a centre of murder and torture. It's wreckage by freedom fighterswas therefore an encouragement to the African masses who were victims of racistterror in the battle torn British colony.Biriiri enemy camp attackedOn June the 10th, ZANLA freedom fighters attacked a racist Rhodesian militarybase near Biriiri Mission in Musha area in the Eastern war zone.28 ZANLA combatants armed with rocket launchers mortars and lightarmsstormed the camp at 8.30pm and killed 16 enemy troops of the Rhodesian regimewounding several others. Buildings and other military equipements weredestroyed in the attack.The war in the Gaza Province (Southern Region of Zimbabwe)In the months of April and May, ZANLA military operations in this regionescalated. During this period one major enemy camp was destroyed, while severalothers, smaller in size, were devasted. The Rutenga railway line, the racistregime's linking line with apartheid South Afirca was also put out of use onseveral occasions. Reports from ZANLA intelligence in the regionconfirm thatthe Rhodesian terrorists are being heavily reinforced by racist South Africatroops. This is a joint effort by the Pretoria-Salisbury regimes to protect the onlydirect exportation route of goods from the battle-torn racist Rhodesia.ZANLA in ActionOn the 16th of April, 1978 a ZANLA section made a sudden encounter with 15enemy troops in Mawane area, Chief Maziafa. 7 enemy troops werekilled on the

spot and others were seriously wounded. 2 managed to run away unharmed. Inrevenge the 2 terrorists cold-bloodedly murdered a 14 year old boy from a nearbyvillage.British / South Africa Military Cars DestroyedOn the 8th of April 1978, a crack ZANLA unit liquidated 7 terrorist troops alongthe Ringo road, Nyajena. The daring broad day light attack alsoVigorous drill, vigorous practice, vigorous work, vigorous study forever.saw the complete destruction of a British-made Bedford truck anda land Roverwith South African number plates.Mataka Base PoundedOn the 9th of April 1978, at 2.00am. Mataka enemy military base, Belingwe,came under heavy fire of mortars and heavy machine guns from a ZANLA mobileunit. Thirty seven (37) terrorist Rhodesian troops were killedon the spot andmany wounded. A high frequency radio system and armoury were destroyed. Thisattack panic-struck the enemy Headquarters in Salisbury for this was a majordeployment centre of enemy troops operating in the asbestos rich mining area ofShabani.Bedford Blasted On Mataka Road2 days later on the 11th of April 1978, along the same Mataka road, at 11.45 a.m.,a Bedford carrying enemy troops detonated a ZANLA laid land mine killing allthe occupants on board and destroying the truck beyond repair.D.A.'s Refuse Racist OrdersRacist D.A.'s refused an order to travel to Mataka camp which lies along theBotarakwe-Mnene road following intensified ZANLA attacks in the area.The daybefore an Isuzu truck and a mine detector travelling along the same road had beenblasted beyond repair on the 13th of April at 8.35am. in a daring ambushattacklaunched by ZANLA combatants.Enemy Annihilation At Natenda On the 16th of April 1978, a crackZANLA unit operating in the Natenda area, Shabani killed 10 enemy racist troopsin a successfully laid ambush. Working in close collaboration withthe masses, theZANLA liberation forces had been informed of the racist troops' mission toenforce tax payment on the local masses when they met their end.On the following day, in reaction to the shameful defeat the racist troops carriedout a terror campaign on the local masses resulting in the death of 2 Comradeswho were non-combatants.Racist Officers KilledFollowing the series of attacks that took place on the Bulawayo Beit Bridge road,4 racist officers of the terrorist army were sent down to investigateon this whenthe vehicle they were travelling in was ambushed 10 K.m. from the border townof Beit bridge. All the four were killed in the ambush which took place on the17th of April.A Luta ContinuaIn a seperate incident, on the very same day the 17th of April 1978 a ZANLA unitgunned down an enemy helicopter in a counter surprise attack at M'tendengwe 17K.m. from Beit bridge. In the 15 minute battle the enemy used 4 helicopters and 1vampire jet fighter.

The victory proved beyond any doubt how an oppressed and colonised people,given the opportunity to unite and get together thus forming one nation isdetermined to fight for freedom, independence and social justice,thus defeatingthe aggressive army of the imperialist state.28 Zimbabwe NewsThe War

ZANLA Cuts Enemy Communication And SuppliesOn the 19th of April 1978 a ZANLA unit ambushed and scored a stunningvictoryalong the Beit Bridge-Gazani road. In the tensing battle the two military Bedfordscarrying food to number 10 enemy Camp were destroyed and all the enemy troops(15) were killed.Belingwe District Officer DiesA heavily armed ZANLA section operating in the Mataka area on the 21st ofApril laid a succesful ambush along the Nyaka-Belingwe road. Thisresulted inthe death of the so-called Belingwe District Officer and 11 racist troops. On themorrow the enemy, reinforced with light infantry, launched terror campaigns onthe innocent masses in the area of the incident.ZANLA "Potatoes" Explode!On the following day, a Bedford truck carrying enemy racist troops flew sky highafter detonating a land mine laid by ZANLA forces on the road betweenMatakaCamp and Tom's store. All occupants on board were victimised. The enemyreinforced on the morrow with the hope of finding the swift moving ZANLAforces, only to find corpses of their fellow gangsters.Ambush at NyajenaA heavily armed platoon of ZANLA veterans ambushed a heavily armed convoyof racist troops in Nyajena area near the rich sugar town of Chiredzi, killing 25racist troops and wounding several others by the ZANLA combatantsaround thistown, thus dwindling the supply of sugar to the other towns, the enemy now findsit difficult to supply sugar to urban areas. Communication Breakdown Along theRacist Regime's LifelineOn the night of the 20th of April, 1978, ZANLA combatants attacked Sarahururail-station along the Rutenga Concentration Camp PoundedOn the 23rd of April at 7.00 p.m. a ZANLA unit victoriously destroyed "keep"number 17, 20 K.m. from Beit Bridge which was under construction. The 150troops who were guarding the Camp fell under heavy mortar bomb and machinegun fire. 4 rebel troops returned fire using search lights but this only increased theintensity of the attack from the People's forces. During this 25 minute battle 11enemy tents were burnt to ashes and 59 Terrorist Rhodesian troops were killed.Consequently the keep was shifted to another position known as "keep" No. 10.railway line. The station is used as a transit camp by terrorist troops.Theliberation forces pounded all military in-stallations at the station and damaged a locomotive which had brought supplies tothe enemy forces as well as a house used as military barack. A water tank wasdestroyed and several enemy troops were killed and wounded.

For three days following the attack, the Rutenga railway, one of racist Rhodesia'slifelines was out of use. Since the Salisbury regime is heavily dependant onPretoria for the maintenance of its domination in several aspects, the attack wasanother heavy blow on the crumbling regime's economy and communication. Agoods train from the fascist Republic of South Africa was forced tostop at therailway border station which is just before the Sarahuru station. Another onewhich was on its way to the fascist republic stopped at Garara, while repairs werebeing made.Newspaper Delivery Van CapturedOn its way to deliver papers from Bulawayo to Shabani and Fort Victoria, adelivery van was ambushed and captured by a crack ZANLA unit operating in theinterior South Eastern war zone of Zimbabwe on April 30, 1978 at 8.00 a.m.According to ZANLA commanders, the van has already been taken to asemi-liberated zone where it is doing more work than just delivering the heavilycensored Bulawayo Chronicle which is spreading heresy to the sons anddaughters of Zimbabwe.Comrade Teurai Ropa: Women have total involvement in struggle.Comrade Chairwoman:On behalf of my Party, ZANU, I would like to thank you for the invitationyouhave extended to ZANU, the vanguard of the Zimbabwe Revolution, to take partin this important International meeting on the 8th Congress of the Women's Unionof Albania.I would also like to convey to you Revolutionary salutations from our PresidentComrade Robert Mugabe, our Central Committee, our High Command, ourGeneral staff and the backbone of our Revolution, the gallant ZANLA forces,especially the women's brigade of ZANLA forces.It is a great pleasure for us to be here in this small but great country,great becauseof the heroic struggle that the freedom loving people have been wagingto protecttheir hard won independence and to build socialism. Not so long ago I saw a filmon the role that the Albanian women played in the fight againstthe Nazis. I then realised the common denominator between the Zimbabweanwomen and the Albanian women in the struggle:So we come to learn from your mag-nificent example and to share our humble experiences with you over the decades,spreading into the last century when marauding bandits from South Africainvaded our country and assertedAbove all, learning to shoot straight is one of ZANLA's most important rules ofeconomics.Zimbabwe News 29The War

their wicked oppressive machinery because of superior arms.Comrade Chairwoman, allow us to dwell for sometime on the role thatwomen-folk have been playing alongside their menfolk in the National Liberation strugglein our country, Zimbabwe. For clarity the role of the Zimbabwe women intheRevolution has to be treated in a historical context. The advent ofcolonialism

created serious problems for the women in Zimbabwe. Because of thecruelty andindividual selfishness of colonial capitalist exploitation the Zimbabwe womenhave been suffering double exploitation. They have been suppressed bybureaucratic Zimbabwean men and even more viciously, they have been exploitedand oppressed by colonialists.The exploitation of Zimbabwean women by Zimbabwean men was based on thehighly patriarchal social structures in which women were regarded as minorswhilst men were regarded as majors. Thus women were paid for in lobola (brideprice) in marriage, they had no right to guardianship over childrenwho wereregarded as man's property. Indeed women were often considered as part of theman's household effects. What colonialism brought to Zimbabweans was anincrease of the exploitation of women both qualitatively and quantitatively.Under colonialism women have suffered as much as their menfolk. They havebeen arrested, harassed, tortured, raped, sentenced to long prison sentences andhanged. Even worse our women-folk have been abused by lusty racist sexmaniacs and given children against their will. It is sad to point out that this is theorigin of much of the coloured community in Zimnabwe. It is important for us tostate that we are not against proper inter-marriages but the originof the mixedrace community marks a shameful era of colonial history in our country.Chimurenga, the Revolutionary armed struggle in Zimbabwe, has opened up anew era for the Zimbabwean women. It has also been a wonderful eye-opener forthe backward and feudal-minded male chauvinists. While it is true thatin aRevolutionary situation, especially in a colonial country, it is often easy for mento fight against imperialist exploitation while unconsciously maintaining thedomination of women, the hard realities of our struggle since 1966 have forcedthe Zimbabwean Revolutionaries to analyse the question of the women's role inour Revolution very con-cretely. Indeed a Revolutionary armed struggle in a colonial country is one of thegood tests of a genuine revolution. Under such conditions it is easy to find out ifone stands for liberation from colonialism and capitalist exploitation only orwhether he stands for the emancipation of women as well. No society whichexploits half of its people could even consider itself free, least of all aspire to thenoble cause of building socialism.The revolutionary armed struggle has been the biggest blessing for theZimbabwean women. Within a few years it opened doors which would probablyhave taken decades to loosen. The struggle for National independence has openedour women-folk to a world even they would not have dreamt of. The need foreach other, the need for manpower to perform a variety of importantRevolutionary tasks, have shown that once given the opportunity tounlock hercreative talents, a woman, like any exploited and oppressed person, is capable ofperforming heroic and magnificent feats.Today the Zimbabwean women is giving more than her fair share for the cause offreedom, National Independence and self-determination. Gone are the days whenall women did was to sew, knit, cook, commiserate with and mourn for theirfallen soldiers. Now they too participate in the fighting, they too face themusic.Our Revolution has reached a stage where physical force is not a passport to a

superior position but mental power and other abilities are important andcomplement the physical encounter with the enemy. Our women's brigade isinvolved in every sphere of the armed revolutionary struggle. Theirinvolvementis total. In the frontline they transport war-materials to the battlefield and as oftenhappens, are often forced to fight their way through enemy territory to reach ourfighters. They do politicisation work among the masses - this can often be verydangerous especially in virgin areas, where our cadres do not knowthe peopleproperly. They cook food and care for wounded Comrades. Theyteach the masseshow to hide wounded Comrades, hide war materials and carry out intelligencereports behind enemy lines. With the collapse of the enemy's administrativemachinery in many parts of the country under the weight of our thrust, womenComrades, together with their menfolk, are reconstructing a new social order.They are engaged in administration, health work, production andconstruction, educational work etc.At the rear our women Comrades' tasks are even more extensive. They areinvolved in the work of every department of our Party, ZANU. Theywork ascommanders, military instructors, commissars, medical corps, teachers, drivers,mechanics, cooks, in logistic and supplies, Information and Publicity, asadministrative cadres. There is no department, where their beneficial presence isnot felt.Women Comrades are represented at every level of our organisation from theNational Executive, through the Central Committee, High Command,GeneralStaff, down to every level of the ZANLA-forces.There can be no doubt, that the Zimbabwean women have stood up. We have wonour rights and place in the Revolution not by anyone's pity, but through our owndetermination, devotion, and bravery in our Chimurenga. To be fair,however, weowe a lot to our progressive male Comrades, who have stood by us, fought for ourrights, allowed us the degree of freedom to contribute to the best ofour abilitiesfor the National cause.We, the Zimbabwean women in struggle are the heirs of Mbuya Nehanda, thatRevolutionary heroine, who inspires every Zimbabwean woman with feelings ofgreat patriotism. Mbuya Nehanda was an exemplary freedom fighter during thefirst Chimurenga. She fought gallantly and refused to give in to the colonialists.Although the racist colonialists executed her by hanging her at the gallows inwhat is now known as Salisbury's Maximum Security Prison in 1897, her spirit isstill fresh in the minds of many Zimbabwean women. Her exemplary heroism isthe spirit that guides every Revolutionary Zimbabwean. Her spirit lives forever.Since we are people, who are still struggling for freedom, I have nothing topresent as a gift from our Party. With the impression I have had from thecongress, I would like to sing a song which shows that the First Secretary of theLabour Party, Comrade Enver Hoxcha, and our Party, ZANU. led by PresidentRobert Mugabe, are together. Song: Long live Comrade Hoxcha Long liveComrade Hoxcha we shall remember. Long live Comrade Hoxcha. Rest in Peace,Martys of Albania We shall never forget Rest in peace, Martyrs ofAlbania. Weshall ever remember.30 Zimbabve News

The War

Cde. Pres. Mugabe's delegation discusses with city trait of the great revolutionary,Ho-Chi-MinhDiplomatic affairs Cde. President builds bridgesThe last two months have seen the President and several executive members makeextended efforts to build diplomatic and solidarity bridges throughout theworld.In May the President visited Ethiopia, Pakistan, China and Korea (North). In Junehe had an extended tour of Vietnam. Earlier in the year the President visited theUnited States and later he visited Cuba.In the meantime the Secretary General, Comrade Edgar Tekere, visited Iraq,Egypt. Yugoslavia und Rumania. Later in the year the Vice-Presidentis scheduledto lead a delegation to the Non-aligned Nations Conference, in Belgrade,Yugoslavia.President Robert G. Mugabe made a successfull tour of four socialist countries inEastern Europe and Asia from May 10to June 10, 1978. The importantleadersand revolutionaries he met, expressed solidarity with the strugglingmasses ofZimbabwe, and unstinting support for ZANU and its correct revolutionary line. Inparticular, the leader of these socialist countries condemned the so called internalsettlement of the Smith regime and its black henchmen. They praised ZANU'sresolve to continue the armed struggle to the bitter end. Specifically the Presidentvisited the Socialist Republic of Korea, thePeople's Republic of China, the Republic of Vietnam and Romania.In an interview with a reporter of The Zimbabwe News in Maputo, PresidentMugabe said: "The leaders of all these countries wholeheartedly support ourarmed struggle. They have all had ex-perience of fighting; they won their freedomand independence through armed struggle".In North Korea, he met among others, the Secretary-General to theKoreanWorkers' Party and President ofthe state, the great leader Comrade Kim II Sung, who promised material,diplomatic and political support for our struggle. His country has already beenassisting us, and they will continue to assist us in future. He expressed the hope,that our armed struggle will intensify and that we will eventually win the countryfrom the shackles of imperialism. Their struggle was based an the people; and themilitary line was based on the political line of the Korean Workers'Party. Theymobilised the entire popu-Cde. Pres. Mugabe lays wreath on the tomb of Revolutionary leader Ho-Chi-Minh.Diplomatic Struggle"A. vanguard party leading a revolution must have the basis principles of itsrevolution well laid down; the objectives of such revolution must be clearlydefined, and the means of the struggle correctly chosen in terms of aclearlyidentified enemy and enemy situation."Cde. MugabeCde. Mugabe

on DiplomaticStruggle6l LZimbabwe News 31

Great leader President Kim 11 Sung and Cde. Mugabe's delegationGeneral Nguyen Vo Giap (5th from left) with ZANU delegation in HanoiIn Peking, LANU delegation paid respects at the moseleum of chairman Maolation behind the party, and fought their war to the bitter end untilall imperialistforces and their agents had been defeated.President Mugabe visited Vietnam, whose history of the armed struggle is morerecent. In 1975 America was thoroughly defeated. President Mugabe met GeneralNguyen Giap, the Minister of Defence, who is the hero of the war of nationalleberation, and also of their first war against France, which ended with thedecisive victory of the Vietnamese at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954.Their struggle was much more complicated than ours. They fought fourimperialisms one after another and defeated them all. First there wasFrenchcolonialism, followed by Japanese colonialism, which super-imposed itself onFrench-imperialism during the second world war; then the British came in toassist the French once again; and after the defeat of the French at thehistoricbattle of Dien Bien Phu, the Americans came in. The Americans wanted southernVietnam to be a distinct and separate state with sovereign status of its own. Thisaggressive imperialist design ran counter to the principle of unification and theoneness for which the people of Vietnam had fought. The military effort toimpose this division led directly to the Vietnam war - possibly the most viciouswar ever fought by any people in the world. The B 52 American bombers droppedmillions and millions of bombs on the Vietnamese people and their villages. Butthe will of the people could not be broken.The lesson we learnt from Vietnam was, that the struggle, if it is to be won, mustbe organised thoroughly by a party with a well defined political line.In Vietnam,the Communist Party of North Vietnam and the Viet Communists in the South,gave the line and mobilised all the democratic forces in the south, which agreedon the need to establish an independent state. These forces were welded togetherin a national liberation front which then mobilised the entire population behindthe armed struggle. We therefore learnt this one sound lesson, that there must be awell defined political line.Our party has defined this political line. We mobilised the peopleforindependence. Secondly, our military struggle must take cognisance of thepolitical principles and objectives of the party. This too our army has done. It isorganised on the basis of the political line - and, hence we say, politics commandsthe gun. The fighter is as much a32 Zimbabwe NewsDiplomatic Struggle

political organiser as he is a fighter. With this unity between the political line andthe military line, you easily sail to victory, because you have the correct directionand perspective. Given the full mobilisation of the masses, you cannot lose.Asked to comment on the rush of Western powers into Africa for a second Berlin-like scramble, President Mugabe said the leaders of the countries he visited,expressed concern that Western powers were coming once again ina bid topreserve their economic interests in some of the neo-colonial states in Africa.They are combining determinedly against the progressive forces inAfrica."It is a situation, which demands that all the progressive forces combine in a bidto oust imperialism totally from Africa and from any other part of the world,where it is still reigning. There is a preparedness in these countries,to support usfully not only because our cause is just, but because we stand forthe progressivepolicies which they have fought for in their own countries and regions. My ownpersonal view is, now that our revolution has unfolded to the extent that it isfrightening imperialist powers, they are rallying behind SouthAfrica in order tosupport Vorster and Smith, and indeed they are openly selling arms to SouthAfrica, which is in turn sending them to the beleaguered regime of Ian Smith.They regard the fall of Smith as opening the way to revolutionary change in SouthAfrica. According to them Rhodesia must be preserved as a bufferstate to thenorth of South Africa.""The realization that an oppressive bourgeoisie that sustains itself and maintainsits exploitative civil and socio-economic structures by armed forceemployed asan instrument of the broad masses had not dawned upon the N.D.P. leadership,and neither did it upon the leadership of ZAPU of 1961 - 1963."Cde. Mugabe"Struggles for national liberation can operate to defeat their own objectives unlessthey are properly organized and properly led."Cde. MugabeThe President then commented on the statement made in June by Dr. DavidOwen, British Foreign Secretary, that Britain would consider sending troops torescue those whites and blacks, whose lives were threatened by the present warbetween the people of Zimbabwe and the settler regime and its henchmen.President said this statement demands an explanation from us."This is a strange statement which raises many questions and arouses concern. Fora very long time, Britain has made it known to the world, that they are notprepared so send any troops to the country to intervene on behalf of the Africanpeople, and therefore on behalfFantastic entertainment awaited ZANU delegation in Ho-Chi-Minh-City idCdc. Mugabe is mobbed by children of Ho-Chi-Minh-CityZimbabwe News 33Diplomatic Struggle

Cde. Pres. Mugabe in discussion with Col. MengistuCde. Mugabe in discussion with Pres. Assad ofDelegation with K. Fahoum, Chairman of National Council of PLO

of our just cause. They have said this time and time again in the media and to theUnited Nations. But now we hear from Owen, that he would like to sendtroops toRhodesia to rescue whites and blacks - rescue them from what? Yesterday, whenit was Africans, who were being imprisoned and/or brutally massacred, tortured,herded into protected villages, detained without just cause, hanged for politicalreasons, he did absolutely nothing.""The suffering of the blacks means nothing to him. But now, because the whitesare in jeopardy, and the regime of Ian Smith is about to be overthrown, Owen isfrightened, that his kith and kin are losing the war, and speaks of rescue teams.This is the recism we have accussed him of in the past. Its a racial approach he isadopting. The blacks have been living in danger of losing their lives for the 88years of colonialism, and even more since the unilateral and illegal declaration ofindependence by the Smith Regime in 1965, which Britain condoned. However,we must warn David Owen, that if he sends his troops to Zimbabwe, we are readyto meet them. We shall not fight shy of our responsibility to wage the war to thefinish and achieve victory for our people. It is our obligation, and it shall befulfilled with vigour by all our forces."On his return, President Mugabe had cordial discussions with the Ethiopian Headof State, Col Mengistu Mariam, in Addis-Ababa. They agreed to cooperate inwaging the armed struggle in Zimbabwe in particular, and Southern African as awhole. ZANU has opened an information- and publicity-office inAddis-Ababa,which broadcasts news and commentaries beamed to Southern Africa every day,on Radio Ethiopia."It should be constantly born in mind that our revolutionary processbeing ahistorically social process carries with it from the social past to the social present,and in terms of both our present and future attainable goals, not onlytheantithetical burden of the relations of our two broad racial communitieshistorically locked up in bitter and, within that broader conflict situation, that ofthe deepening strive between the existing classes, but also the synthetical and,therefore, more positive burden of mobilising those groups which constitute themotive force of the Zimbabwean revolution.Cde. Mugabe34 Zimbabwe NewsDiplomatic Struggle

The Zanu Case At the OAUPresented by Cde. MuzendaMwalimu Dr. Julius Nyerere, mentor of the armed struggle of Southern Africa.The Vice President of the Zimbabwe African National Union, Comrade SimonMuzenda, denounced the internal government of Rhodesia and called on the OAUto provide more funds to overthrow the fascist new Rhodesia Frontregimeincluding Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau. Addressing the ordinary session of theOAU Liberations Committee, Comrade Muzenda said:"We would like first to express our deep appreciation and gratitude to thePresident of the United Republic of Tanzania, the government, theParty and thegreat Tanzanian people for their support of the Zimbabwe struggle.Mr.

Chairman, we also express the same appreciation and gratitude to the FrontlineStates and their heroic people for their outstanding contribution to our struggle.It is with great pleasure and honour, that we address this session of the LiberationCommittee. We are pleased, because these sessions always demonstrate theunrelenting drive of the O.A.U. towards the total liberation, unity andindependence of Africa. The last and per-haps the most difficult lap of the struggle is on us in Southern Africa. Were it notfor the O.A.U., through this Committee, the task would be well nigh impossible.We are, therefore, deeply thankful for the material, moral and diplomaticassistance we receive to prosecute the struggle.Zimbabwe is currently going through a complex political stage. The enemy isusing every trick in the book of confuse the issue of the struggle. On the 3rd ofMarch in Salisbury, the racist-oppressor, Ian Smith, acquired and blended abrand-new type of stooges to afford his regime a further lease of life. Hecombined Bishop Muzorewa, the Reverend Sithole, erstwhile nationalists - withthe traditionalist, Chief Chirau, to lend an impression of racial harmony andtherefore, a supposed solution to the Rhodesian problem. However, the combinedfirm stand to the masses of Zimbabwe, the O.A.U. and the United Nations againstthis bunch of traitors has halted and exposed the treachery to the marrow.No one is in any doubt now that Ian Smith produced the so-called "internalsettlement" as a camouflage to legitimise his greater hold on power to suppressand massacre the people of Zimbabwe more than ever before. Closeto a hundredZimbabweans are murdered by the racist forces per week under one pretext oranother. 19 women and children plus three elderly men were bombed andeliminated at Mashonganyika village, 12 miles from Salisbury, under a pretextthat a guerrilla had been spotted entering the village. This massacrewas hot onthe heels of another massacre of yet greater numbers of villagersat Devure on14th May under the pretext of a guerrilla spotted addressing a meeting.Bishop Muzorewa, the Reverend Sithole und Chirau are now an integral part ofthe regime committing these crimes against the people. What else can they be butavowed enemies of the people's liberation struggle and therefore traitors PeterVan der Byl, Smith's Foreign Minister on the 19th of April, 1978, confirmed thiswhen addressing a white-only audience. He said of the socalled "internalAgreement":"According to all our friends, we have to accept majority rule in one form oranother. As we have failed to win the war which has spread to the whole ofthecountry. We have not been defeated. We could have gone alone without defeatbut for the turn of events in Mozambique and Angola. The effects of theeconomic recession have hit us hard. Mines are closing all over the country. Thereare many financial crashes. Unemployment black and white - is rising.We arefinding more difficult in finding manpower for the war. Consequently, there wasno escaping majority rule.What we have achieved is a modus vivendi and a mechanism to stop thewar.Zimbabwe News 35Diplomatic Struggle

We had two vital necessities: to find an alternative to Anglo-Americanproposalsand to grant majority rule. What we have achieved is a master-pieceas a politico-diplomatic exercise. No one ever believed that we could get the internalleaders toagree to so much.The eight entrenched clauses of the agreement are effective guarantees becauseany alteration to any one of the eight points would require six whitesto vote withall the blacks against the retention of the point. Also our forces will remain intactand will always defend us against illegal action.The advantage is this: whereas we were alone, we now have the advantage ofauthentic black nationalists defending our political position."Administration faling apartOnly last week was the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole in Cape Town, SouthAfrica, as a guest of the Press Club of racist oppressors, a veritable enemy.of theAfrican continent. He extolled this enemy as a "historical and cultural" friend ofRhodesia. Is this diplomacy or down right treachery?The production and promotion of neo-colonial traitors to defeat theliberationstruggle in Southern Africa is the preoccupation of imperialist strategy these days.It is with a sense of deep commitment to the liberation struggle, that we arepleased to assure you, that our forces of the Patrioticc Front are making gains bythe day. The desperate massacres being perpetrated by the enemy on our people,are a symptome of the enemy that is losing ground.We reported to the Standing Committee of this Co-ordinating Committee,only afortnight ago, that the enemy administration in the rural areas had broken downand that our forces were enjoying solidarity with the masses in these areas. Thiscontinues to be the case. It is the towns and cities along the railway lines, thetrunk roads and a few racist farmsteads which are the targets of our immediateconcern. We have sufficient manpower to wipe out the enemy but forcertainfacilities and equipment; We are, however determined.The internal question of unity within the Patriotic Front is naturally an issue ofimperative urgency. We are pleased to say, that we have accomplished thepolitical and militiry requirements for effecting the necessary fusion. We haveas yet to accomplish the actual structural fusion. We have however, undertakenthe necessary co-ordination and singleness of action to ensure that there shall beno reversal of the trend. In this sense, the alliance is working quitewell. As sureas the armed struggle advances, so shall the question of unity.All-Party ConferenceParallel to the armed struggle is the Anglo-American effort at a negotiatedsettlement of the Rhodesian problem. British and United States envoys arecurrently circulating in the region. Their Mission is no longer to convene aconstitutional conference in accordance with stage two of the requirement of theiAnglo-American proposals, but to seek to set up a so-called "All-PartyConference". This is a device to shift from the Anglo-American proposals and tryto rope the Patriotic Front into the frame of the so-called "Internal Agreement".This new Anglo-American strategy is based on the failure of the BritishandUnited States Governments to shift Ian Smith outside his own terms.

The Patriotic Front though fully ready to attend a constitutional conference underAnglo-American proposals, considers that the British and UnitedStatesGovernments have lacked consistency and have dismally failed to implement theirown proposals. The armed liberations struggle is fast relegating theAnglo-American proposals to forgotten history. The struggling people of Zimbabwecannot stand and wait watching the United Kingdom and United StatesGovernment apply dilatory tactics in order to give chance to traitors toconsolidatea development towards a neo-colonial regime. The armed liberationstruggle musttake its unrelenting course until final victory.We remain always grateful to the O.A.U. for its assistance. Only thearmedstruggle can assure victory. Down with traitors!Victory to the people! A luta continua!Simon V. Muzenda(Vice President of ZANU)Cde. Vice Pres. Simon Muzenda at the OAU36 Zimbabwe NewsDiplomatic Struggle

PRESIDENT MACHEL RETURNSThe President of the People's Republic of Mozambique, Camarada MoisesSamora Machel, arrived in Maputo on the 5th of June 1978 after paying officialvisit to the Democratic Republic of Korea, the People's Republic of Mongolia, thePeople's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Hungary.Among those in the delegation, which accompanied the President and his wife,Camarada Grace Machel, were the Minister for Foreign Affairs, CamaradaJorquin Chissano, the Minister for Industry and Health, Camarada Juse MarioMachungo, the Minister for Transport and Communication, Camarada JoseCabaco and other Party- and Government-Leaders.The delegation left Mozambique an May 13 and first visited the DemocraticPeople's Republic of Korea. Talks were held there with DPRK delegation led byPresident Kim-I1-Sung, resulting in the signing of a treaty of Friendship and Co-operation. the third such treaty to be signed by the People's RepublicofMozambique with socialist countries. The first two where with the Soviet Unionand China. Plans were also made for cooperation in the field of agriculture,particularly irrigation, in which the Korean workers and peasants have a wealth ofexperience. The Mozambique delegation wentnext to the People's Republic of Mongolia, where talks were held with adelegation led by Yanjeagyn Tsendebal, Mongolian President and first Secretaryof the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. A culture agreement was signedand Camarada President Samora Machel was awarded the country's highestdecoration, The Order of Sukhe Bator, in recognition of the Mozambican People'svictory over colonialism and imperialism.A representative of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party attended the thirdCongress of FRELIMO in Maputo last year and latest contact between the PartyLeaders themselves strengthened existing fraternal relations.

The visit to the People's Republic of China was President Samora Machel's first,since the death of Chairman Mao-Tse-Tung, Premier Chou-En-liand President ofthe Permanent Commission of the People's Assembly, Chi-Tar. Themain aim ofthe visit was to make direct contacts with the new leadership team and talks heldwith Chairman Hua-Kuo Feang and the other Chinese Leaders provided theopportunity for reinforcing the links of friendship, co-operation, betweenFRELIMO and the Chinese Communist Party.The Mozambican delegation's travels in the interior of the country, gave thema deeper understanding of the process of building socialism in China,a countrycurrently engaged in the modernisation of all sectors. During the visit anagreement on technical commercial co-operation between Mozambique and Chinawas signed. In the Republic of Hungary, the President Camarada SamoraMachel's delegation held important talks with a delegation of the HungarianSocialist Workers Party, led by an interparty agreement.While in Hungary the Mozambican delegation was able to finalise and ratify someagreements at government level made during visits to Mozambique byHungarianMinisters and visits to Hungary by Mozambican Ministers.On his arrival in Maputo, Camarada President Samora Machel was met at theairport by members of FRELIMO's Standing Political Committee and CentralCommittee, Government Ministers, Members of General Staff of the MozambicanLiberation Forces and Members of the Diplomatic Corps. The VicePresident ofZANU component of the Patriotic Front, Comrade Simon Muzenda, accompaniedby Comrade Ernest Kadungure, Secretary for Finance, Comrade KumbaraiKangai, Secretary for Welfare and Transport, were also at the airport to welcomeComrade President Samora Machel and his delegation back home.Zimbabwe News 37Diplomatic Struggleii '1

Congratulations Mozambique!Mozambique celebrated its third independence anniversary this month. PresidentRobert Mugabe of the Zimbabwe African National Union, sent the followingmessage of congratulations on the day of celebration:Dear Comrade President,On this auspicious occasion of the third anniversary of the independence ofMocambique, allow me, on behalf of the struggling masses of Zimbabweand thevaliant fighting forces in the vanguard of our struggle, to congratulate you,comrade President, FRELIMO, the GOVERNMENT and victorious PEOPLEofMocambique upon the last three years of successfully defending andconsolidating your hard-earned independence and revolution.The bitter, bloody and heroic revolutionary march from Ruvuma to Maputo has,no doubt, been followed by three years of full revolutionary commitment to socialist construction on the basis of clearly defined politico-socio-economic lineslaid down by FRELIMO. At the same time, and as a precondition to suchconstruction, FRELIMO itself has undergone a goal - oriented qualitativetransformation as a Marxist-Leninist vanguard Party, thus equipping it for its

historical role both as leader of the people's socialist revolution andas the centraldynamising force in the defence of that revolution against the forces of aggressivedestruction, either external or internal.Indeed, the last three years have been a bitter testing period foryour independenceand have put to test the will of the Mocambicans to defend and sustainit. Adouble stream of unprecedented hazards, namely, those unleashed by theaggressive and terrorist hand of the racist fascist Smith-regime onthe one Hand,and the natural ones caused mainly by river floods on the other.The unprovoked acts of aggression by the callous Smith regime, though claiminga heavy toll of civilian life and massive destruction of property, even to this veryanniversary day, have, contrary to the expectations of the enemy, made the peopleof Mocambique even more determined to unite in defence of their fatherland andthe freedom to pursue their own policies. More than that, they have continued tolend their courageous and unflinching support to the liberation struggle inZimbabwe. The people of Zimbabwe could not wish for a betterbrotherly alliance than that in which they find themselves alongside the gallantpeople of Mocambique.May we trust that just as the people's revolutionary efforts have reversed theunprecedented disaster wrought by last year's floods by realising an unprecedentbumper rice harvest this year, so shall their joint will and effortsin an evergrowing upsurge progressively reverse the fortunes of imperialism andcolonialism in our region until people's power is fully restored.We wish you more glorious anniversaries, more victories, and moreeconomicbumper harvests.R.G. MUGABE(President of ZANU andCo-Leader of the Patriotic Front)ZANU-delegation welcomes Camarada Pres. Machel homeCamarada Pres. Machel inspecting the F.P.L.M. guard38 Zimbabwe NewsDiplomatic Struggle

Solidarity with the people of YugoslaviaThe President of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union, a component ofthe Patriotic Front, today sent out two messages of solidarity, oneto PresidentTito of Yugoslavia, and the other to the 11th Congress of the League ofCommunists of Yugoslavia, which started meeting today.Here is the full text of the message to President Tito:"On the historic occasion of the 11 th Congress of the League of communists ofYugoslavia, I wish on behalf of the Central Committee of my Party (ZANU)which is a component of the Patriotic Front, and the struggling downtroddenmasses of Zimbabwe, to sent you our message of solidarity and close friendshipwith you, and the League of communists which you have for so long ably led.Looking back into history forty years ago, one cannot fail to admireyour heroicleadership that mobilised and welded the oppressed masses of Yugoslavia into arevolutionary nation, resolute in its courage, daring in its bravery, clear in its

objectives, as it fought a long drawn armed struggle against NAZI aggression andimperialism and defeated it.Victory under your leadership was victory for the progressive forces not only inYugoslavia, but the world over. For as the way became open for socialisttransformation to take effect under peaceful conditions in Yugoslavia, thecircumstances also became ripe for your Excellency to champion the cause ofpeace and disarmament through the instrumentality of the non-aligned nations bytheir critically participating in and often initiating worthy peaceful solutions andexercises. The appeal made by the Belgrade Conference to the bigpowers thentorn by the cold war, is a case of point.In respect of colonial situations, your heroic revolutionary leadership hasconstantly advocated not only the total decolonisation of colonies and transfer ofpower to the people but also full material, political, diplomatic and moral supportfor the struggling peoples. We are happy to have been the recipientsof suchassistance alongside the inspiration, we have derived from your ownrevolutionary struggle and the experience it offers us and whichhave fired ourjust struggle to advance with an ever gro-wing momentum against British settler, imperialism and colonialism. Like you,we are determined that our broad masses as led by our Party and Liberation Armyshall crush the ugly head of the imperialist monster.Our greatest wishes are for your good health and long life which wehope willcontinue to sustain you for Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe, the socialist and non-alignedcommunities."Robert Gabriel Mugabe President of ZANU andCo-Leader of the Patriotic Front Message of the eleventh Congressof the Leagueof Communists of YugoslaviaOn the auspicious occasion of your historic eleventh Congress, the CentralCommittee of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union, a component of thePatriotic Front of Zimbabwe, wish to congratulate you upon your gloriousrevolutionary successes in steering your great country ever progressively alongthe path of socialist construction and in upholding and honouring the principle ofinternational proletarianism, not in mere theory, but in real practice.-The EleventhCongress comes as one more milestone in your outstanding contribution towardsthe building of a new society, based on social justice both at home and abroad.We avail ourselves of this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to theLeague of Communists, the socialist Alliance, the Government and people ofYugoslavia for their unstinting material, diplomatic, political and moral support toour liberation struggle.Just as we regard your victory over Nazi and fascist imperialismas our victory, sodo you hold our struggle as your own. The freedom of man kind in anypart of theworld from the shackles of colonial bondage, certainly deserves to be the concernof progressive communities in other parts of the world. The People ofYugoslaviahave thus directly concerned themselves with the just struggle wehave beenwaging for the total liquidation of colonialism and for the attainment ofnationalindependence in such democratic circumstances as will promote our own

programmes in socialist construction and transformation and lead to the creationof a proletarian society.We pledge ourselves firmly to continued solidarity with the LeagueofCommunists, the Socialist Alliance and the Government and the people ofYugoslavia. We wish every success to your Eleventh Congress.Long live the mighty League of Communists of Yugoslavia! Long live thesolidarity between the victorious people of Yugoslavia and the struggling peopleof Zimbabwe! Long live the International Proletarianism!Long live President Tito!"R.G. MugabePresident of ZANU andCo-Leader of the Patriotic FrontComrade Samora Machel is welcomed by President Tsendenbal of the PeoplesRepublic of Mongolei.Diplomatic StruggleZimbabwe News 39

MOZAMBIQUE OPENS MUSEUM OFTHE STRUGGLE OF A PEOPLE!The Government of Mozambique has opened a museum of the revolution. TheMuseum was opened by President Samora Machel on the third anniversary ofMozambique's independence, June 25th. The museum covers the history of thiscountry from pre-colonial days, through colonialism to the revolution and victory.In its four floors of a restored building in the Alto Mae district of Maputo can beseen scenes that date from the invasion, occupation and colonial oppression to thebeginnnings and victory of the struggle against Protuguese colonialism andimperialism that ended with the realisation of the 3rd FRELIMO CONGRESS tothe great victories of the Mocambican peoples after independence."We should read, study, learn correctly and then interprete culturally, politically,militarily, economically and ideologically what this museum has to show us," saidthe Director of the museum at the end of the official visit.As we said at the beginning of this text the "Museum of the revolution"is an openbook of the history of the Mocambican peoples, a history that was for centuriesclosed to the world and the Mocambican peoples. The history that was taught inthe colonial schools to the few Mocambicans, who had the privilege, was thehistory of Portugal and of the colonial" heroes" (to the portuguese) whomassacred our people in a war of occupation, physical and cultural genocide.It is precisely this that is obvious in the "Museum of the revolution". The actualfigures refering to the number of Mocambicans in the country and eventhose ofthe last days of colonial occupation are there.Reading once again the words of Comrade Samora Machel during hisvisit to themuseum: we see there - "The resistance, the proper ability of history to resistpersecution, but it resisted and has resurged now with more force and vigour,history closed for centuries, but when we opened it we found gold and ivory there,the same ivory that attracted many people to our country, we also kepthere. We

see in the museum all our past, our present and prospective future. There arehundreds of thousandsof pages, all of them brilliant and bathed in blood. Now its up to us, each one ofUS.""The Museum of the Revolution" has four floors. The first floor deals with theperiod of occupation until the advent of the nationalist manifestation. The secondto the formation of FRELIMO and the beginning of the armed struggle forNational Liberation. The third to the violent struggle and victory. The fourth tothe period after independence, the 3rd FRELIMO CONGRESS, and the victoriesof the Mocambican peoples in the various aspects of national life fromEducationand Health to the formation of agricultural cooperatives and Communial Farmspassing on to the organisation of the workers and factory production.On the floor dealing with the period of occupation and the resistance struggleuntil the beginning of nationalism, the museum presents in a didactic form all theaspects, using marked maps, as well as photographs and documents of the period.Here you can see the famous (Orange-Map) (Original) where Portugal wanted tojoin Angola und Mocambique that was contested by British Imperialism. Modernwarfare arms material side by side with primitive arms, such as (arque-buses),bows and arrows, show clearly the disparity between the forces and war materialfavourable to the invaders.The power of the stately campaigns is evident in the stamps and money that theythemselves had turned out and are on display on one of the show cases. TheGungnhana Prison Act (deed: document) is also there. The whips androds arenext to the old passes, the native pass books, showing to the public the cruelty anddiscrimination excercised by the Portuguese colonials.Here as in all the rooms President Samora gave suggestions and valuablecontributions for the historic encirclement of the museum. He refered to thenecessity to display histories of the colonial administration in variousconscriptions and districts of all the provinces in the country, so that old 'supainos'and chiefs could be questioned on the matter. The President himselfaffirmed thathe still had his native pass book and assimilation application and that hewould hand those over to the Museum.It is necessary at this point to reflect over the Presidents words.There are stillmany Mocambicans, who posses documents and articles of great historic value intheir homes and it would be good to start sending those articles to our museum,contributing to its valorisation.Advancing in our historic progress the Museum shows the orginal documents ofthe formation of the first movements for national liberation, letters from the leaderof those movements to President E. Mondlane, the formation of FRELIMO andthe documents of the 1st CONGRESS are also there just like the first arms thatwere used, the most sophisticated being a Thompson machinegun.The first liberated zones, the 1968 crisis and the 2nd CONGRESS are relivedthrough pictures of the time, documents, letters by President Mondlane, uniformsstained with blood and the arms of Mocambican heroes killed during the crisis,like for example - Samuel Kankomba and Filipe Magava, culminatingin a hall

dedicated to President Mondlane, where his uniforms, books, documents andmanuscripts can be seen.President Samora Machel affirmed on his visit that he had recordings of meetingswith the fighters explaining to them the reason why those early liberationmovements failed. On the other hand the Mocambique leader referedto anunpublished letter of E. Mondlane that should be in the archive, written in 1965by the Minister of Foreign Affairs for Portugal, that says more or less thefollowing: "Doctor, we can unterstand the violence lashed out by an illiterateHolden Roberto, but you Doctor, so brilliant, so cultured that you were able toaccept Portugal at the UN, now getting together with a bunch of terrorists.""Imperialism and its allies in our country - internal reactionaries and the remnantsof the colonial bourgeoisie - stand opposed to the interests of the labouringmasses." Victory over reaction and imperialism is the condition for building asocialist society.It requires that the laboring masses be organized to impose their will on theinternal exploiters and to defend the country and the revolution from imperialistaggression."Cde. President Samora Machel40 Zimbabwe NewsDiplomatic Struggle

Following the 1968 crisis, the colonialist let loose the great "NO GORDIO"operation, well explained in the museum, with respective photographs both fromthe FPLM defence and counter-attack as from the colonial troops.After "NO GPRDIO" follows the general offensive on all fronts that lead to themerciless (impertous) advances and finally the defeat of the colonial army - andvictory. This most recent hi-story can be found well documented as well as the last battle which PresidentSamora gave further explanations to a better understanding of what happened. Hedescribed the tactics used that completely mocked the Portuguese and wiped outtheir intensions of turning their defeat into a last minute victory.Throughout this exhibit the visitor will see the new type of weaponsused by theFPLM, arms that are heavier and more sophisticated, that give a goodidea of the dimension of the struggle for liberation and its ext ension, fromefficiency to the tactics used.Independence and the 3rd CONGRESS, the nationalisation and transformation ofthe production (relations) are clearly visible in the upper floor of the Museum.The Visitor leaves with a perspective that history continues and that the museumwill continue to be enriched by history in the making.CHRONOLOGY OF THE ZIMBABWE STRUGGLE1000 - 1550: Wealthy Empire of Zimbabwe flourishes under a series of kingswith the title of ''Mwenemutapa" or simply "Mutapa" Construction of now famousZimbabwe Ruins begun and eaxpanded during this period. Trades with thePortuguese who had established themselves along the East Africancoast since1500. Portuguese attempt to seize the Empire of Zimbabwe and its wealth and toestablish a puppet regime.

1572: Portuguese routed by the Mutapas at the battle of Maungwe.1830: Empire of Zimbabwe now in decline.1833: Attack by the Swazi.1837: The Ndebele, an off shoot of the Zulu's of South Africa arriveand establishtheir kingdom in the Western fifth of Zimbabwe.1890: During the so-called ''scramble" for African colonies, CecilRhodes, empirebuilder, adventurer and Prime Minister of Cape Colony, after making a fortune forhimself out of diamonds and gold in South Africa, sends an expeditionary force ofBritish Government under a Royal Charter granted to his commercial Company,the British South Africa Company in 1889. Rhodesia ruled by the Company until1923.1893 - 1896 and 1897: The Ndebele and Shona fight wars against settleroppression. Ten percent of the white settlers killed in these wars ofresistance andBritish troops called into help fight against the early freedom fighters, some ofwhom were put to death after the war.1923: White settlers in Zimbabwe granted internal self-government, entitlingthem to set up their own government, with a cabinet and Prime Minister and toraise their own defence force. AParliament of 30 members, all of them white, was established.1930: Land Apportionment Act passed by the Rhodesian regime andapproved bythe British Government dispossesing most Africans of their Land.1953: The Central African Federation a brain child of the British Government,formed consisting of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) andNyasaland (now Malawi) Federation dedicated to the policy of partnershipbetween races. Polishborn, former train driver, Sir Roy Wellensky becameFederal Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia. Northern Rhodesia andNyasalandhad established their own Congresses in 1952 and 1944 respectively.1957: To resist British imposed Federation, Africans of Southern Rhodesiaformed the African National Congress (ANC) with Joshua Nkomo as President.1958: In a Palace coup, Todd was deposed from leadership of the United FederalParty (UFP), the ruling party, because he was regarded as being''too soft" withAfricans and is replaced by Sir Edgar Whitehead.1959: ANC in the three territories is outlawed and its leaders arrested anddetained Joshua Nkomo, who was abroad at that time of the ban, escaped arrest.1960: A new political party, the National Democratic Party (NDP)formed byAfricans of Zimbabwe with Michael Mawema as President. FollowingMawema'sresignation Leopold Takawira was made acting President. At the OctoberCongress, Joshua Nkomo was elected. N.D.P. organizes the African masses,raises their political consciousness and demands majority rule.1961: British government pressuresSir Whitehead to agree to a constitutional conference on the futureof SouthernRhodesia at which African leaders of the NDP would be present, the Conferencestarted in London but adjourned to Salisbury. Sir Edgar forced by Britishgovernment to grant Africans 15 seats in Southern Rhodesia Parliament (nowexpanded) out of 65 members. The 15 seats were rejected by the Africanpopulation in their own referrendum.

1961: Whitehead outlaws the NDP, calling it a subversive organisation.1961: Zimbabwe's African leaders still determined to achieve independence forZimbabwe through the constitutional road, form another political party theZimbabwe A-rican People's Union (ZAPU), within a week of the banning of theNDP, they appointed Nkomo as President.1962: Former members of the Dominion Party (DP), an extremely reactionarywhite political party dedicated to the maintenance of white supremacy inZimbabwe for all time, form party. RF with Winstofield as leader accusesWhitehead for not doing enough to guarantee the future of white man inRhodesia. Sir Edgar's UFP defeated in the general elections held inOctober,inspite of the fact that Sir Edgar had outlawed ZAPU before the elections.1963: Nationalist movement is split (August) over the issue of constitutional roadto independence. The militants under the leadership of Reverend NdabaningiSithole (now a traitor) form a new political Party, the Zimbabwe African NationalUnion (ZANU) Comrade Robert Mugabe becomes Secretary General.1963: December. The British government finally convinced of its unpopularityamong the whole airforce of theZimbabwe News 41Diplomatic Struggle

federation to be taken over by the Southern Rhodesia.1964: Ian Smith replaces Winston Field as leader of the RF and becomes PrimeMinister (April) Determined to achieve independence for white RhodesiansBritish government refuses to grant independence.1964: ZANU and ZAPU outlawed (August).1965: The then Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, meets Ian Smith abroad theBritish warship, the Tiger and attempts to persuade Smith not to declare hisUnilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) and also to impresson him thatshould he declare UDI no military force could be used against him. Smithdeclares UDI.1966: ZANU begins to wage the armed struggle commencing with a runningbattle with the enemy at Sinoia (North of Salisbury.)1967: Harold Wilson again meets Smith aboard the warship, the ''Fearless".Meeting abortive when Wilson again insisted that there be no legal independencefor Rhodesia before majority rule.1969: The Land Tenure Act passed by the Smith regime again despossessingmore Africans of their land and confining them to reservations.1970: Smith introduces a new constitution for Rhodesia making thecountry aRepublic. ZANU's Vice President, Comrade Leopold Takawira murdered inSalisbury prison.1971: Then the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Alec Douglas Homeworks out aconstitutional settlement with Smith whereby Rhodesia would then be grantedlegal independence by Britain guaranteeing perpetual white rule providedAfricans accepted the settlement proposals.1971: British government proposes to send a Royal Commission to Rhodesia toaccess the acceptability of the settlement by the "people of Rhodesia as a whole".

The African leaders who had been released from detention as part of theRhodesian settlement proposals and others, organise the African National Council(ANC) with the object of organising the Zimbabwe masses to reject the Anglo-Rhodesian settlement proposals.1972: A British Royal Commission led by Lord Pearce arrives in Rhodesia toassess the acceptibility of the settlement proposals (January- March). Fin-dings of the Commission-overwhelming majority proposals. Armed struggleintensifies.1972 - 1974: ZANU resumed armed struggle in earnest. Armed struggle escalatesto where the British government and the South African government wereconvinced to ambush the armed revolution in Zimbabwe by impressing on Smiththe necessity of detente in Southern Africa to serve the white rule. Aimof detenteto split the Zimbabwe revolutionary leadership between those who would opt fora negotiated settlement and those who wanted to carry the revolution through tothe end. Detente temporarily harms the armed struggle.1974: The ANC Leadership under Bishop Muzorewa begins to negociate aconstitutional settlement with Smith, Smith plays for time and talks drag on.Meanwhile in Zambia, ZANU, the spearhead of the armed struggle, is forced tosign a "unity agreement" with ZAPU and FROLIZI (the front for theliberation ofZimbabwe). In the talks with Nkomo, Smith refuses to concede African majorityrule. ANC reaches dead end. ZANU signs but refuses to lay down itsarms whiletalks were going on between Smith and Muzorewa.1975: Chitepo is murdered.1975: ZANU expells Sithole from Party and leadership. SecretaryGeneralComrade Robert Mugabe becomes head of the Party.1975: ZANU escalates armed struggle, meanwhile FRELIMO, after a ten yearheroic armed struggle routs the Portuguese from Mozambique. Mozambiquebecomes independent (JUNE 25). In Angola, the MPLA, after a fourteen-year oldarmed-struggle, also routs the Portuguese and Angola becomes independent(November 11).1975: Independence of Mozambique shatters white morale in Rhodesia,FRELIMO offers ZANU new transit zones through which to continuethe armedstruggle against the white minority regime.1976: Mozambique closes border with Rhodesia, with Mozambique and Angolaout of the clutches of imperialism, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger,cooks up anew formula to ambush the Zimbabwe Revolution by urging Smith to concedepower to "moderate" African leadership before the storm engulfs him, Kissingerstill trying to grow moderate African leadership to whom power should be handedover to protect American investments, wants a negotia-ted settlement guaranteeing the whites "their" property rights etc.1976: ZANU guerilla leadership rejects the Kissinger formula and escalates thearmed struggle (for the period of May to July, 1976, ZANU calls uponits fightersto carry the revolution through to the end.1976: ZANU and ZAPU issue the Maputo declaration and constitute the PatrioticFront of progressive forces in order to confront reactionary forces.

1976: The Geneva conference on Rhodesia sponsored by the UnitedStates andthe United Kingdom. The Patriotic Front confounds the reactionaryforces ofSmith, Sithole and Muzorewa. The Anglo-American proposals accepted as basisfor future negotiations.1977: The Patriotic Front escalates the war. ZANU reconstitutes leadership.Establishes new Central Committe with Comrade Robert Mugabe as President.1977: The Smith terrorist forces commit more massacres on womenand children,hospital patients and farm workers at Chimoio Tembwe transit locations.1978: ZANU launches major military offensives. Announces that 1978 is the yearof the people.1978: The Malta constitutional conference is held. The negotiatiorsare the Britishand American Governments on the one hand and the Patriotic Front onthe other.Conference clarifies each side's position. Smith, Sithole and Muzorewa do notattend.1978: Ndabaningi Sithole, Tondekai Muzorewa and Jeremiah Chirauturn traitorsto the people of Zimbabwe by joining the Smith regime, in a so-called "InternalSettlement".1978: The Front-Line States (People's Republic of Mozambique, United Republicof Tanzania, Republic of Zambia, Republic of Botswana and the People'sRepublic of Angola), the O.A.U., the United Nations and the whole worldCommunity reject the Internal Settlement and pledge support for the PatrioticFront.1978: Malta It Constitutional Conference is held at the Kilimanjaro Hotel in Dar-es-Salaam. The British and American Secretaries of State negotiate with thePatriotic Front co-leaders Comrade President Mugabe and Comrade PresidentJoshua Nkomo. Agreements reached on a wide range of issues. Anotherconference to be planned.42 Zimbabwe NewsDiplomatic Struggle

Who's Muzorewa Working For?Puppet Muzorewa on his way to his mastersIn our last Issue (see Zimbabwe News, Vol. 10. No. 2, March-April 1978 at PP 47- 48) we gave a "profilein-depth" of Ndabaningi Sithole, one of Zimbabwe's mostcallous, unprincipled, opportunistic, immoral characters, who, most independentobserves have described as being "possessed" by a morbid and insatiable hungerfor power". In our continuing studies of puppets and puppetry, we now turn toAbel Tondekai Muzorewa - popular known merely as Bishop Muzorewa,"President" of the so-called "United African National Council" (in truth anunpatriotic Front of political prostitutes comprising numerous factions, whoseunifying force is money and personal selfish ends), and dictator of the AmericanUnited Methodist Church. We shall now dwell on the known facts and dataaboutAbel Muzorewa as we prefare to provide our readers - within the space availableto us - with new insights into his ideological, political, economic, psychologicaland emotional stability.

No one in Zimbabwe, outside the United Methodist Church, knew of an AbelMuzorewa until about 1970, when the Ian Smith regime "restricted"hismovements on the grounds that his ser-mons were "subversive". That is the only indignity or violation of rights he hasever suffered at the hands of the Ian Smith regime or any other minority regime.He has never been arrested for any offence (real or imaginated) in his entire life.He has never been detained by the police for any reason; he has never seen thedoor of a police-cell or of a court-house or of a jail. He is clean andpure - a feat, areal feat for anyone, who proclaims himself a Zimbabwean Nationalist, in acountry, in which racism is the creed, injustice the norm, tyranny the style ofGovernment. "He some how", so some people believed, "discovered how to obeyall the laws of white minority regimes and yet still remain a nationalist". EvenMohandas Ghandhi never found the formula!Now Zimbabweans know why no "enemy" would touch Abel TondekaiMuzorewa. He has always led a Dr. Jakkyl and Mr. Hyde life. Privately, secretely,and clandestinely, Abel Muzorewa was always been a mistress of our peoples'enemies: locked in concubinage with multinationals and other plunderers of ourcountry's wealth, hand-inglove with brutal settler regimes, aiding, abetting,encouraging these vermins toEvidence isMounting!dispossess, supress, oppress, murder, maim and massacre ourZimbabweanpopulation.It could not be that the regime could not touch Abel Muzorewa, because he worea dog-collar and called himself a Bishop. For had Ian Smith not arrested andbrutalised even more important clergy, including white ones at that?Whoremembers Bishop Lamont's deportion (a real Bishop - who to this day, has neverclaimed to support each and every nationalist dream - see his 1960 encyclical"The Purchased People"), Rev. Garfield Todd (former Prime Minister), BishopDodge (Muzorewa's predecessor as Bishop of the American Methodist Church),Re. Canaan Banana (also a Methodist) etc. etc. Their name is legion. Nor havepriests and nuns been spared arrests, detentions, deportations. These are matters ofpublic record.Since 1972, when Muzorewa had leadership thrust upon him by ZANU andZAPU leaders - then in detention, he denounced Ian Smith and his regime as"racist", "minority", "oppressive". He has, as President of the United NationalCouncil called for more, not less, economic sanctions against Rhodesia (andboasts of it), stated that armed struggle must continue (1972-1977), established a"Zimbabwe Liberation Council" with a "Military Committee" (1975-1976),acquired the title of "Commander-in-Chief" of the "Liberation forces" (let's ignorethe fact that this latter was mere fiction) and posed for photographs holding abazooka in a guerilla training camp. He frequented Maputo (Mozambique) asguest of President Machel (1975-76) who gave him a comfortablehouse (stillunoccupied) which he enjoyed (no talk of communism then); frequented Zambia,where Kaunda gave him a house as well. In short, he consorted withall enemiesof the minority regime before returning to

Zimbabwe News 43National Enemies

How Much Does Muzorewa Know of "American Justice"?Salisbury in 1977. Yet no arrest or detention for any of these things! Could it bethat Ian Smith somehow loved Muzorewa's little round black face onits little,short neck on the little short frame of a black body? Not a chance!Who is his Boss?Muzorewa could not be arrested or detained because, as we now know, it was notin Smith's power to do so. Evidence available suggests, beyond reasonable doubt,that Muzorewa is an agent of imperialism. What is not clear, on theavailableevidence, is who his immediate superiors are. But it could be anyone of thefollowing: a) The United States C.I.A. b) The U.S. Church hierachy - themselvesacting as agents of the C.I.A. or State Department or Defence Departmeat eitherdirectly or indirectly. c) The British M.I. 6d) United States' multi-nationals among whom must be Allegheny Ludlum,Union Carbide and Forte-Minerals, acting directly or through the Church at 475Riverside Drive, New York, N.Y. 10027.e) Rhodesian and/or South African subsidiaries of U.S. or British multinationals.The Evidence: Muzorewa's political philosophyEver since Abel Muzorewa first appeared on the Zimbabwe political stage, he hadnot, until 1978, enunciated his own political or economic philosophy. All heshouted was "majority rule", "One man, one vote (currently, to showthat he is a"liberated" man - "One person, one vote"). But ever since he cosigned thetreacherous and wicked March 3. 1978 agreement, he has been forced to say whathe stands for and re-presents. It were better for him had he kept quiet. Recently, BishopMuzorewapresented a paper entitled: "Give democracy a chance in Zimbabwe", to TheCentre for Strategic and International Studies of Georgetown University at theInternational Club. Washington D.C. It is not possible here to set-out the speechextenso, as it covers 19 pages. We shall therefore contend ourselves by quotingfrom it to illustrate our point.1. Paragraph 1: Muzorewa: "I am on a mission to the United States of America.My mission is to the freedom loving peoples of the United States and throughthem, to the peoples of the free world ..." "I represent the democratic forces ofSouthern Africa because my country holds the key to the survival of democracy inSouthern Africa."Zimbabwe News Comment: Here Muzorewa is spouting the phrases Smith,Vorster and the American right-wing have been shouting for years.He has boughtand swallowed the imperialist slogans "free world", "democratic forces", "key tothe survival of democracy", etc. Line, hook and Like his master he believes thatthe West, unter the leadership of the U.S.A. is "free" andMuzorewa, right, with Lord Carver of the UK and Gen. Prem Chand ofthe UN44 Zimbabwe NewsNational Enemies

Fascist Ian Smith, colleague of Muzorewa loves to see others free.He even talksof "survival of democracy in Southern Africa". Any person who has never been toschool knows better. Africa, Asia and Latin America have been colonized andexploited for centuries by Muzorewa's "free world". It is also obvious to all butthe brainwashed that Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, Botswana and Angolaand not Rhodesia, hold the key to the establishment and survival ofdemocracy inSouthern Africa. Muzorewa must know, that he is lying.2. Paragraph 2: Muzorewa: "I have come to rouse and invoke the democraticconscience of America. I have come to demand that America must honour hertraditional principle of justice, human rights and national sovereignity and thatAmerica must immediately come to the immediate help of nascent democracy inRhodesia/Zimbabwe, where this bud of democracy is, at this very momentfighting for its very existence."Zimbabwe News: Here Muzorewa shows himself to be naive, foolish and apuppet. America has no special "democratic conscience". Throughout the 200year history of the U.S.A., the ruling class using the Congress or the Presidency,massacred the American Indians on a scale unprecedented in history, robbed themof their land and placed them in "Indostans" equivalent to Bantustansof SouthAfrica. They alone operated slavery of blacks on a scale unknownin history.Even such U.S. President as Thomas Jefferson, who Muzorewa must respect andworship, owned slaves and raped slave women. To this day, 150 years afterslavery, racism and Ku Klux Klanism runs rampant. Muzorewa should ask Black,Mexican andPuerto-Rican leaders in the United States about "the democratic conscience ofAmerica" before he shouts his nonsens.Traditional InjusticeWhere was America's democratic conscience, when it waged a criminal war inViet-nam, where, as Muzorewa should know, it committed genocide on a scaleunequalled in history? Where was America's democratic conscience,whenKissinger and others arranged for the assassination by the C.I.A.of PresidentAllende of Chile who had been democratically elected? Where has thisconscience been on each occasion America intervened in Latin America, Asia andAfrica?As for Muzorewa's call on America to "honour her traditional principle ofjustice", those familiar with the real American political, social and economicsystem must simply conclude, that such a statement must come froin themouth ofa political pimp. History shows, that justice has never been a tradition inAmerican real life. The yearnings for it, may be, in much the same way those inhell, must long to be in heaven. Bishop Muzorewa should register fora two-semester course on "Law and discrimination in America" given by Harvard LawSchool's Derrick Bell Jnr. That he would flunk is obvious but at least he wouldhave learned a few truths. The U.S. is the only country, where the highest Court(the Supreme Court) once ruled that black people are not human beings vestedwith rights like white people, but are mere property (see The DredScott decision).No Hitler or South African Court ever so ruled. Despite Brown v. Board ofEducation and companion cases in the 1960's; despite the enactment of The Civil

Rights Act, The Fair Housing Act, Equal Employment Opportunity Act etc.,injustice continues virtually unabated. Ask the leaders of the N.A.A.C.P., theUrban League, Jesse Jackson, Andrew Young, the Black Congressional Caucussetc. Why? Because in justice has been America's tradition. All legislative andjudical intervention in order to create a just society have failed.Justice in America is no more available to all than is a lunch in the WaldorfAstoria or the Ritz hotels. Any sane person knows that in America, the richer youare, the more justice you can have. We are sure that Muzorewa hasnever heard ofthe Wilmington 10 andhas never been inside the Penitentiaries in Jackson, Mississippi, Joliet, Illinois,Sing-Sing in New York and in other places. He needs to do so before he can talkto black prisoners face to face.As for Muzorewa's plea that "America must immediately come to the immediatehelp of nascent democracy in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe where this bud of democracyis, at this very moment fighting for its very existence", we can do nomore thanhope that this reverend gentleman will someday - with political re-education -regain his senses. There is no democracy-bud or otherwise, now in existence inZimbabwe. Ever since Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau joined the Smithfascistregime, all they have done is to drammatize the tyrannous nature of the regime.Why was Byron Hove sacked? What were the recommendations of thediscrimination Commission? Why did Bishop Muzorewa, a member of theregime, express disgust when his regime massacred peasants near Fort Victoria?Where, in a democracy, is the government not in control of the armed forces? InRhodesia, Muzorewa, Sithole, Chirau were made to accept by Smith, their Father,that democracy means just that!"Nascent democracy"? Muzorewa ought to have his head examined. He, Sitholeand Chirau agreed with Smith, that in the future (under so-called majority rule),whites, who comprise 3% of the population, will control, as they do now,50% ofthe land, dominate the economy, dominate and control the public Service;dominate and control the Armed Forces; exclusively comprise the Judiciary;enjoy 28 % representation in the legislature; practice racism in education, healthand other areas.Muzorewas "nascent democracy" is further to be seen in the so-called electionsnow programmed for November. The Patriotic Front wants elections supervisedby the United Nations, Muzo-Fascist Prime Minister John VorsterZimbabwe News 45National Enemies

rewa wants them supervised by Ian Smith and his troops of murderers andmercenaries. The Patriotic Front wants delimitation of Constituencies prior toelections; Muzorewa and his regime want the whole country proclaimed onesingle constituency. The Patriotic Front wants candidates for elections to beannounced in advance of the voting; Muzorewa and his regime want the identityof future law-makers kept secret until a week after election for fear that theircandidates would be lynched by the oppressed masses. The Patriotic Front wants

a nation-wide voter's registration and a national voter's roll open topublicinspection lest the election be a fraud; Muzorewa and his regime wantno voters'register. This is so, so that many of their supporters can vote as many times, onelection day, as they have energy for! Nascent democracy? Abel Muzorewa mustbe insane!Our sense of democracy implies the total equality of all citizens right now.Equality post-poned is justice denied. But this is not all. Democracy impliesequality of opportunity in the social, cultural and economic spheres. Nothing shortof this will be accepted by us. We will keep shooting until we get it. Muzorewaand his cohorts talk of "One man, one vote" and "majority rule" as if these phraseswere ends in themselves. To us, who founded this struggle (long beforeMuzorewa was aware that minority rule was an enemy), "One man, one vote" and"majority rule" have always been means towards an end. Our real objective hasbeen the creation of a just and human social, political and economicorder inwhich the historic struggle between capital, on the one hand, and labour andwages on the other, is forever eliminated. Exploitation of man by man has got tobe abolished (see ZANU POLICY statement first published in September 1963).Toward that end, we propose to overthrow the present parasitic, exploitative andracist economic structures; extinguish the present unjust politico-legal order;exorcise racism, religious bigotry and sexism from the bloodstreamof our nation;abrogate ties with feudal practices; intensify political and ideologicalconsciousness among our people; wage a permanent economic struggle for thebenefit of all our people and firmly place both political and economic power inthe safe hands of the masses.Muzorewa's brand of capitalism must and will be opposed - by armsif necessary.For, not withstanding this reverend gentleman's sloganeering about46 Zimbabwe News"One man, one vote" and "majority rule" Muzorewa like Sithole and Chirauwould instal' in power a parasitic clique of black bourgeoisie, smallerthan thepresent white minority agent oligarchy, who would, in combination with theirbosses in New York, London, Frankfurt and Tokyo, ruthlessly exploit the massesan loot from the land. 3) In Paragraph 2 Muzorewa claims for the "Internalagreement" virtues, that are simply mystical and fictitious. He says: "It was a b'owfor democracy in a region then and currently threatended with bloody and chaotictransfers of power and the consequent exploitation of the chaos byexternaltotalitarian forces determined to create a Godless, anti Christ one party, Marxistregime". Elsewhere, at paragraph 27, Muzorewa says: "1 have argued, that thesurest answer to this problem is that Africa in general and Zimbabwe inparticular,mustimmediately assume an economic viability as the chief weapon against politicalinstability and against the encroachment on Africa's sovereigntyby the maraudingof imperialism of communism and Marxism... 1 have warned against the dangerof vacuum politics in Africa in the face of the West's virtual withdrawalfrom thebattle for peace and democracy in Africa".In so decrying Marxism and Communism, Muzorewa wants Americanstounderstand him as the champion of American hegemony in our region. He

denounces Mozambique, Angola and Zambia but says nothing about South Africaand Apartheid. His tone is that of the John Birch Society and his language is asintemperate against Marxism as the once used by Chiang Kai Shek, NguyenVo Thieu, Butista Salazaar and Hendriek Verwoed. But, what are the facts?a) The revolutionary transformation of Southern Africa (Mozambique, Angola,Guinea-Bissau, Zimbabwe, Namibia) have not resulted from what Muzorewacalls the "exploitation of the chaos by external totalitarian forces determined tocreate a Godless, antiChrist, One party, Marxist regimes". The Salazaar-Caetano,Ian Smith and Vorster regimes, that have been or are being extinguished by forcesare precisely the ones that practised totalitarian, Godless, anti-Christ Systems inthe region. Arguments to the contrary would strongly support those, who believe,that Christianity and God ought to be eliminated from all Societies.Revolutionary Transformationb) The trend toward Marxism in the region is the result of the maturation ofhistorical contradictions (we do not expect Muzorewa to understandthis, afflictedas he is with ideological kwashiokor). There has been no external manipulation ofany kind. Read President Samora Machel's historic "Central Committee Report tothe Third Congress of Frelimo, Chapters 1 and 2). Irreconciliable (we call them"antagonistic") contradictions call for armed struggle to resolvethem. In theprocess, the revolutionary experience transforms participants and suddenly thoughimperceptibly, they see more in history than other mortals. This is hard to explainto a Bishop. But we will try: - You see, Bishop, you believe in prayer andSmith's "S.S." police known as British South Africa Police. terrorize the masseseveryday National Enemies

Insulting Freedom Fightersmiracles / you believe in a spirit or spirits: you believe in the supernatural.Accordingly, you believe some things, that elude clinical analysis.If anyone doesnot believe in your visions, the differences can not be antagonis tic,because yourvision is not concrete in terms of earthly historical forces. We simply ignore themleaving you free to indulge in your trances of prayer to your heart'scontent. But,should you suggest that Union Carbide should have a strangle hold over ourChrome mines then, we enter upon the antagonistic threshold and we takebazookas to meet the challenge. Wehn you suggest as your March,3thd,agreement with Smith, does that certain racist practices can be in thenationalinterest, we take our guns and shoot it down. There is nothing "AntiChrist orAnti-God" about all this. It's historical reality.You see, Marxism presents your Christianity with a challenge. If your Christianityis worth its salt it will survive. If not, it will die and deservedly so.If you tell us"blessed are the poor", "blessed are those that hunger", "turn the other cheek","Slaves, be loyal to your master", etc., and nothing more, youwill lose. We haveseen people with dog-collars in the third world combining with evil regimes toplunder the poor and murder those who sought freedom. Yes, we have seen you,Muzorewa, a Bishop of Christ joining hands with Ian Smith to kill Africanwomen and children in the Tribal Trust Lands. We havec;..,. ~ '-

seen your Christian allies (John Vorster, Piet Botha etc.) shoot unarmed youths inSoweto and murdering Steve Biko in a beastly way. We have seen lots ofwikkedness committed in the name of Christ. We are not fools. Christianity willhave to get off its heavenly posterior and start addressing the pressing issues ofour time. Marxism addresses these issues head-on. Southern Africans want rapideconomic development and social transformation. They want to be true masters oftheir own destiny, they want economic and social equality and justice.There isnot enough goods and services on the market to go round in our developingcountries. These are the realities to be faced. For our part, we know that Marxismprovides answers to these problems. If Christianity also can, welcome aboard. Ifnot, then friend, it was nice to know you.c) It is our concrete situation which has made us Marxists, not any external forceor imperialism. What Muzorewa forgets (conveniently) is, that it was Communistarms that brought Smith to his knees. Muzorewa says Smith has changed, thatSmith now wants majority rule, that settlers have repented. He does not tell uswhy they have changed, because the answer is inconvenient. It was gun-powder.But not one of these guns came from Washington D.C. or from Londonor Bonnor Rome, where his friends pray every day. They came from Socialist countries.Muzorewa did not find it unchristian, to accept office in a regime forced to acceptrealities by socialist arms! He should hold his tongue forever.Muzorewa's "vacuum politics".4.-.-~ ,.~.~1'Chirambaguyo, the typical slum of Salisbury that unmasks evils of capitalism.theory needs not be commented upon. This phrase is always used by Kissingerand other imperialists. We reject the theory that our victory over imperialism inSouthern Africa is dangerous, because it creates a vacuum. Zimbabwe is not avacuum. There are 7 million people; Mozambique is not a vacuum, because thePortuguese colonists were defeated. The Mozambiquans are there. Onlyimperialists talk of "vacuums" when referring to areas they have notbeenable tocolonize or from which they have been expelled.Muzorewa suggests, that the colonization of Africa by Western imperialism hasbeen and is a good thing. He even bemoans what he calls "the West'svirtualwithdrawal from the battle for peace and democracy in Africa." Not even MoiseTshombe at his worst, ever suggested such a thing. We all know, that the West'spresence in Africa was a brutal, horrifying, traumatic experience for Africans.Clearly, Muzorewa has a white mind and as Wall-Streat heart. Any African, whosuggests a recolo nization of Africa, deserves a Nuremberg-trial.We need say nomore.Franchise War?4. In paragraph 12, Muzorewa told his American bosses in Washington D.C., that"the war, which has raged in Zimbabwe, has been a franchise war".Thisstatement, more than any other, shows, that Muzorewa has never understood themeaning of our struggle. ZANU and ZAPU have not been waging a 'Civil rightswar'. The right to vote is only one, and by no means the most important, of the

objectives of our war. People do not eat votes nor wear them. People do notacquire educational enlightenment by merely being able to vote. Nordo the sickget well once they vote. This is elementary. Our war, if we must restateourobjectives, aims at the repossession of our stolen lands, so the people can growfood to feed and clothe themselves; termination of the foreign stranglehold overour natural resources, so the people of Zimbabwe as a whole canexercise fullsovereignty over them - thereby benefiting fully from their exploitation; abolitionof all unjust laws; preservation of our culture; and the right of ourpeople todetermine their own destiny. None of these objectives are realized by the mereadvent of the franchise for all. That is why we took to arms. Much as itmayhorrify Muzorewa, it is nevertheless true, that nothing democratises more than thegun and the bazooka. Ask the Americans.Zimbabwe News 47National Enemies

Notorious (BSAP) police demand that people listen to their leader over lunch.5. In paragraph 13, Muzorewa insults all comrades who have sacrificed their livesin the armed struggle. He says: "The agreement provided for rehabilitation ofnationalist guerrillas through the projected provision of employmentandeducational facilities." This is probably the most criminal statement, Muzorewahas ever made. First, none of us, who have taken to arms to liberateourselves, is asocial deviant in need of "rehabilitation". In fact, the reverseis true. People likeMuzorewa, who have opposed the armed struggle, are in need of rehabilitationand re-education. This much wepromise. Second, we are not "nationalist guerrillas". We are Zimbabweanrevolutionaries. We seek more than mere nationality, which the exploited andoppressed citizens of banana or neo-colonialist "states" all have. We need notrepeat what our objectives are for the third time.The suggestion that our young men and young women have been dying forscholarship and jobs is criminal indeed. Many comrades have lost legs, othershave been paralyzed; many have lost breasts, others eyes; manyhave spend manymany years in prisons, others diedtherein. It was not for "educational facilities" or "employment". They sacrificed soZimbabwe can be free i.e. free of Muzorewa's friends, who oppressed them andbrutally exploited them. Once free, Zimbabweans would give themselveseducational facilities and jobs among other things. They would notbe given bySmith, Muzorewa, Sithole and Chirau. What arrogant, idiotic nonsense!6. The rest of Muzorewa's paper deserves no comment. He calls thePatrioticFront "murder Incorporated" when he knows it is his regime, that is murdering,massacring, torturing, raping our people. Muzorewa used to condemn the regimefor these attrocities before he joined it. He condemns the Patriotic Front for killing"workers of God" meaning missionaries, when he knows, that it is his regimewhich has committed these gruesome murders. He claims that a cease-fire willoccur, because "there are right now areas in Zimbabwe, in which nationalistguerrillas live side by side with government forces." FOOL ! Doesnot Muzorewarealize that, when any government's military forces live side by side with

insurgents without challenging them, then the area is what insurgents callliberated? We now control 80% of the country. Muzorewa should waituntil thefinal push during the next few months.Now, let us ask the question: Who does Muzorewa work for? Hispronouncements analyzed above suggest, that he is working for the Americans.But exactly for who, is our next task. We invite our readers to readarticles in thissection dealing with Muzorewas friends in the United States published inthesecolumns. Our conclusion is, that any African comfortable among such "friends"must be a tool of U.S. corporations and/or of the C.I.A. It should berememberedthat the C.I.A. confessed to using missionaries and corporations as spies in thethird world.MUZOREWA KEEPS VERY BAD COMPANYDuring his last trip to the United States, Bishop Abel Muzorewa, a member of IanSmith's terrorist regime, outraged American blacks, civil libertarians, workers,white liberals and good, simple Americans by flaunting his relationship with someof American's most strident racists and fascists. "This is anout-rage" commented one black student. "It's obscene," added a member of theN.A.A.C.P.What outraged most Americans was the fact, that Bishop Muzorewa has preferedthe friendship and company of Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina. SenatorHelms had driven all overWashington D.C. with Abel Muzorewa on tour. Many, who had known andadmired Bishop Muzorewa before, simply could not believe theireyes.Americans could not believe, that a man, who claims to be a Zimbabweannationalist leader and a christian could become such a turn-coat and opportun-48 Zimbabwe NewsNational Enemies

Senator Tessie Helms of South Carolina, USA, an avowed enemy of BlackPeople.ist. Senator Jesse Helms is probably the most notorious of racists, sexists andexploiters running around in the flesh in America. Consider the record: He hasopposed:a) every Civil Rights legislation designed to alleviate the suffering ofblack,Mexican and Puerto-Rican Americans, b) every feminist measure, including theEqual Rights Amendment now in process of ratification which would outlawdiscrimination on ground of sex, c) the issuance of food-stamps to the poor,c) the rights of municipal workers to unionise and generally, the right of workers,e) the freedom of the press, etc, etc, f) Richard Nixon for being soft on communistChina.Here below, we publish a recent article by Mark Pinsky, a free-lance writer basedin Durham, North Carolina, entitled: "Will North Carolina save us from JesseHelms." It reads:Until mid-September, when Senator Jesse A. Helms (R.N.C.) called ad hochearings on the "unfair", "biased", "pro-ERA, proabortion, and prolesbian" natureof International Women's Year meeting around the country, the current issue he

was best known for in his home state of North Carolina was his vociferousopposition to the new Panama Canal treaties. Feminists, however, were notsurprised at his sudden IWY interest: as the chief sponsor of a proposedantiabortion amendment to the Constitution, as well as an outspokenopponent ofaffirmative action anddunding for a rapeprevention center, school-lunch programms, and federallybacked child-care centers, he was a logical focus for anti-equality activities...But women and Panamanians are not the only groups to have felt the witheringwreath of the Republican senior Senator from North Carolina. Among thecontinuing targets of the legislator, whom a New York Times columnist, referredto as "Senator No," are:* Blacks and the civil rights movement.Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, as an on-camera editorialist for WRAL-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina, Helms railed against forms of activism andlegislation on behalf of civil rights and racial equality. On this ABC affiliate thathas Earl Butz as a stockholder and that, for many years, signed off at night with"Dixie", rather than the "Starspangled Banner", Helms appeared in editorials thatwere rebroadcast across the state on the Tobacco Radio Network andreprinted innumerous rural weekly newspapers. Their tone was frequently sarcastic, mean-spirited and vindictive, and their content provided a voice for "responsible"racism and insistent intolerance. Since his election to the United States Senate in1972, he has been active in attempts to lift U.S. restrictions against the regimes ofRhodesia and South Africa, and he has called for the ouster of United StatesAmbassador Andrew Young, repeating that "every time Mr. Young opens hismouth, I get just a little prouder of the fact that I was one of three members of theU.S. Senate who voted against his confirmation".* Working people and organized labor.During his six years representing a state made infamous by the anti-union conductof the J.P. Stevens textile company (which was repeatedly ruled in contempt bythe National Labor Relations Board), Senator Helms has thus far opposed theissuance of food stamps to strikers, the use of union dues for getout-vote drivers,the extension of unemployment compensation, and the right of municipal workersto organize. The recipient in 1972 of large campaign contributionsfrom anti-union textile and furniture interests within North Carolina and business pressuregroups outside, Senator Helms also opposed the repeal of the "right to work"union shop provisions of the Taft-Hartly Law, has led two filibusters againstallowing pikketing on construction sites, opposes the labor reform bill, and votedagainst confirmation of at least three out of the last four appointed secretaries oflabor - including the conservative Peter Brennan, a Nixon appointee, on theground that any person with a previous trade union affiliation would betoo biasedfor the post.* The press. Although a former printer and a reporter of editorialist,fornewspapers, radio and TV stations, Helms has been a persistent critic of thenational television networks, which, he charged, have been guilty of "manyinstances of deliberate blas", notably in the "absolutely contrived" coverage of the

Southern civil rithts "uproar". He regularly vilifies his two hometownnewspapersin Raleigh, citing them as examples of "the devastating role the.. " 1 11, ......Traitor Ndabaningi Sithole warming by the fire of the enemy Terrorist leaderSmith.Zimbabwe News 49National Enemies

large daily newspapers and the television networks have played in brainwashingthe American people into accepting the destruction of their free enterprisesystem." Since coming to the Senate, he has become one of the most outspokenlegislators to oppose a national "shield law", aimed at protecting journalists from"fishing expeditions" on the part of prosecutors and grand juries, terming theconcept "a bunch of baloney"."Whether I'm with ninety-nine other or no other, I call'em the way I see'em",Helms recently told a Raleigh newspaper reporter. He was being interviewed onhis assessment of his first term and the image he has sought to construct forhimself. Very often, he votes alone, or with no more than half a dozen oftheSenate's diminishing hard-core conservatives. Nonetheless, Helms has clearlymade a mark on the body out of proportion to his status as a first termer, and hisfrequent violation of the Senate's "freshmen should be seen and not heard"admonition has not cost him with the senior traditionalists, perhaps because he'stheir philosophical heir.Helms, at 56, has been able to carve out this niche by making himself a first-string, varsity filibusterer and a master of parliamentary maneuvering. He onceblocked 40 of President Nixon's subcabinet appointments for several weeks andhe recently stymied the Carter Administration's efforts to fill a U.S.AppealsCourt seat on the Fourth Circuit...When elected in 1972 on a wave of anti-Mc Govern reaction, Jesse Helms was afamiliar media presence in North Carolina, His sweeping victory at thepolls (along with the fist GOP governor in more than 75 years) was made possibleby a deeply divided Democratic Party, and was interpreted as a plebiscite againstsocial and political change initiated in the 1960s.Six years later, he is facing a though reelection campaign in 1978...Ultra-right fascistAlthough running slightly scared, Helms is decidedly not an easyopponent. Hehas already raised a campaign war chest in excess of >>2 million, most of whichto date has come from right-wing interest groups outside North Carolina.Contributors include business lobbying groups, PAC (Political ActionCommittees) affiliates of the medical industry (Helms is again national healthinsurance), and anti-gun-control groups like the Gun Owners of AmericaCampaign Committee and the Right to Bear Arms Victory Fund. Much ofthismoney has been raised for Helms by Richard Viguerie of northern Virginia, aconservative activist ivho specializes in mass directmail appeals for candidatesand causes of the ultraright.

The vigor with which Helms latched on to the canal treaties and the IWYconferences- in as much as the wind has gone out of Helm's earlier opposition tosuch issues as amnesty, busing, and financial support for New York City seems tobe a bid for stronger support from national groupings of right-wing extremistswho have focused on women's issues, as well as from antiwomen groups in hisown state.At the IWY hearings in WashingtonPuppet Chief Mangwende inspecting the terrorist forces of Renegade Smith.in mid-September, Helm's long-standing reputation for playing selectively withfacts and figures, as well as his affinity for citing unspecified sources, came backto haunt him. So did his penchant for individual, shooting from-the-hip action; his"Congressional hearings" into IWY had the support of no committee, and wereconducted by Helms alone; a rare event in the Senate. "He was doing the samething he did when he was on television", observed Martha McKay, a founder ofthe National Women's Political Caucus from Chapel Hill, North Carolina. "Plushis old favorite - guilt by disagreement". Dr. Elizabeth Duncan Koontz, head ofthe North Carolina IWY, and assistant superintendent of the state department ofpublic instruction, boarded a plane and, unbidden, attended the hearings with theexpress purpose of challenging Jesse Helms face to face, as one familiar with hismethods.After listening to the testimony of witnesses from her own state, Dr. Koontztermed the charges "a lot of hot air" and the hearings "staged" and "one-sided",amounting to nothing more than "harassment".For Senator Helms, this attack on his feminist movement may backfire; at leastone woman state senator has left the North Carolina Republican Party this year,citing the "narrow-minded people" in control. According to Dr. Koontz, "womenhave been very disturbed by this and intend to use their political responsibility toget rid of Jesse Helms in 1978"."Colonialism has always been the handmaid of capitalism and nowhere has thisprincipal-agent relationship between capitalism and colonialism betterdemonstrated than in Zimbabwe.,,Cde. Mugabe"Labour - both cheap and forced has been as much the product ofthe socialcircumstances of profit-oriented capital investment as indeed ithas been the newcreator of investment capital, in turn creating a new environment of class-formation in which the capital sponsored bourgeoisie emerges as theeconomically and so politically and socially, dominant class as opposed to theoppressed and exploited working class."Cde. Mugabe50 Zimbabwe NewsNational Enemies

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY We See Africa As An Open Field ForManeuver! Paper presented by T. LockwoodAmericans find it hard to keep remembering their own history. Perhapsit isbecause of the influence on us of the media which sells the immediate, the new,

the fresh departure that we find it hard to remember the former events out ofwhich the present comes.I have been trying in the preparation of this paper about American policy towardNamibia and Zimbabwe to place the present policy in its historical context.American policy is made by a relatively small number of people, anelite which,whether in office or out of office, maintains continuities rather than breaks them.Mr. Brzezinksi, we are now aware, bears many resemblances to Mr. Kissinger.They have both worked for Mr. David Rockefeller as key directors of aninternational planning staff. They both come from that part of Europewhich haslieved in close proximity to the Soviet Union or in the Soviet sphere of influence.The Secretary of State, Mr. Vance, was a key officer in the government during theVietnam War.Furthermore, if we look back to the John Kennedy era, we will find parallels ofintention, orientation, objectives and methods to those of the currentadministration. The recently declassified Afri-Secretary of State Cyrus Vanceca: Guidelines for United States Policy and Operation written in 1963 states itsBasic Approach this way:"What we do or fail to do in Africa in the next year will have a profound effect formany years ... The United States, as a country with no colonial heritage in Africa,has great opportunities ... We see Africa as probably the greatest open field ofmaneuver in the worldwide competition between the Communist-bloc and thenonCommunist world.""Our revolutionary background and democratic aspirations constitute a basis forsympathy betweenourselvesand the Africans."Under objectives we find:"15. Gradual emergence or growthy of a middle class capable of creating andmanaging a private enterprisesector in a mixed economy.16. Encouragement, where appropriate, of private enterprise economies.23. Gradual and orderly transfer of power to the majority of the Africanpopulation during. the next few years with the fullest possible protection ofminority rights.33. Denial to the Sino-Soviet bloc of military bases, and to the maximumextentpracticable of military influence in any African country."Compare the basic approach to the first year of Carter. The Vorster- Mondalemeeting last May, Ambassador Young's visit to Maputo and Johannesburg, theCarter speech at Notre Dame, Vance's Law Day speech in Georgia, Tony Lake'smany utterances on human rights, all will serve to illustrate American foreignpolicy in its liberal idealistic mode. The Carter Administration's first yearemphasized the belief that the United States has a salable ideology which cancompete with socialism in Rhetorical idealism and promises political equalitywhile safeguarding economic "freedom".However, the existence of Africa as a free field for peaceful maneuvers in theideological arena and for economic exploitation of the vast treasure-house of

minerals, markets and labor acquired in the first instance by force of arms, isthreatened by the success of armed liberation movements aided by socialistpowers. The significance of the Cuban and Soviet military assistanceto thesemovements does not in fact rest so much on the influence that such assistance perse produces, but rather the strength that such aid can impart to a revolutionarystruggle. Cuba after all has succeeded in a decolonizing revolutionthat hassurvived notwithstanding its existence 90 miles form the United States.Now for the purpose of public consumption in the United States it is necessary topursue the tactic of saying "Africa for the Africans" and "Out withexternalinfluences". But as President Nyerere has so brilliantly pointedout in his recentextraordinary statement, that slogan can itself be the other face ofwesterndomination, a domination in which so-called African military forcessimply lendan African face to European intervention. No one in the West has said "Out withthe 15000 French troops", have they?While American agitation about the presence of Cuban Troops on African soil isnow at an unprecedented intensity, it is not a new development. During the entireAngolan war, Ford and Kissinger continuously harped on the support given to theMPLA by the Soviet Union and Cuba even while denying CIA Support for FNLAand UNITA and complicity with the Soviet African attack of October, 1975. OnFebruary 12, 1976 when it was clear that the Congress would not back furtherCIA intervention, Kissinger warned that Soviet Involvement "will have seriousconsequences for any possibility of easing relations with the SovietUnion and ifcontinued and it became a pattern, must affect other relationships". He said theUnited States would "do its best to prevent the pattern of Angola from setting aprecedent for the rest of Africa".What followed, of course, was the Lusaka speech, the meetings withvorster andSmith, the Geneva talks, the Zimbabwe Development Plan, the Anglo-Americanproposals, the Gang of Five on Namibia, etc. The purpose was to avoid anotherAngola. What did this mean concretely?On the one side, it meant the United States was and is prepared to prevent thecoming to power in Zimbabwe or Namibia of a government which seizes controlof the state apparatur by revolutionary means.On the other side of the coin, Kissin-Zimbabwe News 51National Enemies

ger's new activism meant that "the gradual and orderly transferof power to themajority of the African population" which the Kennedy era had called for was nottaking place in Zimbabwe or Namibia as fast as it should. If anything,a tendencytoward apartheid was increasing and nothing was being done to createthe middleclass of Africans which would be the salvation of the situation accordingtoAmerican doctrine. More alarming still, intelligence reports indicated that withthe closing of the Mozambique border to Rhodesian exports and the stepped uppace of guerrilla activities, Rhodesia was fighting an unwinnable war. In Namibiathe situation was dangerous but not as far gone.

It was under these circumstances that Mr. Kissinger "discovered"Africa, rescuingit from American ignorance and neglect to the benefit of Vorster andSmith. Thereal purpose, of course, was to install a neo-colonial solution in Zimbabwe andNamibia in order to prevent any further unravelling which would spelldisaster forthe two countries which are of key importance to the West: Zaire and SouthAfrica.The first approach was the Kissinger shuttle, diplomacy in which theimportantfigures were Kissinger, Vorster and Smith. Out of their meeting emerged aKissinger package which bears some interesting resemblances to the presentRhodesian internal settlement. The key points included:* Rhodesian acceptance of "majorityrule" in two years, i.e. fall of 1978;* An interim government with a council of state with equal black and whiteparticipation with a white chairman but whites in control of the key ministries ofdefence and law and order;* Assurances from Kissinger that terrorism would cease and the sanctionswould be lifted;* A major international fund to provide development assistance, guaranteesand investment incentives.But in two days time the African front line states rejected the proposals out ofhand as legalizing the colonialist and racist structures of power.At that point, andcertainly after the Geneva talks, it became very clear that, as in the Middle East,the way to undercut revolutionary militance is to attempt to utilize the borderingstates which furnish the indispensable base areas to act as go-betweens formoderation.With the opening of the Carter Administration, certain steps were taken to showfaith to the African countries. The Byrd Amendment which had long beena sore point was repealed, bringing the United States into formal compliances atleast with the United Nations sanctions programme.The Administration proposed to Congress that it appropriate 100 milliondollar asa down payment on a Zimbabwe Development Fund of I to 1,5 billion dollar,which would ultimately cost American taxpayers 520 million dollar. The purpose,of course, was to underwrite the rebirth and expansion of the economy for thebenefit of the multinational corporations. While Congress did not appropriate themoney for a Fund that didn't exist to benefit c ountry which wasn'tindependent, itapproved the idea and called for a regional 1 million dollar study of developmentneeds for the whole region. At the same time, the Congress appropriated anunprecedented sum of 115 million dollar for the support of the "moderates" of thefront line states: Botswana, Zambia, Tanzania plus Swaziland and Lesotho.Efforts were redoubled to find among the brightest and best of the Zimbabweanand Namibian refugees candidates for the technically-oriented pro-western cadrethat would form the core of a new majority-rule government. Suddenly theCommonwealth Secretariat, AID, Carnegie Foundation, African-AmericanScholars Council began furiously to study manpower requirements. BlackAmerican firms began to compete for the crucial study contracts that would set

the guidelines for American assistance to "development" to the majority-ruledstates and the region.This was the soft side, the money and knowledge side of the strategy.At the same time a new diplomatic initiative was launched in the spring of lastyear. The idea was to devise a plan for peaceful transition to majority rule whichwould avoid a revolutionary seizure of power and substitute an electoral process.We cannot enter into a detailed analysis of the Anglo-American plan and theproposals of the Five Western powers in regard to Namibia, but let me atleast hitupon certain important common points:1. The question of transition. The Anglo-American plan put the transition into thehands of a British Commissioner with dictatorial powers. This was ineffect a re-colonization acceptable to neither the white Rhodesians nor the liberationmovement. The British could not be seen by either as neutral.Given this rejection, was there some place for manoeuvre around thisques-President Jimmy Carter of the USA tion? What seems perfectly clear is thatneither Britain nor the United States is prepared to accept a transitionalgovernment that is dominated by the Patriotic Front, and yet that wouldseem tobe the only assurance for them against subversion of a genuine power takeover.When we look at Namibia, the transitional phase is once more handed over to anapparently "neutral" figure, but one who is linked to the preceeding colonialmaster: namely the South African Administrator General. The AdministratorGeneral has now been granted extraordinary power to rule Namibia. Let me pointout that this alleged neutral, a former judge appointed by the South AfricanNationalist Party, has by proclamation on April 18th arrogated to himself thepower to detain without trial and without proof any one whom he considers to beguilty of obstruction, threats or intimidation in regard to the "peaceful and orderlyconstitutional development of Southwest Africa." While a review committee canlook at the situation of such a prisoner, the Administrator General is not bound byits recommendation and no court of law has any jurisdiction over them. Thisdictator would be the partner of the United Nations.The western proposals of course provide a role for a representativeof the UnitedNations Secretary General. He is to oversee the work of the South AfricanAdministrator General. But what is he to do if he does not concur with theactionsof the South African Administrator General? Presumable'ly he can appeal back toheadquarters or lay it back on the table at the Security Council. But he will noteven command the police, who will remain under South African control.2. Security Forces. In the Anglo-American plan the Resident Commissioner is tobecome the comman-52 Zimbabwe NewsNational Enemies

der-in-chief of all armed forces and to form a new Zimbabwe National Army,which will in due course replace all existing armed forces. But is the basis of thisnew army to be the nationalist liberation army plus acceptable elements of the oldRhodesian armed forces or is the integration to go the other way round? Smith

wants it the latter way; the Patriotic Front wants it the former way. Again, thereseems to be a power question at stake.3. The role of whites. It is sometimes forgotten that the Anglo-American planresembles the internal settlement in guaranteeing certain privileges to whites.Thus one fifth of the seats in Parliament were to be reserved for minorities.Similarly, the proposed draft constitution-s bill of rights guarantees againstexpropriation without compensation, protects civil service pensions and dealsonly very ambiguously with the question of land redistribution.In the case of Namibia, Walvis Bay and the numerous islands offshore whichSouth Africa has excluded from the settlement guarantee a power toblockadeNamibia. The West has tended to slough off the question and argue that WalvisBay may or may not be part of Namibia, but in any case Namibia will ultimatelyget it as the Indians got Goa. But the cases are not comparable. Walvis is the onlyviable port in Namibia. Goa is not the only viable exit for Indian seabornecommerce. SWAPO quite rightly sees Walvis Bay as a non-negotiable part ofNamibia.Given these ambiguities, why have these contrivances gone as far asthey have?For one thing, they seem to agreat many states to be not unreasonable. The Lusaka manifesto definitely preferspeaceful means to majority rule and by no means plumps for a violent seizure ofstate control as the only way to real change. Many African countries infact didcome to a form of "majority rule" by some such peaceful process ofdecolonization.Perhaps most important, the front line countries cannot afford tobe the base for aprolonged mounting war of liberation in which the great powers intervene.Angola needs to concentrate on UNITA and FNLA. So long as South Africaremains in Namibia, its power to mount vicious offensives as in the Kaasinga raidand to afford training and arms for UNITA makes the Angolan governmentinsecure. Both Zambia and Tanzania are dependent on western financial andtechnical resources. So is Mozambique. Botswana is a hostage of South Africa. Itis therefore not surprising that the front line states have put important pressure onSWAPO and the Patriotic Front to take ever precaution to appear eminentlytractable, to make all reasonable concessions, to be flexible while retainingessential demands. These it seems to me the liberation movements have done,unreported by the western press by and large.What has been the Western response? It has been to come close to abandonmentof its own proposals. Or to put it another way, the position has hardened so thatnow the proposals are no longer put forward as negotiation, but ona take-it-or-leave-it basis. At the same time we see a new acquiescence in the actions of thewhite regimes.The great attempt sale of March i, 19 ia. Here racist Smith, traitors, Muzorewa,Sithole and Chirau sign so-called agreement which has been smashed by themasses.Just as the front line states appeared to have prepared SWAPO to accept thewestern proposals on Namibia, South Africa launched a devastating attack on theSWAPO base at Kassinga while simultaneously claiming to accept the western

proposals. Nothing could be more clearly designed to show that the South Africanare not prepared to allow SWAPO the opportunty to organize for the electoralprocess. In fact, it seems to have been designed to produce a SWAPOrejection ofthe western proposals, making it the villian. That suspicion is fortified by thewestern reaction to the raid, a raid in which napalm, fragmentation bombsandphosphorus were indiscriminately used on the civilian population toprepare theway for the infantry assault. There was enourmous loss of life. Africans canbitterly compare the mild tut-tutting of the American President and press to whathappened when some few European lives were lost or endagered in Kolwezi. Didany one mobilize paratroops to protect the civilians in Kolwezi from furtherassault? The able American negotiator Don McHenry was left cryingin thewilderness of Capetown that the South Africans had wrecked the chance of anagreement. Mr. Voster called on Carter to repudiate his boy for beingon the sideof the terrorists. Carter was silent.Were these proposals ever meant seriously? Were they not really meant to isolatethe liberation movements, remove their legitimacy, deprive them of their support?Let us look at the question of Western Nonfeasance.What is the West actually not done? It has not pressurized the white regimes toaccept its proposals.1. It has not stopped the flow of oil intoRhodesia that ultimately comes from western multinationals via SouthAfrica.2. It has not stopped the supply of mercenaries to Rhodesia. Todaythere areprobably a thousand Americans serving as mercenaries in Rhodesia.Such notorious proponents of the Vietnam was is Robin Moore have been able toget tax exemption for his Crippled Eagle Foundation whose purpose isto supportmercenariesthere.3. It has not stopped the supply of armsfrom clandestine sources into Rhodesia or South Africa.4. It has refrained from any act of sanctions against South Africathat was notalready in effect with the insignificant exception of banning all sales to the SouthAfrican police and mili-Zimbabwe News 53National Enemies

tary.5. Aircraft for so-called dual purposesare still sold to South Africa and indirectly to Rhodesia.6. None of the five western countriesvoted to condemn the internalsettlement in Rhodesia.Given this history, the question recurs: what will be the next moves?I believe that for the immediate future there will be a grinding ahead of the war ofliberation that has been going on in both countries. I believe the effect of themounting of the Carter/Brzezinski verbal assault on the Soviet Unionand Cuba

will be to prepare the public in the United States for more than just the operationin Zaire. Western armed forces have been thrown in to rescue a corrupt andbankrupt client state. On the one side, the verbal attack on the Soviet Union andCuba covers the embarassment of having to recolonize a majority-ruled state withforeign troops the key factor. On the other side,what does drawing such an issuemean later on?What does it mean that the President is chafing at the bit over restrictions placedon his power in the wake of Vietnam and Angola. It would seem to meanthat theAdministration desires to get more directly into the continuing war to overthrowthe MPLA government.What would happen if Mozambique were to ask for and receive MIG fighters todefend its frontiers, a perfectly reasonable request in view of the actions of theRhodesian forces at Nyazonia and Chimoio? I think it is highly probablethat ifthat happens after the election of a so-called majority ruled government inRhodesia, we could very well see the supplying by air of American equipment toRhodesia. We could also see some scenarious in which C130's or C14 l's arebrought in to evacuate whites as the house of cards starts to fall.The number of people who have been profoundly disturbed by the change ofatmosphere since Shaba is not very large, but it is larger than existed before theAmerican public awakened to what was happening in Vietnam. The sending ofAmerican troops to Africa is something that the United States can do only in anextreme situation. We have to remember that 30 percent of the U.S. troops areblack; the potential division in the United States over such an issue is enormous.In spite of this somewhat alarmist forecast, I believe that the struggle forliberation must go on and that ultimately it will be victorious.ZIMBABWE IN JUNE5/6/78:Maputo. President Samora Machel returned to Mozambique from a visit to theDemocratic Republic of Korea, the Peoples Republic of Mongolia, thePeople'sRepublic of China and the People's Republic of Hungary.The President of the Zimbabwe African National Union and his delegation werevisiting the Socialist Republic of Viet-Nam.Salisbury. British and American envoys, John Graham and Stephen Low arrivedin Salisbury for talks with the terrorist Rhodesian kith and kin.12/6/78:Salisbury. Relatives of the over 30 African civilians killed last Saturday at avillage about 20 km from Salisbury have told reporters that the dead weremurdered by terrorist Rhodesian troops.San Francisco. Janice McLoughlin, an exiled member of the CatholicCommission of Justice in Southern Rhodesia told news men last week-end thatthe Smith regime conceals its murder and torture of the African civillians from theworld public.Salisbury. An African Trade Unionist in Salisbury has reported thatmillions ofAfrican People in racist Rhodesia continue to live in slave-like conditions inspiteof the so-called internal settlement.13/6/78:

Salisbury. The white settler terrorist Rhodesia Front Party which is in control ofthe army, police and civil service in racist Rhodesia has censored statements bythe two African puppet groups of the so-called internal settlement. The"offending" statements which were issued by the treacherous African groups ofSithole and Muzorewa were ironically blaming terrorist Rhodesian troops for themurder last Saturday at a village about 12km from Salisbury.Salisbury. Of the three international News agencies, who have correspondents inthe country at present, Reuter has been banned from publishing andtransmittingnews from Rhodesia. Reports on the statements by the local news agenciescontolled by the white settler regime IANA and the RhodesiaHerald were also censored.Last April, the white settler party expelled Byron Hove, who was co-minister ofJustice, Law and Order from the invalid Ministerial Council for ironically callingfor discrimination in favour of Africans in the terrorist Rhodesian army, policeand judiciary.Under the stringent censorship regulations imposed by the white settler regime inJanuary this year, news correspondents in the embattled British colony areforbidden from reporting without clearance by the regime of statements, whichamong other things relate to any measure or act of any description what-so-everof the terrorist Rhodesian regime for the purpose of trying to supress theliberation war raging through out the whole country.The murderer Ian Smith, leader of the terrorist Rhodesia Front Party, whichmanipulates the so-called interim government yesterday said that the BogusSalisbury agreement was not suceeding as he and his African puppets had hoped.Speaking in a BBC interview, the murderer Ian Smith said, he was verycritical ofefforts being made by the invalid council in bringing about a ceasefireto the 12years old guerrilla war. Last month, the so-called interim government called onthe ZIPA forces to lay down their arms and surrender.ANC Official Benson Ndemera, who was the groups organising secretary wasdismissed after saying last week that the participation of the group inthe so-calledexecutive council made it a silent Smith puppet. Benson Ndemera said that morehonest African people have, in Muzorewa's puppet group begunto express seriousdoubts about any more remote possibility of the sell-out Salisbury agreement eversucceeding.Geneva 15/6/78:African workers representatives attending the International labour Organisation'sannual conference in Geneva were today protesting against French militaryintervention in the African continent and French collaboration with the racist andfascist regime of Salisbury and Pretoria.Accordingly to reports received here yesterday, the African representatives wereplanning to walk out of today's session during a speech by French primeIdeological and Revolutionary Education54 Zimbabwe News

minister Raymond Barre.

Another statement issued by the representatives also called on otherdelegates,representing workers, employers or governments, to walk out during the Frenchprime minister's address.The 134-member international labour Organisation made up of governments,employers and workers representatives from each country, aims to improveworking conditions throughout the world.Yesterday's statement by the African workers representatives alsostronglycastigated France for continuing to violate United Nations sanctions byopenlytrading with the rebel and terrorist Rhodesian fascist.Luanda 15/6/78:Two International Organisations have strongly condemned fascistSouth Africa'scold-blooded massacre of Namibian refugees in the People's Republic of Angolalast month.The Angolan News agency, Angop, said the condemnation was made bydelegates from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCRand the World Health Organisation W.H.O. who visited Kassinga in the Southernpart of Angola between the 24th and 28th of May.Both organisations confirmed that Kassinga was only a Namibian refugee campwith no military activities.The delegates also appealed to the International community for medicine, foodand clothing for the thousands of Namibian refugees in the people's Republic ofAngola.Bruxelles 15/6/78:Representatives of ten of the 14 Western capitalist countries who metin Bruxellesthis week have drawn up two neo-colonialist schemes for Zaire.One is to immediately consolidate their control over the 8-day anti-governmentpopular uprising. The other is a long term capitalist plan designed tocontrolZaires natural resources.About 116 million dollars will be used in these neo-colonialist schemes. Zairespresident Mobutu has agreed that foreigners should take over keyposts in thecountry, such as the National Bank and Finance ministry.Members and supporters of Chimurenga, the National Liberation war inZimbabwe, throughout Southern Africa, were today commemorating the death ofthe late Comrade Takawira, first vice-president of ZANU, the Zimbabwe AfricanNational Union, now acomponent of the Patriotic Front, who died in 1970 because of illtreatment in thefascist dungeons of the rebel and terrorist Rhodesian regime.In all Zimbabwean refugee and transit camps in neighbouring independentAfrican States, and in the liberated, semi-liberated and contested zones ofZimbabwe, meetings, highlighted by songs and plays, were held today inrememberance of the late Comrade Leopold Takawira.In an address to the oppressed and resisting masses of Zimbabwe,to be broadcastsoon after this news bulletin, ZANU's president and Patriotic Frontco-leaderComrade Robert Mugabe noted late Comrade Takawira's outstandingcontributions to the Zimbabwean war of National liberation.

The ZANU president also recalled times in the 1960's when he, ComradeTakawira and other Zanu Central Committee members witnessed during theirdays in detention, Ndabaningi Chakandiwana Sithole, change from anapparentstern nationalist into the present renegade and quisling. 17/6/78:Maputo. ZANUS President and Patriotic Front co-leader, comradeRobertMugabe, today said the prospects of African people in Zimbabwe having totalpower are much more favourable than before, because of the revolutionary armedstruggle. But the British are still unwilling to bring about final actofdecolonisation and vesting power in the people of Zimbabwe through theirrevolutionary leadership.The Secretary of Defence of ZANU, Comrade Josiah Magama Tongogara, todaysaid, the military situation in Zimbabwe is in favour of the Liberation Forces.18/6/78:Maputo. The President of ZANU, the zimbabwe African National Union,Comrade Robert Mugabe, returned here last weekend from his visits in severalprogressive countries. Comrade Robert Mugabe who was leading aZANUdelegation visited Tanzania, Syria, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Korea and Viet Nam,where he held talks with the government and party officials of therespectivecountries.Speaking to the Voice of Zimabwe Comrade Robert Mugabe said, the liberationmovement was prepared to attend a constitutional conference to discuss theindependence constitution. He also stressed that the Smith-SitholeMuzorewa-Chirau regime must be dismantled or overthrown.19/6/78:War Zones of Zimbabwe. Reports from the interior of the South-Eastern warzones of Zimbabwe say there were considerable number of serious clashesbetween the ZIPA Freedom Fighters and the terrorist Rhodesian troopsduring thefortnight ending on the 5th of June in the area between the road fromShabani toBala Bala, Filabusi and the one from Shabani to West Nicholson near theNuanetsi river.In one of the reported incidents during this period, ZIPA combatants destroyed 3military trucks of the Rhodesian regime in an ambush and killed several enemytroops wounding others.In another incident during the same period, near Silibuhwa dam, ZIPA FreedomFighters attacked and annihilated a unit of 8 terrorist Rhodesian troops, which wascamped out of a side village. Several weapons were captured.ZANLA-forces getting ready to assault the terrorist forces of Smith.Ideological and Revolutionary EducationZimbabwe News 55

21/6/78:Maputo. The President of ZANU, the Zimbabwe Africa National Union, and co-leader of the Patriotic Front, Comrade Robert Mugabe, today restated that theliberation war in Zimbabwe must continue to grow hot and that powercan onlycome trough the barrel of the gun and not through the negotiating tables.

The Patriotic Front has asked the Organisation of African Unity for an extra 3million Dollars to enable the stepping up for the unity of the armed struggle inZimbabwe.22/6/78:Salisbury. The British and American envoys, John Graham and Stephan Low,returned to Salisbury last night in continuation of their bid to convenea so-calledall party conference on Zimbabwe.The two envoys spent two weeks in Salisbury earlier this month conferring withtheir white terrorist Rhodesian settler kith and kin, and the African traitors,Sithole, Muzorewa and Chirau.Since then they have visited the People's Republic of Zambia, Botswana andfascist ruled South Africa. They have held talks with the co-leaders of thePatriotic Front, Comrade Robert Mugabe, the President of ZANU.Soon after theirmeeting here in Maputo last Thursday, the two envoys, Graham and Low wereproposing direct talks between the Patriotic Front and the terrorists and traitor ofSalisbury.The Patriotic Front rejected the idea in totto and maintained the posture that it isprepared to attend a constitutional coference to discuss the independenceconstitution with the British government, the legal colonial authorityin SouthernRhodesia. The Front said however, it had no objection if Britain wants to involveother parties in the conference."The distinguishing features of our nation such as cultural homogeneity (evenheterogeneity), our biological and genetic identity, our social system, ourgeography and our history, which together characterize our national identity, alsocombine in producing out of our people a national vigorous and positive spiritwhich manifests itself in the consistently singular direction of its ownpreservation."Cde. Mugabe24/6/78:Maputo. The armed forces of the illegal terrorist regime of Rhodesia havelaunched another attack on the People's Republic of Mozambique murdering 17Zimbabwean refugees and two Belgian Nationals.The OAU Liberation Commitee has come out in total support of the PatrioticFront as the sole and authentic representative of the people of Zimbabwe. 25/7/78:Maputo. The Zimbabwe African National Union today issued a statementcondemning the murder by terrorist Rhodesian troops of 17 Zimbabwean refugeesand two Belgian Nationals in a raid inside Mozambique last Thursday and thecold blooded murder of 12 missionaries at Elim Mission near Umtali.Kinshasa. A two man delegation representing the Muzorewa's treacherous puppetgroup of Salisbury is visiting Kinshasa for talks with the Mobutu regime of Zaireto seek support for the so-called internal settlement.The puppet delegation intends to visit Ghana and Nigeria before proceeding toLondon for talks with the British Government officials including theBritishForeign Secretary, David Owen.Maputo. The President of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union,Comrade Robert Mugabe has said fascist South African troops are helping the

Rhodesian terrorist troops against the ZIPA Freedom Fighters in thebattle fieldsof Zimbabwe.27/6/78:Salisbury. The rebel and terroristRhodesian regime has reported that four senior officials of Muzorewa's puppetgroup, which is a partner of the socalled internal settlement were killed by theZANLA Freedom Fighters near Fort Victoria in the South Eastern war zones ofZimbabwe.A statement issued by the regime's so-called Combined Operationssaid, the fourtraitors, one woman and three men, had been sent on a mission to persuadeZANLA guerrillas to lay down their arms and surrender to the enemy.Last month, four members of the renegade Ndabaningi Sithole puppet group,which is a partner of the so-called internal settlement were killed by ZIPAguerrillas during a similar mission in Wedza area, about 80 km from Salisbury.About 39000 racist whites in the Rhodesian civil service have urged the invalidinterim executive council of Sithole, Muzorewa and Chirau to issue a moredefinitive statement assuring white settlers of their security of tenure, and if anyrestructuring is done in the direction of Africanisation, compensation to thedisposed white settlers.Salisbury. Another two European missionaries who were working in racist ruledRhodesia, have fallen prey at the hands of the barbarous and terrorist Rhodesiantroops. The incident took place at St. Rupert's Mission about 40 km from SanyatiMission.A heavily censored military communique issued by the Salisbury regimeyesterday said, two Jesuits Missionaries were shot dead at their hospital in theWestern war zones on Zimbabwe on Tuesday by unknown gunmen.Forward with the Revolution: Pamberi ne Chimurenga!Ideological and Revolutionary Education56 Zimbabwe NewsIAff:

Education and culture Political Commissariat Lecture Series Liberation war is avast school for the massesThe school, the Church, the mass media and cultural activities generally are vitalagencies in the battle for ideas and the direction of the minds of the young people.In Zimbabwe in particular 90% of the schools are run by missionaries and theyhave used them to assail indigenous culture as 'heathenism', and tocreate aneducated elite, that emulates foreign values and is totally alienated from themasses.The education system was intended to prepare the African pupil for a career ofproviding cheap labour to the whiteowned plantations and factories; andnot theall-round development, that a citizen would normally require. In that regard, theruling class was being consistent in that it could not show the African pupil greenpastures where he would not be allowed to graze. ZANU has startedthe work ofcorrecting the mis-education of the past in the process of the liberation war.

The war is a vast school, that is teaching people technical and scientific skills, andnew ideas about the people themselves. ZANU has also established its ownprimary and secondary schools, and a Zimbabwe Institute in Mozambique fortechnical and vocational train-ing. New teaching materials are being produced, which show our glorioustraditions and culture as a people, and equip the pupils with technicalskills and ahigh level of consciousness to enable him to participate fully in all the political,economic and social institutions of a free, democratic and independent Zimbabwe.The syllabus links theory and practice, and puts stress on technical and scientificadvancement. Over 20000 Zimbabweans have been enrolled in these neweducational institutions. As the areas of liberation broaden the new system willgradually replace the colonialist one. The evils of colonilism and imperialism willbe fully exposed, and an entirely new perspective put on our history and culture.The important act of victory against colonialism in the battlefield willand haschanged the thinking of our people about themselves and the ehemy.When ZANU takes the reigns of power in Zimbabwe, it will introduce free andcumpulsory education at both the primary and secondary school levels. Childrenof the poor peasants will be able to attain any academic qualifications they arecapable of getting. TheThe first socialist revolution started in the Paris Commune of 1871.ruIIti ,..ullllln aal vI1. Vyr ~ii IIUU1state will provide vocational and technical schools with the object of providing allworkers and peasants with the opportunities to be literate and improvetheir skillsfor the good of the. country as a whole. Organisations of workers,peasants,youths and women, will undertake educational programms of their own.Imperialism cannot exist without cultural aggression, just as much as it cannotexist without political and economic expansion. Cultural aggression finds itsexpression in literature, through the stage, screen, mass media, schools and thechurch. These institutions have slandered and sub-merged manygood aspects ofour culture. Culture is already receiving maximum attention. The party isbuilding up a new Zimbabwe culture derived form our golden heritageandhistory, and developing this culture to meet the demands of the new socialistsociety.The new culture will absorb the best from foreign cultures and reject that whichdoes not suit Zimbabwe. In a free Zimbabwe cultural institutions (exhibitioncentres, libraries and reading rooms, drama halls, writers' associations, drummingand traditional cultural centres) will be set up and run by the people themselves.Cultural and sporting ties with friendly states and bodies will be encouraged.We have referred to the role of churches in our educational system. In a freeZimbabwe all educational work will be directed by the state, and organised by thepeople themselves in selfreliart projects at the villages and community level.Zimbabwe citizens will be free to believe in whatever religion they fancy, local orforeign, but the churches will have no role to play in education, health, socio-economic activities, or cultural bodies. We have many church-Ideological and Revolutionary EducationZimbabwe News 57

The war is a school for the masses including these young comrades.goers among our people, who genuinely desire some spiritual activity. The desirecan and will be fulfilled without using it as a bait to get converts, to poison theirminds in church schools, and penetrate their institutions for the benefit ofimperialism. In the 88 years of colonialism, the Missionaries and their Churcheswere instruments of imperialism, reinforcing the fascist and white supremacistideas of the white settler, who were the main agents. This situation cannot betolerated in a free, independet Zimbabwe.Social WelfareThe nationalisation of the major means of production and the organisation oflabour for the purpose of running these means of production is the mainpoint ofdeparture struggle - those who want total transformation of society; and powerand become the new exploiters. This is the point, where those who hold theinterests of the masses at heart part company with internal and externalreactionaries.ZANU, as the vanguard of the Zimbabwe revolution, shall organiseall theworkers and the peasants, so that they can own directly and indirectlytheinstitutions in which they work. We believe, that the ultimate way of effectiveway of combating poverty, unemployment, juvenile delinquency, prostitution,theft and the lumpen proletariat, is to involve the workers directly in theproduction process. The mere enlargement of welfare offices may treat a part ofthe disease but will not cure it for ever.Of great importance in the re-structuring of our society is the positionof thewomen. Zimbabwe women are the real workers in our society. They work in thefields, raise the children, and manage all the affairs at home. The liberation warhas increased and enhanced their position as fellow fighters and combatants.Having achieved their equality in thebattlefield, our policy must consolidate their gains by opening every door to thefull participation of the women in all aspects of the national life. The policy of theParty will encourage women to break away from old-fashioned modes ofproduction, which relegated them to domestic work or to certain specificprofessions such as teaching and nursing. In a free Zimbabwe they should becomeworkers in their own right.A social security system will be introduced to look after and care for all those,who were disabled during the war, and all the orphans, whose parentsweremurdered by the fascist colonial forces. They will be given first priority to landand education. The families of servicemen, who died in the war and those, whowill be serving the army, will be cared for by the state through a WarMemorialFund. Pensioners of the colonial state could not possibly look to the newstate topay them for their many years of oppression; but those, who will have served theZimbabwe state during the struggle and after it will be a charge on thestate.Those physically disabled will be taken care by the state, in keeping with some ofour traditions of caring for the aged and disabled.The aim of a free Zimbabwe is to provide all basic amenities to every child fromcradle to the grave.

In 1917 a new land called the USSR was born out the Russian Revolution.Ideological and Revolutionary Education58 Zimbabwe News

Styles and methods of workSection threeStyles and methods of work are determined by the phase of struggle, and thedemands it makes upon the movement, its leaders, and the participants. Zimbabweis still at the national democratic phase of its struggle, when all classes andindividuals in the colonised and oppressed society must be united in opposition tothe common enemy, the coloniser and its agents. In this phase, it is absolutelynecessary, to establish popular institutions for the effective mobilisation andpoliticisation of the colonised masses for the specific purpose of destroying andimmobilising the colonial structures of oppression and repression.The first task is to establish the people's army as the central organ of the partyduring the national democratic struggle. Chairman Mao Tse-Tung said, powergrows out of the barrel of the gun. A people colonised by a foreign power andruled by twin-enemies through armed force as ZANU had done in the last14years.The Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) was formed in 1964as an armed wing of ZANU. It launched the armed struggle at the Sinoiabattle onApril 28th 1966, and relaunched an extended fighting zone in Centenary districtin 1972. Although every member of ZANLA was aA young comrade leads in song. Revolutionary ZANLA songs always teach.member of ZANU, all members of ZANU were not members of ZANLA. As thearmed struggle advanced, this line of distinction was removed, and allmembers ofthe party automatically became members of ZANLA, and were liablefor militarytraining in order to advance the frontiers of the war to defend what thepeople hadgained.Furthermore, ZANLA is not a militarist organisation like the regular nationalarmies of nation states, but a politico-military organisation, which placesemphasis on the political objectives of its work. It is an army of the toiling mas-The people of Korea smash imperialism in 1953, first victory of people. AfterWorld-WarlIses of Zimbabwe, whose objectives is to remove the illegal regime ofthe whitesettlers and end the system of colonial capitalism. It provides the machinery thatmakes it possible for the people to fight for their own rights; and to establish theirundisputed right to the natural resources and the wealth of their country. Once theenemy has been expelled from a particular district, ZANLA men begin the moreimportant work of education and development of the people, usingtheir ownresources and initiatives. Again, it provides the machinery within which peoplecan develop themselves economically, culturally and socially.The second task is to establish a system of democratic centralism within thepopular institutions, especially the army and the political party. All issues ofimportance to the party and the mass of the people, must be discussed fully by allthe people in democratic organs throughout the length and breadthof the

organisation. When a clear consensus has emerged relevant decisions are thentaken by the centralised organs which speak for the entire party, and whosedecisions are binding on all members.All the army and party organs must be permeated by a spirit of opencriticism andself-criticism of all politico-military cadres, including the military andpoliticalleadership. In exercising their democratic rights and in the enjoymentof all basicnecessities of life and work, all cadres are equal irrespective of rank. No leader,military or political, can be above criticism or be entitled to any special privileges.Equality and democracy are inseparable foundation stones of theIdeological and Revolutionary EducationZimbabwe News 59

truly revolutionary army that ZANLA has become.Furthermore, the working extent of a system of democratic centralism depends toa large extent on the presence of practice of a democratic leadership. Indeed.leadership can be a decisive factor in the direction and execution ofa revolutionin society. Over the fourteen years of the armed struggle, ZANU has developed apolitical and military leadership, that has imbibed a working class ideology,forged links with the most oppressed section of society, and placed its power basein the peasantry who are bearing the brunt of most of the fighting, theworkers,migrant labourers, students and exiles.From its birth, ZANU has insisted upon democratic procedures and practiceswithin the party. Recently, it expelled the first President, Ndabaningi Sithole, fortaking arbitrary decisions and reneging on the armed struggle. It has exposed andexorcised leaders, who have attempted to promote regionalism and tribalism, andthereby abandoning the only revolutionary line of uniting all oppressed workersand peasants. Hiding their ambitious and reckless plans, financed by andsupported by imperialism behind a cloak of Marxist-Leninist rhetoric. Someleaders attempted to promote divisions in the party that could only benefit theenemy. Bearing in mind, that ZANU has been the main target of imperialism andits agents, it is only the correct line of political and military leadership, that hasprotected the revolution and secured the integrity of the party.The third task is to build a popular base among the population in the country.Indeed, a popular base has been built already among the peasantry, migrantworkers and the workers who have been supporting the war. Evensome genuinetraditional Chiefs and elements of the petty bourgeois among the petty traderspurchase area farmers, bus operators and civil servants, have supported the armedstruggle. It would have been impossible to strike as deep as we have done atenemy targets and institutions without the collaboration of large sections of thecolonised African population. ZANU plans to forge links with popularorganisations such as women organisations, trade unions, professionalassociations, farmers' organisations, peasants movements, student organisationsand youth movements in order to spread the revolutionary activitiesof the massesof the people.The young comrades of ZANLA start their education young. We cannot lose.

Furthermore, the task of spreading the revolutionary activities of the masses of thepeople must be accomplished with a vigorous programme of political education.All political-military cadres of ZANLA are engaged in an extensive programmeof educating themselves. ZANU's Political Commissariat has envolved aneffective programme of political education for the cadres and the masses.Education is also provided in the refugee settlement and liberated zones for adultmen and women, and for children. Indeed Che Guevara stated, the entireliberation war is nothing but a vast school in which cadres learn new technology,then apply it to the concrete situation before them.Young Zimbabwean, men and women, who fight for their country every day, dolearn advanced technology, the geography of their country, the characteristic oftheir own people, and more importantly, how to organise them for change andtransformation. ZANU has been fully aware af the importance of politicaleducation and has established of the importance of political education and hasestablished appropriate educational institutions in every camp or settlements andin every village in the liberated zones. The new education policy stresses servicesto the people, and not the creation of the kind of elite established bycolonialeducation.In the economic sphere, the policy of socialism adopted by both ZANU andZANLA several years ago in Mwenje I and Mwenje II, constitutes the central aimof our struggle. We are fighting to remove the colonial situation that has existedin our country for the last 88 years; and, more importantly, to replaceit with asocialist system which alone can give and guarantee freedom and peace for all ourpeople. Any system of exploitation of one man by another, such as the colonialsystem which we are removing, is bound to breed tension and conflictin societyin time.The new system of socialism, which we intend to introduce in Zimbabwe, alreadybeing practised, in small way, in the refugee settlements and the camps; and alsoin those liberated zones, where the population has turned to us for direction andassistance. Of course, the continued harrassment of the enemy air raids hasprevented the development of large production units in the refugee settlements orin all liberated zones. But, the new structures of communal production,cooperatives, and public management, are beginning to shape, andwill blossomas peace and security come to the liberated zones and the countryas a whole.The central objective of the party in this economic field is to institutionalise thesocio-economic structures that will be the backbone of the reorganised Zimbabweeconomy. Our experience in the reconstruction of the liberated zones is going tobe crucial to our practise, when ultimately a people's governmentis established inZimbabwe. Like the experience of FRELIMO, it should help us to focus thedirection of our economic planning and to remove and expose those among uswho may not be committed to genuine socialist transformation.Negotiations and the Armed StruggleIn the present context, when imperialism is making concerted efforts tosubvertthe emergence of true independence in Zimbabwe by using reactionary andcomprador elements, and puppets of colonialism in the African community, to tryand maintain the present balance of social forces and to safeguardtheir economic

interests in the region of Southern Africa, it is imperiative for the people'smovement, to articulate the ideology of the struggle of the masses of the peoplewith clarity and firmness. The mass of the people do not know theIdeological and Revolutionary Education60 Zimbabwe News

manouevres of imperialism and its agents, and may be hoodwinked into believingthat the neo-colonialism being profferred in the so-called internal set-I tlement of1978, and the Anglo-American proposals of 1977, is the independence they havebeen fighting for, when infact it is simply a continuation of the Rhodesian Front'sregime in another form.The safeguards that Ian Smith secured from the two factions of the AfricanNational Council, guarantee white political influence and securetheir economicpower. The party has the duty to inform the mass of Zimbabwe peopleof theseimperialist manouevres, expose the local agents who are masquarading asliberators, when infact they have betrayed everything the people have fought for,and defend the gains of the people by refusing to ceasefire until genuineindependence has been achieved. Concrete analysis of international trends andimperialist manouevres, and dissemnination of such analyses to Zimbabweans andprogressive states in Africa and organisations abroad, is an indispensable tool ofthe armed struggle at the present time.Constitutional negotiations in which the party has been involved, havebeenintended to consolidate the gains in the battlefield. The party has a clear case ofcolonial domination and exploitation which has been put squarely beforeinternational and regional forums of international opinion. In thosestatements wehave stated repeatedly our willingness to talk to and negotiate with the colonialpower, Britain, for the specific purpose of transferring power from the whitesettlers to the majority Africans. We have stated that the parties to the talks shouldbe the colonial power and the Patriotic Front of ZANU and ZAPU, which isfighting to end colonialism.The objective of our talks with the Government of Britain at Geneva in 1976, andrepresentatives of the British and American Government at Malta in1978, wassimply to achieve the transfer of power. That has been the main objective of thearmed struggle. That approach differs radically from the tactics of the puppets,who met with the Rhodesian Front Government's representatives inSalisbury inJanuary and February, who had the avowed aim and plot of defeating theobjectives of the armed struggle, and thereby retain the reality ofwhite power,especially in the military and economic fields.Finally, we call upon all patrioticZimbabweans of every race - workers, peasants, students, soldiers, petty and evennational bourgeois elements - to support the Patriotic Front in its confrontationwith Britain and to join hands with us in the war of national liberation inZimbabwe.It is the national duty and supreme responsibility of every one who considershimself/herself a potential citizen of the new state of Zimbabwe, to fight for theimpending defeat of colonialism and the disbanding of the entire government

apparatus of the Rhodesian Front, especially the armed forces, so that their sonsand daughters can live in peace and freedom. It is impossible and infactdangerous, to strike any compromises with an illegal regime that hasbuilt up anelaborate war machine for the massacre of indigenous people. If peace, happinessand freedom are to return to Zimbabwe, the entire governmental andmilitaryapparatus of the present racist government has to be removed anddestroyed, rootand branch, similar to the fact of fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany in 1945.Those Europeans, Indians and Coloureds resident in our country, who want to endthe present state of racism and colonialism will be welcomed within our ranksduring the struggle and after the attainment of independence. Wehave statedrepeatedly that we are fighting against the system of exploitationand not againstwhite, brown or yellowpeople. Those few people, who have supported our cause in the past, have beenwelcomed in our ranks, and will be welcome to stay in a free and independentZimbabwe as free citizens. The colour of their skin will neither bea hindrance oran advantage to participation in the socio-economic life of ':,e new Zimbabwe.The new Zimbabwe will not have any privileges of minority racial groups such asthe ones discussed and accepted in the so-called internal settlement talks. Givingprivileges to any kind of minority would cut across the fabric of a society of equalcitizens that we would like to establish. Imperialism and puppets are taking anextremely dangerous course by promising the white settlers, thatthey couldremain protected behind a cloak of privileges and paper guarantees for ten yearsor more in an independent Zimbabwe. It is a course of action, that could prolongthe war for ten years or more.In our view, the only lasting guarantee for whites for the next 100 years or more,is a system of freedom and equality that guarantees the rights of every citizen ofthe new Zimbabwe. All will be guaranteed the basic and fundamental freedoms ofa human being living in a free society. That is the lasting and durable guaranteewe offer to Europeans, Coloureds and Asians, who want to be free citizens of thefree, independent and democatic state of Zimbabwe.After learning how to defend one's country ZANLA teaches skills and arts.Ideological and Revolutionary EducationZimbabwe News 61

Eliticism and segregation are hallmarks of Imperialist Education- Cde. N. ShamuyariraDirector ofEducationand cultureThe elitism engendered by the settier/colonial education system hada strong andadverse impact on African politics. In addition to the de-culturization and falseconsciousness discussed above, there were two direct effects. Firstly, the settlergovernment maintained a common voter's roll which was theoretically open topersons of any colour or race to be voters. The voting qualifications were basedon high income and educational qualifications which normally included all whitesettlers and only the small number of Africans who will have gonethrough the

secondary school system and acquired some immovable propertyor had a goodincome. Moreover the franchise qualifications were raised whenever it was feltthat the number of African voters was increasing beyond two percent of the total,and could therefore affect the electoral results in certain constituencies. That thesettler regime was quite deliberately using education to limit African politicalpower is attested by the fact that:''the Department of Native Education was frequently consulted bytheGovernment in planning the new franchise. Its prognosis of the results of the five-year plan were carefully collaborated with the educational and economicrequirements for the vote befor either was made public." (4) As the franchise wassupposed to be given to "civilised and responsible" people, there wasa long andacrimonious debate in the settler press and among white politicians onthedefinition of such persons. In 1909, Lord Buxton, British High Commissioner inSouth Africa, who was working hard for the union of the four provinces of SouthAfrica, and the inclusion of Rhodesia as a fifth province, gave the definition thatappears on page 1 of this paper. Garfield Todd, one of the most liberal of settlerPrime Ministers, said a voter must hold a regular job, have a decent home, areasonable standard of living, a good education, and be a law-abiding ci-Settler children in segregated schools pray for crumbling fascistregime.tizen. A Franchise Commission he appointed in 1956 failed to come upwith asatisfactory definition, but finally the Minister responsible, A.R. W. Stumbles,called on Parliament to do what he called the easier job of defining the uncivilisedand irresponsible persons. The franchise qualifications was a verycontroversialissue in settler politics and it was one more reason for suppressing secondaryschool education. The second political effect, was that the Central AfricanFederation was founded on policy of "racial partnership" between theruling white settlers and the African elite at the expense of the workers andpeasants. The prospects of economic and social privileges in the Federationattracted several African leaders, and temporarily weaned them away from theirown movements and their people. The two main nationalist organisations at thetime, the Native Congress (renamed the African National Congressin 1941) andthe All-African Convention ceased to function as their leaders soughtparliamentary seats in the Federal Parliament. It was not until fiveEducation to serve the racist bourgeoisie as they enjoy the wealth of ZimbabweIdeological and Revolutionary Education62 Zimbabwe News

years later (in 1957) that Joshua Nkomo, the present President ofthe ZimbabweAfrican People's Union (a component of The Patriotic Front) re-launched theAfrican National Congress. But a large percentage of the African elite did not jointhe common struggle at that time. Rather they sought compromises with the rulingsettlers so that they may share in the colonial tribute.However, we should point out that although the elite had always vacillated on thenational struggle, it was also feared and suspected by the European rulers.University graduates and highly skilled technicians had difficulties in findingjobs, except in the service sector of teaching and nursing. Of the Africans who

graduated from the University of Rhodesia in 1975, seventy-five per cent foundjobs in the teaching field. It was very difficult for them to get jobs in commerceand industry, until recently when some companies began putting Africans on theirboards in their preparation for the transfer of political power.In 1934 an IndustrialConciliation Act was passed which effectively eliminated educated Africans fromthe job market at the level they would compete with Europeans. The settlergovernment went as far as presenting a plan to the British Government whichwould have led to the emigration of most educated Africans from Rhodesia toZambia and Malawi, and would have left Rhodesia as a paradise for thewhitesettlers. (5) The British Government rejected the scheme for different reasons.Laws and practices of racial discrimination restricted the African elite andprevented them from accumulating any wealth and property within colonialsociety. Those restrictions aggravated their relationships with the settlers andforced some of them into joining the common struggle of the workers and thepeasants. Although the movements articulating these aspirations were reformist atthe-beginning, within a few years they had sharpened their criticismandbroadened their political base. Taking the African elite as a whole, it should bepointed out that they do not constitute a class by themselves. At best they form acompradorial class that is dependent on salaries paid to them by the bourgeoisiefor the technical and professional services they render, or the marginalcommercial trade in which they are engaged. They do not own the meansofproduction, nor do they have any independent economic or historical existence.They cannot play the kind of decisive roleplayed by European bourgeoisie in uniting the nation, defending it, orexpandingits trade. In this respect their position is somewhat similar to that of the generalAfrican labour force which numbers about one million (or 955,000 to be exact).They are equally dependent on the wages they receive from the managers of theindustrial or agricultural enterprises in which they are employed. But theirlivelihood is more precarious in that they cannot make ends meet ontheir poorwages as the elite are able to do on their higher salaries. DependenceonEuropean-derived incomes silenced many voices that could have been raisedagainst the system. In the urban areas, the risk of speaking up against the regimeis very high, because the worker's accomodation and schooling for those childrenwho may be in the city, is tied to the job that one is holding.Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) (PF)ZANU Headquarters Maputo25th June 1978STATEMENT ON RECENT MASSACRES BY THE SMITH-MUZOREWA-SITHOLE-CHIRAU REGIMESince the reconstitution of the Smith fascist regime to include the threefear-ridden puppets, the regime's forces have, with the complicity of these puppets,acquired a new and extended licence to go an a terrorist rampage of bloodymassacres marking the path of the new regime as a gory trail. Hundreds ofinnocent civilians have since been massacred, assassinated or tortured to theirdeath.

On Thursday (22nd June) night, the regime's terrorist troops unleashed anunprovoked murderous assault upon civilians at an agriculturalexperimentalstation at Sussundenga in Mozambique, killing 17 refugees and two Belgiannationals and abducting scores of men, women and children.The following day. Friday, 23rd June, the regime, realising that this barbarousincident had drawn the attention of the international community, once again letloose its forces upon the innocent missionaries at Elim Mission and had twelve ofthem assassinated in a tragic bid to cover up its blood-stained footprints leading toSussundenga. It was indeed a bloody diversionary tactic, horrible in the extreme.We deplore these brutal and callous acts which are recognisable not only by theirterrorists and bloody nature but by their shape and design as they smuggly fit intothe regi-Imperialism and EducationThe monopolies that control the Rhodesian economy have shown a keen interestin education. The farmers open farm schools for attracting and keeping labour ontheir farms, but the 105 multinational companies that have invested inthemanufacturing industry want a higher level of skill from their labour force. Themultinational companies increased their stake in the Rhodesian economy after thesecond world war. The shortages of raw materials in Europe and Britain's need toconserve dollar earnings created continuing demand for Rhodesian commodities.A rapid influx of immigrants (a net inflow of 47,187 between 1946 and 1951)stimulated internal demand that had been stimulated by the vast CommonwealthAir Training Scheme and ancillary indu-me's general strategy of systematic genocidal intimidation.Over the last five weeks alone, the fascist regime's crime recordconstitutes a grimstudy of assassinations and massacres of a most gruesome and macabre-variety.(a) Massacre of over 100 civilians at the meeting at Bassera in GutuDistrict,(b) Massacre of 25 civilians at Mashonganyika Kraal in Chinamora area, for noapparent cause,(c) An average daily record of 20 civilians deaths for such false reasons as"running with guerrillas", "breaking the curfew" or "caught in a crossfire".(d) Massacre of 19 civilians, including two Belgian nationals at Sussendanga inMozambique, and now,(e) Massacre of 12 missionaries and their children at Elim Mission asa cover forSussundenga.Smith and the three puppets accomplies must be made to bear the fullblame andresponsibility. ZANU has now been operating for years in the country. Itsoperations cover some 80% of the total land area in the country. It has maintainedexcellent working relations with the missionaries and their establishments whichhave supported our just cause and given our fighters assistance ina variety ofways. We have no desire to depart from this established mode of operation.The massacres uphold our contention that a barbarous and inhuman regimethriving on murder and violence can only be overthrown by organised violence.Our war must gain full

-support of the international community because it remains the only effectivemethod of bringing about a democratic government and creating a just society inwhich power rests with the majority and not with a bigoted racist minority.Pamberi ne Chinurenga!Ideological and Revolutionary EducationZimbabwe News 63

stries during the war. The booming economy attracted foreign capital from SouthAfrica after the Nationalist Party's victory in 1948, and from Britainafter theestablishment of the Federation, in 1951. Foreign investment in Rhodesiaincreased from 13,5 million in 1947 to 50,7 million in 1951. The bulk of thisforeign capital went into the manufacturing industries and not in the traditionalsectors of mining and agriculture. In the 1950s manufacturing emerged as thefastest growing sector of the economy. That development increased the power ofthe manufacturing interests inside the country, and the leverage of imperialismwith local settlers. Garfield Todd, a Missionary, became Prime Minister in 1954,and formed a cabinet with two powerful Ministers from Bulawayo, whohad largeinterests in the manufacturing industry in that city. Todd's government wasresponsive to the pressures of manufacturing interests in Bulawayo, andmultinational companies. In 1955, it approved a five-year education plan forAfricans intended to provide a minimum of 5 years of primary schooling for allAfrican children; to increase the number of primary school teachers with twoyears of training from 1/3 to 2/3 of the teaching force; to increase the number ofsecondary schools providing two to four years of technical and commercialeducation; and to establish a technical college for the preparation of technicalteachers; and to establish one more academic secondary school. Todd tried toopen opportunities for Africans to train as apprentices but was strongly opposedby white trade unionists. HeTHE LAST LESSON, THE LAST BRIEF AND THEN HOME.also tried to broaden the franchise. Imperialism supported these reforms withenthusiasm but they were rejected by the settler electorate, especially the agrarian-worker alliance which finally brought the Rhodesian Front to powerin 1962.Ten years later (in 1966) the Rhodesian Front reversed the programme of theTodd plan and returned to the old philosophy of laying stress on industrialtraining. They introduced a new education plan which shifted the burden offinancing African education from the Government to the poor parents through theintroduction of registration fees, and making local government councilsresponsible for primary education. Of those children who completed primaryschooling, one-third would goREVOLUTIONARY EDUCATIONS SUSTAINS US FOR THE MARCHHOME.into a local vocational Junior Certificate; and only 121/2 per cent would beadmitted into the secondary school stream. This limited number wouldprovidemanpower for the administrative, welfare and development bureaucracies. Thebulk of educational resources under the plan would be spent forpreparation oflabourers for low-level occupations in farms, mines, and factoriesbordering

Tribal Trust Lands where most Africans live. Apprenticeship schools startedunder the Todd plan were closed down at Luveve and Mzingwane.Neither the Todd nor the Smith plan would ever meet the requirementsof a goodeducation system for Zimbabwe, but we should point out again that imperialismpreferred the Todd plan because it wanted high-level and skilled labour power toutilise the technology of the new machinery, and even to manage local branchesof multinational corporations. The willingness of imperialism towork with thelocal Africans, and even to give them a semblance of control in the local factories,was clear in the 1950s. Because of the growing threat from the liberationmovements, imperialism is now producing new strategies and tacticsto try andhoodwink the leaders of the liberation movements, but the aim is unchanged."The burden of history still remains undischarged, but the unfolding tasks beingpursued in its discharge have resulted in the fatal wounding of the imperialistmonster."Cde. MugabeIdeological and Revolutionary Education64 Zimbabwe News

NEHANDA DIED FOR ZIMBAB WE. WILL YOU?One of Zimbabwe's most celebrated revolutionaries and guerrilla leaders wasComrade Nehanda Nyakasikana, who, together with such other immortal heroesas Kaguvi and Mukwati waged a protracted and heroic armed struggle againstCecil John Rhodes' mercenaries: the British South African Company in1896-98.In present day ZANLA terms Comrades Nehanda, Kaguvi and Mukwaticonstituted, what we might call the First High Command.Comrade Nehanda affectionately referred to as Ambuya (literally-grandmother) inrecognition of her social role as a religious leader was everything that a trueZANLA-revolutionary must be. She was everything a revolutionary mustemulate.Unlike Zimbabwe's religious leaders of today (Bishop Abel Muzorewa and Rev.Ndabaningi Sithole) Comrade Nehanda believed in armed struggle as theprincipal means of struggle against imperialist and colonialist domination. Moreimportant, she actually led the armed struggle to the bitter-end (unlikeMuzorewaand Sithole who would sleep with their wives quietly in Salisbury's air-conditioned houses leaving others to do the fighting). There is no doubt, that wereComrade Nehanda alive today, she would be a member of the Patriotic Front.At the end of the first phase of the war against settlers ( 1894 - 95),when itappeared as if settlers had won the battle in the western province, ComradeNehanda, who lived north of Harare in the Mazoe area, linked with twoothervigilant comrades - Kaguvi and Mukwati to organize a nation-wideundergroundmass movement inorder to relaunch the armed struggle for national liberation.When they resumed the revolution early in 1896, the entire nation - East, WestNorth and South - responded in unison. It was a protracted armed-struggle, whichlasted two years. The conflict escalated speedily. The national guerrilla-forcesunder the leadership of Comrades Nehanda, Kaguvi and Mkwati, pounded theenemy everywhere, fearlessly and mercilessly wiping-out 10% of the settler-

population. During 1897, the mercenary regime tottered on the brinkof collapse.Rhodes, the capitalist boss of the regime, had to act fast to save the regime. Herecruited more mercenaries in South Africa and obtained reinforcements fromCape Town, London and Canada. Only when these mas-sive reinforcements arrived with large quantities of arms, did the tide begin tochange in their favour. The Company and its mercenary forces finally won thebattle in 1898. The war, however, remained to be resumed in the 1960's and1970's by ZANU and ZAPU. We are once again on the verge of victory. We haveto win for Comrades Nehanda, Mukwati and Kaguvi's sake.Comrade Nehanda was captured alive in 1898 and put through brutal torturebefore being subjected to "Settler-Justice" in the enemy's so-called High Court.She was, as expected, promptly "found guilty" of waging the war of nationalliveration and was hanged in Salisbury (at the place, where the present ChargeOffice in Railway Avenue now stands). Thousands have since followed herfootsteps and died for their country. We all remember Comrades AlexanderMashawira, Simon Chimbodza, Nathan Charumuka, Peter, ChristopherChatambudza, Godwin Manyerere, Ephraim Chinyere, David Guzuzu, Dhlaminiand Mlambo; We all remember Comrade Vice President Leopold Takawira andComrade Chairman Herbert Chitepo. We all remember Comrades James BondandMao, Chimedza, Mutshazo and thousands more. We remember them all. They alldied for the liberation of Zimbabwe, in the true spirit of Comrade NehandaNvakasikana.Comrade Nehanda taught Zimbabweans four things:1. That men and women are truly equal and inseparable partners in thestrugglefor national liberation as well as in the post-war period of nationalreconstructionand development;2. That in order to win, the struggle for national liberation must be based on themasses - for the masses of the people fighting as one, can never lose.3. That in the struggle for national liberation there are no Zezuru, Karanga,Manyika, Ndau, Korekore, Changaani, Ndebele, Kalanga or whatever. Only byburying tribe in the dust-bins of history where it belings, can a struggle fornational liberation succeed.4. That the war against the enemy must be a permanent and protracted one, thatdoes not and cannot permit of compromise. The armed struggle has got to bewaged until final victory.Today, in ZANLA camps there is always a Nehanda Section. Her spiritlivesCde. Nehanda, It centre, captured and murdered by terrorist forces of 1897.Ideological and Revolutionary EducationZimbabwe News 65

American and Canadian Companieswith Subsidiaries in Rhodesia*American Parent CompanyRhodesian SubsidiariesAMAX INC.. Amax Center, Greenwich, Conn. 06830

BANKAMERICA CORP. 10 Bank of America Center. 555 California St.. SanFrancisco. Calif. 94104 BRISTOL-MYERS CO., 345 Park Ave., NewYork. N.Y.10022 LEO BURNETT CO. INC.. 27 Prudential Plaza, Chicago, Ill 60601CENTRAL RESOURCES CORP., 919 Third Ave_ New York. N.Y. 10022CHASE MANHATTAN CORP.. 1 Chase Manhattan Plaza, New York. N.Y.10015 CHESEBOROUGH-PONDS INC., 33 Benedict Place. Greenwich, Conn.06830 CHICAGO-PNEUMATIC TOOL CO., Chicago-Pneumatic Building,6 East 44th St.. New York, N.Y. 10017 CROWN CORK AND SEAL CO. INC_9300 Ashton Rd.. Philadelphia. PA 19136 EASTMAN KODAK CO.. 343 StateSt., Rochester. N.Y 14650 FORD MOTOR CO., The American Rd.. Dearborn,Mich. 48121THE HOOVER CO., North Canton, Ohio 44720 INTERNATIONAL BASICECONOMY CORP. 1271 Ave of the Americas. New York, N Y 10020INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER CO . 401 N Michigan Ave.. Chicago. III60611 INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORP, 320 ParkAve, N9w York. N.Y 10022 JOHNSON AND JOHNSON, 501 George St. NewBrunswick. N.J. 08903 MOBIL CORP., 150 E 42nd St. New York. N Y 10017NCR CORP. 1700 S Patterson Blvd. Dayton. Ohio 45479 THE PARKER PENCO. 219 E. Court St.. Janesville. Wis 53545 PFIZER INC., 235 E 42nd St.. NewYork. N.Y. 10017RJ. REYNOLDS INDUSTRIES INC.. 4th and Main St. Winston-Salem, N.C.27102 SPERRY RAND CORP., 1290 Ave. of the Americas. New York. N.Y.10019 THE STANDARD COMMERCIAL TOBACCO CO. INC500 5th Ave.,New York. NY. 10036UNION CARBIDE CORP., 270 Park Ave., New York. NY. 10017 V.F. CORP.,1047 N. Park Rd, Reading, PA 19601 F.W WOOLWORTH CO.. 233 Broadway.New York, N.Y. 10007Vainona Estates Ltd., a subsidiary of Nafico S.A.. registered in Luxembourg. asubsidiary of RST International Inc. USA Merchant Bank of Central Afrika (A)"Bristol Myers (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd. Leo Burnett (Pvt) Ltd. Windmill Rhodesia(Pvt) Ltd. The Standard Bank Ltd. (A) Cheseborough-Ponds (Pvt)Ltd.Consolidated Pneumatic Tool Co. of Central Africa (Pvt) Ltd.Crown Cork Co. Rhodesia (1958) (Pvt) Ltd Kodak (Rhodesia) Ltd. Ford MotorCo. of Rhodesia (Pie) Ltd., a subsidiary of Ford Motor Co. of CanadaLtd.,registered in Canada Hoover (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd., a subsidiary ofHoover Ltd..registered in the UK Arbor Acres (Pvt) Ltd (A)Seddon Diesel of Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd (d)" Supersonic Radio Manufacturing Co.(Ply) Ltd a subsidiary of Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd.. registered in theUK Johnson and Johnson of Rhodesia Mobil Oil Southern Rhodesia (Pvt) LtdNCR Central African (Pvt) Ltd. Parker Pen Co. (Pte) Ltd General Proprietaries(Pvt) Ltd. a subsidiary of Pfizer (Pvt) Ltd.. registered in Rhodesia a subsidiary ofPfizer Iran Khas. Sherkate Saharm. registered in Iran Central African PetroleumRetineries (Pvt) Ltd. (A) (d) Remington Rand of Central Africa (PIe) Ltd. a/-Associated Enterprise (Pte) Ltd. (A) (d)- Empire Tobacco Co. (Pte) Ltd. (d)

- Esalent (Pte) Ltd. (d) all 3 are subsidiaries of Elia Salzman Tobacco Enterprisesof Rhodesia (Pie) Ltd. (d) b/- Tobacco Development Co. of Africa(Pte) Ltd. (d)Eli Salzman and Tobacco Dev. are subsidiaries of Trans-Continental LeafTobacco Corp_ registered in Liechtenstein Union Carbide Rhomet (Pvt) Ltd.Berkshire International (Rhodesia) )Pvt) Ltd. F.W. Woolworth andCo. (SouthernRhod.) (PIe) Ltd.. a subsidiary of F.W. Woolworth and Co. Ltd.. registered in theUKCanadian Parent Company Rhodesian SubsidiariesFALCONBRIDGE NICKEL MINES LTD., P.O. Box 40. BlanketMine (Pvt) Ltd,Commerce Court West. Toronto. Ont. M5L 184 GiantConsolidated Gold Mines Ltd.RHA Mines LtdINTERNATIONAL HARVESTER CO. OF CANADA LTD..Seddon Diesel of Rhod. (Pvt) Ltd., a subsidiary ot Seddon DieselVehicles of UK208 Hillyard St. Hamilton, Ont. L8N 3S5 MASSEY-FERGUSON LTD.. 200University Ave., Toronto, Ont. M5H 3E4 Rhoplow Ltd.. a subsidiary of Massey-Ferguson (SA).which is a subsidiary of Mastergo Holdings (SA) (Pty) Ltd . registeredin SAMOORE CORP. LTD, 330 University Ave., Toronto. Ont. MSG tS3 -Caribonum (Central Africa) (Pvt) Ltd.Lamson Paragon Central Africa (Pvt) Ltd. both subsidiaries of Lamson IndustriesSA (Ply) Ltd. registered in SA.. which is itself a subsidiary of Lamson IndustriesLtd.. registered in the UKREED SHAW OSLER LTD., 3600 Royal Trust Tower. - Ralph S.Harris (Insurances) (Pvt) Ltd., a subsidiary ofP.O. Box 250. Toronto Dominion Centre. Toronto, Ont. M5K 1J StenhouseInternational Ltd., registered in the UK- Stenhouse (Rhodesia) (Pvt) Ltd.. a subsidiary of Stenhouse Africa (Pty) Ltd.registered in SATHOMSON EQUITABLE CORP. LTD_ 65 Queen St.. W. Toronto. Ont,. M5H2M8 a/- Amalgamated Publications (Pvt) Ltd.- Centafrican Press Publications (Pvt) Ltd.. both subsidiaries of ThomsonNewspapers Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd. b/- Associated Publications (Pvt) Ltd, ThomsonNewspapers and Associated Publications are subsidiaries of ThomsonPublications Ltd.. registered in the UK TIMMINS INVESTMENTS LTD.,Station A P.O. Box 189. Montral. Que. H3C 3Y3 Rhodesian Metallurgical andMining Corp. (Pvt) Ltd. (d), a subsidiary of Chromasco Ltd., registered in Canada'From: Who owns Whom - North American Editon 1978/79(A) means associate(d) means dormant