Здружение „Мариовско - мегленски културни средби“ - Прилеп

Association ”Mariovo - Meglen cultural assembly“

– Prilep

Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”

Институт за социолошки и политичко-правни

истражувања

Institute for sociological political and juridical

research

Универзитет „Св. Климент Охридски“ -

Битола

University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola

Економски факултет-Прилеп

Faculty of economics – Prilep

Меѓународна научна конференција на тема:

МИГРАЦИЈАТА И ПАЗАРОТ НА ТРУД

- Зборник на апстракти -

International scientific conference

MIGRATION AND LABOUR MARKET

- Book of abstracts -

Крушево, 19-20 октомври 2012 год.

Krushevo, October 19-20, 2012

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CIP - Каталогизација во публикација

Национална и универзитетска библиотека „Св. Климент Охридски“, Скопје 314.15(062)(048.3) 331.5(062)(048.3) МЕЃУНАРОДНА научна конференција на тема: Миграцијата и пазарот на Труд : зборник на апстракти : Крушево, 19-20 октомври 2012 год. = International scientific conference: Migration and labour market : book of abstracts : Krushevo, October 19-20, 2012. - Прилеп : Економски факултет : Здружение „Мариовско-мегленски културни средби“ ; Скопје : Институт за социолошки и политичко-правни истражувања = Prilep : Faculty of economics : Association “Mariovo-Meglen cultural Assembly” ; Skopje : Institute for sociological political and juridical research, 2012. - 100 стр. ; 30 см Текст на македонски и англиски јазик ISBN 978-9989-695-53-7 ISBN 978-9989-633-33-1 ISBN 978-608-65073-1-2 1. Насп. ств. насл. а) Миграции - Собири - Апстракти б) Пазар на труд - Собири - Апстракти COBISS.MK-ID 92214538

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Издавачи:

Здружение „Мариовско - мегленски културни средби“ – Прилеп

Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“, Институт за социолошки и политичко-правни истражувања

Универзитет „Св. Климент Охридски“ – Битола, Економски факултет-Прилеп

Publishers:

Association ”Mariovo - Meglen cultural assembly“ – Prilep

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Institute for sociological political and juridical research

University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola, Faculty of economics - Prilep

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Предговор

Миграциските движења и современите тенденции на пазарите на труд во регионот на Југоисточна Европа сé повеќе завземаат значајно место во академските кругови и наметнуваат потреба за преземање соодветни мерки. Целта на меѓународната конференција „Миграцијата и пазарот на труд“ е да придонесе за утврдување на состојбите со миграциите и пазарите на труд и да поттикне дебата за формулирање соодветни решенија во насока на подобрување на вработеноста и намалување на сиромаштијата. Конференцијата е резултат на заедничката соработка меѓу три партнерски институции: Здружението „Мариовско - мегленски културни средби“ - Прилеп, Институтот за социолошки и политичко - правни истражувања (Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“ - Скопје) и Економскиот факултет - Прилеп (Универзитет „Св. Климент Охридски“ - Битола). Во оваа прилика би сакале да ја изразиме нашата благодарност на сите учесници за нивните напори да пријават трудови и да истражат различни аспекти поврзани со миграцијата и пазарите на труд во Југоисточна Европа и во глобален контекст. Се надеваме дека бројноста и квалитетот на презентираните трудовите и учеството на голем број истакнати стручњаци и млади истражувачи ќе придонесат за успешно постигнување на целите на конференцијата.

Програмски одбор на конференцијата

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Foreword

The migration movements and current labour markets tendencies in the South Eastern European region take increasingly important part in the academic field and impose needs for undertaking appropriate measures. The aim of this international conference entitled “Migration and labour market” is to contribute in assessing the conditions of migration and labour markets and to initiate a debate for creation suitable solutions with regard to improving employment and alleviating poverty. The conference is a result of the joint cooperation among three partner institutions: Association ”Mariovo - Meglen cultural assembly“ – Prilep, Institute for sociological political and juridical research (University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” - Skopje) and Faculty of economics – Prilep (University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola). In this occasion, we would like to express our gratitude to all participants for their efforts to submit papers and to explore different aspects related to migration and labour markets in the South-East Europe and in the global context. We hope that the quantity and the quality of the presented papers and the participation of a number of distinguished experts, as well as young researchers will contribute to successful accomplishment of the goals of this conference.

The programme committee of the conference

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Програмски одбор

Проф. д-р Јорде Јакимовски, Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“, Институт за социолошки и политичко-правни истражувања, Република Македонија

Академик д-р Таки Фити, Македонска академија на науки и уметности, Република Македонија

Академик д-р Гоце Петрески, Македонска академија на науки и уметности, Република Македонија

Проф. д-р Ферид Мухиќ, Република Македонија

Проф. д-р Љупчо Печијарески, Универзитет „Св. Климент Охридски“-Битола, Економски факултет-Прилеп, Република Македонија

Проф. д-р Димитар Ефтимоски, Универзитет „Св. Климент Охридски“-Битола, Факултет за администрација и менаџмент информациски системи, Република Македонија

Проф. д-р Мирјана Борота Поповска, Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“, Институт за социолошки и политичко-правни истражувања, Република Македонија

Проф. д-р Тибор Киш, Универзитет во Нови Сад, Економски факултет-Суботица, Република Србија

Проф. д-р Зоран Аранѓеловиќ, Универзитет во Ниш, Економски факултет, Република Србија

Проф. д-р Евис Куши, Универзитет „Александар Џувани“-Елбасан, Економски факултет, Република Албанија

Проф. д-р Авдула Хоти, Универзитет во Приштина, Економски факултет, Косово

Проф. д-р Румјана Стоилова, Институт за истражување на општеста и знаење, Бугарска академија на науки, Република Бугарија

Проф. д-р Бранислава Барановиќ, Институт за општествени истражувања-Загреб, Република Хрватска

Стојан Ѓуровски, Здружение „Мариовско-мегленски културни средби“, Република Македонија

Доц. д-р Димитар Николоски, Универзитет „Св. Климент Охридски“-Битола, Економски факултет-Прилеп, Република Македонија

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Programme committee

Prof. Jorde Jakimovski, PhD, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Institute for sociological political and juridical research, Macedonia

Academician Taki Fiti, PhD, Macedonian academy of sciences and arts, Macedonia Academician Goce Petreski, PhD, Macedonian academy of sciences and arts, Macedonia

Prof. Ferid Muhić, PhD, Macedonia

Prof. Ljupcho Pechijareski, PhD, University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola, Faculty of economics-Prilep, Macedonia

Prof. Dimitar Eftimoski, PhD, University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola, Faculty of administration and management information systems, Macedonia

Prof. Mirjana Borota Popovski, PhD, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Institute for sociological political and juridical research, Macedonia

Prof. Tibor Kiš, PhD, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of economics-Subotica, Serbia

Prof. Zoran Aranđelović, PhD, University of Niš, Faculty of economics, Serbia

Prof. Evis Kushi, PhD, University “Alexander Xhuvani”-Elbasan, Faculty of economics, Albania

Prof. Avdullah Hoti, PhD, University of Prishtina, Faculty of economics, Kosovo

Prof. Rumiana Stoilova, PhD, Bulgarian academy of science, Institute for study of societies and knowledge, Bulgaria

Prof. Branislava Baranović, PhD, Institute for social research - Zagreb, Croatia

Stojan Gjurovski, Association ”Mariovo - Meglen cultural assembly“-Prilep, Macedonia

Prof. Dimitar Nikoloski, PhD, University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola, Faculty of economics-Prilep, Macedonia

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Поттеми на конференцијата

Регионални аспекти на пазарите на труд

Пазарот на труд и демографските промени

Институции на пазарите на труд

Сегментација на пазарот на труд

Проблеми на невработеност и сиромаштија

Квантитативни показатели за пазарот на труд

Политики на пазарот на труд

Современи трендови на миграциите

Миграцијата и демографските промени

Правниот статус на мигрантите

Миграцијата и животниот стандард на населението

Улогата на финансиските дознаки од странство

Социјални аспекти на миграцијата

Миграцијата и улогата на политиките

Односот меѓу миграциjата и пазарот на труд

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Conference topics

Regional aspects of the labour markets

Labour markets and demographic changes

Labour market institutions

Labour market segmentation

The problems of unemployment and poverty

Quantitative indicators for the labour markets

Labour market policies

Current migration trends

Migrations and demographic changes

The legal status of migrants

Migrations and the standard of living

The role of remittances

Social aspects of migrations

Migrations and the role of policies

The relationship between migration and labour market

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CONTENTS

(alphabetical order)

Abdulai Jonuz, Durmishi Izmit, Kadrius Besa THE SOCIAL CHANGES AND THE MIGRATION FROM THE GOSTIVAR REGION TO THE WESTERN COUNTRIES…………………………………… 17

Abdulrahman-Olusi Kolawole, Jibrin Taiwo Ibrahim THE EMERGING TRENDS IN RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN NIGERIA 18

Anil Kumar Jha SEARCH OF LIVELIHOOD, MIGRATION AND POLITICAL CONFLICT IN INDIA……………………………………………………………………………... 19

Bejzaroski Limko MIGRATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET………………………………… 20

Bellaqa Bashkim LABOR MARKET TRENDS IN EASTERN EUROPE AND BEYOND WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO……………………… 21

Berisha Agim THE ROLE OF FISCAL POLICY IN REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT – THE CASE OF KOSOVO……………………………………………………………… 22

Borota-Popovska Mirjana, Popovski Vasil, Topuzovska Marija GENERATIONAL MARKERS OF YOUNG MACEDONIAN WORKFORCE 23

Cacanoska Ružica, Slaninka-Dineva Mirjana MIGRATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES……………………………… 24

Chudoska-Blaževska Irina, Malici Nazmi, Zununi Zunun INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC IMMIGRATION AS A GLOBAL PHENOMENON………………………………………………………………….. 25

Cipusheva Hristina, Abazi-Alili Hyrije THE IMPACT OF REMITTANCES ON HUMAN CAPITAL – THE CASE OF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA…………………………………………………… 26

Ćirić Zoran INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ON LABOUR MARKET FOR THE DEVELOPMENT PROFESSION STANDARDS………………………… 27

Dajovska Ana MAPPING COMMUNITY CAPACITY IN THE PELAGONIA REGION AND THE EFFECTS ON THE LABOR MARKET …………………………………… 28

Dakić Stojanka THE PROBLEM OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN BALKAN COUNTRIES WITH REGARD TO THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES THAT IT CAUSES….. 29

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Dimeski Stevcho UNILATERAL TRANSFERS - INSTRUMENT FOR TIME BYPASSING OF THE IMBALANCE IN THE CURRENT ACCOUNT OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS………………………………………………………..…………….. 30

Dimitrijević Srboljub POVERTY AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON……………………………………. 31

Dimitrov Nikola, Josheski Dushko, Koteski Cane NEO-KEYNESIAN MACROECONOMY: IN THE ROLE OF THE GLOBAL TREND OF MIGRATIONS IN THE LABOUR MARKET AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES……………………………………………………. 32

Dimitrović-Shaponja Liljana, Birovljev Elena, Gravorac Sasha THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LABOUR MARKET IN THE OPERATION OF MODERN-DAY CORPORATE ENTITIES - THE SERBIAN EXPERIENCE…………………………………………………………………….. 33

Dimovski Zlate, Ilijevski Ice, Babanoski Kire THE SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF THE MIGRANT MOVEMENT IN SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE…………………………………………………… 34

Dmitrović Veljko, Knežević Snežana, Lakićević Andrijana ADEQUACY ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS…………………………………………………………………… 35

Dragović Anica, Drakulovska-Chukalevska Marija INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONS, WORKFORCE AND GLOBALIZATION 36

Drakulovska-Chukalevska Marija, Dragović Anica THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION IN THE PRINTED MEDIA IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA……………………. 37

Eftimoski Dimitar USING GROUPED DATA FOR MEASURING POVERTY IN MACEDONIA AND SIMULATION OF THE LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT IMPACT ON MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY WITH COMPOSITE INDEX………… 38

Gjini Kladiola MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES - WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF POVERTY AND EDUCATION ON FAMILY MEMBERS LEFT BEHIND…… 39

Gjuroski Stojan MIGRATION OF POPULATION IN MARIOVO REGION……………………. 40

Gjurovski Marjan, Gjoreski Igor, Avramoska-Gjoreska Biljana, Petreski Toni THE INFLUENCE OF MIGRATION ON MATERIALISATION OF POLITICAL AND MILITARY POWER OF THE STATES……………………. 41

Gogoski Risto MACROECONOMIC ASPECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY AND LIVING STANDARDS…………………………………………………………… 42

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Ivanovska Menche, Jovcheska Silvana THE EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE EMIGRATION - REVIEW OF THE SITUATION IN MACEDONIA………………………………………… 43

Jakimovska Viktorija EXPULSION OF MIGRANT WORKERS: POLICY, PRINCIPLES AND LEGAL SAFEGUARDS…………………………………………………………. 44

Jakimovski Jorde GAP BETWEEN THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF LABOUR……………….. 45

Jandrić Mersida, Rajić Zoran MIGRATION TENDENCIES OF POPULATION FROM VILLAGES TO TOWNS …………………………………………………………………………... 46

Janeska Margarita, Zdraveski Dejan, Taleska Suzana ANALYSIS OF THE LABOUR MARKET IN THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SECTOR IN MACEDONIA ……………………………… 47

Jelić Sreten, Zivković Dragić POPULATION MIGRATION FROM VILLAGE TO TOWN IN TRANSITION PROCESS IN SERBIA …………………………………………………………… 48

Jovanović-Gavrilović Biljana, Drinka Peković THE ROLE OF REMITTANCES IN ALLEVIATING POVERTY – THE CASE OF SERBIA ………………………………………………………………………. 49

Karadjoski Mladen EUROPEAN UNION AFTER THE ENLARGEMENT WITH THE COUNTRIES FROM CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES REGARDING THE MIGRATION POLICIES……… 50

Karadjova Vera, Dičevska Snežana, Gogoski Risto DEALING WITH UNEMPLYMENT AS A SIGNIFICANT MACROECONOMIC PROBLEM……………………………………………….. 51

Kartik Yadav A MODEL OF NEW ECONOMICS OF LABOUR MIGRATION……………… 52

Khabibulina Violetta MEDICALISATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY IN RELATION TO LABOUR MIGRANTS IN RUSSIA……………………………………………… 53

Kirjakovska Katerina THE INFLUENCE OF THE MIGRATION WITH THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF HUMAN RESOURCES…………………. 54

Kiš Tibor, Čileg Marija, Sedlak Otilija THE INFLUENCE OF LIFELONG LEARNING AS A INSTRUMENT OF ACTIVE EMPLOYMENT POLICIES ON LABOUR MARKET TENDENCIES 55

Klopchevska Valentina THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC POSITION AND THE MIGRATION OF THE ROMA POPULATION IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF DEBAR………………… 56

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Kocareva Neda EURAXESS – EUROPEAN TOOL FOR STIMULATING LABOUR MIGRATION IN THE ACADEMIC FIELD……………………………………... 57

Kokaroski Dimko, Micalevska Tanja FLUCTUATION OF THE PHILIPS CURVE IN A SHORT TERM IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA…………………………………………………… 58

Koleva Galina MIGRATION PROCESSES AND THE LABOUR MARKET IN BULGARIA – SITUATION, REGULATIONS, POLICIES……………………………………… 59

Leshkovska Irena, Jovevska Elena THE POLICY OF DEALING WITH THE ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF FRANCE: MORALS FOR THE EMIGRANTS FROM THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA…………………………………………………… 60

Loku Afrim, Rudari Rexhep ASSESSMENT ON REMITTANCES IN KOSOVA ON THE CONTEXT OF DIM INCREASE………………………………………………………………….. 61

Lumani Fatmire PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY………………………… 62

Markusheski Ljupche, Andonovski Miroslav MODELS FOR ELIMINATION OF THE DISCRIMINATION ON THE LABOUR MARKET……………………………………………………………… 63

Mehmedi Drita THE MIGRATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET - SOCIAL ASPECTS OF MIGRATION……………………………………………………………………... 64

Midovska Marija, Todorovska Marinela THE INFLUENCE OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OVER THE LABOUR MARKET IN THE PELAGONIA REGION……………………………………… 65

Migulovska Andrijana MODELS FOR ENTERPRENEURIAL EDUCATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL EXPERTISE OF MANAGERS AND EXECUTIVES……………………………………………………………………. 66

Milenkova Valentina EDUCATION IN RURAL CONDITIONS AND LABOR MARKET…………… 67

Mircheska-Petkovska Tatjana, Daniloska Natasha, Boshkovska Diana, Janevski Zoran REDUCING THE OUTFLOW OF RESEARCHERS THROUGH DEVELOPMENT OF E-ENTREPRENEURSHIP INTHE REPUBLIC MACEDONIA…………………………………………………………………….. 68

Mojanoski Cane ASPECTS OF THE SECURITY AND THE LABOUR MARKET……………… 69

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Moyo Zothile UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANT CHILD BEGGARS: A REVIEW OF THE CYCLICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY AND MIGRATION IN SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE…………………………... 70

Nikoloska Svetlana GREY ECONOMY AS A CONSEQUENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA OR A CRIMINAL FOR GAINING OF TREASURES……………………………………………………… 71

Nikoloski Dimitar, Pechijareski Ljupcho, Pechijareski Goran THE IMPACT OF LABOUR MARKET ADJUSTMENT MECHANISMS ON THE LABOUR MARKET SEGMENTATION IN MACEDONIA………………. 72

Nikolovska-Vrateovska Danche, Mojsoska Snežana CLOTHING INDUSTRY AS A SOURCE FOR EMPLOYMENT IN MACEDONIA - FOCUS ON THE MUNICIPALITY OF SHTIP……………….. 73

Nikolovski Aleksandar, Petrusheva Nada ECONOMIC MEASURES FOR DECREASE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA…………………………….. 74

Nikolovski Marjan, Žibak Mila, Nikolovska Frosina ILLEGAL MIGRATION AND ILLEGAL COMPETITION ON THE LABOUR MARKET…………………………………………………………………………. 75

Nikolovski Zoran THE FRENCH LANGUAGE AS A MEANS FOR INFOMATION FOR THE CONSUMER AND PROTECTION OF THE EMPLOYEE……………………… 76

Njoya Raissa MIGRATION AND LABOUR IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITIES: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE…………………………………………………... 77

Obednikovska Snežana, Mojsovska-Salamovska Snežana THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SMALL BUSINESSES AS A FACTOR FOR DECREASE OF MIGRATION AT THE LABOUR MARKET IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA………………………………………………………………… 78

Pechijareski Ljupcho, Nikoloski Dimitar, Pechijareski Martin THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL SOCIAL AMBIENCE IN MACEDONIA ON THE LABOUR MARKET………………………………………………………… 79

Pejkovski Jovan UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY, GREY ECONOMY………………………….. 80

Petreski Goce GLOBAL POPULATION TRENDS AND THE CHALLENGES TO

DEVELOPMENT…………………………………………………………………. 81

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Petreski Zoran A MODEL FOR PUBLIC MANAGEMENT WITH STRATEGIC CHARACTERISTICS AS AN EFFECIVE INTEGRATION OF THE TRENDS IN THE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT FOR GOVERNING OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC REALITY AND THE LABOUR MARKET………………………. 82

Popovski Vasil, Tosheva Elizabeta MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND LABOUR MARKET: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT…………………………………………………………………. 83

Radovanov Boris, Marcikić Aleksandra, Tinde Dobrodolac-Šeregelj QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LABOUR MARKET AND HIGHER EDUCATION……………………………………………………………………... 84

Risteska Aneta, Spaseska Tatjana, Risteska Fanka THE ROLE OF THE SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESSES IN THE DECREASE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATIONS, WITH A SPECIAL ATTENTION ON REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA………………………………. 85

Sasajkovski Slavejko, Micanovska Ljubica THE POLICIES ABOUT THE LABOUR MARKET OF BARACK H. OBAMA И НА W. MITT ROMNEY……………………………………………………….. 86

Sedlak Otilija HUMAN RESOURCES AND THEIR CAPACITY FOR INCLUSION IN THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT…………………………………. 87

Sekovska Blagica, Anakiev Boris MIGRATIONS IMPACT TOWARD DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE…. 88

Shehu Diana, Çakalli Majlinda, Shehu Albana MIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION, THE ROLE AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES IN ALBANIAN ECONOMY AND CULTURE…………….. 89

Sotiroski Kosta, Hristoski Ilija STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS FOR THE MIGRATION MOVEMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA WITHIN THE PERIOD FROM 2000 TO 2011…………………………………………………………….. 90

Stojanovska Nikolina, Cuyvers Ludo MINIMUM WAGES, EMPLOYMENT OF LOWER-SKILLED AND THE IMPACT OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE WAGE INEQUALITY IN SELECTED OECD COUNTRIES……………………………………………. 91

Stojkova Eleonora POVERTY, PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND SOCIOLOGY OF SAVINGS AND MACEDONIA IN THAT MATTER…………………………… 92

Todorovska Marinela, Midovska Marija THE ROLE OF THE EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES IN DECREASING OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE PELAGONIA REGION…………………………... 93

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Trajkova Kate, Andonov Marko ASPECTS IN THE INTERNAL MIGRATIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THEIR INFLUENCE OVER THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT……. 94

Trpeski Predrag, Evtimov Ljupco THE CONSEQUENCES FROM NEGLECTING THE SHORT TERM - THE EFFECT OF HYSTERESIS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA…………... 95

Vchkov Ljupcho MIGRATION AND THE STANDARD OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION…….. 96

Viciska Kristina GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON THE MACEDONIAN LABOR MARKET - OBSTACLES TO LOWERING THE MIGRATION RATE AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS CONSIDERING A POLITY AND POLICY TRANSFER FROM EU AND GERMANY…………………………………………………………….. 97

Vitanski Dejan THE FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND THE MOBILITY OF THE OFFICIALS WITHIN EU…………………………………………………………. 98

Wamwara John Joseph MIGRATION POLICIES AND THE PLIGHT OF AFRICAN IMMIGRANTS IN WESTERN NATIONS………………………………………………………… 99

Zabijakin-Chatleska Vesna THE LABOUR MARKET AND THE QUALITY OF THE WORKFORCE WITHIN THE ENTERPRISES FROM THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN MACEDONIA…………………………………………………………………….. 100

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THE SOCIAL CHANGES AND THE MIGRATION FROM THE GOSTIVAR REGION TO THE WESTERN COUNTRIES

Abdulai Jonuz University of South-eastern Europe

Faculty for public administration and political sciences

Durmishi Izmit

Kadrius Besa

In this paper the social-economic and political situation is being analysed after the independence of Republic of Macedonia, with a special given attention towards the migrant movement from Gostivar towards the countries of Western Europe.

The topic will be focused on the socio-economic questions with which the society is faced in the period of transition in the era of globalization. In this paper the role of the institutions which are authorised for the integration of the citizens in the western countries and the employment of the young generation, the political influences in this process, the equality of the multinational society, facing with the process of integration and the contemporary society will be particularly analysed.

In the same way the above mentioned factors will be analysed as the factor which influences the process of the increase of the migration of population from the Polog region in the countries of EU and in other countries. The methodological access will be realized through the analysis of the content, comparatively will be compared the migration movements in our and other countries as well as by usage of other helpful tools such as interviews and questionnaires.

In this paper the problems with which our citizens are facing and who migrate in the western countries will be analysed. A particular problem is the studying of the language of the environment and their inclusion in the everyday life. A distinct emphasis will be put on the analysis for the questions about the citizens of the Gostivar region and the regions of Germany and Switzerland.

As for the problems with the language their ability for learning of foreign language will be accentuated, but at the same time, the problems about the preservation of the mother tongue and the same not to be neglected by the parents and their children. These social occurrences will be analysed with the usage of the clausal scheme so that the cause and the consequences will be analysed as well as their solution in practice.

Key words: migration, integration, unemployment, EU, transition, language, social changes.

18

THE EMERGING TRENDS IN RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN NIGERIA

Abdulrahman-Olusi Kolawole YSFON, Nigeria

Jibrin Taiwo Ibrahim YSFON, Nigeria

Given the tremendous explosions of urban settlements and the decadence of rural areas during the past two or three decades, the myth, reality and hope of a sustainable human settlement pattern seem to have been unravelled by the two UN Habitat Conferences of 1976 and 1996. Even though the wide range, tempting and unresolved human settlement issues have for long been grappled with by the public policies, solutions to the problems have continued to remain a mystery.

Migration is not a recent human phenomenon. Over time however, human beings have moved and established settlements in dual albeit with stratified socio-economic and geo-political compositions called either ‘rural’ or ‘urban’. Given the significant disparities that have emerged and developed between and within rural and urban settlements, migration phenomenon should be strategically used for the re-distributional development dynamics, designed to solve problems usually associated with it: the problems that have emerged out of population pressures to handle or balance resource demand, resource availability and resource management.

While considerable attention and resources have been focused and expanded to improve the deteriorating condition of rural settlements with a view to alleviating poverty and reducing the spate or provocation of rural-urban migration, it is gratifying to note that even urban settlements are seriously hit by the plague of poverty, principally amongst the hitherto wage-earning class which has practically regressed from proletarians to peasant-proletarians. Thus, the reverse of the spiral of rural-urban migration has become the emerging trends and salient phenomenon in almost all under developed economies.

This paper attempts to examine and analyze the general problems of development of urban and rural settlements as well as various shifts in policies and strategies contained therein. However, it shows how and why efforts are concentrated more explicitly on urban settlements. These top-down manifestations of the growth centre strategies with a ‘trickle-down’ pattern, either in a spontaneous or induced manner, have evoked a reminiscence of other development paradigms and the futility of the approaches adopted, which are urban and industrial in nature, externally oriented and characterized by a highly advanced and capital intensive technology. Thus, artificially created urbanized settlements are therefore not free from the intricacies of international dependency position, masterminded by MNCs, sanctioned by the State and collaborated by the political and economic elites.

Key words: migration, rural, urban, redistribution, development.

19

SEARCH OF LIVELIHOOD, MIGRATION AND POLITICAL CONFLICT IN INDIA

Anil Kumar Jha

Associate Professor Govt. Girls P.G. College, Jiwaji University

Morar, Gwalior (M.P.), India e-mail: anil.shruti@yahoo.com

“When I open my door I see a Bihari working outside”- Raj Thackeray, Leader of MNS Party

Agrarian distress and lack of job opportunities in rural India (Rural Bihar) has resulted in migration of people to other states (Urban India). Migration from rural to urban area in search of livelihood has gained momentum over the years in India. The extent, nature, characteristics and pattern of internal migration have been evolving on developmental space. Migrations from less developed region to the more developed region have resulted in political conflicts between the migrants and the native population. This has been a prominent phenomenon in post-independent India. The Subject related to cultural identity and employment opportunities between local and migrant community is a widely contested issue in Indian context. In recent times, Bihari-centric migration debate has entered in the Indian psyche. This paper discusses how and why internal migration is being politicized and its consequences in India based on upcoming literature on the subject.

Key words: distress, livelihood, migration, conflict, Bihari-centric, Indian psyche, politics.

20

MIGRATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET

Bejzaroski Limko

In the context of the topic which is chosen on a higher level and the aim is justified from many reasons, the term migration is strongly present on the Macedonian grounds, more than 100 years, and it deserves a respectful attention from the science and the scientific society with the aim to contribute for its identification, and an appropriate treatment in the wide circles of our society of a reason that there are indicators that this term is not researched enough and explained to the masses in our country, and its reasons are not explained, its essence and the consequence of the migration itself.

The migration in our country is cause by many reasons, sometimes they were military and safety reasons, then the economic reasons, the political reasons and in the end migrations caused by psychological and idyllic reasons. During the research I did on the topic Territorial and administrative division in Macedonia throughout 1944-2006, I came to a conclusion that the divisions and the changes in this period are based on the scientific and non-scientific grounds, the divisions and changes which are carried out on the scientific ground with a great influence and arguments of science are long-lasting, stable and economically developed environments, while where there is a division with a strong influence from politics, we have areas with increased migration, imported insecurity of population from various reasons, common changes and divisions. From these and other non-scientific measure which are tagged along for years, with a strong impression of politics, today we have the vast bare regions such as: the Mariovo-Prilep region, Mavrovo-Debar region and Brodsko-Porechki region where you can barely find a single citizen. The image we can see in these beautiful areas of Macedonia are disastrous and they say over the Macedonian village in the past there had been a rural exodus, i.e. with just a few state actions brought on non-scientific ground with a strong pressure of politics, Macedonia made the cities more like villages and the villages were left deserted.

Today we are witnesses of a new kind of migrations which is more contemporary and more advanced, and that is making of conditions and assumptions so that people who left their country will never come back. Having in mind these and all other examples, our country most put things on a scientific ground with a strong influence of the science so that we can hope for a better and decent life, and this will provide a decrease of this sad process from which we all have just a pain and wound in our soul.

Key words: migration, labour market, causes for migration.

21

LABOR MARKET TRENDS IN EASTERN EUROPE AND BEYOND WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO

Bellaqa Bashkim Statistical Agency of Kosovo

e-mail: bashkim.bellaqa@rks-gov.net

The aim of this research paper is to examine the labour market trends in the countries of South East Europe (SEE) and beyond with a special focus on the Republic of Kosovo. In 2009, SEE and other countries have suffered more from the global economic crisis compared to 2010. In 2009, States of European Union (EU-27) had a decrease of 4.3% of the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Kosovo’s real GDP growth in 2010 was 3.9% (KAS). Even though Kosovo had a real GDP growth, compared to the South East European countries Kosovo has the highest rate of unemployment of 45.7% (SAK, 2010). In 2010, all countries have had positive trends of GDP growth with exception of Iceland which has had a decrease of -4.0% of its GDP and Croatia with decrease of the real GDP of 1.2% (Eurostat, 2012). The unemployment rate in the European Union countries (EU-27) has increased from 8.9% in 2009 to 9.6% in 2010. From the Western Balkan countries, Kosovo leads with the highest rate of unemployment of 45.7% (KAS, 2010) followed by Macedonia with 32.0% and Serbia with 19.2% (Eurostat, 2012). Kosovo and Macedonia also lead with the highest rate of long-term unemployment and youth unemployment rate. In EU countires (EU-27), if we compare 2010 with 2009, there was no improvement of the employment rate. From the SEE states, the largest improvement was experienced by Turkey which in 2009 had an employment rate of 44.3% while in 2010, the employment rate increased to 46.3% (Eurostat, Labour Force, 2012). Through this paper I have tried specifically to analyse the trends of unemployment and employment in Kosovo and the steps that should be taken to improve the labour market policies.

Key words: labour market, unemployment, GDP, Kosovo.

22

THE ROLE OF FISCAL POLICY IN REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT – THE CASE OF KOSOVO

Berisha Agim PhD candidate

Agricultural University of Tirana

This paper shall discuss the unemployment as one of the economic problems that the Kosovo economy is facing in the postwar period. Despite the results achieved, the fiscal policy has not been sufficiently represented in the private sector, thus could not create a favourable environment for business. Kosovo’s undergoing transitional period continues to face further economic problems, such as the unemployment. Given the constantly low level of development, poverty and the high rate of unemployment, the economy in Kosovo necessarily needs to take concrete fiscal measures in order to stimulate the private sector and mitigate the unemployment.

Key words: unemployment, fiscal policy, economic problems.

23

GENERATIONAL MARKERS OF YOUNG MACEDONIAN WORKFORCE

Borota-Popovska Mirjana Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical Research

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”- Skopje e-mail: mborota@isppi.ukim.edu.mk

Popovski Vasil Institute of Economics-Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”- Skopje e-mail: vasil@ek-inst.ukim.edu.mk

Topuzovska Marija Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical Research

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”- Skopje e-mail: мarija_t@isppi.ukim.edu.mk

The focus of this paper is on the generation theories and generational markers of young Macedonian workforce. An analysis of the generational theories and classification has been made, especially those that emphasize the sociological significance of generation concept (Mannheim 1964, Reynolds, Bush & Geist, 2008). The academic literature suggests that each generation cohort has a unique set of characteristics and preferences that distinguish their work live tendencies (Hill, 2002; Glen, 1977; Rosow 1978; Pilcher 1994). Young workforce is critical to the development of the country's economy. In today's economies as a problem arises the question of how to attract young people at certain jobs, but also how to retain them. With the increasing mobility, increases the migration, so the problem is not just a problem of employer how to retain young employees, but also the problem of the country. Thus organizations, including policy makers, need to recognize the work values and preferences of the young generation and how they differ from previous generations. This is important knowledge that will allow creating policies and practices of human resources management at organizational and country level. In this study for the first time in the Macedonian scientific environment are analyzed generational markers of young Macedonian generation, born after 1982. The results are based on analysis of a number of key social events, under whose influence the young people in the country were from the beginning of their adolescence until their early twenties.

Key words: generation cohort, generational markers, social events, young workforce.

24

MIGRATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES

Cacanoska Ružica Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical Research

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” - Skopje

Slaninka-Dineva Mirjana Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical Research

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” - Skopje

In this text the demographic changes connected with the professional and social migration better known as “social mobility“ is being treated. This matter, primarily in the frame of Macedonia is relatively little researched. The migrations will be scientifically problematical within the Republic of Macedonia, (especially towards Skopje as the capital of RM) and certainly in the country, to which people migrate.

The paper basically will be presented on the grounds of the secondary analysis of data, gained from the official statistics, as well as other sources, which principally indirectly elaborate the topic.

Undoubtedly is that the relevance of the problem is that the basic target group is consisted of young people, (at the beginning of their career). They think that they can have better opportunities in the place where they will migrate, (especially abroad, in the developed countries with bigger opportunities for career development). Repercussions of this phenomenon, in this period is not very visible, but there is the need for them to be appropriately defined and researched.

Key words: social mobility, migrations, demographic changes.

25

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC IMMIGRATION AS A GLOBAL PHENOMENON

Chudoska-Blazevska Irina Faculty of Political Science, International Relations and Diplomacy

FON-University

Malici Nazmi Faculty of Political Science, International Relations and Diplomacy

FON-University

Zununi Zunun Faculty of Political Science, International Relations and Diplomacy

FON-University

Considering the territorial displacement of populations, most researchers consider the role of economic factors to be determining in the migration processes. Therefore, migration of people is mostly studied in terms of economics.

In the implementation of state migration policy, the understanding of the complexity and versatility of the concept of "economic migration" becomes crucial in order to achieve effective economic outcomes and maximize the benefits of import and export of human resources. The completeness of the analysis of certain categories of international economic migration depends on the availability and reliability of statistical material. In addition, there are certain methodological limitations on the concept of migration, which does not allow an objective evaluation thereby maximizing the individual categories as an international economic migration and the phenomenon as a whole.

Many researchers of international migration named the last quarter of XX century as the "Age of Migration". The processes of globalization of the world economy and technological progress have greatly increased the international economic migration giving it a global character. Namely, the globalization of international economic migration is one of the main trends of the globalization. This trend affects many countries around the World. However, the focus of this study are the countries of former Yugoslavia with special accent on the immigration situation in the Republic of Macedonia.

Key words: immigration, economy integration, globalization.

26

THE IMPACT OF REMITTANCES ON HUMAN CAPITAL – THE CASE OF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Cipusheva Hristina South-Eastern University-Tetovo

Abazi-Alili Hyrije South-Eastern University-Tetovo

In the recent decades, Republic of Macedonia like other countries from South East Europe is witnessing a large outflow of migration to more developed countries. With such a high proportion of emigrant population relative to the total population of the country, remittances sent by migrant workers have become critical to the survival and welfare of a significant number of Macedonian households, as to millions of families around the world and to the health of many national economies (Mughal, Cipusheva, Abazi, 2009). Many Macedonian households often depend on the money sent by household members working or living abroad to cover day-to-day living expenses, to provide a cushion against emergencies or, in some cases, as funds for making small investments (Janeska, 2008; Roberts et al., 2008).

However, the question is how productive are the remittances sent by the migrants and do they outweigh the export of a country’s skills and knowledge? In theory, the relationship between emigration and schooling is ambiguous (Schultz & Strauss, 2009; Speciale, 2008). The gain from remittances is universally approved, they raise household income and allow household members to make scholastic progress, but they may also disrupt the family life that can obstruct that progress.

The paper examines the role of remittances on human capital indicators in remittance-receiving households, analyzing their effect on household investments in human capital. It makes an econometric analysis of the issue under consideration using household survey data from 2009.

Key words: remittances, human capital, development.

27

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ON LABOUR MARKET FOR THE DEVELOPMENT PROFESSION STANDARDS

Ćirić Zoran Faculty of Economics-Subotica

For quality education system is essential to identify current and future demand for skills that will be needed for economic development. Over time, as the structure of the economy is changing according to the needs of consumers in the domestic and global markets, the structure of the knowledge and skills change as well. Maintaining competitiveness is possible only if such necessary knowledge and skills present in educational outcomes, standards and qualifications take part of the educational programs.

In this context there are a number of questions to address: How strong is the sector of the economy, commerce and business administration in the economy? What are the trends in the three main sub-sectors (economy - financial professions, commerce and business administration)? Is there enough staff to meet the demand? What is the absorption of knowledge of economics, commerce and business administration and in economic sectors where they have the highest concentration? How to position education policies in order to attract foreign investment? What are the global trends in this area and what can we infer from them? What changes in the structure of knowledge and skills brings information technology?

Keywords: labour market, education system, information technology.

28

MAPPING COMMUNITY CAPACITY IN THE PELAGONIA REGION AND THE EFFECTS ON THE LABOR MARKET

Dajovska Ana Faculty of economics-Prilep

University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

Taking into consideration the importance of society and education, as well as the power of networking, we suggest the tools of mapping community capacity as an important factor in building strong relationship between the society and education and the labour market. This paper tends to present a more detailed approach to the process of creating the labour market perspectives in Macedonia. The relatively new concept of Mapping Community Capacity introduced in 1996 by John L. McKnight and John P. Kretzmann from The Asset-Based Community Development Institute at the Northwestern University was found as a great way to explore and detect new paths for improvement of the process of development and innovation in the Pelagonia region of Macedonia. To achieve this goal, we are drawing the two maps of community in this particular region, and we are also conducting a research which should point out the most specific areas which have special role in creating the Macedonian labour market strategies. Our main goal will be the measurement of the results and creation of a model of the Pelagonia region incentives and perspectives concerning the labour market. Moreover, the paper will make suggestions aimed at improvement of the community capacity to meet the present and future labour market needs.

Key words: labour, Pelagonija, community, Macedonia.

29

THE PROBLEM OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN BALKAN COUNTRIES WITH REGARD TO THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES

THAT IT CAUSES

Dakić Stojanka Faculty of Economics-Subotica

e-mail: stojankad@eccf.uns.ac.rs

Youth unemployment is the most pressing issue in the EU and in the Balkan countries. Unemployment rates are high throughout the world, but what is worrying is the fact that the rate of youth unemployment in the Balkans is almost four times higher than the EU average. According to data of the State Bureaus of Statistics for 2011, 55% of people between 15 and 30 years in Bosnia and Herzegovina were unemployed, 52.5% of people aged between 15 and 24 years in Macedonia were unemployed, 51.5% in Greece and 50% in Serbia. Adverse conditions in the labour market, especially after the impact of the global economic crisis, make the transition from education to the labour market difficult. This results in very low rate of employment with a downward decline in the coming period. In most countries, the education system and the lack of employment are considered to be the main culprits. Even those young people who have found their place in the labour market have a problem in terms of an extremely unfavorable position compared with their older counterparts. Research has shown that young people are aware of their plight in the labour market. Unemployment is the problem that troubled the youth the most - much more than the availability of cultural events, education and other activities in their lives. Difficulties in finding a job become the main motive to leave their home country. Thus unemployment becomes a powerful factor of intentions of young people to migrate. The risk of "brain drain" and thereby losing an important potential for growth and development is a dangerous problem that threatens the Balkan countries. The aim of this paper is to review the status, conditions and social consequences of youth unemployment in the Balkan countries, and through the analysis of existing problems point to possible ways and methods for its overcoming.

Key words: youth unemployment, social consequences, brain drain.

30

UNILATERAL TRANSFERS - INSTRUMENT FOR TIME BYPASSING OF THE IMBALANCE IN THE CURRENT ACCOUNT OF THE

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

Dimeski Stevcho Stopanska Banka AD Skopje

e-mail: sdimeski@stb.com.mk

In theory the opinion for the practical instrumentarium which should be equilibrated the balance of payment or more accurately the segment of the current account. The deficit on the current account and its financing should not be a subject matter of analysis in conditions when the time dimension is noticed, more accurately whether the deficit is from a temporary character or it is manifested in a longer time period, and it should not present a subject matter of analysis in conditions when it is financed from stable resources. But in conditions when the deficit of the current account is a rule, and not an exception, and in conditions when the biggest compensator of the deficit of the current account are the unilateral transfers, the question for the need of change of the concept is asked openly.

Having in mind that the unilateral transfers present a significant instrument for bypassing, and experiments with monetary alchemy are not allowed, as a necessity there is the need for revision of the direction of movement of the economic subjects.

Key words: remittances, current account, balance of payments, migration.

31

POVERTY AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON

Dimitrijević Srboljub University of Niš

Teacher Education in Vranje

Poverty is a very complex social phenomen and multidimensional phenomenon with a long history. It dates from the very beginning of the formation of human society. Poverty is varied and constantly changing. Taking into account all the scientific and technical achievements in the new millennium, it is absurd to know that the world currently has about 900 million people who go hungry and at the same time some two billion are undernourished. This figure is a warning, because new knowledge leads us to a constant increase in the number of poor people. Example of some 6 billion world population, 2.8 billion live on less $ 2 a day, while 1.2 billion live on less than $ 1 per day.

It should also be borne in mind that poverty affects younger people than insufficient income to meet their basic needs until the (un) employment opportunities, access to appropriate health and social care and access to education. I need to point out the fact that many young educated generation are put in the unenviable position of waiting on the labor market and the loss of the best years of his life. Long-term unemployment leads to discouraged young people for work. It is not possible to reduce poverty through programs and strategies, but it requires a change in the economic basis. The fight against poverty is long term and requires a lot of money.

Keywords: poverty, basic needs, youth, unemployment, strategy.

32

NEO-KEYNESIAN MACROECONOMY: IN THE ROLE OF THE GLOBAL TREND OF MIGRATIONS IN THE LABOUR MARKET AND

DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES

Dimitrov Nikola University “Goce Delcev” - Shtip

e-mail: nikola.dimitrov@ugd.edu.mk

Josheski Dushko University “Goce Delcev” - Shtip

e-mail: dusko.josevski@ugd.edu.mk

Koteski Cane University “Goce Delcev” - Shtip e-mail: cane.koteski@ugd.edu.mk

In this paper we will first analyse the Neo-Keynesian suggestion for trade off among the inflation and the unemployment with the New Keynesian Philips curve. The rate NAIRU for the trade off among the inflation and unemployment is almost the same as the existing unemployment. This is taken as proof that NAIRU concept does not count (it is limited) for the Macedonian labour market. Neo-Keynesian Philips curve in accordance with a priori knowledge that there is not a statistically significant aspect ratio among the inflation and the unemployment in the classical Philips curve, the curve of Modigliani-Papademos curve and curve of Friedman-Phelps-Lucas. Parenthetically, such situation causes continuation in the process of emigration of population outside the country. The contemporary trends of migration conquered Republic of Macedonia as well. Here, the contemporary migration can be treated as „transitional migration“ because it does not exist classical-physical migration, i.e. The so-called intellectual or technological migration. In the end, in the labour, partly through the case of Republic of Macedonia, we will speak of the role of institutions and the policy over the migrations and the demographic changes.

Key words: neo-keynesian, migration, labour market, institutions, demographic changes, Republic of Macedonia.

33

THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LABOUR MARKET IN THE OPERATION OF MODERN-DAY CORPORATE ENTITIES - THE

SERBIAN EXPERIENCE

Dimitrović-Shaponja Liljana Faculty of economics-Subotica

Birovljev Elena Faculty of economics-Subotica

Gravorac Sasha Faculty of economics-Subotica

Business operations of modern-day corporate entities are inconceivable without interaction with the market, in view of the fact that market is the place where a company receives the confirmation of quality of its business policies, and justifiability of all the measures taken by the corporate entity’s management. The development of the modern-day market environment has resulted in segmentation of various types of markets, and particular attention should be paid to the labour market. The significance of this form of market from the increasingly important role assumed by people in the business operations of modern-day economic entities. It can be freely said that people, or – as they are referred to today – intellectual capital – are the backbone of modern-day corporate entities. This article will present the importance of human potential for an enterprise’s operation, intellectual capital as one of the most important resources in Serbia, and the position of modern-day corporate entities on the labour market, on the example of the Republic of Serbia.

Key words: human resources, intellectual capital, labour market, the Republic of Serbia.

34

THE SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF THE MIGRANT MOVEMENT IN SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE

Dimovski Zlate

Faculty of Security-Skopje University 'St. Clement of Ohrid' - Bitola

e-mail: zdimovski@fb.uklo.edu.mk

Ilijevski Ice Faculty of Security-Skopje

University “St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola e-mail: iilijevski@fb.uklo.edu.mk

Babanoski Kire Faculty of Security-Skopje

University “St. Kliment Ohridski“ - Bitola e-mail: kbabanoski@gmail.com

Migrations and their movements can be a significant factor for the security because it can cause certain occurring and structural changes with the criminal activities in certain areas in a particular time period.

Main subject of the paper are the consequences over the safety situation which are caused by the migration movements in the region of South-eastern Europe. Thereto the current trends are being taken into consideration of the migrations and the migration movements, from the point of view of the criminal motive and the reasons of the migrants, with a main object to find the connection of the migrations and the variations in the scope of the dynamics and the criminality in that area. The safety dimension of the migrations is specifically analysed through their mutual relationship with three separate groups of illegal activities: property torts, trade of people and terrorism.

In the direction for a support of this thesis, in this paper some examples of endangering of the safety situation by the migrants in some countries from South-eastern Europe will be presented. The aim of this paper is to make problems current with the criminal activities by the migrants in this region, with the aim of finding a strategy, tactics and a way of dealing with such occurrence.

Key words: migrations, migration movements, safety, implications, South-eastern Europe.

35

ADEQUACY ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Dmitrović Veljko Faculty of Organizational Sciences

University of Belgrade

Knežević Snežana Faculty of Organizational Sciences

University of Belgrade

Lakićević Andrijana Faculty of Organizational Sciences

University of Belgrade

The modern financial reporting should provide an objective picture of the assets, liabilities, income, expenses and results of operations. In terms of globalization, it requires harmonization of the various fields, including the field of financial reporting. The business entity is required to adjust quick changes in the technique and technology, increase the competition, and pay more careful attention to human resources, research, development and so on.

Modern organizations are in demand of financial information by which financial statements are produced, but also of non-financial information. Financial statements are the primary means for communication among many users. The success of the business entities, inter alia, lies in the effect of performance, knowledge, adaptability, resourcefulness, creativity of management, and therefore the other employees. A key element in gaining a competitive advantage is the human factor. Therefore, it should be given an adequate attention and be objectively evaluated.

Official financial statements do not show the human resources in an appropriate manner. In certain developed countries, human resources are adequately shown in a report of intellectual capital which is a supplementary report. The above-mentioned report on intellectual capital together with the official reports shows the objective picture of the human resources which is key to the growth and prosperity of the business entity.

Key words: financial reporting, financial information, non-financial information, intellectual capital.

36

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONS, WORKFORCE AND GLOBALIZATION

Dragović Anica

Institute of sociology - Skopje University ”Ss. Cyril and Methodius”

e-mail: anica.dragovikj@fzf.ukim.edu.mk

Drakulovska-Chukalevska Marija Faculty of Philosophy - Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” e-mail: marijad@fzf.ukim.edu.mk

Migrations influence the development processes. In such context a very significant meaning have the international migrations which are considered as a factor for changes and development, no matter they are the country of origin or a country representing a final destination for the individuals migrating. In this paper we will research the migrating and the migration of the workforce in the global contemporary society. Thereto we will pay attention to the historic aspect of migration, the tradition, but the influences form economic, demographic and socio-pathological factors as well and surely that influences the economic growth of the society itself.

Considering the processes of the development in the global level, undoubtedly there are certain changes in the quality of the migration although its tendency does not calm down with certain cyclical changes.

The aim of this paper is to show the migration trend of the reflux of professional, concentrating on their social-demographic marks, but also giving a particular attention to their education. Additionally the direct economic effect of emigration of the highly qualified individuals is shown, but their contribution is analysed as well. The analysis is based on the existing relevant literature as well as the international sources of data for the migrations.

Key words: international migration, workforce, globalisation.

37

THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION IN THE PRINTED MEDIA IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Drakulovska-Chukalevska Marija Faculty of Philosophy - Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” e-mail: marijad@fzf.ukim.edu.mk

Dragović Anica Institute of sociology - Skopje

University ”Ss. Cyril and Methodius” e-mail: anica.dragovikj@fzf.ukim.edu.mk

The social analysis for the economic globalization does not have a long tradition. That analysis started recently, above all, with the intensive processes of the globalization and their effects on certain contexts. For the effects of the processes of globalization on the certain types of societies it was written by many sociologists, such as Peter Berger and Samuel Huntington (2002), (Pieterse, 2009) and (Ritzer, 2007,2009). They in their theorization mainly pay their attention to penetration and the knowledge for the economic globalization. In that sense, the mass media have a special role for the knowledge and the strengthening of the conscience of these processes. For that aim, the research was focused on the knowledge for the global economic movements, the role of the world and financial institutions, the multinational companies, the mobility of the capital and the workforce in the printed media in the Republic of Macedonia.

Key words: economic globalization, mass media, knowledge.

38

USING GROUPED DATA FOR MEASURING POVERTY IN MACEDONIA AND SIMULATION OF THE LONG-TERM

UNEMPLOYMENT IMPACT ON MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY WITH COMPOSITE INDEX

Eftimoski Dimitar

Faculty of Administration and Information Systems Management - Bitola University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola

e-mail: dimitar@ukim.edu.mk

In general, this paper has three purposes: 1) To explain how to construct poverty measures from grouped data, 2) To estimate poverty measures for the Republic of Macedonia, and 3) To perform simulation of the long-term unemployment impact on multidimensional poverty in Macedonia, using multidimensional composite poverty index.

For estimation of the poverty measures we use an interactive software package named “POVCAL”, created by the World Bank, while for simulation of the long-term unemployment impact on multidimensional poverty, for the purpose of this paper, we construct multidimensional composite poverty index - MCPI.

Key words: Parameterized Lorenz curve, General Quadratic Lorenz curve, Foster - Greer – Thorbecke index, Multidimensional Composite Poverty Index - MCPI.

39

MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES - WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF POVERTY AND EDUCATION ON FAMILY MEMBERS LEFT BEHIND

Gjini Kladiola

Faculty of Economics, Department of Economics and Law University “Aleksander Xhuvani”- Elbasan, Albania

Albania has been considered as a country of South Eastern Europe with fast growing indicators that recently joined NATO with an aspiration to European membership. Others have defined Albania as the poorest country in Europe with high levels of migratory flows. Since the collapse of the communist regime with a central planning system, there have been calculated about 600.000-700.000 Albanians who live abroad. The remittances are the transfer made from private resources and play an important role in the income distribution. Remittances are considered to be the second source for external funding for developing countries after the FDI. Albania is classified on the top 20 list of countries for remittances receiving from throughout the world, with annual inflows of about 14% of its GDP. This paper aims to make an analysis on the migration situation on Albania and the impact of remittances in alleviating poverty, in education and health. The most important research in this area analyze the linkage between migration and investment in human capital for the people left in the home countries. This paper can be considered as an attempt to add something to these findings.

Key words: migration, remittances, income, poverty, human capital.

40

MIGRATION OF POPULATION IN MARIOVO REGION

Gjuroski Stojan

Association “Mariovo-Meglen cultural assembly” - Prilep

Mariovo is a region which is situated in the central part of ethnic Macedonia and is specific in relation to its natural treasures which provide a proper life of population. Mariovo today is divided into the three municipalities Bitola, Prilep and Kavadarci which represents a limiting factor for its development. The reasons for emigration of the population of Mariovo and for them it is widely written and discussed. In the process of migration of Mariovo looked from a longer time distance a great number of generations participated, and this is still an ongoing process with a slightly slower pace. The structure of the reasons for this process must be analysed from many aspects such as: political, economic, social and other. Parenthetically, the dislocation of a great number of companies which had a business in Mariovo brought about the emigration of the efficient population from this region. The bad infrastructure and the absence of a regular supply of the basic products and services represent an additional difficult factor with the life of population.

In this context a question is asked of whether the process of the migration of population in Mariovo can get a reverse flow? The answer is that it can, only under the condition that the limiting factors for economy development be overcome, to organize and prepare the population for development not only in the region of Mariovo, but also out of it. The country can influence the speed of the development by construction of new infrastructural objects and exploitation of the natural treasures.

Key words: migration, economic development, Mariovo.

41

THE INFLUENCE OF MIGRATION ON MATERIALISATION OF POLITICAL AND MILITARY POWER OF THE STATES

Gjurovski Marjan Faculty of security-Skopje

Gjoreski Igor Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Macedonia

Avramoska-Gjoreska Biljana Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Macedonia

Petreski Toni Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Macedonia

Migration between the nations is present since the appearance of the first tribal community. In the past migration of peoples initiated an imbalance between political and military power of the states. In this context a number of questions arise: Does this trend is present today? What is its impact on the political power of the countries today? How migration affects the materialization of military power? Are states migrations policy affects state defense policy? Those are the challenges faced by many countries, and most of the consequences of migration feel small and not appropriate economically developed countries. In this context, Republic of Macedonia is not exception since its geopolitical position enabled migration to leave its own mark on the political and military power.

Key words: migration policy, military power, states.

42

MACROECONOMIC ASPECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY AND LIVING STANDARDS

Gogoski Risto Faculty of tourism and hospitality-Ohrid University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

e-mail: ristog@t-home.mk

Economic growth improves the economic and social welfare in long-terms. However, in short-term it may leave out a number of people faced with situations of poverty due to the business fluctuations and economic cycles. In this paper we will analyze the relation between employment and poverty. The weakness of employment is the main cause of poverty. How does poverty relate to work? A growing economy reduces poverty by creating more jobs and higher incomes. Employment is the main source to social inclusion reducing the poverty. But employment provides more than just an income - it integrates people in a social framework. So, the main aim of the paper is to suggest solutions with regard to improvement of the possibilities for employment and alleviation of poverty.

Unlike poverty, there is no “official” definition of social exclusion and no consensus as to any indicators that might measure the scale of this phenomenon. Exclusion is more of a process rather than a static condition. Often, it is the result of a consequence of unfavorable events. It is sometimes the loss of a job, which can be accompanied by increased difficulty in finding a place to live and a breakdown of social ties (family and friends). In the paper, we tackle the poor people according to their labour-market status. The economics of unemployment suggests a mismatch between the supply and demand of labour force. The unemployed would like to have a job but they are unable to find one. The most natural starting point for the economic analysis of unemployment is therefore the labour market and in particular, the flows from unemployment into employment, the flows from employment into unemployment, the average unemployment duration and job protection. Job insecurity, involving alternating periods of employment and non-employment, exposes people to poverty. Job insecurity is not to be confused with job instability, which describes a break in the link between the employee and the company but which may be followed by very rapid re-employment in another job.

Why does the government intervene in the labour market? What are the common forms of governmental intervention in the labour market? The income inequality and discrimination in the market place lead to unemployment and poverty. Discrimination leads to inefficient allocation of resources and results in production levels that lie inside the production possibilities curve. This paper analyses the government opportunities to decrease poverty and inequality through social and labour market policies.

Key words: unemployment, poverty, social exclusion and inclusion, labour market, social and labour market policies.

43

THE EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE EMIGRATION - REVIEW OF THE SITUATION IN MACEDONIA

Ivanovska Menche Faculty of economics

FON University e-mail: mence.ivanovska@fon.edu.mk

Jovcheska Silvana Faculty of economics

FON University e-mail: silvana.jovcheska@fon.edu.mk

The highly educated labour is undoubtedly a solid foundation on which the country builds its development. However, surveys have shown high motivation and desire among the highly educated students to continue their education, career and social prosperity outside the borders of the residence country. The paper is inspired by the positive dynamics of the educated unemployment in the country and investigates the reasons for the outflow of Macedonian “brains”, occurrence that public investments turn into unproductive costs. This paper seeks to approximate the future losses from the retention of this phenomenon, identify long-term macroeconomic consequences and proposing necessary changes through which the category of “brain drain” would be stopped and replaced with the trend of “brain exchange”.

Key words: education, labour, unemployment, brain drain, brain exchange.

44

EXPULSION OF MIGRANT WORKERS: POLICY, PRINCIPLES AND LEGAL SAFEGUARDS

Jakimovska Viktorija Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical Research

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”-Skopje e-mail: viktorija.jakimovska@isppi.ukim.edu.mk.

Migrant worker is a person who travels to another country in order to obtain paid employment. There are many international legal documents protecting the rights of this category of migrants. Yet States have a discretionary power to lawfully expel a foreign worker on the grounds provided in law, especially if his presence constitutes danger to the interests of the State. However, the right to expel contains certain substantive and procedural limitations in national and international law. This article seeks to develop the international legal framework for protection of migrant workers against expulsion and the protection of the rights of migrant workers subject to expulsion. In particular, it addresses the protection afforded by certain international conventions, the possible developments within the new ILC Draft Articles on Expulsion of Aliens, and whether they all provide a coherent approach for safeguarding migrant workers and the members of their families against expulsion.

Key words: migrants, migrant worker, State, expulsion, national law, international law, human rights.

45

GAP BETWEEN THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF LABOUR

Jakimovski Jorde Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical Research

University „Ss. Cyril and Methodius“-Skopje e-mail: jakjor@isppi.ukim.edu.mk

Recessional waves and economic transition have caused serious problems in the usage of the labour force. Namely, many workers have been laid off because of the amortization of their knowledge and skills and have thus become less concurrent on the labour market. In Republic of Macedonia, only 26% of those on the age between 15 – 29 years are employed, and the rate of unemployment is 46% (year, 2010). Young people are often confined in the informal economy of the country and the State does not invest in programs for youth employment. The long line of waiting of employment of many young and qualified persons endangers the reputation of the society. Moreover, it threatens the social peace and stability of the country.

This article focuses on the connection between the education and the labour market, i.e. the opportunities for employment after graduation. It will first examine the two aspects of the development of the labour, i.e. the connection between the supply and demand. Subject of the analysis is whether the reduced industrial production decreases the chances for employment of young less educated people. In particular, the question will be whether the labour market moves from the sectors characterized with lower additional value, towards the sectors with higher additional value (sectors of production) which require more sophisticated knowledge and higher salary. Do we need continuity of the new forms of professions characterized for the industrial society or the society of informatics by replacing the old professions with new ones? Furthermore, the analysis will examine whether the investments in the higher education contributes to the solution of the problem of the high rate of unemployment in Macedonia.

Key words: gap, supply, demand, labour, business, qualification, degree of education, employment, unemployment.

46

MIGRATION TENDENCIES OF POPULATION FROM VILLAGES TO TOWNS

Jandrić Mersida Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade-Zemun

University of Belgrade

Rajić Zoran Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade-Zemun

University of Belgrade

The object of our study is to analyze migration tendencies of population, from villages to towns, in southwestern area of the Republic of Serbia and the region, consisting city of Novi Pazar, Sjenica and Tutin municipality. This region is bordered with Montenegro on west and Kosovo in southeast. By the all economic parameters, the region is one of the economically underdeveloped regions of the Republic of Serbia. Novi Pazar is a third category (they achieve 60-80% of the republic average), while municipalities of Sjenica and Tutin are classified in the fourth category of local governments on the level of development (they achieve less than 60% of the republic average). In addition, these two municipalities were classified in the category of devastated areas in Republic of Serbia.

On the territory of mentioned town and municipalities are evident continuous movements of population, especially from villages to towns. From the total number of rural settlements, 291 of them, in the specified period dominates migration of rural population into the cities so that the migration tide, village – town, becomes the predominant spatial demographic processes. Most of villages have “lost” their autochthony as, in time of modern tendencies, is common. The villages are changing in many spheres of life, which affect the changing lifestyles of people. A certain number of villages were “deserted” due to migration and population mobility. This emptying of village population tendency is especially prevalent in the villages of Sjenica.

Tendency of population migration since 1971 until today, were mostly closely related to factors of economic development, although other factors, especially socio-psychological, play an important role. Direction of population movements was mainly village - town. Cities have absorbed the most of the population of rural settlements due to lack of manpower.

Key words: migration tendencies, population, village, town, municipality.

47

ANALYSIS OF THE LABOUR MARKET IN THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SECTOR IN MACEDONIA

Janeska Margarita

Faculty of Economics - Prilep University ”St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola

Zdravevski Dejan Faculty of Economics - Prilep

University ”St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola Taleska Suzana

Faculty of Economics - Prilep University ”St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola

The dynamics of the development of information technology dictates the fast pace of the economic development, as part of the overall development process, not only for companies, but also society in general. Sustainable economic development is a benefit to the development of the information society, but as an instigator of the process. ICT promises benefits as part of the solution to the economic and social problems. It is important for ICT to indirectly affect the increase in gross domestic product of national economies and provide an incentive macroeconomic policy makers to seek ways to establish equilibrium in the labour market in this sector as a priority in their programs. Namely, there is no sphere of action today that is not directly or indirectly affected by ICT. Main driver of overall economic activity and a source to create new economic value and impact is the human labor. Today, in conditions of rapid technological development it is required for factors to be monitored and analyzed which directly or indirectly affect changes in the labour market. ICT indirectly affect the increase in gross domestic product of national economies and provides an incentive macroeconomic policy makers to seek ways to establish equilibrium in the labour market in this sector as a priority in their programs, which would increase market potentials engaging the work efficient population. It is actually one of the specific objectives of the national strategy to reduce poverty and social exclusion in the Republic of Macedonia 2010-2020. From that point of view in this paper the labour market will be analyzed and the factors will be identified which cause non – equilibrium in terms of labor supply and demand in the sector of information and communications. The main aim of the analysis will be to compare the structure of the offer with the structure of labor demand for the stated sector in terms of market demand and competition. Thus, on the basis of the basic indicators of the labor market comparative analysis will be made with other sectors in the Republic of Macedonia, which will come to certain conclusions regarding the flexibility of the labor market in the sector of information and communications.

Key words: labour market, IT sector, employment.

48

POPULATION MIGRATION FROM VILLAGE TO TOWN IN TRANSITION PROCESS IN SERBIA

Jelić Sreten

Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade-Zemun University of Belgrade

Živković Dragić Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade-Zemun

University of Belgrade

The study points to migration of population from villages to the towns from the period of transition in Serbia until nowadays. Specifically, we present the analysis of population mobility since 1990 up to present times. Based on the list of population 1991, 2002 and 2011 the data indicates that migrations from village to town are especially expressed in some regions. Observing the mobility of the population village-town regionally and per districts, migration tendencies are evident in some regions, local communities and districts which led for some villages to remain completely empty and the other to drastically reduce the number of inhabitants.

Migration of population from villages to towns in Serbia has influenced the socio-demographic changes in the population structure in rural and urban areas, and this change is continuing. Migration of population also affected structural changes of population between agriculture and other branches of the economy.

Changes of villages in the transition process resulted in stagnation of village development. Many villages were left empty, with no population, especially young people, and part of villages suffered a demographic collapse. Emptying villages causes changes in working population structure, fall in demographic reproduction, natural increase of population, depopulation and changes with respect to gender and age structure in the rural areas. In order to mitigate the consequences, it is necessary to create conditions for development of rural areas of comparative advantage, especially modern agriculture, manufacturing, infrastructure, and other activities, appealing to young people, with the active participation of local communities, municipalities, regions and the state.

Key words: migration, population, village-town, structural changes, the structure population, village areas.

49

THE ROLE OF REMITTANCES IN ALLEVIATING POVERTY – THE CASE OF SERBIA

Jovanović-Gavrilović Biljana Faculty of Economics-Belgrade

University of Belgrade

Peković Drinka Higher School of Profesional Business Studies, Novi Sad

The increasing labour migration has led to significant increase in remittance flows in the world. Over years, the remittances have become the second source of external financing for developing countries after the FDI. There is a growing interest for remittances as potential source of development finance. The economic literature shows that remittances significantly affect development and poverty of recipient countries. Most of the empirical studies found that remittances reduce poverty in developing countries, either directly or indirectly. This paper examines the importance of remittances in alleviating poverty in Serbia. Serbia is a traditional labour emigration country and one of the highest recipients of remittance, which accounts nearly 13% of the GDP. LSMS 2002-2007 data show that poverty indicators are decreased in all regions of Serbia, but regional discrepancies in poverty are still very large. However, the global economic crisis worsens these indicators. This paper provides an overview of the relevant theoretical and empirical literature on remittance effects on alleviating poverty. In addition, by examining regional distribution of remittances in household income the key trends in migration and remittances of Serbia are being considered. Furthermore, the paper analyses the main poverty indicators in Serbia and highlights the fact that poverty is significantly higher in rural than in urban areas. The paper concludes by examining whether current regional distribution of remittances in household income contributes to alleviation of the regional discrepancies in poverty.

Key words: remittances, poverty, migration, Serbia, regional discrepancies.

50

EUROPEAN UNION AFTER THE ENLARGEMENT WITH THE COUNTRIES FROM CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE:

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES REGARDING THE MIGRATION POLICIES

Karadjoski Mladen Faculty of administration and management of information systems-Bitola

University “St.Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

The goal of this paper is to determine and analyze the advantages and disadvantages in the creation and implementation of the migration policies in the European Union after the enlargement with countries from Central and Eastern Europe in 2004. The entrance of Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Slovenia, Malta and Cyprus in the European Union had generated some changes in the national and supranational migration policies for several reasons: increase of the population in the Union, diversity of political systems, different habits and mentality of the people in each of these countries, different levels of economic development, varieties in the systems of social care, etc. We will also examine the impact of the acquis communautaire regarding migration issues and try to identify the anomalies in its’ concrete implementation common for these countries.

Key words: migration policies, European Union, acquis communautaire.

51

DEALING WITH UNEMPLYMENT AS A SIGNIFICANT MACROECONOMIC PROBLEM

Karadjova Vera Faculty of tourism and hospitality-Ohrid University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

e-mail: verakaradzo@yahoo.com

Dičevska Snežana Faculty of tourism and hospitality-Ohrid University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

Gogoski Risto Faculty of tourism and hospitality-Ohrid University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

The unemployment is a central problem of all modern market economies. Many countries both developed and countries in development, have to deal with it. The latest economic and financial crisis especially highlights the unemployment problem even in the developed countries. Theory and practice confirm that full employment in the market economy happens rarely and accidentally and therefore, the macroeconomic policy must be directed towards dealing with one of the crucial problems of the modern market economies – the problem of unemployment. The other significant problem directly connected to unemployment is the problem of inflation. Since its independence, Republic of Macedonia has not had any problems with inflation. However, huge problem is the enormous unemployment, the partial usage of the production factors, and the GDP that is under the potentials of the country.

This paper will elaborate on the factors which determine the unemployment problem, its influence on creating the economic policy, and will review the aspects of the mentioned problem that concern the Macedonian economy (unemployment dynamics and structure of the unemployed according to several important criteria). Closely related to the problem of unemployment is the emergence of poverty and the expressed population migration. In this sense, this paper makes a comparative analysis of the unemployment situation in Macedonia and other countries of South Eastern Europe as well as in several developed European countries targeted by the Macedonian labour migrants.

Key words: unemployment, inflation, poverty.

52

A MODEL OF NEW ECONOMICS OF LABOUR MIGRATION

Kartik Yadav

In these times of globalisation, migration and urbanisation are not seen as a social evil, but as sources of great potential which needs to be channelled properly, with their contribution being seen in the booming construction sector, the industrial growth as well as relieving surplus rural labour. Rural-Urban migration is a response to diverse socio-economic factors originating at both, the native place and the destination. The term New Economics of Labour Migration (Stark and Bloom, 1985) has been used for the models which consider migration as not being the decision of a standalone agent, but a larger unit of related people, typically families and households which act not only to maximize earnings, but also minimize the risk and break free of other constraints like imperfect credit markets, social and political unrest as well as the migration decisions of others around them.

This means that any new policy which affects any of these factors has a potential to curb migration, giving the phenomenon both, a macro as well as micro character. Using the assumption that individuals behave similar to the reference group in which they are placed, we try to construct a micro-model to explain this macro phenomenon. This paper builds up an analytical model of rural to urban migration. It uses the empirical data for India to explain phenomenon like cyclical migration- from rural to urban and back to rural over a worker’s lifetime, network effects like the impact of peers on decision making and social security schemes like MGNREGA in India often enacted to curb migration.

Key words: unemployment, migration, poverty, macroeconomic policy, labour market.

53

MEDICALISATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY IN RELATION TO LABOUR MIGRANTS IN RUSSIA

Khabibulina Violetta Institute of Social Research and Civil Initiatives

Kazan, Russia

The controversial concept of health security has started in 2001, firstly with relation to the HIV-AIDS threat. Russian government has been developing its own ideology of national security in relation to infectious epidemics, with emphasize on the threat from the announced main actor - the “labour migration” due to the sociologists’ monitoring linked to the racist discourse in the mass media towards labour migrants from Asia and the Caucasus Republics of the former Soviet Union.

This paper attempts to analyze President Putin’s Migration Policy’s concept (June 2012) and the relevant documents of the governmental agencies (Dec 2011–Feb 2012). To what extent the health conditions of potential work seekers are linked to health security of the Russian State, and how are the valid data used for a political discourse?

Given the everlasting conflict between the demands of national security and the need to protect human rights, how well this new Russian legislation reflects the required balance between state-centric and human-centric discourses and strategies in order to avoid unreasonable erosion of people’s privacy rights according to the WHO?

A comparative view of the federal and regional (Tatarstan Republic and Samara oblast) legal documents and health policy practices allows us to add to the discussion the negative ‘side-effects” of medicalization of a societal event, such as the future international sport games in the provincial city (the Universiade’ 2013 in Kazan).

The author considers that the main feature of the Russian political decisions towards the labour migrants is to establish a strict medical control over the process of work permission. By analyzing the empirical data of these medical procedures and criteria along with some expert interviews done in Kazan, the author suggests a new model of medicine compatible with the classical models of Parsons, Freidson, and Foucault.

Key words: health security, labour migrants, national security, medicalisation.

54

THE INFLUENCE OF THE MIGRATION WITH THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF HUMAN RESOURCES

Kirjakovska Katerina Post graduate student

Faculty of Economics - Prilep e-mail: kkaterince22@hotmail.com

The significant changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the human resources in the rural and urban areas of the Republic of Macedonia are explained with the continuous trend of migration from the country areas in the urban areas, and abroad as well. This paper includes the analysis of this problem from the aspect of the implications from the migration which are many and complex, and are manifested in various domains. From the aspect of socio-economical development, their reflection on the demographic and the economical growth is particularly important. On the grounds of the statistical data, the high rate of unemployment is still the biggest challenge for the labour market in Republic of Macedonia. The tendency for growth of the emigration of qualified staff, as well as scientific rising generation from certain faculties, implies changes in the quality of the workforce and reduction of the level of the human capital, and with that the negative effects in the field of social-economical development of the country and the research work as well. On the grounds of the questionnaire research, in terms of great potential and intellectual migration the question 'brain drain' should be considered as worrying.

Key words: migration, indicators, human resources.

55

THE INFLUENCE OF LIFELONG LEARNING AS A INSTRUMENT OF ACTIVE EMPLOYMENT POLICIES ON LABOUR MARKET

TENDENCIES

Kiš Tibor Faculty of Economics-Subotica

Čileg Marija Faculty of Economics-Subotica

Sedlak Otilija Faculty of Economics-Subotica

Not satisfactory level of economic activities can be source of short- or longer lasting cyclical or seasonal unemployment, while structural unemployment is caused by differences between vocational skills of workers and needs of available jobs, which is consequence of restructuring or closing of firms, decline of the manufacturing sector, technology changes, replacement of workers with high technology equipment. Underdeveloped and developing societies are troubled by all these types of unemployment, but frictional unemployment is present as well. The traditional passive protection against unemployment should be replaced by measures contained within active policies. Active employment policies have strong sources in international legislation and, in our case are especially connected to European standards included into the EU's growth strategy for the coming decade, the “Europe 2020” Strategy. Appliance of active employment policies is required not only in developing but in highly developed countries as well. Its main target is employability of active workers with special attention paid to disadvantaged social groups. In this paper employment and unemployment are analysed in developed and developing or transitional European countries, members and candidate countries of the EU, along with measures of active employment policy with special attention to links between active employment policies, educational policy and migrations. To avoid structural unemployment retraining programs are needed as to move workers into growth industries. In this scope only lifelong perspective shows to have positive results. The participation of active inhabitants in lifelong training and in the training of the human capital is essential for advancement of society itself towards the knowledge-driven economy.

Key words: Lifelong learning, employment, labour market.

56

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC POSITION AND THE MIGRATION OF THE ROMA POPULATION IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF DEBAR

Klopchevska Valentina е-mail: valentina_klopcevska@yahoo.com

Debar is situated in the western part of Macedonia, near the border with Albanija. Its name is derived from the Slavic word which means the river valley. Radika and Crn Drim are rivers flowing nearby. Debar has always been an open city with different culture population and ethnic groups. The most distinct of all population living in Debar is certainly the Roma population, which is considered to have come in this region in the time of the Byzantine period before the appearance of the Turkish-Ottoman armies at the end of 14th century.

The interest in the study of Roma arises from the specific manifestation of ethnic characteristic, which on the one hand preserved parts of their traditions, language and religion, and on the other hand has received most of the characteristics of people who live or surrounding them, profiling thus a phenomenon of multiculturalism in its own ethnic characteristic.

Then an analysis of housing would be made, of education and material situation of Roma, which affect the migration of Roma from Debar and Republic of Macedonia. The aim of this research is to determine social-economic position, the factors that lead to migration of Roma in order to improve living standards and living conditions. A survey has been made of 100 adults of different sex, age and educational level, statistical data analysis and presentation with tables, comparison; Determining the economic situation, the living conditions and the factors that lead to migration, the number of Roma who migrated from Debar ; Improvement of living conditions, the inclusion of Roma children in the educational process, education for Roma adults, awarded scholarships, employment of Roma in the social sector, especially to increase the chances of employment and Roma women, who are significantly degraded and socially marginalized in terms of its status through retraining and schooling. The Government should implement a policy of international standards, and the NGO sector should implement an effective program to address the status of Roma, with the efforts of Roma representatives.

Key words: Roma migration, socio-economic position.

57

EURAXESS – EUROPEAN TOOL FOR STIMULATING LABOUR MIGRATION IN THE ACADEMIC FIELD

Kocareva Neda Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts

e-mail: nkocareva@manu.edu.mk

With the changing demographics influencing the labour force across Europe, the labour market is increasingly weakened and threatened by the lack of young and qualified workers. One aspect that demonstrates this alarming trend with an ever-increasing force is the loss of qualified and competent researchers in the whole of Europe. Competitive and successful markets mean innovative markets. Innovation is ignited and stimulated by research and development. The economic recession is another stimulus to invest in research and development and attract qualified and highly skilled labour force into Europe. The European society has to implement a more open policy towards third-country researchers, allowing a smooth labour migration into our brain-drained Europe. Europe has to work with third-world countries to support inter-state cooperation, which would alleviate unemployment and poverty in third-world countries. Moreover, the European competitiveness in the labour market will benefit, by attracting highly skilled researchers from abroad. A very important initiative that supports geographic mobility is the EURAXESS network. Started by the European Commission, EURAXESS is a great supporting tool for all European governments, which sets a standard of rights that should be provided to foreign researchers coming to Europe, while at the same time providing assistance with their respective integration. Furthermore, EURAXESS Jobs is a possible tool for refining of the scientific labour market and consequently a much-needed initiative to bring the educated labour force back into Europe and prevent the loss of Europe’s thriving and innovative labour force. Governments have to actively support this and other similar European initiatives that encourage geographic mobility, to promote more open approaches to labour migration and prevent labour shortages.

Key words: Europe, labour market, highly-skilled researches, EURAXESS.

58

FLUCTUATION OF THE PHILIPS CURVE IN A SHORT TERM IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Kokaroski Dimko Faculty of Economics - Prilep

University ”St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola e-mail: dimko.kokaroski@uklo.edu.mk

Micalevska Tanja Faculty of Economics - Prilep

University ”St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola e-mail: tanja.micalevska@gmail.com

The Philips curve in a short term shows the relation among the inflation and the unemployment. The addiction is inversely proportional, i.e. By increase of the level of prices comes to a decrease of the unemployment and vice versa. The politicians choose different combinations of unemployment and inflation depending on the priority of the economic politics and the aims which they wish to achieve at a given point.

The aim of this research is to give the answer to the question: Does the Philips curve in a short term is changeable in Republic of Macedonia? We look for the answer with the use of the econometric model in the smallest scope, through an usage of a regressive analysis. In the research official data is being used, i.e. Time frames for the movement of the rates of inflation and the unemployment in the country. The procured results show that in Macedonia, the original standard Philips curve does not apply.

In the end we offer review of the main factors which determine the procured results among which are the high rate of unemployment in Republic of Macedonia on the one hand and the inflatory tension caused by activities which are not recorded in the official data by any other. In that context, we suggest that the structural character of the unemployment in the country be taken into consideration, as well as the existence of cash flow created in the sphere of the so-called grey economy.

Key words: Philips curve, inflation, unemployment.

59

MIGRATION PROCESSES AND THE LABOUR MARKET IN BULGARIA – SITUATION, REGULATIONS, POLICIES

Koleva Galina Institute for the Study of Societies and Knowledge

Bulgarian Academy of Science

Migration processes involve a global redistribution of the labour force and in this sense they have a challenging influence on the state and prospects of the national and local labour markets. The acceleration of the migration streams to places with better opportunities for work, income, personal development, and thus forms part of the logic of a rational choice. There is a completely different sense and weighting involved in understanding migration as the impossibility of being at home. For many of the potential emigrants, the last wave of emigration from Bulgaria was closely bound up with the loss of meaning, opportunity and the prospect of being at home. Bulgaria occupies the fifth place among European countries with the largest negative net migration. About 90% of the outflow to foreign countries are persons at age when they are able to work and about 70% of female emigrants are at the age of fertility. The paper comprises (a) an analysis of the underlying processes in the present-day development of Bulgaria that shape attitudes towards leaving the country, and (b) an analysis of the effects on the labour market in the light of the impact of the economic, demographic and educational crises, and the crisis of values. Another question is: What policies are being promoted to retain young and trained manpower? Data from both national studies and European statistics (Eurostat and Eurofound) are used to describe the trends in migration and in the Bulgarian labour market.

Key words: migration, emigrants, workplaces, education-training, qualification structures, active labour market policies.

60

THE POLICY OF DEALING WITH THE ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF FRANCE: MORALS FOR THE EMIGRANTS FROM

THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Leshkovska Irena

postgraduate student “Ss. Cyril and Methodious” - Skopje

e-mail: ileskovska@hotmail.com

Jovevska Elena postgraduate student

“Ss. Cyril and Methodious” - Skopje e-mail: jovevska_elena@yahoo.com

This paper shows the range of actions taken by the Republic of France for overcoming the problems with the illegal immigration. The focus is put on the change of the legislative and an analysis is conducted of the results gained after the newly developed change. Through comparison of the data for the number of the immigrant population before the change of laws and after the changes started in 2006, the success of the new laws is valued as well as the achievement of the goal of the French policy for a decrease of the number of illegal immigrants in the country.

Traditionally, France was a country with policy of quite open borders when it comes to immigrants. But, many years ago the country was facing the problem with the increased flow of immigrants and requests for a refuge, especially the population of North Africa. The situation with the great immigration in France is a heritage from the colonialism from the previous centuries, as well as the long tradition of hiring foreign workers. According to the demographic data in 2005, the percent of the immigrants was 8.1%.

The French Ministry for internal affairs, together with the other ministries authorised for control of the migration courses, in July 2006 legislated laws for limitation of the immigration of the unqualified workers and the individuals who would become a burden of the French country, with which intensified the statute in terms of the immigrants questions. Since then the following laws and directives are legislated: The Law for control of immigration, integration and refuge from 2007 and its change from 2011, Code for entrance and stay of foreigners and the right of refuge and Code of labour. Through the analysis of this legal regulations in labour the key regulations will be drawn which can serve as a valid information for potential emigrants and refugees from Republic of Macedonia and to prevent their attempts for illegal stay and employment in France.

Key words: illegal immigration, migration, borders.

61

ASSESSMENT ON REMITTANCES IN KOSOVA ON THE CONTEXT OF DIM INCREASE

Loku Afrim

Rudari Rexhep

Assessment of the impact of remittances to the millions of people with social and economic disadvantages in the entire world is a matter which calls for much more serious approach. For this are done a lot of researches and studies, most of them are focused on general assessments of remittances received from European countries such as Germany and Switzerland to the greatest extent. High rate of unemployment in Kosovo has made that lot of its citizens to seek employment abroad. Number of employees abroad remains to be high, high remains to be also the incomes from several countries. The research which we discussed intends to present the parameters that can give us an indicator similar to the situation which we would like to have in a period of next three to five years related to unemployment alleviation and economic development of the country. Local central institutions, regional centers and municipal employment offices should have knowledge about the microeconomic, macroeconomic impact and social aspects of remittances. It should be paid more attention to the reasons that have leaded the change in the volume of remittances in recent years. There will be an effect on a reduction of remittances or consigments from our diaspora from the global financial crisis, especially from the Europe's financial crises. In the first moments of crisis in European countries falls the level of remittances. Reduction of remittances in Kosovo causes decrease in investments, decrease of consumption and in general, causes a decrease in GDP. This causes to shrink the economy of Kosova. From the performed researches it shown that a significant contribution to this issue has the assessment for family link between senders with countries of origin. Considering the lack of researches on the role of remittances, as a source of external financing for many countries, especially after the crisis, this research aims to find evidence that would increase in the maximum the development impact of migration and remittances in Kosovo. Decrease of remittances in Kosovo is also a major problem for public institutions and additional factor that causes difficulies in financial situatёn which is already difficult. They lead towards new problems especially considering that Kosovo's public institutions yet have not developed the adequate mechanisms to deal with these phenomena shown recently. Therefore, this study examines the assessment of drafting the policies in relation to changes in orientation policies of remittances and their impact on growth of dim prospects, their effects on household consumption and investment by the receiver.

Key words: remittances, migration, economic development.

62

PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY

Lumani Fatmire Faculty of Law- Tetovo

State university in Tetovo

The paper “Problems of unemployment and poverty” is a study, very current and significant. The intention of this paper is the analysis of the indicator of the problems of unemployment and poverty, the reflection of the legislative in the reality, as well as the need for employment and the reduction of poverty.

The complexity of the institution unemployment and poverty is analysed with appropriate research in this plan, where a proper legal methodology of the study overpowers, as well as the comparative. Because the problem of unemployment and poverty, indicates the status of the citizen within the family, in society and more extensively, the need for taking appropriate solutions, actions, especially studies from the field of law and economy is imposed, with an aim of improvement of employment and reduction of poverty.

One of the most important factors which play meaningful role in this field is the legislative and its effective conduct, especially the Constitution of RM, the laws, legal regulations and the by-laws of the international organizations and of the labour and the social politics. As well as institutions which are engaged with such problems have influence over finding solutions for reduction of unemployment and poverty. The problem of unemployment and poverty, although it is very important factor and one of the most outspread and the most sensitive topics of society, it has left out of the scientific interest as a taboo, and that is why there is the need for further research.

Key words: unemployment, poverty, legislature, personal income.

63

MODELS FOR ELIMINATION OF THE DISCRIMINATION ON THE LABOUR MARKET

Markusheski Ljupche Faculty of Economics - Prilep

e-mail: ljmarkusoski@t-home.mk

Miroslav Andonovski Faculty of Economics - Prilep

e-mail: miroslav.andonovski@uklo.edu.mk

The demand of labour, on the labour market is gained by collecting i.e. by assembling of individual claimant of labour from each enterprise. In conditions when in one market many enterprises produce same product and are a competition with one another, or when the salaries of workers on the labour market are going down, then each of the enterprise would want to increase the output, the number of products, by hiring of new employees. But if this is made by one enterprise it will not cause changes because the enterprise is a very small part of the market, but if this is made by all the enterprises it will lead to an increased supply and will decrease the price of the goods and it will cause a decrease in the marginal income of labour.

On the market, mainly, there are three possible models for discrimination of the labour market, those are: Personal prejudice, where employers do not want to communicate with a certain race, gender or political belonging, which in Macedonia is the basic reason for discrimination; Generalization of the characteristics of a certain group with the individual, i.e. a statistical conclusion brought upfront on the grounds of the group behaviour; Presence of uncompetitive forces on the market.

Although these models generate practical insight, we can not be certain that any of these models is superior. In this project the method for objective assemblage, analysis and interpretation of data will be implemented where the process of research acquires a scientific character. With the help of this methodological approach, with the implementation of the contemporary quantitative methods and models, through a systematic, empiric and analytical research, with hypothesis set upfront, and their testing, we will try to contribute for the elimination of the market discrimination.

Key words: labour market, salaries for employees, discrimination of the labour market.

64

THE MIGRATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET - SOCIAL ASPECTS OF MIGRATION

Mehmedi Drita

The migration represents a movement which results with major changes in all the spheres of life such as social, economic, political and the cultural life. The social consequences of the migration are noticed with emptying of the settlements, canceling of the workplaces, increase in poverty, empty desks at school – and all these indicators influence the life of other people, in their present and future existence. Which are the social aspects for the everyday massive migration!?

As basic and main reasons for the migration are the social impulses: ignoring and disrespect of the human rights, unequal treatment of the women and man at the workplace, cutting and disrespect of the maternal leave, insecurity at the workplace, the catastrophically bad conditions at work, inconstant and inaccurate payment of the salaries, not paying for the contributions with the health and pension insurance, not regulating the question of the work hours, overtime work etc.

The long, rough and exhausting transition of our country, led to enormous increase of the social-economic problems, which brought about big and heavy consequences for Republic of Macedonia. The irrational production and the low labour productivity, the unfavorable investment numbers and the bad climate for investment, the stagnation of the industrial production, structural and cyclic budget deficit, the uncontrollable inflation, the uncontrollable increase of the prices of goods and services caused a very bad image within the whole society, which leads to migration.

Surrounded by the bad living conditions which our country offers, there is nothing left for people other than to find a way out of this situation. Unfortunately, the society as „ the only“ solution accepted the emigration in the western countries. Unfortunately, one by one (mainly young people) leave this country for a better life and more beautiful future. Throughout the whole painful transition period of Republic of Macedonia, the phenomenon of migration is growing each day. This situation brings about serious socio-economic problems which are manifested by assimilation of population, which was forced to migrate. Living abroad, people forget their background, they give up their identity, they forget the language and the mutual values. The situation is terrifying and a solution should be found!

Key words: migration, labour market, human rights, discrimination.

65

THE INFLUENCE OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OVER THE LABOUR MARKET IN THE PELAGONIA REGION

Midovska Marija Faculty of Economics - Prilep

e-mail: marija_midovska@yahoo.com

Todorovska Marinela Faculty of Economics - Prilep

e-mail: marinela.todorovska@gmail.com

The Pelagonia region a long period of time is facing the problem of unemployment. The rate of unemployment according to the data of the Statistical office of Republic of Macedonia of 34,5% is more than alarming. So that some strategies be suggested, which would provide improvement of the situation of the labour market, a certain balance among the supply and demand of labour to be established, it is necessary to conduct some researches with many variables which have influence over the same. In this paper, a special attention is given to the influence which the educational system has over the labour market in the Pelagonia region. The thesis is that the educational system influences over the labour market. So that this thesis can be confirmed or rejected a research will be done to more groups of respondents like: professors in high schools, faculties, secondary school students, students and representatives of companies. With this research it is expected that some answers for the adequacy of the supply of workforce in relation with the demand. How much the future secondary school students and future students choose their further education on the grounds of the gained information for the need of an appropriate competent staff in a certain field, furthermore to how much the syllabus in high schools and faculties suit the demand on the labour market. Also as a subject matter of research will be the inclusion of the companies in the process of creation of the syllabus, as well as the representation of the practical work in the educational process with the secondary school students as well as students. In the end it is expected that results will be gained which will provide an identification of factors which will increase the chances for employment after the finishing of education.

Key words: labour market, educational system, Pelagonia region, strategies.

66

MODELS FOR ENTERPRENEURIAL EDUCATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL EXPERTISE OF

MANAGERS AND EXECUTIVES

Migulovska Andrijana Primary school “St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola

e-mail: a_migulovska@yahoo.com

In this paper there is an effort to determine the ways and the conditions for establishing of a constructed system for entrepreneurial education within organizations, especially in those where changes frequently happen. In that direction the entrepreneurial education should be effected as an ability for acceptance of the quality innovations which lead towards individual and organizational development.

Our personal experience, the objective indicators, the reactions of the parties included, speak of the certain un fulfilment of expectations, non motivation for innovations, relatively great resistance towards the changes despite the growing trend of the efforts for entrepreneurial behaviour. The picture of entrepreneurial organizational culture is very rare, especially in the state institutions, except some individual projections which often quickly finish or end up in the private sector or out of the country. Although the roots for entrepreneurial education is somewhere in the organizational education which with the changes, somewhere imposed, somewhere initially present, it peeks or is established even less, but the entrepreneurial education as a stadium is almost non existent. The need of an established system for development of the entrepreneurial culture and climate in the organizations as well as in the social system does not encourage us to react creatively in the direction of establishing of the needed conditions, criteria and requirements showing them simultaneously the desired directions of the future organizational action.

Key words: entrepreneurial education, managers, organizational education.

67

EDUCATION IN RURAL CONDITIONS AND LABOR MARKET

Milenkova Valentina South-West University - Blagoevgrad

The objectives of the present paper are oriented to analyze the connection between quality of education in Bulgarian villages and labor market.

The basic point is that under rural conditions education has serious deficits: small and insufficient financing, closing down the rural schools under the principle of “optimizing the educational network”, mixed classes as a part of conducting the study process, bad material conditions. All this creates serious problems with quality of education in rural school and provide deficits in training and skills for labor market. As a consequence this creates discrepancies between the quality of education in rural and civic conditions and enforces the rural isolation.

Key words: labour market, education, rural development.

68

REDUCING THE OUTFLOW OF RESEARCHERS THROUGH DEVELOPMENT OF E-ENTREPRENEURSHIP INTHE REPUBLIC

MACEDONIA

Mircheska-Petkovska Tatjana Institute of economics-Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”-Skopje e-mail: tatjana@ek-inst.ukim.edu.mk

Daniloska Natasha Institute of economics-Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”-Skopje e-mail: natasha.daniloska@ek-inst.ukim.edu.mk

Boshkovska Diana Institute of economics-Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”-Skopje e-mail: diana@ek-inst.ukim.edu.mk

Janevski Zoran Institute of economics-Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”-Skopje e-mail: zoran.janevski@ek-inst.ukim.edu.mk

In this paper, we will discuss the linkage between the knowledge and sustainable economic development, especially the linkage between the reducing of the researchers outflow and the development of e-entrepreneurship in the Republic of Macedonia.

The main goal of this paper is to answer the question: what is the potential of the Republic of Macedonia to join to the modern world trends and to open the possibility for using the knowledge gained? As a developing country, the Republic of Macedonia needs to accelerate its sustainable economic development and thus is facing an urgent need to produce and apply tertiary graduate’s and researcher’s knowledge as a efficient resource used in academic, public and business purposes.

Unlike the developed countries where the knowledge is used as pragmatic and practical in the business sector as well as in public administration, in Republic of Macedonia using the knowledge primarily remains in the academic community and universities. The idea of this paper is to investigate the possibilities to engage the researchers in the business sector through the creation of new online businesses or, in more intensive and innovative introduction of ICT in existing businesses.

Key words: e-enterpreneurship, researchers, innovations. knowledge, sustainable economic development.

69

ASPECTS OF THE SECURITY AND THE LABOUR MARKET

Mojanoski Cane

Faculty of Security-Skopje University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

e-mail: cmojanoski@fb.uklo.edu.mk

The institutional framework of the organized economic, political and other social life is influenced by the creation of legal rules and the ability of the subjects to ensure the conditions for realization of their content. States in transition, such as Macedonia, didn't provide strong guarantees and legal rules and principles for sustainable social and economic development when building institutional capacities. In such conditions, they have developed as societies characterized by legal uncertainty, corruption and crime, profiled themselves as "state captured from inside". This situation could be shown by the rates of convicted persons, divided in three categories of criminal offenses for the period from 2001 to 2010. Firstly, it can be concluded that convicted adults for crimes against public finance, payment operations and economy, rose to a record high in 2010 compared to 2009, even 46,63% nearly half or more of them are sentenced in this year. Secondly, the number of sentenced persons for crimes against property from 19,83% in 2005, compared to the previous year, declined for -8,60% in 2010 compared to 2009. Thirdly, in the group of criminal offenses against general safety of people and property, a rate of 40,43% is recorded in 2005 compared to the previous year, and significant decline for about quarter (-25,37%) in 2010 compared to 2009.

Another point of interests is the perception of the citizens in Macedonia from the research survey "Citizens’ Opinion of the Work of the Police ", a research being conducted each year between 7-18 January in the last five years on the territory of Macedonia. A basic analysis of the answers given to the question "Evaluate whether and to what extent you agree with the opinion that: crime is big problem in the state?" will show that in the perception of the citizens the general attitudes and disrespect of laws and the lack of high laws consciousness increase from year to year. If we look at the positive attitudes about this opinion "partially" and "strong influence", together, we can conclude that the perception for 2009 is correct for 57,89% of the respondents, in 2010 for 71,20%, in 2011 for 73,19% and in 2012 for 75,74%. Simplified answer for this complicated situation about perception of citizens can be found in the fact that in the practicing of law there are cases of insufficient monitoring or respect of the laws and the functioning of the legal mechanism does not give the expected results. Therefore, the answer about the effects on the labour market are only part of the responses to questions related to security and sustainable development.

Key words: security, legal safety, crime, corruption.

70

UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANT CHILD BEGGARS: A REVIEW OF THE CYCLICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY

AND MIGRATION IN SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE

Moyo Zothile Cyprus International University

e-mail: zothilemoyo@gmail.com

This paper examines the growing phenomenon of labor migration among children to, through and from South Eastern Europe (SEE) as a labor market trend linked to exploitation, trafficking, and organized crime. This tendency is a challenge that the SEE region contends with regarding migration management and labor mobility. There is a need for skills in identifying, and a closer examination of different forms of trafficking and labor exploitation. Emphasis has continuously been placed on trafficking for sexual exploitation overlooking the emergence of different victim profiles and trafficking purposes such as beggary and street vending. Studies have shown that one of the main challenges to the elimination of child labor and trafficking is the continuous modification of operations and strategies used by traffickers and the failure of anti-trafficking efforts in matching this dynamism (Surtees, 2005). Policies and strategies developed and implemented to eliminate this growing trend demand a more specialized approach in addition to an extensive examination of the interplay between poverty, unemployment and migration. Various options are discussed on how country interventions and initiatives can be made relevant to and suitable for the countries in SEE given their socio-economic instabilities and labor market situation. Overall, this paper is based on a review of literature on the growing numbers of undocumented migrant child beggars and street vendors, and aims to emphasize the importance of sustainable solutions to the elimination of exploitative labor practices in an increasingly mobile region. It is beneficial and supplementary to ongoing research in counter-trafficking programming and the development of strategies, effective protocols, standards and models for prevention and protection as well as victim services and assistance.

Key words: child labor, unemployment, poverty, migration, regional migration, labor market, labor mobility.

71

GREY ECONOMY AS A CONSEQUENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA OR A CRIMINAL FOR

GAINING OF TREASURES

Nikoloska Svetlana Faculty of Security - Skopje

University “St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola e-mail: snikoloska@fb.uklo.edu.mk

Socio-economic changes in the Republic of Macedonia in the period of transition which lasted more than two decades caused numerous problems, one of which for citizens the most painful is unemployment, and thus increasing poverty and the struggle for existence. As one of the exit or transitional solutions for the majority of the citizens was retailing as unregistered activity or commonly known as the "grey economy". But over the years the "grey economy" is not the only way out of poverty and thus employment, but has become increasingly common state, which remains without its share of the so-called "retail trade or commerce fine." Practice revealed criminal cases related to "grey economy" which indicates that actors of the "grey economy" are not just people who are struggling for existence, but in that way "trading" becomes a way of "enriching". Or it could be that people who are dealing with "grey economy" have committed more crimes, which cause damage to the state. By paying customs duties on the import of foreign goods intended for the "grey economy"; paying taxes on the sale of goods, non-payment of contributions as employees and in many cases people who are dealing with "grey economy" are social cases and are also taking compensation from the State. It is a crime that occurs in several forms or as separate offenses: smuggling, tax evasion, customs fraud, but there is a connection with other crimes of abuse of duty or enabling execution of the aforementioned criminal behavior. In several ways the State is suffering damage, and the expense of individuals enrich themselves. It is comic for someone to live in a magnificent house with a swimming pool, drive a luxury car, has many apartments and is a social case. This is a particular problem which causes concern for the research in terms of what is the "grey economy", what are the consequences of it and building a strategy and taking concrete measures and actions to reduce or eradicate the "grey economy" as a problem in transition countries or prevention of "grey economy".

Key words: grey economy, transition, smuggling, tax evasion, prevention.

72

THE IMPACT OF LABOUR MARKET ADJUSTMENT MECHANISMS ON THE LABOUR MARKET SEGMENTATION IN MACEDONIA

Nikoloski Dimitar

Faculty of economics-Prilep University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

Pechijareski Ljupcho Faculty of economics-Prilep

University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

Pechijareski Goran Center for economic, social and cultural development of Macedonia

The impact of the prolonged transitional recession in Macedonia on the labour market has been manifested in a high and persistent unemployment rate. According to the composition of the unemployed population by various socio-economic characteristics (education, age, gender, occupation, duration of unemployment etc.) the empirical analysis reveals striking labour market segmentation. With respect to this, some segments of the labour force such as youths, less educated workers and some ethnic minority groups face a much higher probability of becoming and/or remaining unemployed than the rest of the labour force. Moreover, the incidence of long-term unemployment in Macedonia is extremely high compared to other transition countries, indicating a likelihood of increasing human capital depreciation.

In these circumstances alongside the traditional forms of adjustment in Macedonia have emerged additional mechanisms such as employment in the informal sector, inactivity and emigration. The investigation of the level of association between the unemployment and these labour market adjustment mechanisms is of particular importance since it enables to identify their role in cushioning the economic and social consequences of persistent unemployment. Hence, it is necessary to assess the alternative labour market adjustment mechanisms from the perspective of their capacity to absorb a part of the unemployed workforce and providing additional income for the households.

In this paper we make an attempt to identify the impact that labour market adjustment mechanisms exert on the labour market segmentation in Macedonia. For this purpose we use results from the survey carried on a representative sample of registered unemployed workers. Furthermore, we estimate econometric models that reveal the level of segmentation with respect to various labour market adjustment mechanisms. Finally, we formulate appropriate policy measures that target disadvantaged segments in order to improve the labour market functioning and to provide the necessary conditions for balanced economic development.

Key words: Labour market, adjustment mechanisms, unemployment, segmentation.

73

CLOTHING INDUSTRY AS A SOURCE FOR EMPLOYMENT IN MACEDONIA - FOCUS ON THE MUNICIPALITY OF SHTIP

Nikolovska-Vrateovska Danche

Mojsoska Snežana

The macroeconomic analysis in the last few years points to the fact that the performances of the clothing industry are still small from the aspect of the growth of the added value and the participation of the GDP. The representation of the clothing industry on national level in regions and is with the biggest domination in the eastern region, whereupon the information say that more than one third of the employees and the companies in the clothing industry are concentrated in this region. The aim of this paper is to show the circumstance in the clothing industry as a source for employment in Shtip. In this paper with the help of a statistical elaboration, the data for the numbers of employees and the number of unemployed (according to gender and education) will be presented. Today at the level of municipality of Shtip, from total of 1786 active business subjects, there are 58 manufacturing facilities for textile and clothes, within which there are 5610 employees. The number of unemployed individuals in municipality of Shtip, in the last three years records a continuous trend of a decrease, whereupon the same in 2009 was 6990 unemployed individuals, and in 2011 a total number of 5528 unemployed individuals (from which 3370 men and 2158 women).

For the improvement of the situation of unemployment in Shtip throughout this paper will be offered some actions like trainings for a certain target group of unemployed (especially men) for pre qualification and over qualification in the direction of the needs of the manufacturing clothing industry, as well as trainings for the unemployed population at the level of municipalities, for overcoming the prejudices about the biological division of labour (to male and female professions, where the sewing is still considered to be a „women's profession“) and all is with the aim for efficient allocation of the disposable resources (the basic paradigm of the economic science), a decrease in unemployment, an increase in production, a growth of the expenditure and an increase in the level of the standard of life and the quality of life within the community.

Key words: clothing industry, employment, regional development.

74

ECONOMIC MEASURES FOR DECREASE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Nikolovski Aleksandar Faculty of Law FON University

Petrusheva Nada Faculty of Economics

FON University

Even after two decades from the independence of Republic of Macedonia it is still faced with the key economic problems — high rate of unemployment and poverty, so that is why the increase in the economic growth, as a prerequisite for growth of the standard of life and quality of life of people represents a strategic priority from the highest national interest. Despite the fact that it was expected FDI (Foreign direct investment) to have the biggest influence for the opening of new posts and with this a decrease of unemployment and poverty, and yet over the decrease of poverty a great influence have the remittance from the migrants, who actually present a second biggest source for financial flows right after FDI.

The vision of the countries of the region of South-eastern Europe, including Republic of Macedonia, in the greatest part should have in mind the Strategy ' Europe 2020'. That is why Republic of Macedonia on its way towards the Euro-Atlantic integrations, will have to include itself more actively in the process of conduction of economic reforms and actions, which will have to provide a bigger competitiveness of the national economy, with emphasis on the innovative component with the companies as the most significant instigators of the economic growth and development, which have to provide higher rate of employment, a decrease of poverty and a bigger social inclusion.

Key words: unemployment, poverty, economic reforms and actions, competitiveness, economic growth and development.

75

ILLEGAL MIGRATION AND ILLEGAL COMPETITION ON THE LABOUR MARKET

Nikolovski Marjan

Faculty of Security – Skopje e-mail: mnikolovski@fb.uklo.edu.mk

Žibak Mila Community Secondary School “Pero Nakov” - Kumanovo

e-mail: milazibak@yahoo.com

Nikolovska Frosina Community Secondary School “Pero Nakov” - Kumanovo

e-mail: frosinik@yahoo.com

The migration presents a permanent process which follows the human kind from the very beginning. Although is is with changeable scope, intensity and in different directions, in the last few decades the migration shows a continuous growth. Determinants for the vast growth of migrations should be found in the differences of the social-economical development and the level of the life standard among certain countries, social-economical transformation of the post-socialistic countries, political instability in certain regions in the world etc.

Macedonia has a character of vivid migration region characterised with intensive internal displacement of population and with continuous process of emigration of population in other countries.

The illegal migration creates illegal competition on the labour market. The countries which represent the objective of the migrants (those are the developed countries which are in need of workforce) are forced to take legal actions to protect their boundaries from the enormous flood of illegal migrants. Republic of Macedonia gets critics for the flood of 'economic migrants' towards the countries members or the European Union, whereupon the same was forced to take urgent actions for education of population, higher control and prevention of the uncontrollable migration of the population within these regions.

Key words: migrations, illegal migration, determinants, economic migrants, illegal competition.

76

THE FRENCH LANGUAGE AS A MEANS FOR INFOMATION FOR THE CONSUMER AND PROTECTION OF THE EMPLOYEE

Nikolovski Zoran Faculty of Economics - Prilep

University “St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola e-mail: zorannikolovski@yahoo.fr

With this paper we wish to present the role which the French language has, as a means for infoming the consumer, and at the same time it represents a mean of protection for the employee. For that aim we will conduct an anlysis of the Law on usage of the French language, Statutory for employment and other legal regulations on the grounds of the reports of the Ministry of culture and the authorized institutions for the protection of the French language.

Key words: French language, informing the consumer, protection of the employee.

77

MIGRATION AND LABOUR IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITIES: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE

Njoya Raissa

“Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in Africa can be traced back to the 1960s, when the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) encouraged African States to incorporate single economies into sub-regional systems” (Oliver C Ruppel) Regional economic integration was then perceived as a development strategy for Africa. Following a pattern of geographical community, eight sub-regional economic communities were later on formed. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) being considered as the most advanced form of RECs, the analysis of the interaction between migration and labour will be carried out in the light of these two models with the aims of identifying challenges to the free movement of persons in RECs and formulating possible solutions. Both the 1975 ECOWAS Treaty and the SADC Protocol on the Facilitation of the free movement of persons adopted in 1998 expressly recognises the freedom of movement as an essential component of regional economic integration. Under these sub-regional frameworks, the free movement of persons is to be achieved progressively in three phases (entry, residence and establishment) with the ultimate aim of facilitating labour mobility. In practice, the implementation of labour mobility in RECs raises various challenges namely to curtail the excessive exercise of sovereignty, the harmonisation of domestic laws, the integration of regional norms at the national level and the regulation of labour mobility in accordance with international standards protecting freedom of movement. A possible response to these challenges is the judicial review of Member States’ acts. Sub-regional courts thus have an important role to play in setting out guidance for the implementation of labour mobility and in ensuring the respect of regional norms.

Key words: migration, labour market, regional development.

78

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SMALL BUSINESSES AS A FACTOR FOR DECREASE OF MIGRATION AT THE LABOUR MARKET IN

REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Obednikovska Snežana Faculty of Economics - Prilep

University ”St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola e-mail: sobednikovska@yahoo.com

Mojsovska-Salamovska Snežana Faculty of Economics - Prilep

University ”St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola e-mail: snezana.salamovska@uklo.edu.mk

Labor migration is a vital issue for every national economy, by both economic and social dimensions which characterize this global trend. In terms of openness of labour markets, and especially highly competent personnel migrate internationally, in countries and regions where they offer better working conditions, higher salaries, more opportunities for professional advancement, as well as higher quality life. Providing attractive jobs in the national economy certainly would contribute to retaining a portion of migrants in national frameworks, which would have contributed to the realization of economic and social equilibrium in the domestic economy. Small firms as drivers of economic activity play a key role in reducing migration of the labour market, primarily through self-employment, and thus by reducing interest departure from the place of residence, in a situation when you can achieve solid quality of life in his native place. This paper is focused on opportunities to reduce labor migration from Macedonia to more developed countries, viewed through the prism of small business development and entrepreneurship. It will present data obtained by research conducted on a sample of English small businesses, in terms of determining the possibilities for mitigation of the processes of migration, and the role that small businesses could take in that context.

Keywords: small business, labor migration, self-employment.

79

THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL SOCIAL AMBIENCE IN MACEDONIA ON THE LABOUR MARKET

Pechijareski Ljupcho Faculty of economics-Prilep

University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

Nikoloski Dimitar Faculty of economics-Prilep

University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola

Pechijareski Martin Centre for economic, social and cultural development of Macedonia

The labour market in a given country according to a number of relevant factors: contingency structure, the way of functioning, segmentation, the internal dynamics, the institutional setting, the reform capacity, the economic, social and psychological implications represents one of the most important indicators for the efficient of the economic system in the country and the citizens’ quality of life. Having in mind the previous relevant observation, a subject of research in this paper will be the analysis of the Macedonian labour market considered from a wider social context from the aspect of the impact of the social, cultural, political, normative, ethical and psychological factors. Namely, without any intention to diminish the importance of the economic factors (the macroeconomic policy, the aggregate demand, investments, industrial production, export, entrepreneurial climate, the human resource management etc.) that are inherent to the labour market structure and functioning, in this occasion particular attention will be paid to diagnostics, classification and significance of specific social phenomena in the improvement of the labour market functioning in a our country. In this context, the scope of the analysis will include the educational system, migration, demographic transition, political ambience (internal and external), geographic limitation, the human and social capital, the national attributes, axiological social matrix, inter and intra ethnical relations, the inequality, poverty, the organisational culture, social pathology, the public opinion and media, the moral erosion etc.

Taking into account the scope and complexity of the problem, because of its interactive character, our analysis is determined in direction of detecting those relationships where on the first place is the identification of the impact of the above selected processes on the labour market and not in reversed direction. This approach has its weaknesses, but on the other side enables to focus on the analysis of those factors that directly influence the improvement of the Macedonian labour market functioning. In the same time, this is in function of building priorities for creating strategies and policies where the unemployment problem would be conceived not only from the economic aspect, but in the general social context where it objectively belongs.

Key words: social ambience, labour market, non-economic factors.

80

UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY, GREY ECONOMY

Pejkovski Jovan Faculty of Philosophy

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” - Skopje e-mail: pejkovskij@yahoo.com

The occurrences of unemployment, poverty and grey economy is present in almost every country. In Republic of Macedonia, they according to volume or presented in per cents, are getting close. Thus, the rate of unemployment is above 31%, the rate of poverty is around 30%, and the grey economy is estimated to be around 35-40%. Is there a connection of these occurrences, how do they condition or strengthen the cumulative negative influence? Can the labour market absorb the increasing work efficient population in conditions of low rates of increase?

Which are the mechanisms and actions which can overcome these occurrences and processes is the most important interest which is set in front of each governing structure. Although the unemployment is immanent of the labour work, the question is in what range in contemporary conditions can this occurrence be accepted. The economic crisis and the recession oscillations in the greatest number of countries increased the level of unemployment, poverty and the grey economy. That is why the urgency of creation of implementation of responsible and effective policy is imposed, so that new workplaces can be created for decrease of the poverty and the social tensions.

In the labour the determinants of the influence of these occurrences are seen as well as the mechanisms of systematic and other actions for their decrease. Also, the effects of the previous taken measures and policies are taken into consideration, their effectiveness and the possibility for disposal of the obstacles which create the long-lasting unemployment. The change of the unfavourable indicators is dependant from the conduct of the macroeconomic policy, directed towards instigation of the strong economic growth and investment. The situation with the unemployment can be improved, and with that to decrease the poverty and the grey economy through taking action for institutional orientation and the policy for employment and the labour market. That means creation and stimulating environment and elimination of the obstacles for the business, strengthening of the support of the small and medium businesses, stimulation of the competitiveness, the export, the innovative activity.

Key words: unemployment, poverty, grey economy.

81

GLOBAL POPULATION TRENDS AND THE CHALLENGES TO

DEVELOPMENT

Petreski Goce

Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts e-mail: gpetreski@manu.edu.mk

It is sensibly realistic to anticipate over nine billion people living on the earth by 2050. Historic shifts in the world population, its absolute growth, and perhaps more importantly, its geographical distribution and age structure will exert tremendous pressures directed to profound change of existing and evolving political, economic and demographic balances. From one side, the population dynamics brings up an immense potential in human resources for economic growth, on the other, it puts a weighty pressures for redistribution of limited resources.

The uneven population growth and dissimilar demographic patterns tend to draw transnational migrations on a large scale. In the coming few decades the world is about to face an endogenously rising demand for profound structural transformations and alterations in economic power. Deep and compressed changes, globally, regionally and nationally, would emerge as inevitable. There is necessity of build up new consensus on development policy in order to avoid major frictions and odds due to climate change, lack of food security, ethnic and religious conflicts.

The aim of the paper is to explore the implications of population growth related to predominantly economic issues, the change of productive space, resource and other constraints, consumption, distribution and environment. A particular emphasis will be put on related regional and national implications.

Key words: global population, trends, economic growth, development

82

A MODEL FOR PUBLIC MANAGEMENT WITH STRATEGIC CHARACTERISTICS AS AN EFFECIVE INTEGRATION OF THE

TRENDS IN THE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT FOR GOVERNING OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC REALITY AND THE LABOUR MARKET

Petreski Zoran Doctoral candidate in public administration

In the current conditions of the global economy most of what axiomatically is assumed with the macroeconomic theories is that the sovereign state is the only decisive unit of economic life, and thus the only effective unit of economic and social policy, and is no longer appropriate to our reality. While the national economy was a sovereign whole it had control over its internal socio-economic situation, including the situation on the labor market, and that could calculate the effect of its policy in the international economy, and it was a sustainable management of the national socio-economic reality with the macroeconomic policies. However, in today's reality if you have the ambition to effectively manage the country's socio-economic realities, and thus on unemployment and the labor market, should include at least four types of economies, which represent one "partially dependent variable "that is mutually dependent, but not controlled with one another. First, there is a national economy whose center of gravity of economic power is moved to a particular region (EU, North America, Far East regions deployed around Japan, etc.); autonomous world economy with money, credit and investment flows; and finally the economy of transnational companies. The last two, are all segments of what is called a transnational economy.

With the transition of the world economy from international transnational traditional factors of production, land, labour, even money, because it so moving already, ensure competitive advantage of a national economy, because the decisions of a set of individuals-managers and companies by transnational level sabotage alleged managerial macroeconomics of national states. Therefore, before one could say that the management, i.e. management has become a decisive factor in the production, economics, social aspects and the labor market. The sole purpose of this paper is to define and synthesis factors for effective management of the socio-economic realities, without which the country could be found at the end of the socio-economic theory. And, no socio-economic theory has no economic and social policy, i.e. there is no basis for the activity of the state to manage the socio-economic conditions and the labor market. In doing so, it gives a clear view of the dominant trends in the public management, on whose basis in the central part of the paper the author elaborates his model of public management with strategic features as a key factor for effective management of socio-economic reality and the labor market.

Key words: public management, labour market, socio-economic environment.

83

MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND LABOUR MARKET: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE REGIONAL

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Popovski Vasil Instute of Economics-Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”-Skopje, e-mail: vasil@ek-inst.ukim.edu.mk

Tosheva Elizabeta Faculty of law-Kichevo

University “St. Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola e-mail: elizabeta.tosheva@uklo.edu.mk

This paper addresses the question about the role of migration as an adjustment process by analysing the relationship between unemployment and labour force mobility in terms of social policies and measures of regional economic development in the context of the experience of the Republic of Macedonia.

The labour force migration can affect economies in several ways. Firstly, since migration is a key aspect of labour market flexibility, it is a mechanism through which local and regional labour market differences can be reduced. Secondly, the characteristics of in and out-migrants have important implications for the current and future performances of the local and regional economies. Thirdly, high-unemployment regions in particular lose their young and educated workers. The danger of the process of cumulative causation is bigger in these regions.

The purpose of this paper is through scientific interpretation of an available statistical data provided by Macedonian state institutions, and through extraction experiences from developed European countries, to attempt to contribute for the development of modern migration policy, and regulation of internal and external migration in accordance with developmental strategy of the country and the requirements of the labor market. Migration policy should be directed towards overcoming the steady-state with extensive and permanent migrations, especially of younger layers of the population with higher education on the one hand and activation of the available developmental migratory potential in function of the total socio-economic development of the country, on the other hand.

Further, by detecting and isolating the main problems and requirements, we will try to suggest possible solutions to current and future regional economic development policy creators.

Key words: migration, labor market, regional economic development policy.

84

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LABOUR MARKET AND HIGHER EDUCATION

Radovanov Boris Faculty of Economics-Subotica

e-mail: radovanovb@ef.uns.ac.rs

Marcikić Aleksandra Faculty of Economics-Subotica e-mail: amarcikic@ef.uns.ac.rs

Tinde Dobrodolac-Šeregelj Faculty of Economics-Subotica

e-mail: tinde@ef.uns.ac.rs

Labour market information is becoming more important for higher education institutions, and there is a growing need for information about regional and local areas. However, the growth of labour markets increases the pressure on institutions to demonstrate the quality of the education they offer, the employability and the labour market success. The employability of graduates has become a major issue emphasizing the need for higher education institutions to interpret and balance the employer requirements.

Higher education institutions are important drivers of economic development and their roles in stimulating local and regional growth and closer understanding of demographic and other trends affecting future student numbers are increasingly acknowledged. The global objective of harmonizing trends in higher education and the labour market is to provide qualified staff, which in today's world creates a unique and key source of competitive advantage in the form of intellectual capital. As market uncertainty is growing, developments in technologies rapidly change the way of doing business, competition is heating up and becoming stronger, products and services quickly become obsolete and disappear from the market.

This paper provides information on trends in higher education and the labour market. With involvement of variables affecting these two sections, this paper attempts to review significant factors of potential movements and imbalances between these linked sections. A comprehensive study on the current situation in Serbia is followed by a comparative analysis of labour market and higher education factors in surrounding countries not members of the European Union. Separate analysis is done to compare trends in Serbia and its neighbouring countries that recently joined the European Union (Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria).

Key words: labour market, higher education, trends, comparative analysis.

85

THE ROLE OF THE SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESSES IN THE DECREASE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATIONS, WITH A

SPECIAL ATTENTION ON REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Risteska Aneta Faculty of Economics - Prilep

University ”St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola

Spaseska Tatjana Faculty of Economics - Prilep

University ”St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola

Risteska Fanka Faculty of Economics - Prilep

University ”St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola

Today, in a vast number of national economies the unemployment represents a serious microeconomic problem which is negatively reflected on the economic growth, and the world economic crisis which conquered the developed world and the developing countries and additionally increased its costs. The increase of the unemployment implies a decrease in the quality of life of people, so in that way they looking for a better alternative, migrate in international frames, particularly in other countries and regions.

Small and medium businesses as a dominant sector has a significant role in the instigation of employment and overcoming the problems connected with the migration. On the other hand, the contemporary conditions of economy are characterised with a more expressive dynamics, technological discoveries and competition, and impose the need for development of a dynamic sector which can quickly and easily adjust to the changes which are happening in the surrounding.

From that aspect the key focus of this paper is analysis of the role of the small and medium businesses on the creation of posts, so in that direction actions will be suggested for their instigation and development with the aim of improvement of the quality of life of people and a decrease in migrations.

Key words: migrations, small and medium enterprises, unemployment.

86

THE POLICIES ABOUT THE LABOUR MARKET OF BARACK H. OBAMA И НА W. MITT ROMNEY

Sasajkovksi Slavejko Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical Research

Universtiy “Ss. Cyril and Methodious” - Skopje

Micanovska Ljubica

The labour market policies, i.e. policies for creation of new workplaces and new employment, of Obama and Romney, as a presidential candidate in elections to be held in November 2012, are key and crucial policies of the complex social and economic policies included in the final presidential campaign. Also, we must strongly bear in mind that in this campaign these policies are quite realistic and have and until the end of the campaign will have a dominant position in relation to all other policies, including, by the way, the foreign policy. The ratio of eligibility or non-eligibility of these policies by the electorate certainly will possibly affect the election result. The importance of this policy imperative arises from the nature of the overall socio-economic situation in the country. The financial and economic crisis, which were strongly expressed began to manifest itself in the summer of 2008 with the shooting of a real estate market bubble, and inevitably lead to a broad wave of confidence and expectations in the markets, to escalating stagdeflaciona (recession + deflation) state and up to double-digit (depressed U.S. occasions) growth of unemployment. Therefore the problem of unemployment took center stage in the complex social and economic policies of Obama and Romney. In this sense, you have to know the fact that the key presidential socio-economic policy of Obama, along with the policies contained in the Reform on health care and Financial Market Regulation Plan (Dodd-Frank Act), was contained precisely in its Plan to Create Jobs.

Relationship to the market and its ("steel and invisible") rules (including the labor market), on the one hand, and the attitude towards state interventionism ("big government"), on the other hand, is the most fundamental and most essential line of distinction basically irreconcilable competitiveness socio-economic concepts and policies of Obama and Romney.

Key words: B. H. Obama; W. M. Romney; labour market policies; policies of state interventionism.

87

HUMAN RESOURCES AND THEIR CAPACITY FOR INCLUSION IN THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Sedlak Otilija Faculty of Economics-Subotica

In the period of globalization and overall reforms, human resources are possible major engine of economic development. Labor productivity is based on the human factor. The concept and process of training the labour force is valid only if it is implemented in a clearly defined structure and strategy of the new information technologies. The concept of human resources encompasses the total spiritual and physical potential employees, both hidden and used. Knowledge (intellectual capital) is becoming an increasingly important resource that is immediately realized added value. From this perspective, the paper reviews the capabilities and use of the labour force as condition for achieving a better position in the association and the creation of a rational attitude towards integration in general, and especially the European Union. Some solutions have to be found in major investments and projects, the introduction of new geopolitical and strategic partners in the Serbian economy

Key words: human resources, globalization, labour productivity, information technology.

88

MIGRATIONS IMPACT TOWARD DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Sekovska Blagica Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”-Skopje

Anakiev Boris

Macedonian villages, from year to year, are more and more empty which is result of intensive rural/urban migration because of inappropriate economical policy. Economical development became more and more uneven in its regional and rural/urban aspect. Long and tuff transition, wrong agricultural and lend policy and global economical crisis bring to the decreasing of arable land to the over 150.000 ha in the last 20 years. It means 7.500 ha per year in average, which is result of building of suburban settlements, infrastructural and other objects in agricultural lent with high quality. All this factors are relevant for the increasing of rural/urban migrations and to the lower quality of agricultural labor.

Kay words: agriculture, migrations, agricultural policy, labor.

89

MIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION, THE ROLE AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES IN ALBANIAN ECONOMY AND CULTURE

Shehu Diana Agricultural University of Tirana

Çakalli Majlinda Agricultural University of Tirana

Shehu Albana ORBICO Sh.P.K Tirana

There has been ninety years since the collapse of the communist dictatorship set free the labour market system, and aimed at democratic consolidation. The study will analyze the two phenomena, migration within the country and immigration in the Balkans and Europe. Statistical data show that the majority of Albanians have emigrated to Greece, Italy, Germany, but also to the United States and Canada.

Regarding the process of immigration, on one hand, the paper will address the positive effects of migration which remain mainly on remittances send in Albania, but also the effects on culture, the enrichment of Albanian culture and European cultural values. On the other hand, the paper will analyze the negative outcome of this process which is mostly expressed in the outflow of the labour force, especially young people and intellectuals. This causes the country’s brain-drain mainly to Europe, America and Canada.

The problem of migration would be particularly emphasized. There was a free movement of people within the country, mainly from northern and northeast mountain areas to the capital city of Tirana and other cities surrounding it. The lack of a strategy for this movement brought a number of negative phenomena associated primarily with increased unemployment, increased rate of crimes, theft, prostitution, etc.

Lastly, the paper shall provide conclusions and recommendations concerning the strategy and policies to be followed by the government, especially in the field related to the phenomenon of migration and its negative consequences.

Key words: Albania, migration, immigration, labour, culture, unemployment.

90

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS FOR THE MIGRATION MOVEMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA WITHIN THE

PERIOD FROM 2000 TO 2011

Sotiroski Kosta Faculty of Economics - Prilep

e-mail: kostasotiroski@ymail.com

Hristoski Ilija Faculty of Economics - Prilep e-mail: i.hristoski@t-home.mk

The mechanical movement or the migration of population emerges particularly under the influence of the modality of the socio-economic factors. In that sense, the data which refers to them, should be continually statistically obtained, analysed and appropriate conclusions to be made, which will contribute in the governing of the population policy and the economic growth. Thereto, an appropriate statistical metric should be defined: migration balance and balance for migration, rate of balance of movement. With this it is provided comparison of various statistical regions in different time periods and confirmation of the emigration or immigration regions, regions of well balanced trade-off of movements or regions with moderate rate of immigration and emigration. Also, analysing the basic indicators of the regional development of the statistical regions with indicators gained from the statistical metric for migration will statistically be concluded for their change and significance throughout the research time period.

Key words: migration balance, rate of movement balance, indicators of regional development, statistical analysis, statistical inference.

91

MINIMUM WAGES, EMPLOYMENT OF LOWER-SKILLED AND THE IMPACT OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE WAGE

INEQUALITY IN SELECTED OECD COUNTRIES

Stojanovska Nikolina Faculty of Applied Economics

University of Antwerp

Cuyvers Ludo Faculty of Applied Economics

University of Antwerp

The results of the reduced-form employment-demand equation allow us to clearly distinguish between two groups of OECD countries regarding the effect of minimum wages on the demand for lower-skilled labour. We identified a binding minimum wage floor with adverse effect on employment of lower-skilled workers in Belgium, France and the Netherlands. From the inequality regression estimation results (second part of the estimation procedure), it can be concluded that the difference in the wage inequality both from technological change (SBTC) and change in the share of the non-OECD imports in total imports for the set of OECD countries is significant upon the country groups based on the presence or absence of this labour market characteristic. Since the non-OECD imports share may proxy the change in the trade pattern, we conclude from the estimation results that such a change has a significant and positive effect on the earnings inequality in the group of countries with no binding minima, and that the effect in the countries with binding minima is 0,51% less than the effect in the first group of countries, while the effect of SBTC is 0,29% less in the countries with binding minima. This apparently significant difference in the effect of SBTC and international trade on wage inequality vindicates the hypothesis of Krugman (1995).

Key words: minimum wages, employment of lower-skilled, demand shocks, wage inequality.

92

POVERTY, PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND SOCIOLOGY OF SAVINGS AND MACEDONIA IN THAT MATTER

Stojkova Eleonora State University -Tetovo

Mentality is a spiritual state of mind. This paper tends to show the structure and the system of abstract attributes of the person or of the population of certain age, people or state. Furthermore, it addresses the mentality of the Macedonian people, the consumption mentality against the mentality of saving money and the balance between saving money and consumption. The consumption of more Macedonian products is the basis of opening new jobs and a basis for reduction of poverty in our country. But how can we make Macedonian people to buy products produced in Macedonia? This paper shall analyse the psychology and above all, the sociology of consumption of Macedonian products.

Key words: sociology of saving money, sociology of consumption.

93

THE ROLE OF THE EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES IN DECREASING OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE PELAGONIA REGION

Todorovska Marinela Faculty of Economics

e-mail: marinela.todorovska@gmail.com

Midovska Marija Faculty of Economics

e-mail: marija_midovska@yahoo.com

According to the new statistical data, Republic of Macedonia is a runner-up in the rate of unemployment by which almost half of the unemployed are young people who have a high education. After the end of education they are faced with the cruel reality which is present at the labour market, and the first contact is realized with the employment agencies no matter if it is private or state which conveys their registration and the same should create assumptions for connection of the supply and demand of the workforce on the market and to provide a post. But the main question which is asked here is whether this institution should mediate the relationship among the unemployed and the employers, and whether it is effective in its function and leads to reduction of unemployment. The main thesis is that this institution does not perform its function efficiently and the same after conveying a survey of respondents from the Pelagoina Region, will be accepted or denied. The research will include unemployed registered in this institution, individuals who visit the activities for training, pre qualification and over qualification but business subjects which appear in the role of employers with an aim to ascertain how much they collaborate with the agency which should provide staff for fulfilment of the available posts. After the conducted research, data will be given for the perception of the both parties, the unemployed but the business subjects as well for the effectiveness of this institution and recommendation will be given on how the same can be increased.

Key words: unemployment, employment agencies, effectiveness.

94

ASPECTS IN THE INTERNAL MIGRATIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THEIR INFLUENCE OVER THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Trajkova Kate Ministry of labour and social policy of Macedonia

e-mail: ktrajkova@mtsp.gov.mk

Andonov Marko Faculty of Law

University American College - Skopje e-mail: andonov@uacs.edu.mk

The question for the internal migrations in Republic of Macedonia, becomes especially important and significant in the period after its independence and the transitional period. This is due to the increasing intensity of the emigrations within the country in this period. In this sense we should bare in mind the changes in the territorial organization of the country which resulted in increase of the number of municipalities, where a certain part from the previous local migrations got the capacity of inter municipal emigrations.

When it comes to the internal migrations, we cannot exclude their influence over the overall development of the population, including the economic growth of the emigration and the immigrant regions from the country. Namely, it is a notorious fact that the basis of each well developed country or region is the quality (and well educated) human potential. The movement from one region to another in the country undoubtedly leads to unequal economic growth in the various regions in RM. Of course, in Republic of Macedonia, the most indicative is the case of the great extent of centralization of the capital city (the whole Skopje region), where the biggest part of the qualified staff from the other towns of the country, their existence and career wish to acquire precisely in the city if Skopje, settling in it. The thing itself leaves the other regions of the country in a subordinate situation without enough educated and quality human staff, which to a great extent reflects on their economic underdevelopment.

Correspondingly, it will be necessary that in this paper should be made certain comprehension sot that it can be confirmed which actions should be taken from the country to overcome, i.e. decrease such negative tendencies in Republic of Macedonia, with the aim of more equal economic growth of all the regions in our country.

Key words: internal migration, demography, economic development.

95

THE CONSEQUENCES FROM NEGLECTING THE SHORT TERM - THE EFFECT OF HYSTERESIS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Trpeski Predrag Faculty of Economics, Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”-Skopje e-mail: predrag@eccf.ukim.edu.mk

Evtimov Ljupcho Faculty of Economics, Skopje

University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”-Skopje e-mail: eftimov@eccf.ukim.edu.mk

This paper aims at offering explanation on the high and sustainable rate of unemployment in Macedonia in the period of transition through the concept of hysteresis theories, which is an approach primarily used on behalf of the new Keynesian economy. Having in mind the completeness of the concept of hysteresis, the different theories about it as well as the channels via which this concept is manifested, the paper offers a comprehensive analysis about the applicability of this concept at the labour market in Macedonia.

Taking into consideration the aim previously explained, the paper itself shall give an answer to the key question that the whole research is focused on, the question being “Whether and to which extent the short-term shocks on the side of aggregate demand in Macedonian economy, that led to increase in the factual unemployment, could be treated as being one of the sources for permanent rise of unemployment?” Or in other words, “Is it possible to recognize Hysteresis at the labour market in the Republic of Macedonia?”

The findings shall serve to the expert and scientific audience in their efforts to draw conclusions about the unemployment in Macedonia, and it shall also serve to the economic policy makers, primarily to the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank, which while conceptualizing these policies are also expected to take into account the aggregate demand management with reference to the labour market and unemployment.

Key words: hysteresis, unemployment, economic policies, aggregate demand.

96

MIGRATION AND THE STANDARD OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION

Vchkov Ljupco International Slavonic Institute – Sveti Nikole

The greater mobility of population suggests the necessity for more complex comprehension of the causes and effects of this complex socio-economical phenomenon.

The subject research of this labour is the mutual correlation among the internal migration and the standard of life with the population.

This research despite the theoretical part which includes the causes for internal migration such as: education, employment, marriage and other family reasons, will try to give an answer to the questions connected with the daily migration of the population in RM, with a a special focus on the daily migration of the municipality of Veles, making this topic for equal economic growth and the necessity of a quicker forming and realization of measures for solving this problem.

The knowledge available, as well as the official data for the daily migration cannot provide solid grounds for a deeper socio-economic analysis of micro, i.e. Municipality level. Therefore this paper has the aim to try and open the methodological questions and dilemmas of how to reach for the relevant data, connected with the problem of this paper.

Key words: migration, life standard, daily migration, methodology.

97

GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON THE MACEDONIAN LABOR MARKET - OBSTACLES TO LOWERING THE MIGRATION RATE AND POSSIBLE

SOLUTIONS CONSIDERING A POLITY AND POLICY TRANSFER FROM EU AND GERMANY

Viciska Kristina Doctoral student

Technical University Brunswick, Germany

The number of Macedonians leaving their country is constantly increasing. The German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF) just published the numbers of asylum-seekers for August 2012 whereby Macedonian asylum seekers are between the most numerous, together with Syria and Afghanistan. In the long run the demographic change will be fastened, which will affect the social system, the labor market as well as the ethnic composition. This work will focus on reasons for the female population to leave Macedonia to live (il)legally in EU states and other countries. The research method is a qualitative data analysis of quantitative data. The core of the high migration rate is already rooted in the school system. The four year high school offers after completion two possibilities. Studying or starting directly to work. This causes that lot of woman with an academic degree return into rural areas without the possibility of using their ambitions in a job. The unemployment rate in the rural places is much higher than in the cities. The frustration caused by this fact is a strong push factor. Those women who haven’t completed university have only got the possibility to work in the agricultural sector, as needlewoman or other precarious fields. All those jobs have in common, that they offer no security for future planning, a small level of social security and support therefore the traditional family concept. As push factors will be considered: Unemployment, need of male breadwinner, no own accumulation of capital, working poor, wage level allows no planning security. On the other side the pull factors are the following: possibilities to study abroad (ERASMUS and others), expectation of high wages and a better life, internationalization through travelling and new media (86% of all Macedonians with internet are using Facebook) and entry into Schengen, headhunters from EU countries are searching for IT specialists and doctors. To make Macedonia attractive to live in it needs deep changes and institution building. The first suggestion is a policy change towards the European Union Flexicurity concept. This means mixing flexible work elements for employees and employers and parallel implementation of social and economic security. Concepts like part time work and introducing quota can also be possibilities to get woman into employment. The main problem of overqualified housewives and uneducated workers can be solved by a polity transfer from Germany, the vocational training. By introducing vocational trainings after high school, the female workers could get educated from firms or businesses towards economic needs of their area and in fields of interest. They can be productive in the rural area, without dissipation of workforce.

Key words: labour market, migration, gender perspective.

98

THE FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND THE MOBILITY OF THE OFFICIALS WITHIN EU

Vitanski Dejan

Faculty of Law - Kichevo University “St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola

The freedom of movement of people (should) be pillars and the basic substrate in the European architecture. In this context, the freedom of movement of the workers within the European Union and the prescriptive-legal and factual is installed as one of the fundamental principles, on which the European construction is found, whose primordial aim is suspension of any kind of discrimination based on the nationality of employees in the countries-members on the grounds of employment, salary and other working conditions. However, this essential postulate is not fully represented in the public services of the European countries, in which traditionally the national prerogatives dominate.

The initiative of the author of this paper to give an answer to the question: Which posts in the public services of the European countries are strictly ‘reserved’ only for the citizens of domicile, and which can be filled with non-citizens, that is, citizens of other countries-members, as well as to identify the barriers from administrative, lingual, educational and economic nature, which obstruct the mobility of the officials within EU.

Key words: public official, administrative services, mobility, barriers.

99

MIGRATION POLICIES AND THE PLIGHT OF AFRICAN IMMIGRANTS IN WESTERN NATIONS

Wamwara John Joseph Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights,

e-mail: john.wamwara@adh-geneva.ch

Many reasons trigger the welcome move of African immigrants to Western nations. These include among other things: furthering their education; seeking asylum and looking for employment opportunities. While every move is embraced with hope, reality quickly sets in dashing every bit of promise and hope. The immigrant soon finds out that the conditions of life makes it impossible to do any meaningful school work, he/she drops out, the authorized period of stay expires, he/she has to avoid immigration officials, has to look for manual labour paying pittance and exploiting the vulnerability of the African. The African immigrant chooses to stay in these squalid conditions rather than go home because, the value of the Western currency however small, can help support a family back at home struggling in poverty. The African stays dehumanized in the Western nation in the hope that his/her sacrifice will help lift some family out of poverty in Africa.

In this paper I seek to highlight the deliberate efforts of Western governments to encourage or in the least acquiesce the movement of Africans to their cities, the role of immigration and labour laws in supporting these devices that help ensure a constant supply of cheap labour to run these big economies; and unfortunately providing no reasonable opportunity for just wages for honest labour. I seek to use selected countries as classical test cases.

Key words: Africa, immigrants, Western economies.

100

THE LABOUR MARKET AND THE QUALITY OF THE WORKFORCE WITHIN THE ENTERPRISES FROM THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN

MACEDONIA

Zabijakin-Chatleska Vesna Doctoral candidate in management of human resources

Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical Research University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” - Skopje

The character and the conditions on the current labour market greatly set the general frame of the policy of the human resources in the corporations which through the quality of employees wish to be competitive on the market. At the beginning the main trends are presented (demographic changes, diversity in terms of gender and ethnic groups; skills and qualifications) and the development of various types of labour markets (according to geography differences, tight/loose markets; professional structure; generation gap) and their implications over employees in the corporations. As an answer to the changed conditions within the labour market, the corporations use innovative practice of human resources, all with the aim to provide better quality of workforce and better organizational flexibility. In the labour those practices of human resources are identified and analysed which refer to the process of continuous improvement of the quality and productivity of the workforce, and are directly conditioned by the offer of the external and internal labour market. At the same time, the results (descriptive statistics) are being presented for the range in which these practices of human resources are applied, and according to the conducted research of multi-industrial example of 59 companies from the private sector in the Republic of Macedonia (placed in the 200 biggest and the most successful in the year 2010). On the grounds of the empirical findings certain conclusions are offered.

Key words: internal and external labour market, quality management, quality of workforce, practices of human resources.