Zig Bee Sensor Node PVPIT Report

8/20/2019 Zig Bee Sensor Node PVPIT Report

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A Project Report on

ZIGBEE BASED INDUSTRIAL

AUTOMATION

By

APURVA M. ACHARYA (B3483401)

ANUYA S. BHOSLE (B3483409)

KIRAN B. KULKARNI (B3483430)

Dep!"#e$" %& E'e"!%$* E$+$ee!$+

,SSM-*

PADMABHOOSHAN VASAN,DADA PA,IL INS,I,U,E O

,ECHNOLO/Y BAVDHAN PUNE.

0102011


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A Project Report on

ZIGBEE BASED INDUSTRIAL

AUTOMATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics Engineering

By

APURVA M. ACHARYA (B3483401)

ANUYA S. BHOSLE (B3483409)

KIRAN B. KULKARNI (B3483430)

U$e! "e +5$e %&

P!%&. N.N.,HUNE

Dep!"#e$" %& E'e"!%$* E$+$ee!$+

,SSM-*

PADMABHOOSHAN VASAN,DADA PA,IL INS,I,U,E O

,ECHNOLO/Y BAVDHAN PUNE.

0102011


3/59


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Zigbee Based Industrial Automation

ACKNOLED/EMEN,

Eer! orientation "or# $as a imprint o% man! people and it becomes our

dut! to e&press deepest gratitude %or some'

(e t$an# our project co-guide Pro%' )')'*$une %or giing us opportunit!

%or presenting our project'

(e "ould li#e to e&press our sincere t$an#s our project co-ordinator to

respected Pro%' )ipani#ar %or increasing our morale and con%idence and guiding

and co-operating "it$ us in t$e project'

(e also e&press our pro%ound gratitude to"ards our H'+'D Pro%' ,'D'os$i

%or giing us opportunit! %or presenting our project' (e "ould also li#e to t$an#

our project sponsors .ARR+C E)GI)EERI)G /I0I*ED in giing us all

%acilities and use t$eir resources'

(e especiall! t$an# 0r' 0ariappan and 0r' ,$is$ir B$osle personall! %or

guiding us in our project'

(e also t$an# to all teac$ing and non-teac$ing sta%% %or t$eir use%ul

cooperation'

APR!A "# AC$AR%A

A&%A S# B$'S(E

)IRA& B# )()AR&I

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ABS,RAC,

In t$e electronics industries due to manual errors t$e accurac! o% t$e

s!stem is reduced1 t$is a%%ects t$e reliabilit! and e%%icienc! o% t$e s!stem'

Electronics $as ac$ieed great importance in t$e %ield o% automation1 "$ic$ deals

"it$ t$e aboe problem'

In toda!2s "orld t$e %ield o% communication pla!s a leading role in long

distance data trans%er' so one step a$ead in t$e tec$nical "orld "e2e decided to

club toget$er bot$ t$e electronic and t$e communication "orld '

In $uge industries1 it is er! di%%icult to continuousl! monitor and control

t$e enironmental conditions li#e temperature1 pressure1 $umidit!1 etc in eac$

room' ,o1 "e are deeloping a s!stem using 3igbee "$ic$ "ill monitor as "ell as

control t$e temperature o% a room in an industr!' According to t$e status o%

temperature +)-+44 o% $eater5%an is done'

It is also er! important to #eep a trac# o% current status o% lig$t in eac$

department but due to t$e large area coered b! industr! it is not possible to

control lig$ting s!stem o% t$e entire industr! manuall!' (e are deeloping a

s!stem in "$ic$ t$e lig$ting application is controlled ia t$e 3igbee module'

Hence1 energ! and time consumption is reduced to a great e&tent' *$us1 t$e

project $elps in monitoring and controlling t$e temperature o% a room as "ell as in

controlling t$e lig$ting application'

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INDE

Cp"e! N%. De*!p"%$ P+e N%.

66'66'7

IntroductionProblem De%inition

66

77'6 /iterature ,ure! 7

88'68'78'88'9

Bloc# Diagram(or#ing

Circuit DiagramCircuit Description

9;66

99'69'79'8

9'99'

,election o% componentsZigbeeR,-787

0icrocontroller 0CA(6;

Rela!*emperature sensor

6766<

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LIS, O I/URES

+. $%. ,"'e P+e N%.

8'6'6 0aster Circuit 9

8'6'7 ,lae6 Circuit 9

8'6'8 ,lae7 Circuit

8'8'6 Po"er ,uppl! design ;

8'8'7 ,erial Communication Inter%ace ?

8'8'8 0icrocontroller Circuit >

8'8'9 ,ensor Circuit <

8'8' Rela! Circuit 6=

9'6'6'6 Zigbee logo 67

9'6'6'7 Grap$ s$o"ing range and data rate o% di%%erent "ireless module

68

9'6'6'8 Zigbee module 69

9'7'7'6 R,-787 cable 6;

9'7'7'7 Pin diagram o% R,-787 6;

9'8'6'6 Inter%acing o% Zigbee module andmicrocontroller

6<

9'8'7'6 IC 0CA(6; 7=

9'8'7'7 Pin con%iguration o% 0CA(6; 77

9'9'6'6 Rela! 7<

9'9'7'6 Rela! ,!mbol 7<

9''6'6 BA.


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LIS, O ,ABLES

,:'e N%. ,"'e P+e N%.

9'6'6'8 Comparison o% di%%erent "irelesscommunication modules

68

9'7'7'6 Pin description o% R,-787 6?

9'8'6'6 Comparison o% di%%erent microcontrollers 7=

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CHAP,ER 1; IN,RODUC,ION

1.1 IN,RODUC,ION

In toda!2s scenario "orld is moing on er! %ast' *ime constraint is er!

seere problem due to "$ic$ t$e old traditional met$ods do not %ind an! place

no"' Industries are booming da! b! da!1 ne" industries are emerging dail!

"$ere "ireless communication pla!s a ital role' Due to t$e use o% "ireless

communication in industries t$e laborious "or# done b! men is reduced up to

@uite e&tent'*$ere are man! "ireless communication modules li#e Bluetoot$1

Zigbee 1 (i-4i 1 etc' As introducing ne" and ne" solutions1 t$e basic %actor t$at is

to be considered is sa%e "or#ing and @ualit! assurance' *$e project deals "it$ t$e

"ireless module ZigBee2 "$ic$ is a lo" cost1 long batter! li%e and lo"

po"er consuming "ireless mes$ net"or#ing standard IEEE >=7'6'9'

1. PROBLEM DEINI,ION;

In $uge industries1 it is er! di%%icult to continuousl! monitor and control

t$e enironmental conditions li#e temperature1 pressure1 $umidit!1 etc in eac$

room' ,o1 "e are deeloping a s!stem using Zigbee "$ic$ "ill monitor as "ell as

control t$e temperature o% a room in an industr!'

It also becomes laborious %or monitoring and controlling t$e lig$ting

s!stem due to t$e large area coered b! industr!' It is not possible to control

lig$ting s!stem o% t$e entire industr! manuall!' Hence1 energ! and time

consumption is reduced to a great e&tent' Hence1 "e are deeloping a s!stem in

"$ic$ t$e lig$ting application is controlled ia t$e Zigbee module'

*$us1 t$e project $elps in monitoring and controlling t$e temperature o% a

room as "ell as in controlling t$e lig$ting application'

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CHAP,ER ;LI,ERA,URE SURVEY

.1 LI,ERA,URE SURVEY

*$e 4irst ,uccess%ul ZigBee Implementation in t$e Insurance Industr!

0es$)etics in Partners$ip "it$ B+ telematics and Cra"%ord Compan!Rolled

out a )e" Building 0onitoring ,olution "as announced at Belleue1 (A F

,eptember 7>1 7==;' It $as success%ull! completed t$e trial o% t$e Zigbee-based

"ireless solution deplo!ed to monitor building subsidence %or Cra"%ord

Compan!1 t$e "orld2s largest independent proider o% claims management

solutions to insurance companies'

sing t$e Zigbee-based "ireless solution1 Cra"%ord Compan! %ound

t$at claim assessment time "as cut dramaticall!' ,ubsidence1 "$ic$ is a

do"n"ard moement o% t$e ground supporting a building1 causes $undreds o%

millions o% dollars o% damage to buildings eer! !ear' *o minimi3e t$is damage1

Insurance claim inestigators t!picall! conduct manual subsidence inspections F

"$ic$ are time consuming1 costl!1 and labor-intensie e%%orts re@uiring t"o

engineers %or an on-site building inspection' Due to $ig$ costs1 t$e! are per%ormed

on a "ee#l! basis at best F meaning t$at t$e tas# is not onl! e&pensie and time

consuming1 but is also an ine%%icient monitoring solution'

As a result o% t$is clums!1 ine%%icient manual inspection practice1 claimassessment "ould ta#e an!"$ere %rom one to t"o !ears' *$e %irst Zigbee-based

"ireless solution trial $as alread! enabled Cra"%ord Compan! to reduce claim

inestigation time %rom an aerage 67-6> mont$s to onl! 7 mont$s' *$e "ireless

solution also eliminated t$e costs associated "it$ running cables1 an e&pense t$at

ma! e&ceed 6== per %oot' *ime-to-mar#et "as anot$er important %actor'

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Zigbee-st!le net"or#s began to be conceied about 6


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7==8'P$ilips remains a promoter member on t$e Zigbee Alliance Board o%

Directors'

*$e Zigbee speci%ications "ere rati%ied on 69 December 7==9' *$e ZigbeeAlliance is a global ecos!stem o% companies creating "ireless solutions %or use in

energ!1 $ome1 commercial and industrial applications'

It is t$e onl! global "ireless communications standard enabling t$e

deelopment o% easil! deplo!able lo"-cost1 lo"-po"er1 monitoring and control

products *$e goal o% t$e Zigbee Alliance is to proide users "it$ superior

%le&ibilit!1 interoperabilit!1 mobilit!1 and ease o% use b! building "ireless

intelligence and capabilities into eer!da! deices'

Zigbee tec$nolog! can be embedded in a "ide range o% products and

applications across consumer1 commercial1 industrial and goernment mar#ets

"orld"ide' 4or t$e %irst time1 organi3ations using Zigbee tec$nolog! $ae a

standards-based "ireless plat%orm optimi3ed %or t$e uni@ue needs o% remote

monitoring and control applications1 including simplicit!1 reliabilit!1 lo" cost and

lo"-po"er usage'

Zigbee along "it$ data trans%er it allo"s us to monitor and control

industrial applications' As monitoring an! p$!sical @uantit! pla!s an important

#e! role "$ile deciding t$e per%ormance o% t$e product 'Controlling application

also pla!s crucial role in industries' *$e R D department o% t$e .arroc industries

does t$e researc$es and tests on e$icles and its parts'

Zigbee is a lo" cost1 long batter! li%e and lo" po"er consuming

"ireless mes$ net"or#ing standard IEEE >=7'6'9 ' *$e %re@uenc! band is 7'9

GH3 "it$ data rate o% 7=#bps'*$e Zigbee is t$e ne" module o% "ireless

communication s!stems "$ic$ is upcoming "ireless module in industries1 as t$e

Zigbee $as a di%%erent %eature o% data trans%er1 monitor and control'

Currentl! in man! industries1 controlling and monitoring applications are

done manuall!' A%ter #no"ing t$e bene%its o% Zigbee oer ot$er communication

deices t$e s!stem is being implemented in t$e .ARR+C E)GG'/*D' "$ic$

does t$e controlling and monitoring applications ia Zigbee'

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CHAP,ER 3; BLOCK DIA/RAM

3.1 BLOCK DIA/RAM

Fig# *#+#+ "aster Circuit

Fig# *#+#, Sla-e+ Circuit

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Fig# *#+#* Sla-e, Circuit

3. ORKIN/

Zigbee is "ireless mes$ net"or#ing standard' It is mainl! used to

control and monitor t$e application'Hence1 "e are using Zigbee %or controlling

lig$t s!stem and monitoring sensors in automobile industr!' *$e project

consists o% 6 0aster circuit and 7 ,lae circuits'

3..1 M*"e! !5";

*$e master circuit consists o% personal computer1 Zigbee1 microcontroller

and rs787 %or compatibilit!'

*$e microcontroller is inter%aced to t$e personal computer ia rs787'and

t$e "ireless module Zigbee is inter%aced to t$e microcontroller' ,o t$e data sent

%rom slae circuit2s Zigbee is catc$ed b! antenna o% master Zigbee1 t$us t$e

master Zigbee sends t$is data to microcontroller and $ence sent to pc %or displa!'

4or t$e controlling application t$e %lo" o% data "ill be %rom t$e pc to

master Zigbee ia microcontroller and t$en to Zigbee o% slae7'

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predecided alue t$en t$e %an is turned +) automaticall!' I% suppose t$e room

temperature goes belo" t$e predecided alue t$en accordingl! t$e $eater "ill turn

+)' ' 3..3 S'


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Fig# *#*#, Serial Communication Interface

17


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Fig# *#*#* "icrocontroller Circuit

18


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Fig# *#*#/ Sensor Circuit

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Fig *#*#0 Rela. Circuit

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3.4CIRCUI, DESCRIP,ION;

3.4.1 M*"e!;

0aster circuit consist o% Personal Computer 16 microcontroller and 6 3igbeemodule'Personal computer is inter%aced to microcontroller ia R, 787 and also

3igbee module is inter%ace to t$at microcontroller'Pin 7 o% R,787 o% PC is connected

to pin 69 o% 0A787D'Pin 68i'e'R6I) o% 0A787D is connected to pin 8 o% R,

787'Pin 67 o% 0A787 connected to R6 o% ,erial communication

inter%ace,CI6'*6 o% ,CI6 is connected to *6I) o% 0A 787D'

BGD50, pin o% microcontroller is connected to PI)6 o% ; pin bac#ground

$eader'Pin o% ; pin bac#ground $eader is gien as input to t$e reset circuitr!'*$e

output o% t$is circuit i'e'0CJR,* is connected to pin8 o% microcontroller' *$e suppl!

gien to pin 6? o% t$e microcontroller is 8'8.'

3.4. S'


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CHAP,ER 4; SELEC,ION O COMPONEN,S

4.1 =I/BEE

4.1.1 ,e N#e >+:ee;

Fig#/#+#+#+1igBee (ogo

*$e name ZigBee is said to come %rom t$e domestic $one!bee "$ic$ uses

a 3ig-3ag t!pe o% dance to communicate important in%ormation to ot$er $ie

members' *$is communication dance t$e KZigBee PrincipleK is "$at engineers

are tr!ing to emulate "it$ t$is protocol - a bunc$ o% separate and simple

organisms t$at join toget$er to tac#le comple& tas#s'

ZigBee tec$nolog! is a lo" data rate1 lo" po"er consumption1 lo" costL

"ireless net"or#ing protocol targeted to"ards automation and remote control

applications'

ZigBee compliant "ireless deices are e&pected to transmit 6=-? meters1

depending on t$e R4 enironment and t$e po"er output consumption re@uired %or

a gien application1 and "ill operate in t$e unlicensed R4 "orld"ide 7'9GH3

global1 ;> 0H3 Europe' *$e data rate is 7=#bps at

7'9GH31 9=#bps at ;>0H3'

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PARAME,ERS =I/BEE BLUE,OO,H I2I

S,ANDARD IEEE >=7'6'9 IEEE >=7'6'6 IEEE >=7'6'66

NE,ORK mes$ p7p p7p

NE,ORK

RAN/E

?=m 6==m 6==m

MAIN

APPLICA,ION

-,ensors5control

applications'

-Remote control

-.oice applications'

-Eliminating s$ort

distance cabling

-+%%ice and $ome

net"or#s'

-(/A)'

-Replace Et$ernet

cables

S,RON/

POIN,S

-0an! deices5nodes'

-,mall data pac#ets'

-/o" dut! c!cle'

-/o" po"er'

-In e$icles toda!'

-Eas! s!nc$roni3ation

o% mobile deices'

-Dominating (/A)

tec$'

Fig# /#+#+#, 2raph showing range and data rate of different wireless modules

Table no# /#+#+#* Comparison of different wireless communication modules

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4.1. e"5!e* %& =+:ee;

• ,upport %or multiple net"or# topologies suc$ as star1 cluster tree and mes$

net"or#s

•/o" dut! c!cle F proides long batter! li%e'

• /o" latenc!1 /o" po"er'

• p to ;1=== nodes per net"or#'

• 67>-bit AE, encr!ption %or secure data connections'

• Data rates o% 7= #bps M7'9 GH31 9= #bps M ;> 0H3'

• Reliable 0es$ topolog! and secure'

• Range: =m t!pical -==m based on enironment '

• Collision aoidance1 retries and ac#no"ledgements'

Fig# /#+#+#* 1igbee module

4.1.3 Spe&"%$ %& =+:ee RC400HP;

• 6==m( 5 7= dBm option and lo"-po"er option in pin compatible

pac#ages'

• IEEE >=7'6'9 compliant PHN'

• 7; #B 4las$ memor!1 > #B ,RA0

• O6 digital and analogue I5+'

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• > c$annel 67 bit ADC'

• AR*1 ,PI and debug inter%aces'

• +n-board 87'?;> #H3 real time cloc# R*C1 9 timers'

• 7'= F 8'; . suppl! oltage1 ultra lo" po"er modes'

•

+ptional 9 #B internal EEPR+0'

4. RS23

4..1Spe&"%$*;

• R,-787 speci%ications oltage leels :

*ransmitted signal:Binar! =: to 6 .dc called a Qspace or Qon'

Binar! 6: - to -6 .dc called a Qmar# or Qo%%'

Receied signal : Binar! =: 8 to 68 .dc '

Binar! 6: -8 to -68 .dc'

• Data %ormat:,tart bit: Binar! ='

Data: 1 ;1 ? or > bits'

Parit!: +dd1 een1 mar# or space

,top bit: Binar! 61one or t"o bits'

• Baud rate : Common baud rates used are 7'9#1


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Fig#/#,#,#+ RS3,*, cable

• D*E DCE:

D*E stands %or Data *erminal E@uipment and DCE stands %or Data

communications E@uipment'*$ese terms are used to indicate t$e pin-out %or t$e

connectors on a deice and t$e direction o% t$e signals on t$e pins' 4or e'g'

computer is a D*E deice1 "$ile most ot$er deices are usuall! DCE deices(e

can connect a D*E deice to a DCE using a straig$t pin-%or-pin connection'

Fig#/#,#,#, Pin diagram of RS3,*,

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Table no# /#,#,#+ Pin description of RS3,*,

4..3 P$ e*!p"%$;

• ,D ("!$*#" ") ;

*$e *D transmit data "ire is t$e one t$roug$ "$ic$ data %rom a

D*E deice is transmitted to a DCE deice' *$is name can be deceiing1

because t$is "ire is used b! a DCE deice to receie its data'*$e *D line

is #ept in a mar# logic Q6 condition b! t$e D*E deice "$en it is idle'

• RD (!ee


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deice is read! to receie more data i'e' a%ter data $as been remoed %rom

its receie bu%%er1 it "ill place t$is line bac# in t$e mar# condition' *$e

complement o% t$e R*, "ire is C*,1 "$ic$ stands %or Clear *o ,end'

*$e DCE deice puts C*, line in a mar# condition to tell t$e D*Edeice t$at it is read! to receie t$e data' /i#e"ise1 i% t$e DCE deice is

unable to receie data1 it "ill place t$is line in t$e space condition'

*$e ,o%t"are supports t$is t!pe o% %lo" control1 as "ell

ason5+%% or Kso%t"areK %lo" control' ,o%t"are %lo" control uses

special control c$aracters transmitted %rom one deice to anot$er to tell t$e

ot$er deice to stop or start sending data' (it$ so%t"are %lo" control t$e

R*, and C*, lines are not used'

• D,R (D" ,e!#$' Rey) @ DSR (D" Se$ Rey) ;

4unction o% D*R is er! similar to t$e R*, line' D,R Data ,et

Read! is t$ecompanion to D*R in t$e same "a! t$at C*, is to R*,'

,ome serial deices use D*R and D,R as signals to simpl! con%irm t$at a

deice is connected and is turned on' *$e ,o%t"are sets D*R to t$e mar#

state "$en t$e serial port is opened and leaes it in t$at state until t$e port

is closed' *$e D*R and D,R lines "ere originall! designed to proide an

alternate met$od o% $ard"are $ands$a#ingIt "ould be pointless to use bot$

R*,5C*, and D*R5D,R %or %lo" control signals at t$e same time'

Because o% t$is1 D*R and D,R are rarel! used %or %lo" control'

• CD (C!!e! De"e") ;

Carrier Detect is used b! a modem to signal t$at it $as a made a

connection "it$ anot$er modem1 or $as detected a carrier tone'

• RI (R$+ I$"%!) ;

*$e last remaining line is RI or Ring Indicator' A modem toggles

t$e state o% t$is line "$en an incoming call rings !our p$one

*$e Carrier Detect CD and t$e Ring Indicator RI lines are onl!

aailable in connections to a modem' Because most modems transmit

status in%ormation to a PC "$en eit$er a carrier signal is detected i'e'

"$en a connection is made to anot$er modem or "$en t$e line is ringing1

t$ese t"o lines are rarel! used'

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4.3M!%%$"!%''e! MC9S08A1

4.3.1 y HCS08

• Eolutionar! step in popular HC=> %amil!'• E&tended batter! li%e tec$nolog!'

• Hig$ per%ormance "it$out compromising lo" po"er'

• E&tends 4las$ leaders$ip "it$ t$ird generation ='7S4las$ tec$nolog!'

• Innoatie on-c$ip debugger speeds time to mar#et'

• Hig$ integration reduces s!stem costs'

• Hig$-per%ormance HC,=> CP

F= nsec minimum instruction c!cle time do"n to 7'6. at 7= 0H3 bus

F67 nsec minimum instruction c!cle time do"n to 6'>. at > 0H3 bus• Designed %or robust E0C per%ormance

FControlled rise and %all times on ports

FBuilt-in oscillator and protection o% cloc# source

• +bject code compatible "it$ HC=>s plus e&panded instructions and

addressing modes to improe code e%%icienc!

Fig# /#*#+#+ Interfacing of microcontroller and 4igbee module

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MC9S08A1 PIC 89S

LASH

PRO/RAM

MEMORY

6; 95> >

DA,AMEMORY

6 6 c$annel > c$annel )ot present

KBI Present )ot present )ot present

MICRO2

CON,ROLLER

> bit > bit > bit

Table no# /#*#+#+ Comparison of different microcontrollers

4.3. MC9S08A1e"5!e*;

Fig# /#*#,#+ IC "C5S67A8+9

>-Bit HC,=> Central Processor nit CP

− 9=-0H3 HC,=> CP central processor unit'

− 7=-0H3 internal bus %re@uenc!'

− ,upport %or up to 87 interrupt5reset sources'

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0emor! +ptions

− p to 6; B o% on-c$ip in-circuit programmable'

− p to 6 B o% on-c$ip RA0'

*imers T +ne 7-c$annel and one 9-c$annel

− 6;-bit timer5pulse-"idt$ modulator *P0'

− 0odule: ,electable input capture1 output'

− Compare and edge-aligned P(0 capabilit! on eac$ c$annel'

,!stem Protection

− +ptional computer operating properl! C+P reset'

− /o"-oltage detection "it$ reset or interrupt'

− Illegal opcode detection "it$ reset'

− Illegal address detection "it$ reset'

Po"er-,aing 0odes

− (ait plus t"o stops'

Perip$erals

ADC T p to >-c$annel1 6=-bit

− Analog-to-digital conerter "it$ automatic compare %unction'

,CI T t"o serial communications inter%ace

− *"o serial communications inter%ace 0odules'

,PI T ,erial perip$eral inter%ace module'

Input5output

− p to 89 general-purpose input5output I5+Pins'

− ,o%t"are-selectable pullups on ports "$en used as inputs'

− ,o%t"are-selectable sle" rate control and drie strengt$ on ports

"$en used as outputs'

− 0aster reset pin and po"er-on reset P+R'

− Internal pullup on RE,E*1 IRU pins to reduce customer s!stem

cost'

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Fig#/#*#,#, Pin configuration of "C5S67A8+9

4.3.3 P%e! (VDD 7 VSS VDDAD VSSAD)

.DD and .,, are t$e primar! po"er suppl! pins %or t$e 0C' *$is oltage

source supplies po"er to all I5+ bu%%er circuitr! and to an internal oltage

regulator' *$e internal oltage regulator proides regulated lo"er-oltage source

to t$e CP and ot$er internal circuitr! o% t$e 0C'

*!picall!1 application s!stems $ae t"o separate capacitors across t$e

po"er pins' In t$is case1 t$ere s$ould be a bul# electrol!tic capacitor1 suc$ as a 6=-

S4 tantalum capacitor1 to proide bul# c$arge storage %or t$e oerall s!stem and a

='6-S4 ceramic b!pass capacitor located as near to t$e paired .DD and .,, po"er

pins as practical to suppress $ig$-%re@uenc! noise' *$e 0CA(6; $as a

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second .,, pin' *$is pin s$ould be connected to t$e s!stem ground plane or to t$e

primar! .,, pin t$roug$ a lo"-impedance connection'

.DDAD and .,,AD are t$e analog po"er suppl! pins %or t$e 0C' *$is

oltage source supplies po"er to t$e ADC module' A ='6-S4 ceramic b!passcapacitor s$ould be located as near to t$e analog po"er pins as practical to

suppress $ig$-%re@uenc! noise'

4.3.4 RESE, P$

RE,E* is a dedicated pin "it$ a pullup deice built in' It $as input

$!steresis1 a $ig$ current output drier and no output sle" rate control' Internal

po"er-on reset and lo"-oltage reset circuitr! t!picall! ma#e e&ternal reset

circuitr! unnecessar!' *$is pin is normall! connected to t$e standard ;-pin

bac#ground debug connector so a deelopment s!stem can directl! reset t$e 0C

s!stem'

I% desired1 a manual e&ternal reset can be added b! suppl!ing a simple

s"itc$ to ground pull reset pin lo" to %orce a reset' ($eneer an! reset is

initiated "$et$er %rom an e&ternal signal or %rom an internal s!stem t$e reset pin

is drien lo" %or appro&imatel! 89 bus c!cles1 released1 and sampled again

appro&imatel! 8> bus c!cles later' I% reset "as caused b! an internal source suc$

as lo"-oltage reset or "atc$dog timeout1 t$e circuitr! e&pects t$e reset pin

sample to return a logic6'*$e reset circuitr! decodes t$e cause o% reset and records

it b! setting a corresponding bit in t$e s!stem control reset status register ,R,'

4.3. O*''"%! (,AL E,AL)

+ut o% reset1 t$e 0C uses an internall! generated cloc# sel%-cloc#ed

mode T % ,el%-reset e@uialent to about >-0H3 cr!stal rate' *$is %re@uenc! source is

used during reset startup and can be enabled as t$e cloc# source %or stop recoer

to aoid t$e need %or a long cr!stal startup dela!'

*$is 0C also contains a trimmable internal cloc# generator ICG

module t$at can be used to run t$e 0C' *$e oscillator amplitude on *A/ and

E*A/ is gain limited %or lo"-po"er oscillation' *!picall!1 t$ese pins $ae a 6-.

pea#-to-pea# signal' 4or nois! enironments1 t$e $ig$ gain output HG+ bit can

be set to enable rail-to-rail oscillation' *$e oscillator in t$is 0C is a Pierce

oscillator t$at can accommodate a cr!stal or ceramic resonator in eit$er o% t"o

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%re@uenc! ranges selected b! t$e RA)GE bit in t$e ICGC6 register' *$is 0C

also contains a trimmable internal cloc# generator ICG module t$at can be used

to run t$e 0C'

4.3. B+!%5$FM%e Se'e" (BK/DFMS)($ile in reset1 t$e BGD50, pin %unctions as a mode select pin'

Immediatel! a%ter reset rises t$e pin %unctions as t$e bac#ground pin and can be

used %or bac#ground debug communication' ($ile %unctioning as a

bac#ground5mode select pin1 t$e pin includes an internal pullup deice1 input

$!steresis1 a standard output drier and no output sle" rate control' I% not$ing is

connected to t$is pin1 t$e 0C "ill enter normal operating mode at t$e rising

edge o% reset'

I% a debug s!stem is connected to t$e ;-pin standard bac#ground debug

$eader1 it can $old BGD50, lo" during t$e rising edge o% reset "$ic$ %orces t$e

0C to actie bac#ground mode' *$e BGD pin is used primaril! %or

bac#ground debug controller BDC communications using a custom protocol t$at

uses 6; cloc# c!cles o% t$e target 0C2s BDC cloc# per bit time'

*$e target 0C2s BDC cloc# could be as %ast as t$e bus cloc# rate1 so

t$ere s$ould neer be an! signi%icant capacitance connected to t$e BGD50, pin

t$at could inter%ere "it$ bac#ground serial communications'

4.3.G Se!' C%##5$"%$* I$"e!&e

*$e 0CA(6; ,eries includes t"o independent serial

communications inter%ace ,CI modules "$ic$ are sometimes called uniersal

as!nc$ronous receier5transmitters AR*s' *!picall!1 t$ese s!stems are used to

connect to t$e R,787 serial input5output I5+ port o% a personal computer or

"or#station1 but t$e! can also be used to communicate "it$ ot$er embedded

controllers'

A %le&ible1 68-bit1 modulo-based baud rate generator supports a broad

range o% standard baud rates be!ond66'7 #baud' *ransmit and receie "it$in t$e

same ,CI use a common baud rate1 and eac$ ,CI module $as a separate baud rate

generator' *$is ,CI s!stem o%%ers man! adanced %eatures not commonl! %ound

on ot$er as!nc$ronous serial I5+ perip$erals on ot$er embedded controllers'

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*$e receier emplo!s an adanced data sampling tec$ni@ue t$at ensures

reliable communication and noise detection' Hard"are parit!1 receier "a#eup1

and double bu%%ering on transmit and receie are also included'

• e"5!e*

V 4ull-duple&

V Double-bu%%ered transmitter and receier "it$ separate enables

V Programmable baud rates 68-bit modulo diider

V Interrupt-drien or polled operation:

- *ransmit data register empt! and transmission complete

- Receie data register %ull

- Receie oerrun1 parit! error1 %raming error1 and noise error

- Idle receier detect

V Hard"are parit! generation and c$ec#ing

V Programmable >-bit or bit be%ore "riting to ,CI&D %or co$erent "rites to

t$e transmit data bu%%er' I% t$e bit alue to be transmitted as t$e nint$ bit

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o% a ne" c$aracter is t$e same as %or t$e preious c$aracter1 it is not

necessar! to "rite to *> again' ($en data is trans%erred %rom t$e transmit

data bu%%er to t$e transmit s$i%ter1 t$e alue in *> is copied at t$e same

time data is trans%erred %rom ,CI&D to t$e s$i%ter' ($en receiing and ,CI&D' R> and ,CI&D

can be read in eit$er order'


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t$e *&D pin so an e&ternal deice can send serial data to t$e receier'

($en *DIR W 61 t$e *&D pin is an output drien b! t$e transmitter'

4.3.8 A$'%+ "% +"' %$ AD=-AD61 AD7;1 and AD7? o% t$e possible inputs are

implemented on t$e 0CA(6; ,eries o% 0Cs' *$ese inputs are selected b!

t$e ADCH bits'

*$e ADC module is disabled during reset or "$en t$e ADCH bits are all

$ig$' *$e module is idle "$en a conersion $as completed and anot$er conersion

$as not been initiated' ($en idle1 t$e module is in its lo"est po"er state' *$e

ADC can per%orm an analog-to-digital conersion on an! o% t$e so%t"are

selectable c$annels' *$e selected c$annel oltage is conerted b! a successie

appro&imation algorit$m into an 66-bit digital result'

In >-bit mode1 t$e selected c$annel oltage is conerted b! a successie

appro&imation algorit$m into a analog inputs'

' V ,ingle or continuous conersion automatic return to idle a%ter single

conersion'

V Con%igurable sample time and conersion speed5po"er'

V Conersion complete %lag and interrupt'

V +peration in "ait or stop8 modes %or lo"er noise operation'

V As!nc$ronous cloc# source %or lo"er noise operation'

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V ,electable as!nc$ronous $ard"are conersion trigger'

V Automatic compare "it$ interrupt %or less-t$an1 or greater-t$an or e@ual-

to1 programmable alue'

4.3.9 ,#e!FPM*$e 0CA(6; ,eries includes t"o independent timer5P(0 *P0

modules "$ic$ support traditional input capture1 output compare1 or bu%%ered

edge-aligned pulse-"idt$ modulation P(0 on eac$ c$annel' A control bit in

eac$ *P0 con%igures all c$annels in t$at timer to operate as center-aligned P(0

%unctions'

In eac$ o% t$ese t"o *P0s1 timing %unctions are based on a separate 6;-bit

counter "it$ prescaler and modulo %eatures to control %re@uenc! and range period

bet"een oer%lo"s o% t$e time re%erence' *$is timing s!stem is ideall! suited %or

a "ide range o% control applications and t$e center-aligned P(0 capabilit! on

t$e 8-c$annel *P0 e&tends t$e %ield o% applications to motor control in small

appliances'

• e"5!e*

*$e timer s!stem in t$e 0CA(6; ,eries includes a 9-c$annel *P06

and a separate 7-c$annel *P07'

V A total o% eig$t c$annels:

-Eac$ c$annel ma! be input capture1 output compare1 or bu%%ered edge-

aligned P(0

-Rising-edge1 %alling-edge1 or an!-edge input capture trigger

V 6;-bit %ree-running or up5do"n CP(0 count operation

V 6;-bit modulus register to control counter range

V *imer s!stem enable

V Cloc# sources independentl! selectable per *P0 multiple *P0s deice

V ,electable cloc# sources :bus cloc#1 %i&ed s!stem cloc#1 e&ternal pin'X

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4.4 RELAY;

4.4.1 Re'y

Fig#/#/#+#+ Rela.

A rela! is an electricall! operated s"itc$' ,ince rela!s are s"itc$es1 t$eterminolog! applied to s"itc$es is also applied to rela!s' A rela! "ill s"itc$ oneor more poles1 eac$ o% "$ose contacts can be t$ro"n b! energi3ing t$e coil in oneo% t$ree "a!s:

• )ormall!-open )+ contacts connect t$e circuit "$en t$e rela! is

actiatedL t$e circuit is disconnected "$en t$e rela! is inactie' It is alsocalled a 4orm A contact or Kma#eK contact'

• )ormall!-closed )C contacts disconnect t$e circuit "$en t$e rela! is

actiatedL t$e circuit is connected "$en t$e rela! is inactie' It is also

called a 4orm B contact or Kbrea#K contact'• C$ange-oer C+1 or double-t$ro" D*1 contacts control t"o circuits:

one normall!-open contact and one normall!-closed contact "it$ acommon terminal' It is also called a 4orm C contact or Ktrans%erK contactKbrea# be%ore ma#eK' I% t$is t!pe o% contact utili3es a Qma#e be%ore

brea#K %unctionalit!1 t$en it is called a 4ormD contact'

4.4. Re'y *y#:%';

Fig#/#/#,#+ Rela. S.mbol

• ,P,* F ,ingle Pole ,ingle *$ro"' *$ese $ae t"o terminals "$ic$ can beconnected or disconnected' Including t"o %or t$e coil1 suc$ a rela! $as %our terminals in total' It is ambiguous "$et$er t$e pole is normall! open or

39

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SPST-NO_relay_symbol.svg/78px-SPST-NO_relay_symbol.svg.png&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SPST-NO_relay_symbol.svg&usg=__epdR1RF1kUNmSMPQptOZ2XkAzSo=&h=110&w=78&sz=3&hl=en&start=5&zoom=1&tbnid=hU63fqi2YcT6QM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=60&prev=/images?q=relay+symbol+spst&hl=en&gbv=2&tbs=isch:1&itbs=1http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tme.eu/katalog_pics/3/3/2/332cb8535b4b516429da99c1c75ac4ae/rm85-z-12v.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.tme.eu/en/katalog/?art=RM85-P-5V&usg=__8SfjNPPfde8DERHn8Og6UX4q2UM=&h=480&w=640&sz=15&hl=en&start=10&zoom=1&tbnid=raF8AM_or-GwqM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=137&prev=/images?q=relay+symbol+spst&hl=en&gbv=2&tbs=isch:1&itbs=1


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• Diode capacitance : % W 6 0$31

.R W =.1

C W 6'p4'

41


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CHAP,ER ; AR,ORK AND LAYOU,S

.1 LAYOU,

Fig# 0#+#+ "icrocontroller (a.out:top solder mas;<

42


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Fig#0#+#, "icrocontroller la.out:bottom solder mas;<

43


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Fig# 0#+#* Rela. :bottom solder mas;<

44


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. AR,ORK

Fig# 0#,#+ "icrocontroller

45


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Fig# 0#,#, Rela.

46


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47


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CHAP,ER ; SO,ARE

.1 SO,ARE

/anguage used: Embedded c2',o%t"are used: Code "arrior'

0icroso%t isual studio

E&press pcb

.1.1 C%e!!%!

Code(arrior is a des#top PC integrated deelopment enironment IDE

"$ic$ includes a C compiler %or t$e HC,=> 0C and t$e ot$er tools to generate a

do"nloadable image as "ell as a debugger t$at can do"nload code into t$e

HC,=> 0C2s %las$ memor!'

Code(arrior ta#es t$e output o% Beeit and compiles and lin#s t$e C

source code and libraries into a binar! image t$at ma! be do"nloaded into t$e

4las$ memor! o% an HC,=> 0C using t$e bac#ground debug memor! BD0

port'

. AL/ORI,HMS

..1 M*"e! ;

6 ,tart

7 Initiali3e micro-controller'

8 Initiali3e Zigbee module'

9 (ait %or signal'

C$ec# "$et$er data %rame is %rom computer or not'

; I% NE, trans%er data %rame to slae7 ia 3igbee module and go to step

no'9'

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? i I% )+ t$en trans%er data %rom slae6 to master ia 3igbee'

ii *rans%er data to micro-controller and displa! temperature on PC'

iii C$ec# i% temperature is greater t$an rated alue'

i I% NE, t$en send command to turn +) %an and go to step no'91elsesendcommand to turn +) $eater and go to step no'9'

.. S'


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.3 LOCHAR,S

.3.1 M*"e!;

50


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.3. S'


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.3.3 S'


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53


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CHAP,ER G; APPLICA,IONS

6 In automobile industries t$is s!stem can be used in researc$ and

testing department to test t$e endurance o% motor in e&treme $eat and cold

conditions'Due to t$is test "e can judge t$e ma&imum critical

temperatures t$e motor can "it$stand'

7 Home Automation

V /ig$t s"itc$es and lig$ts

V Computers1 *.s1 and ot$er electronic deices

V ,mo#e detectors and ot$er sa%et! e@uipment

V Electricit!1 "ater1 and gas meters'

8 Building Automation

(ireless sensing and control mes$ net"or#s can ma#e building

automation easier and more e%%icient b! combining lig$ting1securit!1 sa%et!

s!stems1 and ot$er monitoring net"or#s into a single plat%orm'

9 Automated meter reading A0R

4le&ible and scalable mes$ net"or#s proide "ireless A0R1 "$ic$

$elps to reduce e%%ort and increase accurac! across man! industries

including utilit! companies1 manu%acturers1 and storage %acilities'

Healt$care

-(it$in $ospitals1 adding patient monitors to a mes$ net"or# enables

%aster detection o% irregularities in a patient2s medical condition'-+utside $ospitals1 patients can be treated at $ome1 "it$ doctors able to

monitor t$eir ital statistics oer t$e Internet'

; De%ense and national securit!

-0es$ net"or#s can be used to monitor and protect installations t$at are

identi%ied as potential targets1 including militar! installations and sites

"$ere $a3ards suc$ as $eat1 gases1 and to&ins are manu%actured or stored'-0es$ net"or#s can also be used %or battle%ield and s$ipboard monitoring'

54


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CHAP,ER 8; PROS AND CONS

8.1 P!%*

6 sing t$e s!stem t$e manual e%%orts "ill be reduced and $ence t$e time and

energ! consumption is reduced to great e&tent'

7 Along "it$ data trans%er monitoring and controlling can be done using t$is

s!stem

8 /o" po"er consumption1 simpl! implemented

9 sers e&pect batteries to last man! mont$s to !ears' Consider single %amil!

$ouse $as about ; smo#e5C+ detectors' I% t$e batteries %or eac$ one onl!

lasted si& mont$s1 t$e $ome o"ner "ould be replacing batteries eer!

mont$Y

/o" cost to t$e users means lo" deice cost1 lo" installation cost and lo"

maintenance'

; Zigbee deices allo" batteries to last up to !ears using primar! cells lo" cost"it$out an! c$argers lo" cost and eas! installation'? ZigBee2s simplicit! allo"s %or in$erent con%iguration and redundanc! o%

net"or# deices proides lo" maintenance'> Hig$ densit! o% nodes per net"or#


56/59


6' *$is s!stem can be used in big $ospitals b! inter%acing an R4ID to t$e

controller'I% t$e doctor is in opd section and i% $e is urgentl! neede in t$e icu

sectio t$en t$e location o% t$e doctor can be trac#ed using r%id 1and $ence t$e

time re@uired to searc$ t$e doctor is mnimised'Een e&pensie instruments

can be trac#ed b! t$is s!stem'

7' 0otor can be inter%aced to t$e microcontroller o% t$is s!stem1and t$e speed o%

t$e motor can be controlled'

8' *$e sensors suc$ as $umidit! sensor1dust sensors1pressure sensor1motion

sensor1gas sensor and soil moisture sensor also can be inter%aced to t$e

microcontroller',o t$e monitoring o% $umidit!1gas1 pressure also can be done'

CHAP,ER 10; CONCLUSION

56


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*$is is a small attempt o% ours in t$e %ast processing and %ast

moing "orld o% toda! to e%%icientl! utili3e t$e time and e%%orts o% a $uman being

so t$at controlling o% lig$t can be done %rom one place' (it$ t$is1"e $ope t$at t$e

product o% ours "ill be $elp%ul in some"a! or t$e ot$er to sae t$e manpo"er and

utili3e it e%%icientl!'

Zigbee $as "ide range o% application' It is a lo"-cost1 lo"-

po"er1 "ireless mes$ net"or#ing proprietar! standard' Due to t$is it is best suited

%or applications in Automation and Control %ield'

CHAP,ER 11; BILL O MA,ERIAL

57


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SR.NO COMPONEN, PAR, UAN,I,Y COS,

(R*.)

6 C6 9?=u458. 8 6>

7 C7 6u45;8. 8 ?'=

8 C81C91C1C;1C>1C ='6u45=. 6? >'=

9 C?1C6= 6=u45=. 8 ?'

C661C67 6n4 7 6

; D6 6)9==? 8 6'=

? D71D8 BA.1 77 6 ='

6> R< =R 6 ='

6< R6=1R661R67 88=E 8 6'

7= ,(6 RE,E* ,(I*CH 8

76 6 A?>88 6 67

77 7 0icrocontroller599pin5/U4P 8 6==

78 8 0A7875DIP 6 8

79 ; PI) 4RC506 6 6

7 4A) 67. 6 67

7; B/B 9=(1;=(16==( 9 9;

7? R/61R/71R/8 67. 67=7> ZIGBEE 0+D/E RC79==HP 8 7=1===

7< PCB 9==

8= +t$ers 6==

*+*A/ 7;1=>8'

CHAP,ER 1; BIBLIO/RAPHY

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Documents

Zig Bee Sensor Node PVPIT Report