FATĀWĀ DĀR AL-‛ULŪM

ZAKARĪYYĀ

VOLUME TWO

Hadrat Maulānā Muftī Radā’ al-Haq Sāhib

2

Table Of Contents Table Of Contents ........................................................................................ 2

Kitab as-Sal�h ............................................................................................ 25

The Times of Sal�h................................................................................ 25

The proof for dividing the five sal�hs over different times.......... 25

The wisdom behind the different times of sal�h ........................... 27

Performing fajr sal�h at its earliest time in the month of Ramad�n............................................................................................................ 27

Sal�h, fasting and ‛$d in countries having abnormal days............. 29

Sal�h at the re-entry of its time ...................................................... 32

The extent of the time-span between true dawn and sunrise, and sunset and the commencement of ‛ish� time................................. 33

Accepting the investigation of a non-Muslim................................ 43

Delaying the ‛asr time to the extent that the makr0h time is suspected ........................................................................................... 44

Using the D�’irah Hind$yyah to work out zaw�l ............................ 45

The extent of zaw�l .......................................................................... 45

Differences among Hanaf$ jurists with regard to zuhr and ‛asr times .................................................................................................. 47

‛Asr sal�h in Makkah and Mad$nah ................................................. 49

Adh�n And Iq�mah ............................................................................... 51

The extent of pulling the word “All�h” in the adh�n.................... 51

The diacritical mark on the words “All�h Akbar” when calling out the adh�n........................................................................................... 54

Pausing between the words of the adh�n....................................... 55

Sending salutations after “ash-hadu anna Muhammadar Ras0lull�h” ........................................................................................ 56

Saying “hayya ‛al� khayril ‛amal” in the adh�n ............................. 57

Kissing the thumbs at the time of adh�n........................................ 60

Placing one’s fingers on one’s eyes solely as a medical treatment............................................................................................................ 62

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Reading the words “ad-Darajah ar-Raf$‛ah”....................................63

Replying to the adh�n when it ends ................................................65

Replying to the adh�n while in major impurity .............................65

Calling out adh�n while in major impurity.....................................66

Turning the entire body when saying “Hayya ‛alas sal�h” and “Hayya ‛alal fal�h”.............................................................................67

Telecasting the adh�n via satellite ..................................................67

Calling out adh�n in the masjid .......................................................69

Forgetting to say a word of the adh�n or iq�mah ..........................73

The adh�n of a f�siq ..........................................................................74

Calling out the adh�n and iq�mah in the ears of a newborn ........76

The method of calling out the adh�n in the ears of a newborn ....80

Adh�n and iq�mah for missed sal�hs ..............................................81

Offering sal�m and replying to it at the time of adh�n .................82

Replying to “As-sal�tu khayrum minan naum”..............................84

Raising the hands in du‛�’ after adh�n ............................................85

Replying to the iq�mah.....................................................................86

Turning to the right and left in the iq�mah ...................................87

Calling out adh�n for tahajjud .........................................................88

Replying to the adh�n while conducting a lesson..........................91

Replying to the adh�n in the midst of dhikr...................................92

The pronunciation of the letter “r�” in “All�hu Akbar”................93

A person calling out adh�n in two mas�jid.....................................94

Delaying the adh�n because of a delay in the sal�h .......................95

Description Of Sal�h..............................................................................97

Spreading a cloth over an impurity to perform sal�h on it...........97

When a child with impurity sits on a musall$ .................................97

Sal�h where the places of the feet, knees or prostration are impure................................................................................................98

When the satr is seen through one’s pocket...................................99

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When the satr becomes exposed ................................................... 100

When the direction of the masjid is 10° away from the qiblah .. 101

Performing sal�h in a train ............................................................ 103

Performing sal�h on a horse-carriage .......................................... 105

Sal�h on a bus.................................................................................. 106

Sal�h on a wooden platform .......................................................... 107

Sal�h in an aeroplane ..................................................................... 109

Facing the qiblah and standing for sal�h in an aeroplane .......... 111

Changing one’s intention after takb$r-e-tahr$mah...................... 114

Making an intention in the first rak‛at ......................................... 114

Intention for the number of rak‛ats .............................................. 116

Saying takb$r-e-tahr$mah in Persian............................................. 116

Jerking the hands when saying takb$r-e-tahr$mah ..................... 117

The extent of qaumah and jalsah .................................................. 118

The ruling of ta‛d$l-e-ark�n ........................................................... 119

Sunan And Etiquette Of Sal�h ............................................................ 122

Touching each other’s feet in the standing posture.................... 122

To read “wa ana minal muslim$n” before sal�h ........................... 126

Difference between where males and females should place their hands................................................................................................ 127

A few rulings related to than�’ ...................................................... 128

The extent of the takb$r for the different postures ..................... 130

The Had$th which makes reference to not raising the hands..... 131

Difference between the ruk0‛ of males and females.................... 133

Placing the hands on the knees when going into sajdah ............ 134

Placing the nose or forehead first when going into sajdah ........ 135

The manner of placing the fingers in sajdah................................ 136

Keeping the arms apart in sajdah.................................................. 137

The sajdah of females ..................................................................... 138

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Raising the posterior in ruk0‛ and sajdah when sitting and performing sal�h.............................................................................139

The method of sitting in the qa‛dah ..............................................140

Touching the heels in sajdah..........................................................142

Ah�d$th on touching the heels in sajdah ......................................143

Various forms of dhikr in qaumah and jalsah ..............................147

Raising the index finger in tashahhud ..........................................149

The best way of indicating with the index finger ........................151

Keeping the finger raised until the end ........................................152

Raising the finger of the left hand .................................................153

Focusing on the spot of sajdah in the standing posture ..............154

Where should the gaze be focused during the different postures of sal�h..................................................................................................156

The Sunnah way of coming out of sal�h .......................................157

Turning the face before the sal�m.................................................159

The effects of sajdah .......................................................................160

Yawning in sal�h .............................................................................161

Sal�h without a top$ ........................................................................162

Difference In The Sal�h Of Males And Females.................................168

Proof for differences in the sal�h of males and females ..............168

A reply to the Salaf$s .......................................................................174

The distance between the feet for women....................................177

When a woman raises her hands for takb$r tahr$mah .................178

Difference in the ruk0‛ of males and females ...............................179

Du’� And Dhikr After Sal�h.....................................................................181

Raising the hands for du‛�’ after sal�h ..........................................181

Ending the du‛�’ with “sub-h�na rabbin�”....................................187

Du‛�’ after tar�w$h but before the witr sal�h................................191

Explaining rules after the fard sal�h but before the Sunnah sal�hs..........................................................................................................191

The meaning of Hadrat ‛Ā’ishah’s narration.................................193

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In which direction must the im�m turn and leave after the fard sal�h ................................................................................................. 195

In which direction must the im�m turn around .......................... 196

Turning around towards the congregation to make du‛�’ .......... 199

Making a du‛�’ apart from All�humma antas sal�m…after the fard sal�h ................................................................................................. 201

Occupying oneself in the Sunnah sal�hs after the fard............... 202

Different forms of dhikr between the fard and Sunnah sal�hs .. 203

Placing the hand on the forehead after sal�h and making du‛�’ 205

Saying Bihaqqi ful�n in the du‛�’................................................... 206

Recitation Of The Qur’�n In Sal�h.......................................................... 211

A person makes sajdah til�wat in the midst of his qir�’ah and then continues with the qir�’ah............................................................. 211

Joining ar-Rahm�n ar-Rah$m to Rabbil ‛Ālam$n in the recitation.......................................................................................................... 212

Stopping at a point where the meaning of a verse is incomplete.......................................................................................................... 213

Recommended s0rahs for the jumu‛ah sal�h ............................... 214

Reading S0rah as-Sajdah and S0rah ad-Dahr in the fajr sal�h of Fridays ............................................................................................. 216

Reading S0rah as-Sajdah and S0rah ad-Dahr continually in the fajr sal�h of Fridays ........................................................................ 218

Proof for reading different s0rahs in fajr sal�h ........................... 220

Reading Fa’idh� faraghta fansab wa il� rabbika farghab after S0rah al-F�tihah.............................................................................. 223

Reciting in the Persian language................................................... 224

Changing the words in S0rah al-‛Asr in sal�h .............................. 225

Reading the words La kab$r instead of Innal ins�na li rabbihi lakan0d in sal�h .............................................................................. 226

Repeating a s0rah in a fard or nafl salah ...................................... 227

Recitation in the last two rak‛ats of a fard salah.......................... 228

Reciting the Qur’�n without sequence in sal�h ........................... 228

Repeating a verse in sal�h.............................................................. 230

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The extent of the gap between two s0rahs...................................231

Reading فاغ� in place of 231.....................................ووجدك ضاال فهدى

Reading عذابا مهينا instead of أجرا عظيما .........................................232

When the letter d�wd is pronounced similar to a z�w or d�l .....233

Stopping the recitation after reading the Qur’�n in a manner which invalidates sal�h ..................................................................235

The status of the sal�h upon correcting one’s self immediately after an error ...................................................................................237

A major error was committed in the first rak‛at and corrected in the second rak‛at .............................................................................237

Reading تا � ا�نة�ً رب ابن � عندك ب ِ instead of � تا�ًرب ابن � عندك ب َ

239....................................................................................................ا�نة

Reading %&يدخل من (شاء � ر instead of 239.......يدخل من (شاء � ر&ته

Reading ال (سمعون فيها لغوا اال كذابا instead of ال (سمعون فيها لغوا والكذابا ...................................................................................................240

Reading ال 7بون العاجلة in sal�h ......................................................241

Making an error in du‛�’-e-qun0t ..................................................242

The status of sal�h due to reading يا أيها ا=ين آمنوا ال تله9م أ:وال9مَوال أوالد

8

The kurtah or pants of the im�m is below his ankles.................. 256

The im�mat of the one who trims his beard ................................ 258

The status of the beard according to the four madh�hib............ 259

An im�m unclasping his hands before completing his recitation.......................................................................................................... 264

When the im�m does not stand in the mihr�b............................. 265

The im�m standing in the centre of the mihr�b.......................... 266

The im�m saying ك ا@مدBنا وCر ....................................................... 267

The im�mat of a person who watches television......................... 268

The im�m starting sal�h when صالةBقد قامت ا is said ................... 270

The number of tasb$h�t for the im�m........................................... 271

The im�m reading aloud in a loud sal�h....................................... 273

Sal�h behind an im�m who has false teeth .................................. 274

Performing sal�h behind an im�m who holds Barelw$ beliefs.... 275

It is the im�m’s responsibility to inform the congregation of the invalidity of a sal�h......................................................................... 279

Announcing the invalidity of a sal�h after a long period of time.......................................................................................................... 280

The im�mat of a woman................................................................. 283

The Congregation................................................................................ 290

Tabl$gh$ workers having a congregational sal�h at the ijtim� site.......................................................................................................... 290

Leaving a masjid and performing congregational sal�h on a field.......................................................................................................... 292

Performing ‛ish� sal�h at the place where tar�w$h is performed.......................................................................................................... 295

Reducing the wud0’ for fear of missing the congregation.......... 297

Going to another masjid when one has missed the congregation in the masjid of his locality ................................................................ 299

Going to a masjid for congregational sal�h with a urine bag ..... 300

A congregation of only women ..................................................... 301

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Women going to the masjid ...........................................................306

Women performing congregational sal�h in the Haramayn Shar$fayn..........................................................................................319

The Second Congregation...................................................................321

A second congregation within the boundaries of the masjid......321

A second congregation in the masjid courtyard ..........................322

A second congregation in a masjid which has an appointed im�m but no regular musall$s ...................................................................324

Adh�n and iq�mah for a second congregation .............................325

Straightening The Rows......................................................................327

Leaving a gap between the rows of the men and children..........327

A child standing in the row of adults ............................................328

Children standing on the sides of the adults’ row........................329

A woman standing in the row of men ...........................................330

When a woman changes her gender .............................................332

Forming a row between two pillars ...............................................333

A Woman Standing In Line With A Man............................................335

An explanation of the issue of a woman standing in line with a man...................................................................................................335

When women follow an im�m while they are standing on an upper floor .......................................................................................339

Women standing in line with men in the Haram Shar$f..............340

An investigation of the Had$th: ن من حJّاخرؤ

ّث اخرJن ائ

هللا ...........343

Following The Im�m............................................................................345

Women following an im�m who is in a room behind them ........345

Following an im�m from another room........................................346

Following an im�m from a roof or courtyard which is attached to the masjid building .........................................................................347

Following an im�m from the roof of a building which is attached to a masjid........................................................................................348

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Following an im�m in a large masjid where the rows are not continuous....................................................................................... 349

When a muqtad$’s sal�h is different from the im�m’s................. 350

A muqtad$ who is standing follows an im�m who is sitting on a chair ................................................................................................. 351

A ma‛dh0r following a ma‛dh0r im�m .......................................... 352

A muqtad$ with one excuse following an im�m with two excuses.......................................................................................................... 353

The ruling for latecomers when a congregational sal�h is repeated.......................................................................................................... 354

A Sh�fi‛$ person following a Hanaf$ im�m in the fajr sal�h......... 356

Making the takb$r tahr$mah before the im�m ............................. 356

A resident Hanaf$ following a Sh�fi‛$ traveller in the zuhr sal�h358

Rules related to following an im�m when both concur and both differ ................................................................................................ 361

A Sh�fi‛$ im�m who leaves out sajdah sahw ................................. 366

Recitation of the Qur’�n behind a mus�fir im�m......................... 369

Performing sal�h with a jinn as the im�m.................................... 370

The Masb0q And L�hiq ....................................................................... 372

A masb0q made takb$r tahr$mah at the time when the im�m made sal�m ................................................................................................ 372

A masb0q forgetfully says the sal�m with the im�m................... 373

A masb0q muqtad$ joins the im�m in the latter’s fifth rak‛at .... 374

A masb0q joins an im�m in the fifth rak‛at .................................. 375

When should a masb0q stand up to complete his missed rak’at/s.......................................................................................................... 376

When a masb0q makes sal�m for sajdah sahw intentionally with the im�m.......................................................................................... 377

Making iqtid�’ of a masb0q............................................................ 378

A masb0q completes his missed rak‛ats by observing another masb0q............................................................................................. 379

A masb0q reads his missed rak‛ats aloud ..................................... 379

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How should a masb0q complete the two missed rak‛ats of maghrib..........................................................................................................380

How should a resident masb0q complete his sal�h behind a mus�fir im�m...................................................................................381

How should a resident masb0q complete his sal�h behind a mus�fir im�m...................................................................................383

The method of sal�h for a l�hiq .....................................................384

Rules Related To Impurity And Appointing A Deputy .....................386

When the im�m’s wud0’ breaks after the first sal�m ..................386

A muqtad$ becomes an im�m without the im�m appointing him..........................................................................................................387

The Invalidators Of Sal�h........................................................................388

Performing sal�h while looking in the Qur’�n..............................388

Switching off a cell phone while in sal�h......................................390

Saying “Yarhamukall�h” to a sneezing person ............................391

A Sh�fi’$ im�m left out the qa’dah akh$rah and made sajdah sahw in the fifth rak’at .............................................................................392

When a muqtadiyah corrects the im�m........................................393

Saying the words: “All�hummaj‛al as-sal�m ‛al� man sallama ‛alayya” in reply to the sal�m.........................................................394

Saying: “Astaghfirull�h al-‛az$m” in sal�h ....................................395

Performing sal�h while having a chewing gum in one’s mouth.396

Performing sal�h with a bottle of urine in one’s pocket .............398

When a woman’s hair becomes exposed in sal�h.........................399

If a male and female kiss each other in sal�h ...............................400

Making non-Arabic du‛�’s and du‛�’s which are similar to human speech in sal�h ................................................................................402

Using a loudspeaker for sal�h ........................................................403

An additional investigation on using a loudspeaker for sal�h ....404

Makr0h Acts Of Sal�h ..............................................................................414

Switching off a cell-phone through a minimal action .................414

12

Performing sal�h while having a jacket draped over one’s shoulders ......................................................................................... 415

Performing sal�h with a shawl or scarf, while its corners are left hanging............................................................................................ 416

Performing sal�h with folded sleeves ........................................... 418

Lifting one’s pants when going into ruk0‛ and sajdah ................ 419

Performing sal�h with the long coats provided by the masjid... 420

Making a “h�h” sound when yawning in sal�h............................ 421

Performing sal�h while having coins with animate images in one’s pocket .............................................................................................. 423

Making du‛�’ in non-Arabic............................................................ 424

Performing sal�h with an item equal to a chick-pea in size in one’s mouth............................................................................................... 425

Raising one’s feet to the extent of three tasb$hs while in sajdah426

Performing sal�h where there is singing and music ................... 427

The Sutrah ............................................................................................... 430

The sutrah of the im�m suffices for all the muqtad$s.................. 430

Using one’s hand as a sutrah for others........................................ 431

Using one’s hand as a sutrah for one’s self................................... 432

Passing across by placing a head-scarf or walking stick ............. 433

Placing a wire or rope as a sutrah ................................................. 434

Using a madrasah desk as a sutrah................................................ 435

An item which has a vacuum as a sutrah...................................... 436

Definition of a large and small masjid when applied to walking across a musall$ ............................................................................... 437

The Witr Sal�h......................................................................................... 440

Performing witr sal�h with congregation out of Ramad�n ........ 440

Performing witr before ‛ish� ......................................................... 441

A Sh�fi‛$ is appointed to lead the witr sal�h for half the month and a Hanaf$ for the other half ............................................................. 442

A Sh�fi‛$ muqtad$ performing three rak‛ats of witr with one sal�m behind a Hanaf$ im�m .................................................................... 444

13

A Hanaf$ muqtad$ making two sal�ms in witr sal�h behind a Sh�fi‛$ im�m.................................................................................................445

Not reading a s0rah in the third rak’at of the witr sal�h.............446

Performing witr sal�h before the tar�w$h sal�h ..........................447

Du’�-e-Qun0t............................................................................................448

Du’a-e-qun0t when doubting the number of rak’ats which were performed ........................................................................................448

Reading other du’�s when one does know du’�-e-qun0t.............449

Reading S0rah al-Ikhl�s in place of du’�-e-qun0t ........................449

Raising the hands in the third rak’at of witr and the muqtad$s saying �m$n......................................................................................450

Proofs of the Sh�fi’$s and Hambal$s for raising the hands in the qun0t of witr....................................................................................452

The Qun0t-e-N�zilah ...............................................................................455

The wording of the qun0t-e-n�zilah .............................................455

Reading other du’�s in the qun0t-e-n�zilah .................................456

Qun0t-e-n�zilah for repulsing tragedies.......................................457

Im�m Tah�w$ considers qun0t-e-n�zilah to be abrogated..........458

Keeping the hands tied or resting at one’s side at the time of qun0t-e-n�zilah...............................................................................460

Sunan And Naw�fil ..................................................................................462

Sitting and performing a sunnat-e-mu’akkadah without a valid excuse...............................................................................................462

Repeating an invalidated nafl sal�h by performing it while sitting..........................................................................................................462

Qad�’ of sunnats with the fard sal�hs............................................463

Repeating a Sunnat or nafl sal�h after having performed it without wud0’ .................................................................................464

A person breaks the Sunnat of the ‘asr sal�h................................465

Performing a Sunnat sal�h behind an im�m who is performing a fard sal�h..........................................................................................465

Performing two rak’ats between the adh�n and iq�mah of maghrib sal�h ..................................................................................466

14

Four rak’ats before the ‘ish� sal�h ................................................ 467

Two rak’ats nafl sal�h after the witr sal�h ................................... 468

Two or four rak’ats after ‘ish� with the intention of tahajjud.... 471

Performing tahajjud with congregation....................................... 472

Tahajjud sal�h when the time of fajr enters................................. 473

Performing qad�’ ‘umr$ at the time of tahajjud ........................... 474

Making the intention of tahajjud behind a person performing tar�w$h............................................................................................. 474

Proof for performing more than two rak’ats in the ishr�q sal�h475

Tah$yyatul Masjid ........................................................................... 477

Performing tah$yyatul masjid while sitting down....................... 478

Performing sal�t at-tasb$h with congregation............................. 478

Proof for the long and shortened versions of sal�t at-tasb$h ..... 480

Performing aww�b$n after maghrib sal�h.................................... 487

The sal�t al-aww�b$n in the four madh�hib................................. 491

The status of a nafl sal�h when qa’dah 0l� is left out .................. 493

Sunnat sal�h before the adh�n ...................................................... 494

Requesting someone else to make istikh�rah on one’s behalf ... 495

Istikh�rah for three days................................................................ 496

The difference between �� and خر Oواخ in the du’� of istikh�rah.......................................................................................................... 497

The Tar�w$h Sal�h................................................................................... 499

An objection to completing the Qur’�n in tar�w$h sal�h ............ 499

Making an intention for the tar�w$h sal�h................................... 506

A h�fiz performing ten rak’ats each in two mas�jid.................... 507

One h�fiz making khatam in tar�w$h in two places .................... 508

Compelling the employed im�m to perform tar�w$h.................. 509

Tar�w$h im�mat by a person who shaves his beard .................... 510

Tar�w$h im�mat by a person whose beard is not in accordance with the Sunnah.............................................................................. 511

15

Joining a nafl congregation and thinking that it is tar�w$h........511

Repeating the tar�w$h and witr because ‘ish� was performed without wud0’ .................................................................................512

Joining the tar�w$h without having performed ‘ish� ..................513

A non-muqtad$ correcting the im�m in the tar�w$h sal�h by looking in the Qur’�n ......................................................................514

Performing tar�w$h by looking in the Qur’�n and reading from it..........................................................................................................515

Performing tar�w$h while sitting down because of tiredness ....516

Tar�w$h behind an im�m who is not cautious about tajw$d rules..........................................................................................................517

Making an intention after every shuf’ah of tar�w$h....................518

Performing nafl sal�h with congregation after the tar�w$h sal�h..........................................................................................................519

Making qad�’ of tar�w$h with congregation.................................520

Standing up for the third rak’at without sitting for the qa’dah..521

Performing four rak’ats without qa’dah 0l� .................................522

Correcting the im�m in tar�w$h while looking in the Qur’�n.....524

The tar�w$h and tahajjud are two separate sal�hs.......................525

The difference between tar�w$h and tahajjud according to the seniors, and Sh�h S�hib’s view in this regard...............................526

Reading Bismill�h loudly in the tar�w$h sal�h .............................535

Performing tar�w$h behind a person who is performing a nafl sal�h..................................................................................................537

An eight rak’at tar�w$h...................................................................538

A reply to the narration which makes mention of eight rak’ats of tar�w$h .............................................................................................542

Taking a remuneration for im�mat of tar�w$h.............................548

Qad�’ Sal�h ...............................................................................................551

Performing qad�’-e-‘umr$ at tahajjud time...................................551

Performing the fajr sal�h aloud when making qad�’ of it in congregation....................................................................................551

Qad�’ sal�h with congregation in a masjid ...................................552

16

Leaving the zuhr sal�h and joining the ‘asr congregation in the Haram Shar$f ................................................................................... 553

Qad�’ by a woman who experiences menses at the time of sal�h.......................................................................................................... 554

The returning of sequence when four or less qad�’ sal�hs remain.......................................................................................................... 555

Performing qad�’ sal�hs instead of Sunnat sal�hs....................... 556

Qad�’ sal�h for 23 years.................................................................. 557

Qad�’ of a sal�h which was left out intentionally ........................ 558

Qad�’ of Sunnat sal�hs.................................................................... 561

Performing qad�’-e-‘umr$ in congregation .................................. 562

Sajdah Sahw............................................................................................. 571

Sajdah sahw when S0rah al-F�tihah is repeated ......................... 571

Repeating one verse of S0rah al-F�tihah...................................... 572

Sajdah sahw after making sal�m to both sides............................. 572

Reading tashahhud in the standing posture before S0rah al-F�tihah............................................................................................. 573

Reading S0rah al-F�tihah in place of tashahhud in the qa’dah position............................................................................................ 574

Reading S0rah al-F�tihah after sajdah til�wat ............................. 574

Reading dur0d shar$f in qa’dah 0l� ............................................... 575

Reading aloud in a silent sal�h ...................................................... 576

When a masb0q forgetfully makes sal�m with the im�m ........... 577

Not reading a s0rah in the first rak’at .......................................... 578

Commencing a s0rah in the third rak’at of a fard sal�h.............. 579

When a second sajdah sahw becomes necessary ......................... 579

Reading S0rah al-F�tihah after tashahhud in the qa’dah position.......................................................................................................... 581

Standing up after reading tashahhud in qa’dah akh$rah, and returning to the qa’dah.................................................................. 582

Turning one’s chest away from the qiblah................................... 582

17

An im�m makes sajdah sahw before the muqtad$s can complete their tashahhud...............................................................................583

When a masb0q does not sit for qa’dah ........................................584

Forgetting to read a s0rah..............................................................585

Unnecessary sajdah sahw...............................................................586

Reading aloud in the second two rak’ats of zuhr .........................587

The extent of three verses or one long verse ...............................588

Sajdah Til�wat..........................................................................................589

Performing sajdah til�wat after a few verses ...............................589

Sajdah til�wat in S0rah S�d ............................................................590

Repeating a verse of sajdah while on a conveyance ....................591

Hearing a verse of sajdah over the radio ......................................592

Sajdah til�wat and the reward for recitation from a tape recording..........................................................................................593

A verse of sajdah recited by a minor .............................................595

Reciting a major portion of a verse of sajdah ...............................596

Repeating a verse of sajdah after having performed sajdah for it..........................................................................................................596

Hearing different verses of sajdah from different people ...........597

Repeating a verse of sajdah in different places ............................598

When a person moves to different spots of the same place ........598

When an im�m makes intention of sajdah while in ruk0’...........599

The obligation of fidyah when sajdah til�wat is outstanding .....600

Performing sajdah til�wat in a ruk0’ outside salah......................601

Sal�h Of The Sick And The Ma’dh0r.......................................................602

Performing sal�h while sitting on a chair.....................................602

The person who cannot go into sajdah .........................................606

Performing sajdah on a table .........................................................607

A person performing sal�h on a chair does not have to place a table in front of him........................................................................607

Facing towards the qiblah when performing sal�h lying down..609

18

The Shar’$ ruling for a ma’dh0r ..................................................... 610

The sal�h of a ma’dh0r ................................................................... 612

Going to a masjid for congregational sal�h with a urine bag ..... 615

Sal�h On A Journey.................................................................................. 617

The beginning limit of a Shar’$ journey ........................................ 617

The boundary of a city which is very large .................................. 618

When two areas expand and come next to each other ............... 619

When a person has more than one original hometown.............. 620

Shortening one’s sal�h at the airport ........................................... 621

The distance of a Shar’$ journey .................................................... 622

Traversing the Shar’$ distance without making such an intention.......................................................................................................... 625

A person cancelled his journey...................................................... 626

When a person chooses a road which is the Shar’$ distance....... 627

When a person performs the full sal�h while on a journey........ 627

When a mus�fir performs a full sal�h intentionally.................... 628

When a traveller leaves his goods at his watan-e-iq�mat and goes on a journey .................................................................................... 629

The maghrib sal�h on seeing the sun a second time ................... 630

Travelling while in menses ............................................................ 631

When a woman’s menses end at her place of residence ............. 632

Undertaking a journey without an intention............................... 634

When the husband goes to the house of his in-laws ................... 635

When a woman goes to her parents’ house after marriage ........ 637

When the husband settles his wife in a different town............... 638

Qir�’ah for a resident completing his sal�h behind a mus�fir im�m.......................................................................................................... 638

When a Hanaf$ mus�fir performs sal�h behind a Sh�fi’$ mus�fir im�m ................................................................................................ 639

When a mus�fir follows a resident im�m, but then the sal�h is invalidated....................................................................................... 642

19

Travelling on a road which is the Shar’$ distance on one’s return journey .............................................................................................643

A person is a mus�fir until he enters his original place of residence..........................................................................................643

When a muq$m im�m breaks his sal�h..........................................644

When passing through a watan-e-iq�mat after having undertaken a journey ..........................................................................................644

When a mus�fir muqtad$ makes intention of performing the full sal�h behind a mus�fir im�m .........................................................645

When a mus�fir stands up mistakenly for the third rak’at .........646

A watan-e-asl$ is cancelled by another watan-e-asl$....................647

When a person goes to his parents’ place of residence ...............648

A person says that his parents’ place is also a watan-e-asl$ for him..........................................................................................................649

When covering the Shar’$ distance around one’s hometown .....651

A mus�fir im�m performed four rak’ats and made sajdah sahw 651

Performing optional sal�h while driving a vehicle ......................652

Combining two sal�hs on a journey...............................................653

Sh�fi’$s permit the combining of two sal�hs; why not the Hanaf$s?..........................................................................................................655

The permissibility of combining two sal�hs .................................658

Jumu’ah Sal�h ..........................................................................................661

Delivering a lecture before the jumu’ah khutbah ........................661

An objection to delivering a talk before the khutbah..................662

Jumu’ah in a small town .................................................................664

Jumu’ah in a small town and in the inhabitancies attached to it665

Jumu’ah at an airport......................................................................667

Jumu’ah in a city or town where the Muslim population is small..........................................................................................................668

Establishing jumu’ah in a prison....................................................669

Performing jumu’ah in factories....................................................670

Jumu’ah sal�h in a park ..................................................................671

20

Jumu’ah before mid-day................................................................. 672

Performing jumu’ah in a masjid where innovations are practised.......................................................................................................... 673

It is superior to perform jumu’ah in a j�mi’ masjid ..................... 673

Eating, drinking or conducting a business after the first jumu’ah adh�n ............................................................................................... 674

Replying to the second adh�n ....................................................... 675

When there is no time to perform the Sunnats after the Friday adh�n ............................................................................................... 677

When the khat$b offers sal�m while ascending the pulpit.......... 678

The mu’adhdhin encouraging the congregation to read dur0d. 682

The khat$b turning towards his right and left in the course of the khutbah............................................................................................ 683

Raising the hands when the khat$b makes du’�........................... 684

Sufficing with the Qur’�n only in the khutbah ............................ 685

Holding an ‘as� (staff) when delivering the khutbah .................. 686

When a khat$b does not sit down between the two khutbahs.... 687

Correcting the khat$b when he errs .............................................. 688

Delivering a khutbah in a language other than Arabic ............... 689

Abstaining from taking the name of Hadrat Ab0 Bakr’s father in the khutbah ..................................................................................... 690

Mentioning the name of Hadrat Mu’�wiyah in the khutbah ...... 691

Listening to a khutbah which is broadcast over the radio.......... 693

When the khutbah is delivered by one person and the sal�h is performed by another .................................................................... 694

When the im�m makes an announcement after the khutbah but before the sal�h............................................................................... 694

It is Sunnah for the khutbah to be short and the sal�h to be long.......................................................................................................... 695

The ruling with regard to precautionary zuhr sal�h................... 697

The number of Sunnat rak’ats after jumu’ah ............................... 698

When ‘$d and jumu’ah fall on the same day ................................. 700

21

Saying: jumu’ah mub�rak...............................................................702

‘Īd Sal�h ....................................................................................................704

Performing ‘$d sal�h in a park of a city .........................................704

‘Īd sal�h in a small town .................................................................709

Women going to the ‘$d g�h ...........................................................710

The status of the ‘$d g�h in the light of Ah�d$th and the four Im�ms...............................................................................................710

Sajdah sahw in the ‘$d salah ...........................................................713

A collective du’� after the ‘$d sal�h................................................714

The additional takb$rs for a masb0q..............................................715

The extra takb$rs when following a Sh�fi’$ im�m.........................716

The im�m returning to the standing posture for the takb$rs .....717

Saying ‘$d mub�rak on the days of ‘$d............................................718

Playing the tambourine on the day of ‘$d......................................724

Going to the graveyard on the day of ‘$d.......................................725

Performing the ‘$d sal�h in one country and leading the congregation of ‘$d sal�h in another country ...............................726

Saying the takb$r�t in the ‘$d khutbah ..........................................727

Saying the takb$r�t-e-tashr$q three times ....................................728

The status of the narration which makes reference to saying the takb$r�t-e-tashr$q three times .......................................................731

The order to listen to the ‘$d khutbah ...........................................733

Shaking hands and embracing each other on the day of ‘$d .......735

Miscellaneous Rules Of Sal�h..................................................................743

The one who abandons sal�h .........................................................743

Performing sal�h inside the Ka’bah...............................................749

Compelling students to perform sal�h as a form of punishment751

A doctor on call breaking his sal�h................................................752

Vowing to perform two rak’ats as a fine .......................................753

Fidyah for a person who dies at the beginning of a sal�h time...754

Proof for fidyah for sal�h................................................................754

22

When a child reaches puberty at night......................................... 757

Fidyah for missed sal�hs of a mentally ill person ........................ 758

Performing sal�h with shoes ......................................................... 759

Folding one’s pants before sal�h ................................................... 763

DEATH AND THE DECEASED................................................................... 765

The One Who Is Closte To Death........................................................ 765

The method of laying a person who is about to die..................... 765

Gifting on one’s deathbed .............................................................. 766

The definition of marad al-maut ................................................... 767

The bequest of a sick person.......................................................... 767

Reciting the Qur’�n near the deceased before giving him ghusl 768

A woman in her menses sitting near a deceased ......................... 769

Looking at one’s wife’s face after she dies.................................... 770

The Shar’$ ruling of a post mortem ............................................... 770

Standing before the deceased and pardoning him or her........... 772

Removing the contact lenses of a deceased ................................. 773

Returning the estate of a deceased who comes back to life........ 774

The wife of a deceased who comes back to life ............................ 775

Is it possible to come back to life................................................... 775

When a company pays for the burial services of a person.......... 777

Bathing The Deceased......................................................................... 779

Applying perfume to the shroud at the time of bathing the deceased .......................................................................................... 779

Proof for plaiting the hair of a woman into two plaits................ 781

When the body of a deceased is broken into bits......................... 784

When a shroud is messed with impurity ...................................... 784

A non-Muslim bathing a Muslim corpse....................................... 785

When a deceased is buried without ghusl .................................... 786

The method of laying the deceased at the time of ghusl ............ 787

Ghusl to a hermaphrodite .............................................................. 788

23

The Jan�zah Sal�h................................................................................789

Performing the jan�zah sal�h in a masjid .....................................789

The family of the deceased have the right over the jan�zah sal�h..........................................................................................................790

Delaying the jan�zah sal�h to increase the number of congregants..........................................................................................................793

The jan�zah of a hermaphrodite....................................................793

Having an odd number of rows for the jan�zah sal�h .................794

Jan�zah sal�h for a drunkard .........................................................796

A woman leading the jan�zah sal�h ..............................................796

Standing in line with the chest of the deceased...........................797

Jan�zah sal�h in abstentia ..............................................................799

The method of performing jan�zah sal�h for several corpses....801

The order to read “Wa Jalla Than�’uka” in the than�’.................802

Making additions to the dur0d of the jan�zah sal�h....................803

Proof for turning to both sides when saying the sal�m...............803

Making a collective du’� after the jan�zah sal�h..........................805

The virtue of walking 40 steps with the jan�zah..........................805

The Burial.............................................................................................807

Attending the burial of an unbeliever...........................................807

Placing a deceased in a coffin and burying him ...........................809

Burying a deceased in the grave of a relative ...............................809

The husband lowering his wife in the grave.................................810

When a pregnant woman passes away..........................................811

Pouring soil in the grave from the head-side ...............................812

Removing a corpse because of flood waters .................................812

When there is a danger of a grave collapsing...............................813

If money falls from one’s pocket at the time of burying .............814

Burying a corpse in the grave of another .....................................814

Talq$n after the burial.....................................................................815

24

Collective du’� after the burial ...................................................... 816

Facing the qiblah when making du’� in the graveyard ............... 817

Tying one’s hands and standing in front of a grave .................... 818

When graves of non-Muslims are in a Muslim graveyard .......... 819

Writing Qur’�nic verses on the shroud of the deceased.............. 821

Planting plants on a grave ............................................................. 822

Placing inscriptions on a grave ..................................................... 823

The Conveying Of Rewards ................................................................ 826

Proof for du’� for the deceased and conveying rewards............. 826

Conveying rewards to a live person and to a Prophet................. 829

Conveying rewards to Ras0lull�h.................................................. 830

Taking a payment for conveying rewards.................................... 834

Conveying rewards by broadcasting a Qur’�n recitation on Radio Islam................................................................................................. 836

Offering Condolences ......................................................................... 839

Essential guidelines for offering condolences.............................. 839

Raising the hands in du’� when offering condolence.................. 843

The difference between ta’ziyat and jan�zah sal�h..................... 844

Condolence gatherings................................................................... 845

Walking with shoes in a graveyard ............................................... 846

Women visiting a graveyard.......................................................... 847

The Martyr........................................................................................... 854

When a person is killed unjustly ................................................... 854

A person martyred in a tsunami.................................................... 855

A person who is killed by an unknown oppressor ....................... 857

Types of martyrs............................................................................. 858

The virtue of passing away in Makkah and Mad$nah .................. 864

TRANSLATOR’S NOTE ............................................................................. 871

25

Kitab as-Salāh The Times of Salāh

The proof for dividing the five salāhs over different times

Question

Why are the five sal�hs distributed over five different times? What is the proof for the legality of these times? What is the wisdom behind this distribution?

Answer

The legality behind these times is gauged from several verses of the Qur’�n. Furthermore, the Had$th which makes reference to Jibr$l ‛alayhis sal�m leading Ras0lull�h sallall�hu ‛alayhi wa sallam in sal�h and other Ah�d$th also prove its legality. All�h ta‛�l� says:

اَ

الP اBصِِمقَ

ُ Qَة ِBشِكُْوBا Pاِسْم ِUٰ

الِقَسَ غP

الَآنْرُقَ وِْلليْ

الَآنُْر قPنِ، اِرْجَفْ

.اًدْوُهْشَ :َنَ ]ِرْجَف

Establish the sal�h from the declining of the sun till the darkness of night and [keep] the recitation of the Qur’�n at dawn. Surely the recitation of the Qur’�n at dawn is witnessed [by the angels].1

Hadrat Muft$ Muhammad Shaf$‛ S�hib rahimahull�h says:

The vast majority of commentators are of the view that this verse is a comprehensive ruling for the five sal�hs. The words “from the declining of the sun till the darkness of night” encompass four sal�hs, viz. zuhr, ‛asr, maghrib and ‛ish�. The words “recitation of the Qur’�n at dawn” are taken to mean sal�h because the Qur’�n is the most important part of sal�h. Most commentators such as Ibn Kath$r, Qurtub$, Mazhar$ and others have given this meaning. This verse will therefore mean that the words: “from the declining of the sun till the darkness of the night” refer to the four sal�hs, and “recitation of the Qur’�n at dawn” refers to the fajr sal�h. The fajr sal�h is mentioned separately to show its special importance and virtue.2

All�h ta‛�l� says:

1 S0rah Ban$ Isr�’$l, 17: 78. 2 Ma‛�rif al-Qur’�n, vol. 5, p. 502.

26

َفسبحن اهللا ح^ _مسون وح^ تصبحون ْ ُ ْ َ ْْ َ ْ َُ ِ ِ ِ َِ ُ ٰ ُْ ُْ َ ِوb ا@مد � اBسموت واالرض . َ ْ

َ ْ َْ َِ ٰ ٰ ُP ِ ُ ْ ََ

َعشيا وح^ َو ْ ِ P c ََِ_ظهرون ْ ُ ِ

ْ ُ.

Glorify All�h when you enter the evening and when you rise in the morning. Praise is due to Him alone in the heavens and the earth in the afternoon and at noon.1

The following is stated in ad-Durr al-Manth0r:

أخرج عبد اBرزاق والفرhاi وابن جرhر وابن اgنذر وابن حاتم والطeاd وا@ا

27

أم جeئيل عند ايت :رت^ فص الظهر � األو : أن ا ص اهللا عليه وسلم قالثم ص . ]ن ء مثل ظلهثم ص الع~ ح^. منهما ح^ ]ن الء مثل اBاك

ثم ص . ثم ص العشاء ح^ ب اBشفق. اgغرب ح^ وجبت اBشمس وأفطر اBصائمثم افت إU ...وص اgرة اانية الظهر. الفجر ح^ برق الفجر وحرم الطعام اBصائم

 .^يا مد هذا وقت األنياء من قبلك واBوقت فيما ب^ هذين اBوقت: جeئيل فقال

Dars Tirmidh$ states:

This Had$th is known as Had$th-e-Im�mat-e-Jibr$l and is the fundamental source for the times of sal�h. Had All�h ta‛�l� willed, He could have taught the times of sal�h verbally. However, He chose to teach them practically via Jibr$l ‛alayhis sal�m because this will have a greater impact on the mind.2

The wisdom behind the different times of salāh

Waking up at fajr time is synonymous to getting life after death. A person therefore performs sal�h as a way of gratitude. The declining of the sun after midday makes reference to the decline in man’s life. He must therefore occupy himself in preparing for death. It is as though the time of ‛asr is a sign of the approach of death in the sense that, like the sun, the person is also to depart. The setting of the sun at maghrib time is an indication of the setting of the sun of life. A person must occupy himself in worship. At the time of ‛ish�, all signs of the sun have disappeared. One day, all signs of the person’s existence will also disappear. He must make preparations for himself and perform the ‛ish� sal�h.

All�h ta‛�l� knows best.

Performing fajr salāh at its earliest time in the month of Ramadān

Question

In Ramad�n, the Hanaf$s perform fajr sal�h at its earliest time whereas it is desirable to perform it when there is a glow on the horizon. What is the proof for performing it early in Ramad�n?

Answer

Its proof is found in the Had$th as follows:

1 Tirmidh$, vol. 1, p. 38, Abw�b as-Sal�h; Ab0 D�w0d, vol. 1, p. 56. 2 Dars Tirmidh$, vol. 1, p. 393.

28

Hadrat Zayd ibn Th�bit radiyall�hu ‛anhu relates: “We partook of sehr$ with Ras0lull�h sallall�hu ‛alayhi wa sallam and then got up for the fajr sal�h.” The narrator asked him: “What was the gap of time between the sehr$ and the sal�h?” He replied: “The time which is taken to read 50 verses of the Qur’�n.”

The following narration is found in Tirmidh$ Shar$f:

¡سحرنا مع رسول اهللا ص اهللا عليه وسلم ثم قمنا : عن زhد بن ثابت رu اهللا عنه قال  .قدر £س^ آية: قال.

29

Salāh, fasting and ‛īd in countries having abnormal days

Question

The shafaq1 either does not set in countries which have very long days or there is no time whatsoever. What is the ruling with regard to sal�h, fasting and ‛$d in such countries?

Answer

Countries which have abnormal days are of three types:

1. The night and day are completed in 24 hours but some parts of the day are missing. (For example, the shafaq does not set and so, night does not set in. Or, the shafaq appears but the sun does not rise). In such a case, the times will be estimated and sal�h will be performed accordingly. There are three ways of estimation:

a) The calculation for the last day of the normal days of the year will be applied to all the abnormal days. Sal�h and other acts of worship will then be carried out accordingly. (However, it is very difficult to do this. For example, there was an eight-minute gap between the setting of the shafaq and the rising of dawn. It is very difficult to keep waiting for eight minutes and performing the sal�h within this time).

b) Follow the timings of the closest country where the shafaq sets normally.

c) When the shafaq inclines towards setting, it will be the time for maghrib and ‛ish�. The first half of this time will be for maghrib and the second half for ‛ish�. When the shafaq inclines towards the rising of the sun, it will be the time for fajr.

Whichever of these three is easiest may be practised.

2. The night and day are completed in 24 hours and all the [sal�h] times are found. However, some of the times are extremely short. Sal�h will be performed in its times even if the time is very short. If there is no time to perform the Sunnat and optional sal�hs, they will have to suffice with the compulsory sal�hs. The missed Sunnats may be performed at other times as optional sal�hs.

1 The whiteness in the sky which is seen after sunset.

30

However, if the time is so short that it is not enough to perform four rak‛ats of a fard sal�h. Two options are available:

a) Perform the sal�h in that time even if it means completing it after the expiry of the time.

b) Perform the sal�h by estimation.

3. The night and day are not completed in 24 hours. Instead, the night is either for six months and the day is for six months. The timings of the nearest country will be taken into consideration for regions of this nature.

Fasting

Where the day and night is of 24 hours but the night is extremely short, it will be necessary to keep the fast for the entire day if it is bearable. If it is not bearable, e.g. there is insufficient time to eat and drink or eating just once in 24 hours is insufficient, then the timings of the closest country will be taken into consideration.

Where the nights are of six months and days of six months, the timings of the closest country will be considered. The commencement and the end of the fast will be calculated accordingly.

Observing ‛īd

The commencement of Ramad�n and observing ‛$d will be gauged by the sighting of the moon.

Ras0lull�h sallall�hu ‛alayhi wa sallam said:

صو:وا Bرؤhته وأفطروا Bرؤhته

Commence the fast when you sight the crescent and end it when you sight the crescent.1

If the crescent is not sighted, the month will be of 30 days. Ras0lull�h sallall�hu ‛alayhi wa sallam said in this regard:

فإن حالت دونه غيابة، فأ³ملوا ثلث^ يوما

If it is overcast [and you cannot see the crescent], complete 30 days.2

This ruling applies to the first two types of regions where the day and night is completed in 24 hours.

1 Tirmidh$, vol. 1, p. 147. 2 Tirmidh$, vol. 1, p. 148, B�b M� J�’a Anna as-Sauma Li Ru’yatil Hil�l Wa al-Ift�r Lahu.

31

As for the regions where there is continuous night for six months and continuous day for six months, the people will have to estimate. There are two ways of doing this:

1. Count 24 hours as one day, and the month for 30 days.

2. Follow the closest country where there are normal days and nights.

The proof for this ruling is the Had$th-e-Dajj�l as related in Mishk�t Shar$f:

ذكر رسول اهللا ص اهللا عليه وسلم اQجال : عن اواس بن سمعان رu اهللا عنه قالوما ثه � : قلنا يا رسول اهللا...إن ¬رج وأنا في9م فأنا حجيجه دون9م إU قوb: فقال

. عة، وسائر أيامه كأيام9مأرCعون يوما يوم كسنة، وhوم كشهر، وhوم كجم: قال. األرضال، أقدروا b : قلنا يا رسول اهللا، فذBك ا´وم ا=ي كسنة أي9فينا فيه صالة يوم؟ قال

 .قدره

The following is stated in Tah-t�w$ ‛Al� ad-Durr al-Mukht�r:

وفاقد وقتهما كبلغار فإن فيها يطلع الفجر قبل غروب اBشفق � أرCعيªية اBشتاء :·ف (ما سيأº تقرhره � :سئلة اQجال : اعلم أن اقدير b معنيان، احدهما) ما فيقدر §مابه

dقتان: وااhشافعية: األو: فيه طرBبأقرب االد إ´هم كمل ذكره ا eواانية...أن يعت :أن ينظر إU وقت العشاء � القرhبة منها ماذا ي9ون من ´لهم فبقدر هذه الªسبة يفعل

ء فإن ]ن اBسدس جعلنا §ؤالء سدسه وقت اgغرب وCقية وقت العشاء و½ن ق~ � هؤال: حيث قال) قوb واختاره اBكمال...(جدا، و¿ذا يقدرون � اBصوم ´لهم بأقرب ب¾ يليهم

ومن Bم يوجد عندهم وقت العشاء أفÁ اقال بعدم اBوجوب عليهم لعدم اBسبب كما مقطوعهما من اgرفق^ وال يرتاب متأ:ل � ثبوت (سقط غسل ا´دين من واBوضوء عن

الفرق ب^ عدم ل الفرض وC^ سبه ا�عÃ ا=ي جعل عالمة اBوجوب اy اابت � نفس األ:ر �واز تعدد اgعرفات BلÅء فانتفاء اBوقت انتفاء اgعرف وانتفاء اQ´ل

د وهو ما توالت عليه أخبار اإلÆاء من اÅBء ال (ستلزم انتفائه �واز د´ل آخر وقد وجفرض اهللا تعاU اBصلوات £سا بعد أ:ر اهللا تعاU أوال Çمس^ ثم استقر األ:ر اyمس ©È Èما ألهل اآلفاق ال تفصيل فيه ب^ قطر وقطر وما روي أنه ص اهللا عليه 1 Mishk�t, vol. 2, p. 473, B�b al-‛Al�m�t Bayna Yaday as-S�‛ah Wa Dhikr ad-Dajj�l.

32

فقد ...نة وhوم كشهرأرCعون يوما يوم كس: قلنا ما ثه � األرض قالوسلم ذكر اQجالأوجب أɳ من ثلثمأة ع~ قبل صورة الظل مثال أو مثل^ وقس عليه فاستفدنا أن اBواجب � نفس األ:ر £س العموم غ أن توزhعها تلك األوقات عند وجودها وال (سقط بعدمها اBوجوب و=ا قال ص اهللا عليه وسلم £س صلوات كتبهن اهللا

.)ÊË- ÊÍ \ : طحطاوي اQر اgختار (...العباد

For further details refer to Takmilah Fath al-Mulhim, vol. 6, pp. 373-382.

All�h ta‛�l� knows best.

Salāh at the re-entry of its time

Question

A person performed jumu‛ah sal�h at its earliest time. He then took a quick plane to another region and found that the time for jumu‛ah had just commenced there. Does the jumu‛ah sal�h become compulsory on him again?

Answer

It is not necessary to repeat the fard sal�h; the person has fulfilled his obligation. However, he must read it out of respect for the time and to demonstrate agreement with the Muslims [who are performing it at the time].

The following is stated in Fat�w� Mahm0d$yyah:

Question: A person performs maghrib sal�h here and then boards a plane to Makkah Mukarramah. Due to the different time zones, it is the time of maghrib sal�h in Makkah Mukarramah. Is it necessary for him to perform it again?

Answer: He must perform it out of respect for the time and to demonstrate agreement with the Muslims even though his obligatory duty has been fulfilled.1

Ahsan al-Fat�w�:

Question: A person performed his maghrib sal�h and boarded a plane. The plane moved in a westerly direction with such speed that the person saw the sun. Does the maghrib sal�h become compulsory on him again?

1 Fat�w� Mahm0d$yyah, vol. 10, p. 37, Kit�b as-Saum, J�mi‛ah F�r0q$yyah.

33

Answer: It is not obligatory to perform the maghrib sal�h again.

قال ابن Èبدين . قال � ©ح اتوhر فلو غرCت ثم Èدت هل يعود اBوقت؟ الظاهر نعمUالظاهر نعم: (ر&ه اهللا تعا bث صاحب اهر حيث قال) قوÎ : وقتBشافعية أن اBذكر ا

رد ما Îثه � اهر تبعا Bلشافعية بأن صالة الع~ أن اBشيخ إسماعيل: قلت...يعودً

uر Ãشفق تص قضاء ورجوعها ال يعيدها أداء وما � ا@ديث خصوصية عBة اCًبغيبو

: قلت. إنه ]ن � طاعتك وطاعة رسوBك: اهللا عنه كما يعطيه قوb عليه اBصالة واBسالمن صالة اgغرب Bو سلمنا عود وhلزم األول بطالن صوم من أفطر قبل ردها وCطال

ÏلB وقت بعودهاBحتار (.اgرد ا : \ÐÐ.(

All�h ta‛�l� knows best.

The extent of the time-span between true dawn and sunrise, and sunset and the commencement of ‛ishā time

Question

The time-span between true dawn and sunrise, and sunset and the commencement of ‛ish� is one hour or more. Some people are of the view that the 18° angle must be taken while others say 15°. Which is the correct view?

Answer

Most scholars have taken the time between these two and say that it is between 1hour 20minutes and 1hour 38minutes. However, Hadrat Muft$ Rash$d S�hib rahimahull�h, the author of Ahsan al-Fat�w�, says that it is 57minutes, but this is his view alone which is against that of the majority. Most scholars have adopted the 18° view.

Kif�yatul Muft$:

This time does not remain the same all the time; it constantly changes every few days. However, this gap is never less than 1hour 21minutes. The maximum it goes to is 1hour 38minutes in the month of June, and the minimum it goes to is 1hour 21 minutes in September.1

Fat�w� D�r al-‛Ul0m Deoband:

According to Im�m Ab0 Han$fah rahimahull�h, the time of ‛ish� commences when the whiteness on the horizon disappears. In some

1 Kif�yatul Muft$, vol. 3, p. 72.

34

seasons this is 1hour 24minutes, in some it is 1hour 27minutes, and sometimes even more than that. Thus, the gap between sunset and ‛ish� should not be less than 1hour 30minutes. In fact, as a precaution is should be 1hour 45minutes. The time for sunrise, sunset, true dawn and so on can be obtained from the time tables.1

An investigation on the issue of true dawn which was made about 100 years ago

A book on the issue of true dawn was compiled by Hadrat Maul�n� Muhammad Lutfull�h S�hib, the Muft$ of R�mp0r. This book is titled Hull ad-Daq�’iq F$ Tahq$q as-Subh as-S�diq. It was compiled in 1313 A.H./1896. He writes with reference to true dawn:

The time-span between true dawn and sunrise is about the same as the time-span between sunset and the setting of the shafaq. The reason for sameness in the two times is obvious. The other additional point to this is that when the sun moves from beneath the earth in order to rise, it continues until 18° remain from the horizon. From this time on, a light appears horizontally on the horizon. This light is known as true dawn and it continues increasing until the sun rises.

In the same way, when the sun sets and reaches a point of 18° towards the earth, the whiteness which is seen after sunset – also known as the shafaq – disappears.

It is clear that when it gives off light at 18° at the time of sunrise, its light ought to disappear at 18° after sunset. The time of ‛ish� commences once this shafaq disappears. This is what is generally practised nowadays.2

During the same period, Munsh$ Muhammad A‛l�, a Ra’$s of Meerut, wrote a book titled Subh S�diq in which he too stated that the sun is 18° beneath the horizon at the time of true dawn.

These two books were attested to and confirmed by the following elders of D�r al-‛Ul0m Deoband: Shaykh al-Hind Hadrat Maul�n� Mahm0d al-Hasan S�hib, Hadrat Maul�n� Khal$l Ahmad S�hib Sah�ranp0r$ (the author of Badhl al-Majh0d), Hadrat Maul�n� Muft$ ‛Az$z ar-Rahm�n S�hib and Hadrat Maul�n� Hab$b ar-Rahm�n S�hib ‛Uthm�n$. Furthermore, Hadrat Maul�n� H�fiz Ahmad the son of Hadrat Maul�n� Muhammad Q�sim S�hib – the founder of D�r al-‛Ul0m Deoband concurred with it and wrote a forward to it. May All�h ta‛�l� shower His mercy on all of them. 1 Muft$ ‛Az$z ar-Rahman: Fat�w� D�r al-‛Ul0m Deoband, vol. 2, pp. 42, 46. 2 Hull ad-Daq�’iq F$ Tahq$q as-Subh as-S�diq, p. 32.

35

Proofs supporting the view of 18° for the beginning time of true dawn

‛All�mah Āl0s$ Baghd�d$, the author of R0h al-Ma‛�n$, writes in his commentary to the following verse of S0rah at-Takw$r:

َواBصبح اذا _نفس P َ ْ Ñَ َ ِ ِ َ

By the morning when it breathes.1

إن تنفس اBصبح وضياءه بواسطة قرب اBشمس إU األفق اÒB بمقدار مع^ وهو � .)ÐÓ\ËÔ: روح اgعاd (.اgشهور ثمانية ع جزءا

The breathing and light of the morning is through the closeness of the sun to the eastern horizon at a specific angle which, according to the popular view, is 18°.

The word “morning” in this context has to mean true dawn because ‛All�mah Āl0s$ rahimahull�h says before this:

.ءه معOضا باألفق� اآلية إشارة إU الفجر ااd اBصادق وهو اgنÕ ضو

This verse makes reference to the true dawn whose light spreads horizontally in the horizon.

Rub‛ al-Muj$b:

واQائرة ) درجةÖ (و قول أi حنيفة اgعتe � ا@صت^ أن ي9ون اBشمس منحطة ).Ð: رCع اgجيب (.ن بدرجة اظ هو ا@صة Bك منهما فهما :ستوhاÖ إلرتفاع

The present day expert in the field of astronomy, ‛All�mah Muhammad ibn ‛Abd al-Wahh�b Mar�kish$ writes in his book Īd�h al-Qaul al-Haqq F$ Miqd�r Inhit�t ash-Shams ‛Inda Awwal Tul0‛ al-Fajr Wa Ghur0b ash-Shafaq:

 . Øة أن اCشمس عند أول طلوع الفجر وقد عرف باجرBطاط ا Öص . ( جزءا Ó.(

. Úتوgاز اÛال ÜصوBر&ن اBن قال بامانية ع أبو ا@سن عبد اÝوÍÊÐ.

Ð. ا@سن بن Ãس أبو ع�وÝن قال بامانية ع � الفجر وÜ اBشفق األستاذ اBرئع�à اgجاß، فقد قال � رساه تذكرة أوÞ األاب � عمل صفة 1 S0rah at-Takw$r, 81: 18.

36

صطرالب، فصل � áطيط أوقات اBصالة أما الفجر واBشفق فإن خطيهما هو اإل ). ص . (مقنطرة ثمانية ع � عرض وÜ زمان

عمل طائفة من اgتقدم^ من فلâ اإلسالم أن حص% الفجر واBشفق .مÕساوhان وأن ابتداء طلوع الفجر وانتهاء غروب اBشفق ي9ونان عند اØطاط

)Í ص . ( درجةÖ األفق اBشمس عن

About 60 years ago, Maul�n� Muhammad ‛Abd al-W�si‛, the professor of religious studies at J�mi‛ah ‛Uthm�n$yyah Hyderabad (India) provided detailed clarifications on subh and the shafaq whiteness [of the morning]. He then wrote: The beginning of subh and the end of the shafaq occurs when the sun is 18° below the horizon.1

After going into a detailed investigation of the issue in his book, Professor ‛Abd al-Lat$f S�hib of Karachi writes with reference to the sal�h time tables of India and Pakistan:

According to the sal�h time tables which have been printed in the Indo-Pak Subcontinent since many years, (1) the time when the adh�n of fajr is called out, (2) the time which is referred to as true dawn, or (3) the time which is referred to as the end of sehr$ time – refers to that specific moment when the sun reaches the limit of 18° on the horizon before sunrise. According to astronomers it is the time when true dawn commences…2

Hadrat Maul�n� Sayyid Zaww�r Husayn Sh�h S�hib writes in ‛Umdatul Fiqh:

Clocks and watches are common nowadays. Most mas�jid have sal�h time tables. To adhere to sal�h times according to these time tables is not only permissible but preferable. The watches must be maintained to show the correct time. In our country the time from true dawn to sunrise is at least one hour and 18 minutes, while the maximum is one hour and 35 minutes.3

1 Mi‛y�r al-Auq�t Li as-Siy�m Wa as-Salaw�t, p. 150. 2 Extracted from Brit�niyah Wa A‛l� ‛Ur0d al-Bil�d Par Subh S�diq Wa Shafaq K$ Tahq$q, pp. 73-78. Written by Hadrat Maul�n� Ya‛q0b Q�sim$, a member of the board of J�mi‛ah ‛Ul0m al-Qur’�n. Jamb0sar and Britain, Dewsbury. 3 ‛Umdatul Fiqh: vol. 2, p. 126.

37

The view of 18° is the preferred and more reliable view. It is the more popular one and has been confirmed by experience. Hadrat Muft$ Muhammad Far$d S�hib writes:

It should be clear that sunrise does not take place before one and half hours from true dawn. The earliest is one hour and 15 minutes. This is ascertained through observation and mathematical calculations.1

Note: Hadrat Muft$ S�hib must have said this with reference to certain days because on certain days the time-span is more than one hour and 15 minutes.

Based on our observation, the time of fajr is at one hour and 15 minutes. The same can be said for maghrib.2

When the sun definitely sets and one hour and 15 minutes pass, the time of ‛ish� commences. This is proven from our observations and experience.3

Minh�j as-Sunan:

وãح اgشائخ بتفاوت اBوقت ب^ طلوع الفجر اBصادق وطلوع اBشمس، و¿ذا ب^ : قلت واالد واgشاهد � ديارنا قدر ساعة ورCع غروب اBشمس وغيوب اياض بتفاوت اgواسم

.)، باب :واقيت اBصالةÓ \: منهاج اBسä (.ساعة

As far as observations are concerned, a major proof in this regard is the foreword of Maul�n� N0r Muhammad (the principle of J�mi‛ah D�r al-‛Ul0m Waz$rast�n, W�n�) to the book, Tas-h$l al-Falak$yy�